Prof. A. Benjumeda. CAMPIMETRIA o PERIMETRÍA en el GLAUCOMA.

HD ^G\@EG]\ÅD A ODE^@EG]\ÅD GJ GH CHDWOAED * ^|ai * Dhi|gma Lgjfwegmd _dh`jds* Wj`yg|s`mdm mg _gy`hhd Hd ode~`eg}|åd( a eäs eamg|jdegj}g ~g|`eg}|åd( gs hd mg}g|e`jdo`ÿj ~s`oaeà}|`od mgh ode~a y`swdh }dh oaea ha ~g|o`lg gh og|gl|a* Gh wj`yg|sa hwe`jasa gr}g|ja twg gs od~dv mg dld|od| wj afa ~g|edjgo`gjma `jeÿy`h p gs}djma gh alsg|ydma| gj gs}dma mg dhg|}d* Gh ode~a y`swdh sg m`y`mg gj eajaowhd|( l`jaowhd|( ogj}|dh p ~g|`ià|`oa *

Ode~a y`swdh mgh afa `vtw`g|ma* Gh ode~a ogj}|dh oae~|gjmg has 4>¶ gj }a|ja d hd fflfdo`ÿj*

Gh ode~a y`swdh ogj}|dh gs ewoba eäs |`oa twg gh ~g|`ià|`oa ~a|twg hd |g}`jd ogj}|dh a iÿygd |göjg gj dh}a c|dma yd|`ds sgjs`l`h`mdmgs gs~go`dhgs "hwv( oaj}|ds}g( oaha| p ia|ed)* Gh oaj}|ds}g( gh oaha| p hd ia|ed mgffljgj hd 4

~g|ia|edjog iwjo`ajdh Ai}dheahacåd *

edowhd|

p

sg

gr~ha|dj

bdl`}wdhegj}g

gj

Mgj}|a mgh wj`yg|sa }|`m`egjs`ajdh gr}g|ja gr`s}gj gs}åewhas hwe`jasas gs~do`dhgs( }dhgs oaea hwogs( sael|ds( l|`hhas( oaj}|ds}gs( la|mgs( oaha|gs( p }ge~a|dhgs "alfg}as gj eay`e`gj}a) * Gs}g easd`oa hwe`jasa d}|dy`gsd gh s`s}ged ÿ~}`oa mgh afa( sg gjiaod `jyg|}`ma gj mas m`egjs`ajgs sal|g hd |g}`jd p gs}`ewhd gj wj eaegj}a mdma sws ia}a%|gog~}a|gs oajas "s` gs mg måd) p lds}ajgs s` gs jaobg og||dmd * ^a| hd yåd ÿ~}`od dig|gj}g }amd gs}d `jia|edo`ÿj( ~|goam`fflodmd gj hds jgw|ajds cdjch`ajd|gs mg hd |g}`jd( ode`jd bds}d gh og|gl|a( majmg gs ~|aogsdmd g `j}gc|dmd gj hd oajo`gjo`d "~g|og~o`ÿj) *

Gs ~as`lhg egm`| gj o`g|}d edjg|d gs}g ~|aogsa( ~|amwo`gjma wjd

gs}`ewhdo`ÿj hwe`jasd gj owdhtw`g| s`}`a mg hd |g}`jd p oae~|aldjma sws gigo}as* Bdp mas ~|aogm`e`gj}as6 wja alfg}`ya( hd ghgo}|affls`ahacåd ( twg e`mg <

gj gh hdla|d}a|`a has ~a}gjo`dhgs l`aghào}|`oas gyaodmas ~a| gh gs}åewha 4 < p a}|a swlfg}`ya( eäs ~|äo}`oa( hd ~s`oaeg}|åd ( twg e`mg hd sgjsdo`ÿj `j}g|jd ~a| egm`a mg wel|dhgs ~s`oaiås`oas*

Hd ~s`oaiås`od y`swdh* Hd ~s`oaeg}|åd gs hd egm`md mgh ewjma `j}g|`a| "y`swdh gj gs}g odsa) ~a| gh `jcgj`asa eà}ama mg |ghdo`ajd| has odel`as `jmwo`mas gj hds ~|a~`gmdmgs iås`ods mg hd gs}`ewhdo`ÿj hwe`jasd "ewjma gr}g|`a|) oaj hds d~|go`do`ajgs oajso`gj}gs g `jgs}dlhgs twg gh swfg}a bdog mg ghhas "ewjma `j}g|`a|) *

Gj gs}g odsa hd ^s`oaiås`od djdh`vd gh ewjma `j}g|`a| ~g|o`l`ma d }|dyàs mgh ÿ|cdja mg hd y`s`ÿj oaj gs}å ewhas ewhas iås`oas hwe`jasas hwe`jasas d has twg sg `jmwog odel`as gj has ~d|äeg}|as mg }dedôa a `j}gjs`mdm*

_]WD\]( _]WD\]( H*C*; DHG@RDJM\G( @K; CAHMLG\C( @*6 Oh`j`odh d~h`od}`aj ai Alfg}`yg ^g|`eg}|p Ws`jc Ewh}`iaodh Y`swdh Gyakgm ^a}gj}`dhs `j Chdwoaed ~|do}`og* D|ob* A~b}bdheah* 4>7

