SASTERA LISAN (Rakyat) Sastera lisan ialah hasil-hasil sastera Melayu lama yang disampaikan secara lisan iaitu dipertuturkan. Sastera lisan merupakan hasil sastera yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat masyaraka t Melayu, disebarkan dan dituturkan ditutur kan daripada satu generasi ke satu generasi secara lisan. Masyarakat Melayu yang menghasilkan sastera lisan masih bersifat tradisional, ketinggalan dari segi teknologi, masyarakat yang masih mengamalkan sistem sosial yang terikat dengan semangat kerjasama dan kolektif, masyarakat yang masih statik serta tidak banyak hubungan dengan masyarakat luar. Sastera lisan merupakan hak milik bersama (kepunyaan) Bangsa Melayu. Ia hidup dalam masyarakat Melayu tradisional secara lisan atau secara dituturkan. Sebab itulah sastera lisan ini tidak diketahui nama pengarang atau penulisnya. Juga tidak diketahui bilakah ia dicipta. Sebagai sastera yang tersebar secara lisan sastera banyak mengalami perubahan dan tokok -tambah serta penyesuaian. penyesuaian. Tokok-tambah Tokok-ta mbah dan penyesuaian dilakukan bagi menyesuaikan cerita tersebut dengan situasi setempat. Perubahan masa dan zaman membawa perubahan kepada corak penyebaran secara lisan. Pada masa kini, hasil -hasil sastera lisan telah dibukukan, yakni ditulis. Tradisi lisan yang mencirikan karya-karya sastera lisan telah menerima perubahan kepada bentuk bertulis. Sungguhpun, masyarakat telah mengamalkan sistem tulisan, namun tradisi lisan tetap hidup didalamnya. Sastera lisan tetap merupakan sastera lisan sekalipun telah menjadi bahan tertulis. Karya-karya sastera lisan yang telah dibukukan masih masih mengekalkan ciri ciri kelisannanny kelisannannya, a, malah mempunyai ciri -ciri tersendiri. tersendiri. Pada masa ma sa kini, kita boleh membaca cerita-cerita rakyat ini melalui buku -buku yang dihasilkan dihasilkan dari kemajuan media cetak. CIRI- CIRI
SASTERA RAKYAT
1. Penyebaran dan pewarisnya dilakukan secara lisan walaupun ada sesetengah
bahan kesusasteraan rakyat telah diterbitkan dalam bentuk tulisan, namun asal bahan tersebut tersebar dikalangan masyarakat menerusi lisan dan masih mengekalkan ciri kelisanannya. Ada juga hasil yang masih lagi tersebar secara lisan hingga kini walaupun sebahagian ceritanya telah dibukukan.
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2. Untuk mendapat bentuk yang mantap, kesusasteraan rakyat mesti hidup dalam masyarakatnya tidak kurang daripada dua generasi. 3. Wujud dalam dalam pelbagai versi. Oleh sebab disebarkan secara secara lisan, unsur unsur tokok tambah tidak dapat dielakkan , sehinggakan sehinggakan apa -apa yang dituturkan itu sudah menjadi satu versi yang tersendiri. Perbezaan versi ini hanya berlaku pada bahagian luarannya luarannya sahaja, namun inti patin ya tetap kekal. 4. Penciptanya
tidak diketahui penyebaran kesusasteraan rakyat boleh dilakukan oleh sesiapa sahaja. Tidak ada halangan dan had untuk dituturkan. Penutur kesusasteraan juga bebas melakukan penambahan dan pengurangan atau melakukan penyesuaian jika mereka mahu. Kewujudan karya yang sentiasa berubah itu menyebabkan sudaj tidak diketahui siapa penciptanya yang sebenar. 5. Oleh sebab kesusasteraan kesusasteraan rakyat wujud dalam bentuk tokok tokok -tambah oleh penutur dan pendukungn pendukungnya, ya, karya tersebut sud ah menjadi milik bersama masyarakatnya. 6. Kesusasteraan rakyat yang menjadi milik bersama masyarakat secara tidak langsung juga menggambarkan segala pemikiran, perasaan, nilai dan falsafah hidup masyarakatnya. masyarakatnya. Penyataan tersebut tersebut mungkin dilahirkan dilahirkan secar secar a terus terang atau secara tersirat. 7. Oleh sebab kesusasteraan rakyat wujud dan berkembang melalui media lisan, penutur biasanya tidak berkesempatan menapis apa-apa yang dituturkan ketika berhadapan berhadapan dengan pendeng pendengar ar atau khalayak. Oleh itu, sifatnya cuk up sederhana sederhana dan seadanya,terlalu spontan dan kadangkala kelihatan kasar. 8. Kesusasteraan rakyat juga wujud dalam bentuk tradisi tekal. Misalnya, cerita Lipur Lara mempunyai struktur plot yang sudah tetap seperti plot sebelum mengembara, semasa mengembara, sesudah mengembaradan pengakhiran yang mengembirakan. Demikian juga cerita Sang Kancil, biasanya mengandungi empat motifeme dalam struktur plot ceritanya. Cerita mitos pula merupakan cerita tentang asal usul kepercayaan sesuatu sesuatu masyarakat. Dengan itu, k lasifikasi lasifikasi kesusasteraan rakyat adalah berdasarkan formula dan pola yang tertentu. 9. Kesusasteraan Kesusasteraa n rakyat juga j uga bersifat pralogis, p ralogis, iaitu mempunyai logika l ogika yang tersendiri yang mungkin tidak sesuai dengan logika umum. Oleh itu, pandangan
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FUNGSI
SASTERA LISAN (RAKYAT )
1.