4

Oaee`}gg aj Y`s`aj Oaee`ss`aj aj Ldbdy`a|dh Ldbdy`a|dh djm _ao`dh _ao`dh _o`gjogs djm Gmwod}`aj Jd}`ajdh \gsgd|ob Oawjo`h6 Geg|cgj} }gobj`twgs ia| dssgssegj} ai Y`swdh ^g|ia|edjog* Jd}`ajdh Dodmgep ^|gss* ^|gss* Sdsb`jc}aj( 4027( ~äcs** ?3%=?* ? <

Has bdhhdvcas mg hd ~s`oaiås`od sg ~|gsgj}dj( sgcöj iwjo`ajgs ed}geä}`ods( oaea hd |ghdo`ÿj gj}|g has ~d|äeg}|as iås`oas yd|`dlhgs mgh gs}åewha "|gdhgs) p hd `j}g|~|g}do`ÿj swlfg}`yd mg gs}as odel`as * Jdm`g ~wgmg sdlg| oÿea ygj has mgeäs( ~g|a ha `j}g|gsdj}g mg hd ~s`oaiås`od gs gh ~amg| egm`| oaj o`i|ds dhca }dj }dj gydjgsogj}g gydjgsogj}g oaea hd sgjsdo`ÿj* ^a| gsa( hd ~s`oaiås`od }`gjg wjd `e~a|}dj}g d~h`odo`ÿj gj Egm`o`jd *

Mg}goo`ÿj p ~g|og~o`ÿj d) ^s`oaiås`od mg hd mg}goo`ÿj* Gj hd ~s`oaeg}|åd ~|`e`}`yd sg oajs`mg|dld oajs`mg|dld hd |ghdo`ÿj |ghdo`ÿj gj}|g gh gs}åewha p hd |gs~wgs}d |g﬌grÿcgjd twg gyaodld( do}wdjma oaea s` m`fà|deas sal|g wj vael`g dw}ÿed}d twg |gs~ajm`g|d sÿha dj}g mg}g|e`jdmas gs}åewhas dmgowdmas * G_]ÅEWHA%%%%: OG\GL\A%%%%%:_GJ_DO@ßJ* Hd sgjsdo`ÿj sg|åd s`e~hgegj}g wj doaj}go`e`gj}a ~såtw`oa ghgegj}dh( |gswh}dj}g mg wjd eam`fflodo`ÿj mgh gj}a|ja( od~}dma oaea }dh ~a| has s`s}geds sgjsa|`dhgs "|g}`jd + yåd ÿ~}`od)* _g hg hhded }del`àj mg}goo`ÿj mgh odel`a* @jmg~gjm`gj}gegj}g mg hd gs}|wo}w|d mgh gs}åewha( hd ~s`oaiås`od ohäs`od sÿha ~wgmg egm`| wjd yd|`dlhg h`l|g 6 hd sgjs`l`h`mdm mgh alsg|ydma|* ^g|a has oaj}gj`mas mg hd ~s`oaiås`od bdj gyahwo`ajdma oaj has oajao`e`gj}as mg hd Jgw|ao`gjo`d "~s`oaiås`od `j}g|jd) p hd `j}|amwoo`ÿj mgh oajog~}a mg oajo`gjo`d*

l) Hd oa|}gvd og|gl|dh* ^s`oaiås`od mg hd ~g|og~o`ÿj* Oaea m`fa Haokg( ‘gs `e~as`lhg twg dhcw`gj ~g|o`ld s`j ~g|o`l`| twg ~g|o`lg―* Hd ~g|og~o`ÿj ~wgmg sg| mgfflj`md oaea hd ‘ydh`mdo`ÿj― mg hds `eäcgjgs sgjsa|`dhgs cgjg|dmds `j}g|jdegj}g ~a| egm`a mg hd `jia|edo`ÿj sgjsa|`dh ? * G_]ÅEWHA%%%%%: EGJ]G %%%%%: ^G\OG^O@ßJ %%%%%: MGO@_@ßJ Hd ~g|og~o`ÿj sg|åd wjd a~g|do`ÿj egj}dh eäs ghdla|dmd oael`jdjma( gj}|g a}|ds eöh}`~hgs sgjsdo`ajgs( gr~g|`gjo`ds ~|gy`ds dhedogjdmds gj hd egea|`d p gr~go}d}`yds mgh swfg}a* Hd ~g|og~o`ÿj sg|åd sgjsdo`ÿj + HH@JÄ_( \amahia6 Gh og|gl|a og|gl|a p gh e`}a e`}a mgh pa* Gh ~d~gh mg hds jgw|ajds gj gh ~gjsde`gj}a p gh oae~a|}de`gj}a bwedja* Lghdotwd* Lghdotwd* Ld|oghajd* Ld|oghajd* <>>?( ~äc* = p 4?3 =

?

`j}g|~|g}do`ÿj "`j}g|doo`ÿj }ähdea%oa|}`odh) * Gj hd ~g|og~o`ÿj `j}g|y`gjg gh oae~hgfa gs}dma egj}dh mgh `jm`y`mwa6 d}gjo`ÿj d}gjo`ÿj(( dmd~}do`ÿj( egea|`d( ea}`ydo`ajgs( p a}|as ~|aogsas oacj`}`yas owh}w|dhgs * Gj ha twg jas aow~d( hd ~s`oaeg}|åd mg hd ~g|og~o`ÿj gs}d|åd `j}g|gsdmd gj owdj}`fflod| dh egjas mas yd|`dlhgs ~as`lhgs ~a| gh eaegj}a6 ~a| wj hdma hd sgjs`l`h`mdm p ~a| a}|a gh o|`}g|`a a }gjmgjo`d twg gh swfg}a w}`h`vd ~d|d bdog| sw sw fw`o`a  fw`o`a a `j}g|~|g}do`ÿj ~g|og~}`yas= *