Sebagai ´Alatµ Hiburan
2.
Sebagai ´Alatµ Mengajar dan Mendidi Mendidikk.
Hasil-hasil
sastera lisan adalah bersifat didaktif iaitu mengandungi unsur pengajaran pengajaran dan pendidikan pendidikan moral kepada masyarakat tradisi.Cerita -cerita lisan ini terselit nasihat, pengajaran, teladan, yang sangat ber ber gunasebagai panduan ke arah kesejahteraan hidup masyarakat. Misalnya anak -anak -anak dinasihati agar tidak mengamalkan sifat tamak, takbur, sombong dan bongkak seperti mana yang terdapat pada sifat-sifat tertentu binatang binatang dalam cerita -cerita -cerita Binatang. Melalui cerita-cerita seperti ´Si Tanggangµ anak -anak dididik dididik agar tidak derhaka kepada kedua orang tua kerana anak yang derhaka tidak akan selamat hidup di dunia dan akhirat. Begitu juga dalam cerita-cerita roman,ditonjolkan sifat kesetiaan kepada pemimpin, sikap dan amalan gotong-royong,kerjasama dan tolong menolong yang banyak membawa manfaat dan keberkatan terutama dalam mengujudkan sebuah masyarakat yang harmoni dan sejahtera. 3.
Sebagai ´Alatµ Mengkriti Mengkritikk.
Cerita-cerita lisan juga digunakan sebagai saluran untuk membuat kritikan atau sindiran terhadap terhadap raja atau orang -orang bangsawan. bangsawan. Misalnya Misalnya melalui cerita cerita jenaka seperti cerita Pak Kaduk,jelas menyindirkan golongan berkuasa (raja) yang bersikap zalim, tamak, pentingkan kuasa dengan mengenepikan kesejahteraan hidup rakyat jelata.Juga melalui cerita Pak Pandir,Lebai Malang, terselit unsur-unsur sindiran terhadap orang yang tamak,kedekut,gilakan kuasa dan orang-orang yang sering mengambil kesempatan atas diri orang yang lemah semata-mata untuk kepentingan nafsu dan kekayaan diri sendiri . 4.
Sebagai ´Alatµ Perhubung Perhubungan an atau Komunikas Komunikasii.
Sastera lisan,terutamanya hasil-hasil karya yang berbentuk puisi menjadi alat perhubungan yang paling istimewa untuk menyampaikan hajat. Misalnya dalam adat perkahwinan, orang-orang Melayu menggunakan pantun sewaktu berkomunikasi, antara wakil pihak pengantin lelaki dengan pihak pengantin perempuan. Pantun digunakan sewaktu adat merisik berlangsung adat meminang
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Setengah kata-kata adat dan bidalan dianggap dianggap sebagai sebagai satu kemestian undang undang atau peraturan peraturan masyarakat yang perlu dipatuhi. dipatuhi. Malah kata -kata tersebut menjadi ´pantang larangµ dalam masyarakat. JENIS SASTERA LISAN (RAKYAT)
Sastera lisan Melayu dapat dibahagikan kepada dua bentuk: a. b.