Wel|dh( Gs}`ewhdo`ÿj p _gjs`l`h`mdm * Oajog~}a mg wel|dh

Hd ~s`oaeg}|åd mgh ode~a y`swdh w}`h`vd wel|dhgs hwe`jasas "eåj`ed hwv y`s`lhg) * Gh wel|dh m`ig|gjo`dh gs gh `jo|gegj}a eåj`ea gj hd edcj`}wm mgh gs}åewha |gtwg|`ma ~d|d twg gh swfg}a sgd oajso`gj}g mg twg bd bdl`ma wj odel`a "twg |gsdh}d sal|g wjd oö~whd cgjg|dhegj}g mg oaha| lhdjoa)* ^d|d wj alsg|ydma| ~g|igo}a "`mgdh) gh wel|dh sg|åd gh ~wj}a mg `j﬌gr`ÿj majmg gh gs}åewha ~wgmg }dj}a sg| mg}go}dma oaea ja mg}go}dma* ^g|a has bwedjas ja saeas alsg|ydma|gs ~g|igo}as p has wel|dhgs y`gjgj egfa| mgfflj`mas gj }à|e`jas ~|aldl`hås}`oas6~a| |gchd *

cgjg|dh( hd e`}dm mg hds ygogs twg sg ~|gsgj}g ~|gsgj}g wj e`sea gs}åewha( sg|åd ~g|o`l`ma p hd a}|d e`}dm ja* Dså gh Dså gh wel|dh sg|åd gh ~wj}a majmg gh 7> ' mg hds ygogs wj gs}åewha gs mg}go}dma * Gs}d oajygj`gjo`d }ahg|d( ~a| }dj}a( o`g|}d ~|aldl`h`mdm mg ﬌wo}wdo`ÿj * ]àoj`odegj} ]àoj`odegj}g gj ~g|`eg}|åd sg hhgcd dh wel|dh ~a| gh eà}ama mg has håe`}gs( swl`gjma a ldfdjma mg ia|ed gsodhajdmd hd `j}gjs`mdm hwe`jasd mgh gs}åewha a l`gj eam`fflodjma sw }dedôa( bds}d twg sg ~g|o`ld "a sg mgfg mg ~g|o`l`|) *

_SG]_( FD; ]DJJG\( ]DJJG\( S^; L@\HD_( ]O6 Mgo`ssaj ~|aogssgs `j ~g|og~}`aj* ^spobahac`odh \gy( 92; ?>4%?=>( 4094* =

7

Gs}`ewhdo`ÿj * Gj hd ~g|`eg}|åd dw}aeä}`od dh wsa "gs}åewha lhdjoa%iajma lhdjoa) gh gs}åewha gs o`|owhd|( mg }dedôa fflfa p hwe`jas`mdm "H+ΝH) yd|`dlhg "gj gsodhajgs hweåj`oas odh`l|dmas) p gs ~|gsgj}dma dh alsg|ydma| mg edjg|d dhgd}a|`d g `jgs~g|dmd mw|dj}g egm`a sgcwjma gj wj s`}`a ~|gmg}g|e`jdma mg wjd oö~whd `hwe`jdmd wj`ia|egegj}g "H) *

Owdjma wj mg}g|e`jdma gs}åewha wel|dh mg gjg|cåd swfflo`gj}g( ~|gsgj}dma gj wj hwcd| mg hd oö~whd( `jo`mg sal|g hd |g}`jd alsg|ydma|d "~g|edjgo`gjma gh afa `jeÿy`h) gro`}d wj c|w~a mg ia}a%|gog~}a|gs p hd odmgjd jgw|ajdh eamwhd|ä gh oaj}gj`ma mg hd `jia|edo`ÿj bdo`d gh }ähdea* ^g|a hd do}`y`mdm og|gl|dh ja mg~gjmg öj`odegj}g mg hd gj}|dmd oaj}`jwd mg sgôdhgs mgh ewjma gr}g|ja( s`ja twg ~wgmg }del`àj cgjg|d| sws ~|a~`as oajs}|wo}as 7 * ^a| a}|d ~d|}g( hd do}`y`mdm jgw|ajdh gs `j}|åjsgodegj}g |w`masd g `jgs}dlhg 6 jwjod aow||g gh e`sea ~d}|ÿj mg do}`y`mdm l`aghào}|`od dwj dj}g gh e`sea gs}åewha 9 * Owdjma gj mg}g|e`jdmd s`}wdo`ÿj gr~ha|d}a|`d hd sgôdh cgjg|dmd ~a| gh gs}åewha mg hd oö~whd bd sw~g|dma dh |w`ma mg iajma og|gl|dh sg ~|amwog hd mg}goo`ÿj( ~g|a gs gh og|gl|a tw`gj ha ‘mgo`mg― oaea wjd |gs~wgs}d l`jd|`d "_@%JA)* Gh swfg}a gr}g|jdh`vd( yg|ldh`vdjma a ja( hd ~g|og~o`ÿj mgh gs}åewha ~|gsgj}dma( d~|g}djma a ja wj ~whsdma|* Hd |gs~wgs}d mgh swfg}a ‘s`― a ‘ja― d odmd jwgyd gs}`ewhdo`ÿj( bds}d oae~hg}d| }ama gh gs~do`a mg hd oö~whd( 7

HGY@( ME; KHG@J( _D; OBGJ( @*6 Sbd} s` }bg s`cjdh `j ja`sg1* Y`s* \gsgd|ob( =7; 42?7%42=9( 42?7% 42=9( <>>7*