Sastera lisan berbentuk cerita (kisah atau naratif) Sastera lisan berbentuk bukan cerita ( bukan kisah atau bukan naratif)
a) Sastera lisan berbentuk cerita (naratif) Sastera lisan berbentuk cerita ini dikenali juga sebagai cerita rakyat atau cerita lisan. Ia terdiri daripada cerita -cerita seperti seperti berikut; I. Cerita Lipur Lara (panglipur lara) II. Cerita Jenaka III. Cerita Binatang IV. Cerita Asal usul V. Cerita
Hantu
VI. Cerita Teladan Termasuk dalam penggolongan berbentuk cerita ialah cerita-cerita mitos dan legenda. b) Sastera lisan berbentuk bukan cerita (Bukan Kisah atau Bukan Naratif )
Sastera lisan berbentuk bukan cerita pula sebahagian besarnya berupa puisi, antaranya;
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IV. Teka-teki dan Nyanyian Rakyat V. Jampi, Mantera dan Serapah VI. Pepatah dan Perbilangan Adat VII. VIII.
Ungkapan Ber angkap angkap Peribahasa, Perib ahasa, Bid Bidalan alan dan seb ebaga agaiinya nya..
Cerita Lipur Lara
Pantun
Cerita Jenaka
Gurindam
Cerita Binatang
Seloka
Cerita Asal usul
Teka-teki
Cerita Hantu
Nyanyian rakyat
Cerita Teladan
Mentera, jampi dan serapah Peribahasa Bahasa beirama
Contoh:
Jenis Cerita Binatang
Pengertian Dikenali juga sebagai cerita mergastua. Cerita yang mengambil binatang sebagai pelaku. Binatang diberikan sifat manusia biasa, boleh bertindak, bertutur, bertingkah laku dan hidup bermasyarakat.
Karya dan Contoh Fungsi berhibur kerana mempunyai unsur-unsur lucu, pengajaran dankritikan sosial. Cerita terkenal ialah jenis ¶epik binatang· iaitu Hikayat Sang Kancil. Mempunyai peranan tertentu dalam cerita binatang Melayu.
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PERANAN SANG KANCIL DALAM
CERITA
BINATANG :BINATANG:
ga per anan yang p yang peenti nting Sang K anci ancil di dalam Terdapat Terdapat tiga p er anan dalam cerita erita Binatang: Binatang:
a. Sang Kancil mengalahkan binatang yang besar: 1.
Sang K anci ancil mem buat buat ti pu pu-h helah untu ntuk mele paskan dirinya dirinya dari
harimau. 2.
Sang Kancil melepaskan kaki kerbau yang digigit buaya dengan mengatakan yang digigitnya ialah kayu.
3.
Sang Kancil menipu buaya untuk menyeberang sungai.
4.
Sang Kancil menipu harimau menyuruh memakai tali pinggang Nabi Sulaiman. Sebenarnya ialah ular.
5.
Sang Kancil menipu harimau dengan menyuruh meniup buluh perindu perindu Nabi Sulaiman. Akhirnya Akhirnya lidah harimau terse pit dicelah batang-batang buluh yang bergeser.
6.
Sang Kancil dengan buaya.
7.
Sang Kancil dengan anjing, sang Kancil kena jerat oleh manusia dan menyatakan kepada anjing tidak hendak kahwin dengan anak gadisnya.
8.
Sang Kancil menipu menipu harimau d engan mengatakan mengatakan tahi kerbau adalah santapan Raja Nabi Sulaiman.
9.
Sang Kancil menipu harimau menyuruh harimau memukul sarang tebuan. Sarang tebuan itu ialah gong Nabi Sulaiman.
Ini menunju njukkan Sang K anci ancil bol boleh menggu nggunakan otaknya untu ntuk mele paskan diri da dari ancaman binatang binatang-bi -binatang natang besa besar. r. Watak K anci ancil ini lam bang bang dan k iasan k e pad pada r akyat akyat je jelata su paya menggu nggunakan otak, fik fik ir ir an an dan k e pi pintar ntar an an apa bila bila mem buat buat sesuatu. atu. Jika Jika dil dilihat dari segi fizikal, fizikal, manalah K anci ancil yang k ecil dapat mengalahkan binatang binatang besa besar. r.
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1.
Sang K anci ancil dapat menye nyelesai sa ikan per per k ke lahi lahian antar antar a seor ang ang saud sa udaga agar r dengan dengan bapa kanak -kanak . Perbalahan Perbalahan ini ber pu punca dari kanak -kanak yang menjadi njadi sihat k er er ana ana ter cium ium masakan si kaya. kaya.
2.
Sang Kancil telah mendamaikan pergaduhan antara kambing dengan harimau.
3.
Sang Kancil telah menyelesaikan perbalahan perbalaha n seorang peminjam yang tidak mahu mengembalikan beliung. Dikatakan beliung habis dimakan bubuk. Sang Kancil telah melumurkan badannya dengan abu. Bila Nabi Sulaiman bertanya kenapa begini, ia mengatakan sewaktu hendak mandi sungai terbakar. Dengan itu badannya penuh abu. Nabi Sulaiman tidak percaya kata-kata si peminjam yang mengatakan beliungnya dimakan bubuk.
4.
Sang Kancil telah mendamaikan raja kera dengan raja gajah yang merebut kuasa.
5.
sang kancil dapat menyelesaikan persengketaan dikalangan rakyat.
Dalam bahagi ahagian ini bent bentu uk k rit ritikan dan k ias yang dig digunakan berdasa berdasar r kan kan perbu perbuatan atan binatang binatang.. Tu ju juannya mem beri k rit ritikan k e pad pada manu manusia su paya seda edar akan k elemahan yang sebena ebenar r nya. nya. Mengapa Mengapa pu pula binatang binatang yang k ecil dapat mengatasi ngatasi perb perbalahan alahan manu manusia sedangkan manusia adalah k e jadi jadian an yang pal yang paliing isti stimewa lain. edangkan manu ewa dari pa ri pad da yang lai
c. Sang Kancil dikalahkan oleh binatang kecil: 1. 2.
Sang K anci ancil ber law lawan lum ba ba lari lari dengan dengan si pu put.
Sang Kancil dikalahkan oleh agas.
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dan manusia agung berhubung dengan asal usul raja, tempat, kedatangan Islam yang dianggap aneh dan menakjubkan. Cerita mitos merupakan kepercayaan kerana ianya dianggap benar-benar berlaku kerana mempunyai hubungan dengan kepercayaan sesuatu agama, misalnya cerita tentang Tuhan, dewa dan Nabi. Fungsi: Dapat
menerangkan perasaan ingin tahu manusia terhadap sesuatu kejadian alam yang tidak terjawab melalui pemikiran pemikiran biasa. Berfungsi menghubungkan manusia dengan kuasa yang agung- yang diluar daripada batas-batas kehidupan manusia biasa. Sebagai alat kawalan sosial. Sebagai alat pendidikan, untuk pengajaran dan contoh teladan. Andrew Lang- Peranan metos adalah untuk menerang sebab dan akibat sesuatu keladian itu. Ahli antropologi- Untuk memberi pengesahan atau pendokongan terhadap sesuatu institusi sosial. Memberikan hiburan kepada pendengar-pendengar tentang asal-usul kejadian sesuatu yang terdapat dalam kehidupan mereka. Ciri-ciri:
Cerita metos dianggap sebagai cerita rekaan tetapi masyarakat tradisional mempercayai yang cerita metos itu benar-benar berlaku. Cerita metos dari segi isi dan tema, adalah dihubungkan dengan asa usul bermulanya sesuatu kejadian, benda, binatang, manusia, asal usul nama tempat, asal usul keturnan raja dan lain-lain
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Latar masa cerita metos adalah pada zaman pra-sejarah iaitu zaman ´animismeµ. Semua masyarakat Melayu lama percaya pada kepercayaan animisme. Latar tempat cerita metos berlaku di dunia luar, di dunia kayangan dan di dasar laut. Latar trmpat sejarah juga terdapat dalam cerita metos. Misalnya, metos asal usul negeri Melaka sebagaiman yang digambarkan dalam sejarah Melayu mengambil latar tempat sejarah. Latar tempat di dasar laut pula melalui metos dinasto seperti yang digambar dalam sejarah Melayu iaitu seorabg daripada anak cucu Raja Iskandar Zul-Karnain memasuki dan melawat negeri bawah laut bernama Dika. Beliau berkahwin dan mendapat tiga orang anak di negeri bawah laut itu. Anak-anak bagindalah kemudiannya menjadi raja diPalembang, Singapura dan akhirnya menjadi raja negeri Melaka. atak: W atak:
Watak-watak dalam cerita metos pula terdiri daripada Tuhan dan dewa-dewi sebagai watak-watak bukan manusia. Dalam cerita metos juga terdapat watak manusia dan binatang. Beberapa contoh dapat dilihat di dalam teks Sejarah Melayu. Umpamanya nama SamuderaPasai berasal daripada semut besar.Nama ini diperoleh daripada peritiwa seekor anjing bernama Si Pasai yang menyalak bukit kerana nampak semut sebear kucing. Sempena dengan peristiwa yang luar biasa ini maka Sultan Malikul Salleh membuka sebuah negeri baru yang dinamakannya Samudera-Pasai. Melalui metos nama tempat ini, watakwatak yang terlibat melibatkan watak manusia dan bukan manusia iaitu watak Malikul Salleh, anjing dan semut besar.