DYG\LGOK( LL; HD]BDJ( ^G; ^AWCG]( D*6 Jgw}|dh oa||ghd}`ajs( ~a~whd}`aj oam`jc djm oae~w}d}`aj* Jd}w|g \y Jgw|aso*( 7; ?72%?99( <>>9* 9 9

twgmd |gc`s}|dmd gj gh a|mgjdma| mgh ~g|åeg}|a  fwj}a d hd `j}gjs`mdm hwe`jasd "mL) mgh wel|dh* _g bd ~|amwo`ma( ~a| }dj}a( wj gygj}a oae~hgfa oae~wgs}a mg mas ~|aogsas swogs`yas6 d) gh ~|`eg|a gs wj ~|aogsa ~|aogsa mg mg}goo`ÿj mg hd sgôdh twg jas `jm`od gh c|dma mg `j}gc|`mdm p ~g|egdl`h`mdm mgh s`s}ged jgw|a%sgjsa|`dh p l) gh sgcwjma gs wj ~|aogsa mg }aed mg mgo`s`ÿj ~a| hd oajo`gjo`d* Gh sgsca a }gjmgjo`d `}g|d}`yd mg gs}ds mgo`s`ajgs gs gh ,o|`}g|`a, jd}w|dh a l`ds gs~goåffloa mg odmd oajo`gjo`d "o|`}g|`a μ)3 * Oaea swogmg gj a}|as ÿ|mgjgs mg oasds( gh o|`}g|`a oajsg|ydma| a odw}ghasa eas}|d|ä wjd mg}g|e`jdmd }gjmgjo`d jd}w|dh bdo`d gh JA p gh o|`}g|`a h`lg|dh a `e~whs`ya( bdo`d gh _@* Gh o|`}g|`a ÿ~}`ea sg|åd gh `j}g|egm`a a s`eà}|`oa* Hd iwjo`ÿj ~s`oaeà}|`od ~wgmg sg| gs}wm`dmd gr~g|`egj}dhegj}g gj dj`edhgs ja bwedjas "edodoas |bgsws) gj}|gjdmas dmgowdmdegj}g * Dwjtwg }`gjgj wjd ~g|og~o`ÿj m`ig|gj}g( has ode~as y`swdhgs mg has eajas saj ewp ~d|go`mas d has mg dj`edhgs bwedjas p }`gjgj wjd lwgjd ffldl`h`mdm gj oajm`o`ajgs gr~g|`egj}dhgs2 * Ja sg bd oajsgcw`ma gj bwedjas oaj oajo`gjo`d mgigo}wasd* Hd ~g|`eg}|åd gj j`ôas |gtw`g|g }del`àj wj gj}|gjde`gj}a gs~go`dh 0 *

_gjs`l`h`mdm hwe`jasd m`ig|gjo`d m`ig|gjo`dhh* Aly`degj}g wj gs}åewha o`|owhd| c|djmg p ewp hwe`jasa sg|ä eäs iäo`hegj}g ~g|o`l`ma twg wj gs}åewha ~gtwgôa p ~aoa hwe`jasa* Wj gs}åewha ~gtwgôa p ewp hwe`jasa ~wgmg gtw`ydhg| d wj gs}åewha c|djmg p ~aoa hwe`jasa "swedo`ÿj gs~do`dh)* Egm`eas hd sgjs`l`h`mdm hwe`jasd m`ig|gjo`dh mgh s`s}ged y`swdh( twg gs}ä gj ~|a~a|o`ÿj |goå~|aod oaj gh wel|dh al}gj`ma 6 _gjs`l`h`mdm hwe`jasd m`ig|gjo`dh 5 4 ! hwe`jas`mdm hwe`jas`mdm mgh Wel|dh

^a| |dvajgs ~|äo}`ods ja sg w}`h`vdj hds wj`mdmgs mg hwe`jdjo`d d~as}`hlas sgjs`l`h`mdm hwe`jasd m`ig|gjo`dh gs hacd|å}e`od "om ! e¼)* Hd wj`mdm mg sgjs` "mgo`lgh`a hwe`jasa) * Gh mL ja gs wj`ia|eg ~d|d }amas has d~d|d}as s`ja

3

BGGCG\( Mdy`m*6 _`cjdh Mg}go}`aj ]bga|p ]bga| p* <>>3

BD\SG\]B( \_( _E@]B( g*H*( MG_DJ]@_( H** Lgbdy`aw|dh ~g|`eg}|p `j eajkgps* @jygs}* A~b}bdheah* Y`swdh _o`*( ?=; ?4%=>( 400?*

2

]_OA^^( ]_OA^^( Ob*6 Dw}aed}gm y`swdh fflghm grde`jd|aj `j ob`hm|gj dcgm 7%2 pgd|s* ^|d} @* gr~g|`egj}dh ydh`md}`aj ai d }gs}`jc ~|aogmw|g* Y`s`aj \gs* ?2; <<>?%4>( 4002*

0

3

mg~gjm`gj}g mg hds oajm`o`ajgs }àoj`ods mg hwe`jas`mdm mg odmd ed|od mg ~g|åeg}|a4> * Wj gs}åewha mg }dedôa gs}djmd|m oaj gh eåj`ea gs}åewha hwe`jasa mgh d~d|d}a ~g|o`l`ma oaea wj wel|dh ~am|åd gtw`ydhg| d ?>%?= mL "sgcöj gh |djca mg odmd ed|od mg d~d|d}a) p s`cj`fflod wjd ewp dh}d sgjs`l`h`mdm mgh ä|gd jgw|ahÿc`od majmg `jo`mg* Wj gs}åewha ~g|o`l`ma oaea wel|dh oaj hd eär`ed `hwe`jdo`ÿj ~|a~a|o`ajdmd ~a| gh d~d|d}a s`cj`fflod wjd sgjs`l`h`mdm ewp ldfd mg > mL*

W}`h`}d|`sea mg hd sgjs`l`h`mdm m`ig|gjo`dh* Wjd sgjs`l`h`mdm ldfd s`cj`fflod ~|aldlhgegj}g twg gr`s}d wj idhha jgw|ajdh "dcajåd a ewg|}g l`ahÿc`od jgw|ajdh) gj hd |gog~o`ÿj a gj hd }|djse`s`ÿj* \dvajdlhgegj}g bdl|åd gj}ajogs wjd oa||ghdo`ÿj gs~do`dh gj}|g gh mdôa iwjo`ajdh mg}go}dma p gh mdôa gs}|wo}w|dh jgw|ajdh "djd}ÿe`oa) * Gs}d sg|åd hd oajfg}w|d läs`od * Gh `e~|gsa c|äffloa mg ode~a y`swdh |gswh}dj}g( twg ai|gog gh d~d|d}a gj gsodhd mg c|`sgs p jweà|`od( ja gs eäs twg wj ed~d mg hd sgjs`l`h`mdm hwe`jasd m`ig|gjo`dh * Gj |gswe`mds owgj}ds( gr`s}gj mas m`egjs`ajgs m`ig|gj}gs d ja oajiwjm`|

6

d) Ha twg ~g|o`lg gh swfg}a "ewjma `j}g|`a|)* Gh og|gl|a ~wgmg |go`l`|( d }|dyàs mg wjd yåd dig|gj}g mdôdmd gj owdhtw`g| ~d|}g mg sw }|dpgo}a( wjd `jia|edo`ÿj `e~g|igo}d a mgsydåmd "mgoaj}|ds}dmd) mg wjd ~d|oghd mgh wj`yg|sa gr}g|`a| * ^g|a ~a| |gchd cgjg|dh idl|`od "~|apgo}d) d ~d|}`| mg sws la|mgs wjd |g~|gsgj}do`ÿj `j}g|jd "~g|og~}a) twg ~|aow|d m`s`ewhd|hd( ~a| ha twg gh swfg}a ~wgmg ja }gjg| oajo`gjo`d mg sw mgigo}a "oaea ds`e`sea swogmg oaj hd edjobd o`gcd) *Aly`degj}g gs}a ja swogmg oaj hd eäowhd ~a| sw |ghd}`yd edpa| dhd|ed y`swdh*

4>

@j}g|jd}`ajdh ^g|`eg}|`o _ao`g}p* 400>* ^g|`eg}|p _}djmd|m* 2

@e~|gsa c|äffloa jweà|`oa p gj gsodhd mg c|`sgs p iajma mg afa oaj hd |g~|gsgj}do`ÿj sw~g|~wgs}d mg has ~wj}as |g}`j`djas gs}`ewhdmas*

l) Ha twg ~g|o`l`eas has mgeäs "ewjma gr}g|`a|)* Hd egm`o`ÿj `js}|wegj}dh mg gs}d |g~|gsgj}do`ÿj( yg|ldh`vdmd ~a| gh swfg}a ~whsdjma wj }`el|g( så  ~ajg mg edj`fflgs}a wj màfflo`} a gsoa}aed egm`lhg gj wj`mdmgs mgo`lgh`as * D sw ygv( hd oae~d|do`ÿj jweà|`od oaj ~alhdo`ajgs gs}dmås}`odegj}g ja|edhgs( jas md|ä hd owdj}åd mgh mgigo}a*

Iwjmdegj}a mgh ~d|dm`ced ~g|`eà}|`oa*

Gh ~d|dm`ced ~g|`eà}|`oa odjÿj`oa sg iwjmdegj}g gj hd s`cw`gj}g oajfg}w|d6 ‘_` hd yåd ÿ~}`od gs hd gjod|cdmd mg hhgyd| hd `jia|edo`ÿj y`swdh dh og|gl|a( owdhtw`g| mg}g|`a|a mg hd yåd ÿ~}`od ~|goajso`gj}g sg }|dmwo`|ä gj hd oa||gs~ajm`gj}g ~à|m`md gj hd ~g|og~o`ÿj y`swdh―* ^g|a gs}g ~d|dm`ced ~g|`eà}|`oa ja gs mgh }ama oa||go}a ~a|twg bdp ‘dhca eäs―* Mdma twg hd oajo`gjo`d gs hd twg mglg mgo`m`| p s`gjma hd oa|}gvd 0

og|gl|dh od~dv mg o|gd| p ~|apgo}d| oaj}gj`mas ~|a~`as dhgd}a|`as "cgjg|d |w`ma ~|a~`a)( sg `jydh`md|åd hd dsg|o`ÿj iwjmdegj}dh mg twg hd ~g|og~o`ÿj egm`md dtwå( ‘sÿha― }|dmwvod gs}|`o}degj}g hd |gdh`mdm od~}dmd p }|djs~a|}dmd ~a| gh s`s}ged sgjsa|`dh dig|gj}g( owpd `j}gc|`mdm twg|geas gydhwd| "~g|`eg}|åd) * Gh oaj}gj`ma ~|g%oajso`gj}g ja }`gjg ~a| twà oa`jo`m`| oaj gh oaj}gj`ma ~as}%oajso`gj}g*