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agama Islam dapat dilihat melalui peristiwa Raja Kecil Besar diislamkan oleh Nabi Muhammad s.a.w dalam mimpinya. Ia juga memainkan peranan sebagai mengeritik serta menyindir sikap golongan raja yang zalim dan buruk tingkah lakunya. Umpamanya melalui metos alegori peristiwa Singapura diserang ikan todak. Peristiwa itu sebenarnya menyindir kezaliaman raja Singapura membunuh Tuan Jana Khatib yang telah dengan tidak sengaja menilik pohon pinang hingga terbelah dua di hadapan raja pemaisuri. Ekoran sikap zalim itu, maka Singapura menerima bala dan bencana serangan todak. Stru ktur
metos:
Ceruta metos mempunyai tema dimana ianya selalu membawa tema alam semesta. Gaya bahasanya pula menggunakan bahasa melayu kelasik dengan unsure-unsur agama, perulangan, penggunaan ayat-ayat panjang dan juga simile. Selain daripada itu latar juga ada dimasukkan seperti latar masa, contohnya masa Hindu dan Islam. Latar tempat pula selalu menyatakan di bumi nyata dan dunia lain. Watak dan perwatakannya pula terdiri daripada Tuhan dan Nabi-Nabi, makhluk, Dewa dan Binatang. Unsur-unsur ynag selalu digunakan dalam cerita metos ialah unsure dongeng dan fantasi, unsure Islam, unsure animisme dan unsure Hindu. Kupasan petikan cerita :
Tajuk : Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa.
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DEFINISI:
Menurut Dr. Ismail Hamid dalam bukunya ³Perkembangan Kesusasteraan Melayu Lama´, µPenglipur¶ membawa maksud penghibur, manakala µLara¶ pula bermaksud duka atau kesedihan hati. Daripada cantuman dua kata µPenglipur¶ dan µLara¶ membawa pengertian cerita yang menghiburka n orang dalam kesedihan atau dukacita. Cerita Penglipur lara dikenali juga sebagai µfolklore¶. R.O Winstedt menamakan penglipur Lara sebagai roman rakyat (flok ramances). Cerita Penglipur Lara ialah cerita-cerita roman yang mengandungi unsur unsur ³adventure´. Biasanya cerita berlegar di sekitar golongan istana atau golongan -golongan putera-puteri, cerita raja dengan segalagambaran keindahan, kemewahan, kesaktian serta kejadian kejadian -kejadian yang luar biasa (³supernatural´). Cerita Penglipur Lara Lara terkenal di kalan gan masyarakat Melayu kerana cerita-cerita cerita- cerita ini mempunyai keunikan dan keistemewaan yang tersendiri. Keunikkan itu jelas dilihat dari segi ceritanya, penutur atau tukang cerita dan cara persembahan cerita tersebut. Dalam masyarakat Minangkabau, cerita Pengliur Lara dikenali sebagai Kaba.Mengikut kajian tukang-tukang cerita atau penutur cerita Penglipur Lara ini terdapat dua golongan iaitu Tukang cerita ³profesional´ dan ³amatur´. Cara penyampaian menggunakan ³kepakaran´ mereka tersendiri. Contohnya dengan gaya dan lagunya tersendiri serta diserikan lagi persembahan menggunakan menggunakan alat -alat muzik yang serdahana seperti rebab, biola dan sebagainya. Selain itu ada juga juga tukang cerita yang menyampaikan cerita dalam bentuk prosa lirik. CIRI-CIRI CERITAPENGLIPU CERITAPENGLIP UR LARA Cerita penglipur lara yang kita dapati melalui kajian terbahagi kepada tiga bahagian. Dimana ciri-ciri ini dilihat dari segi tema, malah cerita penglipur lara ini juga berpusat di kalangan putera-puteri Raja serta cerita ini mempunyai mempunyai ciri -ciri berbentuk prosa dengan selingan puisi. D ARI SEGI TEMA
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Penyelesaian cerita-cerita Penglipur lara biasanya mereka hidup bahagia bersama wirawati (happy ending). CERITA BERPUSAT
DI KALANGAN PUTERA-PUTERI RAJA
Perkembangan cerita-cerita Penglipur lara ini ini berkisar di sekitarist ana yang mengisahkan tentang wira dan wirawati dari kalangan putera -puteri raja. Latar cerita yang di cipta kebanyakannya hidup dalam alam fantasi (khayalan), di mana dunia kayangan digambarkan dengan dewa-dewi dewa -dewi dan pari-pari yang dikatakan terletak di langit. Dunia yang dihuni oleh manusia terletak di bumi. Disinijelas nyata dapat kita lihat bahawa hubungan kedua -dua alam ini tiada batasannya. Dalam cerita-cerita penglipur lara , keturunan raja -raja khasnya wira dan wirawati dikaitkan asal usulnya dari keturunan dewa-dewi dari kayangan. Malah sering kita jumpa dalam cerita Penglipur lara dimana wira mendapat bantuan atau kesaktian setiap kali menghadapi musuhnya. BENTUK PROSA
DENGAN SELINGAN PUISI
Keseluruhan cerita Pemnglipur lara lara disampaikan dalam b entuk prosa iaitu karangan yang tidak berangkap, tetapi jika berhadapan dengan Penglipur lara itu sendiri, ia di dengar seperti puisi kerana pencerita akan melagukan agar sedap di dengar serta menarik minat pendengar. FUNGSI-FUNGSI PENGLIPUR PENGLIPUR LAR A
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ii)
SIFAT TANGGUNGJAWAB PEMIMPIN (RAJA)
Dalam cerita Penglipur lara ini jelas tergambar tentang raja yang mempunyai perasaan penuh tanggungjawab terhadap keluarga dan negerinya.