Wsa ohåj`oa Hass ^g|åeg}|as Ha

* Gh `js}|wegj}a wsdma ~d|d hds ~|wglds mg ode~`eg}|åd sg

mgjae`jd ode~åeg}|a a ~g|åeg}|a* Bdp yd|`as eamghas oaeg|o`dhgs oaeg|o`dhgs m`s~aj`lhgs gj oae~g}gjo`d* Gs wjd eätw`jd mg egm`md p gj sw m`sgôa( `j}g|y`gjgj `jcgj`g|as( ~|ac|dedma|gs `jia|eä}`oas( iås`oas p gs}dmås}`oas* Gj sw gydhwdo`ÿj ohåj`od `j}g|y`gjgj ~s`oÿhacas( ai}dheÿhacas p a~}aeg}|`s}ds44 * Do}wdhegj}g

Hd h`}g|d}w|d o`gj}åfflod ~g|`eg}|ås}`od do}wdh gs lds}dj}g oae~g}`}`yd p sg m`yg|s`fflod sal|g }|gs ds~go}as ~|`jo`~dhgs 6 d) }|dldfas sal|g ffls`ahacåd p ~s`oahacåd mg hd y`s`ÿj; l) }|dldfas mg `j}g|às ohåj`oa "eàm`oa) p o) }|dldfas mg `jcgj`g|åd `js}|wegj}dh p m`sgôa "`jygj}as( ydh`mdo`ajgs) p eg|odma}goj`d*

sg w}`h`vdj odmd ygv eäs has d~d|d}as dw}aeä}`oas oae~w}d|`vdmas ~|ay`s}as mg ~|ac|deds p dhca|`}eas twg fflh}|dj p ~w|`fflodj has g||a|gs a mg gs}|d}gc`d gs}|d}gc`dss twg doa|}dj gh }`ge~a mg hd gr~ha|do`ÿj( gy`}djma hd id}`cd gj ha ~as`lhg* Hds gs}|d}gc`ds |ä~`mds odhowhdj( ~a| ~|ar`e`mdm( gh wel|dh ,gs~g|dma, ~d|d odmd gs}åewha oaj ha twg( s`j digo}d| hd ~|go`s`ÿj( sg |gmwog oajs`mg|dlhgegj}g gh gsodhajde`gj}a p gh }`ge~a }a}dh mg hd ~|wgld 4<

4? *

Hds egfa|gs ed|ods eamg|jds ydj ~|ay`s}ds mg ~dtwg}gs gs}dmås}`oas "^g|`sw`}g ( _}d}~do ) oajs}|wåmas oaj ~alhdo`ajgs ja|edhgs dc|w~dmds ~a| gmdm( d gigo}as oae~d|d}`yas "mgigo}as) * Gh a|mgjdma| oae~d|d ~wj}a d OD_]\A OD_]\A LAWVD_( Edjwgh6 Dhca läs`oa sal|g has `js}|wegj}as mg egm`md6 ydh`mgv( ffldl`h`mdm p gs~go`fflo`mdm* gs~go`fflo`mdm* \gy* Cdhhgcd mg ]g|d~`d ]g|d~`d Aow~do`ajdh( <; 4%49( <>>7* 44

SG@FHDJM( D; IDJKBDW_G\( IDJKBDW_G\( I*; I*; LGL@G( B*; IHDEEG\( F*6 Dw}aed}gm ^g|`eg}|p* Y`swdh I`ghm M`cgs}* 7¦ mg* Lg|jd* <>>= 4<

K@JC( DFS; ]DCW\@ D; SDMAAM( DO; DVWD\D( D*6 Oae~d|`saj ai }a ids} gs}|d}gc`gs( _@]D Ids} djm ]A^( ia| }bg dssgssegj} ai y`swdh fflghms `j chdwoaed ~d}`gj}s* C|dgig‐s D|ob Oh`j Gr~ A~b}bdheah( <=>; =24%23( <>>< 4> 4?

~wj}a odmd ode~a y`swdh al}gj`ma oaj sws ldsgs mg md}as gs}dmås}`ods

mg}go}djma iäo`hegj}g has mgigo}as * ^aoas eàm`oas |gdh`vdj ~g|sajdhegj}g ~g|`eg}|åds d sws ~do`gj}gs }dj}a ~a| ea}`yas goajÿe`oas "cds}a mg sw }`ge~a) oaea ~a| ~|gfw`o`as oajog~}wdhgs* Gj hd ~|äo}`od ohåj`od gs}d gr~ha|do`ÿj hd hhgyd d odla ~g|sajdh }àoj`oa a~}aeg}|`s}d4= s`cw`gjma `js}|woo`ajgs mgh eàm`oa* Gj dhcwjas ogj}|as bas~`}dhd|`as gh edjgfa ~g|`eà}|`oa mg~gjmg mg hd M`|goo`ÿj mg Gjig|eg|åd* Hd iwjo`ÿj mgh a~g|dma| gs cd|dj}`vd| twg sg owe~hdj }amas has |gtw`s`}as gs}dlhgo`mas mg ffldl`h`mdm p ~|a~a|o`ajd| wjd `js}|woo`ÿj yg|ldh ~|gy`d ~|gy`d dmgowdmd dmgowdmd* Gh swfg}a d gr~ha|d| sg hg sw~ajg dmwh}a( `j}gh`cgj}g p oaa~g| oaa~g|dma|; dma|; mglg |gdh`vd| wjd sgowgjo`d }ge~a|dh mg }d|gds6 • edj}gjg| hd odlgvd swfg}d oaj wjd o`jobd p oaj wj afa aohwåma* • ge~gôd|sg gj e`|d| fflfdegj}g d wj ~wj}a jgc|a twg ha gs~åd* • gs~g|d| d twg sg gjo`gjmd iwcdvegj}g wjd m`e`jw}d hwv gj owdhtw`g| s`}`a `jgs~g|dma "doae~dôdmd a ja mg wj saj`ma)* • dsgcw|d|sg mg twg hd bd y`s}a |gdhegj}g* • d~|g}d| wj ~whsdma|* • |g~g}`| hd sgowgjo`d bds}d twg sg bdpdj dca}dma }amas has gs}åewhas* • |gdh`vd| ha e`sea oaj gh a}|a afa* Dj}g hd dydhdjobd mg gs}`ewhdo`ajgs gj ewobds aods`ajgs has swfg}as sg ygj alh`cdmas d oae~`hd| sws mgo`s`ajgs gj wjd |w}`jd* ^ajgj gh ‘~`ha}a dw}aeä}`oa― p fws}`fflodj dh ffljdh mg hd ~|wgld6 4=

^G\GV DHAJ_A( L*6 \gdh`vdo`ÿj mg wjd ~g|`eg}|åd dw}aed}`vdmd* Cdog}d ß~}`od( =>>; 4>%4=( <>>9 44

‘Oaea ja bdlåd }`ge~a mg oajs`mg|d| j` mg |g﬌gr`ajd| b`og }amds e`s oajs`mg|do`ajgs ~a| dmghdj}dma( owdjma m`s~ajåd mg }ama gh }`ge~a twg tw`s`g|d( ~d|d twg owdjma hhgcd|d gh eaegj}a ~wm`g|d do}wd| s`j jgogs`mdm mg ~gjsd|―47 * _g al}`gjg wj ed~d ed~d l` a }|`m`egjs`ajdh `e~|gsa mg sgjs`l`h`mdm hwe`jasd m`ig|gjo`dh ~d|d odmd afa owpd eär`ed oa}d gs}ä gj gh ogj}|a gj}|a "eäowhd) p yd mgodpgjma bdo`d hd ~g|`ig|`d* ]|`m`egjs`ajdhegj}g gh ode~a mg y`s`ÿj ja|edh ~am|åd oae~d|d|sg d wj `sha}g mg y`s`ÿj gj egm`a mg wj ed| mg ogcwg|d* Gh ~`oa ~wgmg egm`| ?= mL "mgo`lgh`as) p hd a|`hhd >%4 mL gj hd ~gjm`gj}g mg hd ~hdpd* Og|od mgh ~`oa bdp wj ~ava ~|aiwjma twg hhgcd dh ed| 6 gs hd edjobd o`gcd ( oa||gs~ajm`gj}g d hd ~d~`hd ÿ~}`od*

Ydh`mdo`ÿj mg ~g|åeg}|as

*

Hd ghgoo`ÿj mgh ~g|åeg}|a gs ewp `e~a|}dj}g * Hd ffljw|d( gfflo`gjo`d a ~g|s~`odo`d m`so|`e`jd}a|`d "m`dcjÿs}`od a gyahw}`yd)( mg wj mg}g|e`jdma ~g|åeg}|a y`gjg mdmd ~a| sw sgjs`l`h`mdm sgjs`l`h`mdm(( sw gs~go`fflo`mdm p sw |g~|amwo`l`h`mdm* Mgfflj`eas oaea sgjs`l`h`mdm d hd od~do`mdm mg wjd ~|wgld ~d|d mg}go}d| ~d}ahacåd p oaea oaea gs~go`fflo`mdm d sw bdl`h`mdm ~d|d mgfflj`| ja|edh`mdm "mgfflj`mds gj ' ) *

47

MGJJG]]( MGJJG]]( Mdj`gh6 Hd gyahwo`ÿj mg hd h`lg|}dm* ^d`mas( Ld|oghajd* <>>=( ~äc**<92 4<

Hd |g~|amwo`l`h`mdm gs wjd }g|og|d od|do}g|ås}`od mg hd gfflo`gjo`d mg wj ~|aogm`e`gj}a egm`ma|* ^amgeas mgfflj`|hd oaea ,hd bdl`h`mdm gj mg}go}d| wjd m`ig|gjo`d yg|mdmg|d gj}|g yd|`ds egm`o`ajgs, *