iii)
SIFAT-SIFAT PATRIOTIK DAN CINTAKA TANAH AIR
Sifat ini jelas tergambar dalam episod peperangan. Raja, pembesar mahupun rakyat jelata masing-masing tidak akan mudah menyerah kalah, berganding bahu mempertahankan negeri mereka daripada serangan luar dan sanggup mengorbankan nyawa mereka dengan berlawan bermati -matian hingga ke titisan darah yang terakhir. iv) HUBUNGAN HARMONI DAN MESRA ANTARA GOLONGAN RAJA DAN RAKYAT Kemersaan hubungan anatara golongan istana dengan rakyat jelata jelas tergambar ketika upacara tertentu diadakan di istana, misalnya ketika malis perkahwinan dan kenduri kendara di istana. Semua golongan rakyat datang beramai -ramai dari berbagai lapisan masyarakat, kecil besar, tua dan muda. Ini jelas seperti yang tergambar melalui petikan puisi di bawah; ³Yang capik datang bertongkat, Yang buta datang berpimpin, Yang pekak datang bertanya,
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Watak dan perwatakan dalam ceruta Penglipur lara lara i ni terbahagi kepada tiga golongan iaitu : i)
WATAK UTAMA (PROTAGONIS) (PROTAGO NIS)
Watak ini dipegang oleh wira wira dan wirawati wirawati yang terdiri dari kalanagan anak -anak raja. Watak utama diwarnakan dengan warna putih iaitu watak baik da mempunyai segala kelebihan, keistemewaan dan keberanian yang tidak terdapat di kalangan kebanyakkan orang. Peranan Peranan watak utama iaitu wira akan mengembara dengan tujuan yamg tertentu. Disini jelas diperlihatkan wira akan menghadapi menghadapi berbagai -bagai halangan, rintangan, kesusahan dan se bagainya, tretepi semuanya akan berakhir dengan kejayaan di atas kepintaran, kebijaksanaan dan kegagahan yang mereka miliki. ii)
WATAK PEMBANTU
Biasanya watak ini terdiri dari kalangan rakyat biasa yang menjadi pembantu, pengasuh, pengiring pada watak utama sam ada pada watak utama sama ada pada watak wira atau watak wirawati seperti nenek kebayan, Kembang Cina dan bujang selamat yang menjadi menjadi pembantu pembantu dalam tindak ± tanduk watak utama. iii)
WATAK JAHAT (ANTAGONIS) Gambaran mengenai watak jahat ini terdiri dari watak yang menjadi penghalang kepada watak utaa dalam mencapai sesuatu tujuan dan sering menimbulkan
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Seperti yang dinyatakan mula-mula tadi di mana, disinilah bermulanya perkembang cerita sehingga menuju ke kemuncak cerita. Dalam cerita Penglipur lara ini diterangkan sebab-sebab wira keluar dari istana dengan tujuan -tujuan yang tertentu. dalam pengembaraan inilah wira menghadapi pelbagai halang dan rintangan seperti terpaksa berlapar, tiada tempat tidur, merentasi hutan belantara dengan segala cabaran yang menguji kesabaran serta kesusahan yang terlebih dahulu dideritai. Peperangan juga berlaku di antara watak wira dan watak jahat yang untuk menghalang wira mencapai hajat mereka mereka dengan cepat . Di samping itu disisipkan juga unsur-unsur percintaan dan perkahwinan wira dengan puteri puteri -puteri raja negeri yang disinggahi. iii)
Bahagian akhir:
Setelah berhempas pulas untuk mencapai apa yang dihajati, akhirnya wira pun mencapai kejayaan. Sebaik saja hajat dan tujuan yang diharapkan telah berjaya diperolehi wira wira pun kembali kembali semula ke istana, membawa isteri atau isteri -isterinya dan hidup aman bahagia dengan segala kebesaran dan kemegahan memerintah kerajaan yang besar. KUPASAN PETIKAN CERITA
Pergolongan cerita: Karya di atas tergolong cerita penglipur lara Melayu.
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pertolongan Nenek Kebayan, Malim Deman dikahwinkan dengan Puteri Bongsu dan mereka pulang ke Bandar Muar. Malim Deman terpaksa membuat pengembaraan pengembaraan kali kedua bagi men urut isterinya dan puteranya yang membawa diri ke kayangan kerana kecewa dengan perbuatan Malim Deman yang melupakan tanggungjawab sebagai seorang suami dan ayah. Malin Deman asyik berjudi, menyabung ayam dan bermersa dengan si Kembang Cina menyebabkan puteri Bongsu merajuk hati. Puteri bongsu berhasil mendapatkan baju layang dan bersama dengan puteranya ia kembali ke pangkuan ayahanda bondanya di negeri kayangan. Malim Deman merantau mencari cara bagaimana untuk ke kayangan. Dengan pertolongan puteri Terus Mata, Malim Deman berjaya meminjam borak milik anak raja jin itu terbang ke kayangan. Di kayangan Malim Deman terpaksa menyamar dan kemudiannya bertarung mengadu kekuatan dan kesaktian dengan Mambang Molek, tunang Puteri Bongsu dalam satu sayembara yang diadakan.
Selepas pengembaraan:
Malim Deman berjaya memujuk Puteri Bogsu dan membawa pulang istana dan puteranya ke istana. Sebelum itu, Malim Deman berkahwin dengan Tuan Puteri Terus Mata. Malim Deman membawa isteri-isteri dan puternya kembali ke istana. Mereka hidup aman dan berbahagia serta memepunyai kerajaan yang besar. Cerita berakhir dengan µhappy ending¶ ± kebahagiaan watak utama. Peranan watak dan sifat watak
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putera. Tuan Puteri kecewa dengan sikap Malm Deman, menyebabkan ia merajuk dan membawa hati kembali ke kayangan dengan hati yang luka. Di kayangan, Tuan Puteri Bongsu bersetuju berkahwin dengan Mambang Molek, bekas tunangannya tetapi berjaya diselamtkan oleh Malim Deman setelah menewaskan Mambang Molek. Bersama puteranya, ia bersetuju kembali ke pangkuan suaminya dan k embali ke istana di negeri Bandar Muar. Hidup berbahagia bersama putera dan suaminya. Ø
Watak pembantu:
Terdiri daripada Bujang Selamat, Nenek Kebayan dan si Kembang Cina. Bujang Selamat adalah pembantu kepada wira wira iaitu Malim Deman. Peranan Buja ng Selamt sebagai pengasuh, pengiring Malim Deman ke mana sahaja Malim Deman pergi, serta menumpukan sepenuh taat setia kepada tuannya. Nenek Kebayan juga berperanan sebagai pembantu kepada Malim Deman terutama
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Contoh pantun:
³Tetak seranting buatkan kolek, Buat pagar bunga di taman, Tuanku putera yang kecil molek, Puter Tuanku Malim Deman. Buat pagar bunga di taman, Ikat dengan rotannya getah, Putera Tuanku Malim Deman, Seisi negeri menjunjung duli´. Contoh perumpamaan:
³Bagai pucuk dilancarkan,
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An jing,u jing,ullar,arnab,kura-kura,musang,hal ang,haling,aya m,burung bangau,ka mbing,le ing,lembu dan k erbau. Sebahagian daripada cerita cerita binatang itu bercorak mitos yang me mbicarakan tentang asal usul binatang. Cerita Cerita binatang j inatang juga uga mengisahkan tentang k onf lik antara ik antara binatang dengan binatang atau antara binatang dengan manusia. Cerita Cerita binatang melayu elayu me mberi gambaran bahawa wal walaupun binatang yang k eci ecil dan le mah dapat mengal ngalahkan binatang yang besa r dan kuat dengan menggunakan akal akal fikiran yang dapat men jadi jadi sen jata jata untuk menentang binatang yang besar dan kuat itu. FUNGSI:
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mengandungi unsur k elu elucuan dan k ecerdikan ecerdikan memperdayakan binatang lain yang lebih besar daripadanya.
Cerita Cerita Asal Usul. Cerita Cerita Asal usul menge ngenai binatang menerangkan asal usul k ejadian ejadian sesuatu sifat yang dimiliki oleh leh binatang terte rtentu seperti mengapa an j an jing ing ber musuhan dengan ku kuccing,k enapa k epal pala katak mendongak k ngak k e atas dan lain-l ain-lain lagi. Cerita Cerita Sambut- bersa mbut Cerita Cerita je jeni nis ini berupa rangkaian cerita cerita sebab dan aki bat. Ia menerangkan k enapa sesuatu perkara itu berlaku. Cerita Cerita je jeni nis ini mengandungi watakwatak binatang yang banyak, misalnya cerita cerita mengapa bangau kurus.
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sungai itu. Akibatnya an j an jing ing itu terlepa lepas untuk merasai k enik matan yang ada pada tul tulang yang digonggongnya,ma lahan me mperolehi lehi k erugian.
Contoh cerita cerita untuk mengkritik orang yang tidak ju ju jur jur: Helang elang dengan Aya m. Mela elalui cerita cerita ini,Si Ayam dengan Si Helang elang sebenarnya bersahabat baik tetapi k emudiannya ber musuhan apabila si Ayam tidak mahu me mulangkan j angkan jaru aru m sakti k epunyaan Si Helang. elang. Akibatnya Si Helang elang berasa marah dan menyimpan dendam terhadap Si Aya m sampai k e hari ini. Itul tulah sebebnya Si Helang elang suka menagkap dan makan aya m. Mela elalui cerita cerita ini,Si Aya m diumpamakan sebagai manusia yang tidak ju ju jur jur terhadap temannya. Dan Si Helang elang pu pulla diu mpa makan sebagai manusia
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1. sif at at watak yang atak yang ter lalu lalu bodoh bodoh atau atau ter lalu lalu pi pintar ntar 2. adanya unsur-u nsur-uns nsur ur k k ebet ebetulan dalam cerita erita 3. k elucuan yang dit ditim bulkan bulkan dari jalan ri jalan cerita erita itu sendiri 4. dalah i kata kata l kan
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Unsur-u Unsur-uns nsur ur ter sebut ebut menampakkan cerita erita -cerita erita je jenaka mempu mpunyai nyai per per samaan samaan dengan dengan cerita erita--cerita erita je jenaka yang terdapat erdapat dalam k esusaster saster aan aan di India dia. Misalnya, Misalnya, cerita erita Mat Jen Jenin yang mengi ngisar sar kan kan tentang watak MatJe atJen nin seor ang ang misk in yang mengam bil bil u pah memanjat po pok ok k elapa. lapa. Sewakt Sewaktu u dia dia memanjat k k k lapa di ber ber de t teri. T di ed ri
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Tin Tindakan yang terburu-buru dan dan mengi ngik ut emosi selalu lalu menim bulkan bulkan ak ibat ibat yang tidak idak baik dan menye nye ba bkan bkan pe penye nyesalan. salan. Pak pan ak pandir dir yang dis disuruh uruh oleh isteri sterinya nya untu ntuk memandi mandikan kan anaknya dengan dengan air panas telah menyeb nyebaa bkan bkan anaknya mati mati k i dikan dikan anaknya it de ir
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Pak Pandir andir ialah ialah seor ang ang yang bodoh bodoh dan dung dungu. u. A pa bila bila isteri sterinya, nya, Mak Andih dih menyuru nyuruhnya hnya mencari ncari umpan belalang belalang rusa rusa untu ntuk memanci mancing ikan, dia dia menangkap rusa rusa di dalam hutan dan diba dibawakan k e pad pada Mak Andih dih. A pa bila bila Mak Andih dih per per gi k eluar sebenta ebentar r , dia dia ber pe pesan k e pad pada Pak Pan dir su paya dikan dikan anak ka de ir . Maka Maka Pak P ak P dir dikan dikan
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ejarah terbahagi k epada dua, iaitu bentuk bercorak Bentuk sejarah prosa dan bentuk bercorak puisi. K arya arya yang berbentuk prosa ejarah sebuah k era jaan jaan atau negeri yang merupakan riwayat sejarah akan ntara karaya rak b b bad, b
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.
Trusted by over 1 million members
Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.