Hd d}gjo`ÿj * Hd `j}gc|do`ÿj mg hd sgôdh sgjsa|`dh gj hd ~g|og~o`ÿj mg~gjmg mg wj oaj}gr}a `j}g|ja mgh og|gl|a ewp `e~a|}dj}g 6 hd d}gjo`ÿj "`j}gjo`ÿj iwjo`ajdh eaegj}äjgd) * Gh swfg}a ~wgmg a ja gs}d| ide`h`d|`vdma oaj hd gr~ha|do`ÿj "d~|gjm`vdfg)* ^g|a gj }ama odsa mglg edj}gjg| oajs}dj}gegj}g mw|dj}g wj }`ge~a yd|`dlhg wj dh}a c|dma mg oajogj}|do`ÿj gj }amd hd sgowgjo`d mg }d|gds* _w owa}d mg d}gjo`ÿj sg yg|ä mgscds}dmd ~a| hd jgogs`mdm mg edj}gjg| wj oaj}|ah ÿowha%ea}a| |åc`ma "fflfdo`ÿj gs}dlhg)( ~a| hd `jog|}`mwel|g gs~do`dh mg hd gs}`ewhdo`ÿj swcg|`md p ~a| hd oajs}dj}g `jb`l`o`ÿj p ydo`hdo`ÿj dj}g mgo`s`ajgs `||ghgydj}gs a mwmasds* Hd ~g|`eg}|åd gs wjd gr~ha|do`ÿj oa||`gj}g p ewp sah`o`}dmd gj has ~|a}aoahas( ~g|a ~d|d twg sgd oajs`s}gj}g p |g~|amwo`lhg |gtw`g|g oajm`o`ajgs eg}`owhasds mg edmw|gv og|gl|dh p d}gjo`ÿj y`c`hdj}g ~a| ~d|}g mgh swfg}a d gr~ha|d|( p bdl`h`mdm gr~as`}`yd ~a| ~d|}g mgh gr~ha|dma| s`gjma `e~|do}`odlhg gj j`ôas a ewp djo`djas p ~aoa ffldlhg gj dmahgsogj}gs "}g|e`jdj gh mgsd||ahha mgh hÿlwha i|aj}dh mgh og|gl|a bdo`d has <> dôas)* Wjd gr~ha|do`ÿj twg |gswh}d ja ffldlhg gs wjd gr~ha|do`ÿj `jö}`h a idhh`md twg mglg sg| la||dmd mgh m`soa mw|a ~a|twg mgsdfws}d gh gs}wm`a sg|`dh d hd|ca ~hdva* Gs }`ge~a ~g|m`ma* Gh gr~ha|dma| mglg gs}d| ewp gj}|gjdma; ja s`|yg owdhtw`g| ~g|`eg}|`s}d aods`ajdh dwjtwg gs}à }`}whdma* @j﬌wpgj a}|as ido}a|gs oacj`}`yas; ~a| gfge~ha( sg bd mgeas}|dma oÿea( sgcöj hd edjg|d mg md| hds `js}|woo`ajgs ~|gy`ds( gh gr~ha|dma| ~wgmg `j﬌w`| gh o|`}g|`a jd}w|dh mgh gr~ha|dma( ~a| ewp gj}|gjdma twg gs}à49 * Gh eäs ~gtwgôa edhgj}gjm`ma dh `j}g|~|g}d| hds `js}|woo`ajgs ~wgmg ~ajg| gj ~gh`c|a gh |gswh}dma ffljdh mg hd ~|wgld* M`yg|sds o`|owjs}djo`ds( oaea sw hd|cd mw|do`ÿj a gs}dmas mg äj`ea mgh gr~ha|dma ~wgmgj eam`fflod| has |gswh}dmas *

KW]VKA( KG; L\@]A( OI; KW]VKA( OI; SDHH( E; 6 Giigo} ai `js}|wo}`ajs aj oajygj}`ajdh dw}aed}gm ~g|`eg}|p* @jygs}å* A~b}bdheah*Y`s* A~b}bdheah*Y`s* _o`*=4; <>>9*<>4?( <>>9*<>4?( <>>>* 4? 49

Hd yd|`dl`h`mdm * Owdjma sg ge~gvÿ d w}`h`vd| hd ~g|`eg}|åd dw}aeä}`od oae~w}d|`vdmd gj c|dj gsodhd has aowh`s}ds sg m`g|aj owgj}d mg twg( sa|~|gjmgj}gegj}g( `johwsa oaj dh}as j`yghgs mg oajogj}|do`ÿj p gj swfg}as `j}gh`cgj}gs( sg ~|amwoådj aso`hdo`ajgs gj has wel|dhgs dh |g~g}`|has43 * Gh ido}a| ﬌wo}wdo`ÿj a yd|`dl`h`mdm mg has wel|dhgs "|g~`}`gjma mgj}|a mg hd e`sed ~|wgld a gj ~|wglds swogs`yds) |gswh}ÿ sg| gh }dhÿj mg Dtw`hgs mg hd ~g|`eg}|åd( ~a| ha twg eg|gog wjd gs~go`dh oajs`mg|do`ÿj ~a| gh ohåj`oa ~d|d sw oa||go}d `j}g|~|g}do`ÿj* Gs twg( dh ja sg| gh ode~a y`swdh wjd gj}`mdm gs}dlhg( sg bdog m`iåo`h gh m`ig|gjo`d| owdhtw`g| odel`a sw}`h yg|mdmg|a * Gr`s}g wjd ﬌wo}wdo`ÿj ja|edh( mg ~gtwgôd edcj`}wm( `e~håo`}d gj hd e`sed mgfflj`o`ÿj mg wel|dh "bgeas m`oba wj 7> ' mg ~|aldl`h`mdmgs)* mg~gjmg iwjmdegj}dhegj}g mg hd Has gsoa}aeds* Hd yd|`dl`h`mdm dja|edh mg~ edpa| a egja| sgjs`l`h`mdm mg ~d|}`md ~g|a }del`àj mgh d~|gjm`vdfg( hd id}`cd( e`o|a%g||a|gs mg fflfdo`ÿj p a}|ds o`|owjs}djo`ds edh mg}g|e`jdmds* Hds ä|gds oaj ~à|m`mds mg sgjs`l`h`mdm "gsoa}aeds) saj ~a}gjo`dhegj}g eäs ﬌wo}wdj}gs p egjas sgcw|ds* ^amgeas `edc`jd|has ja oaea edjobds c|`sgs gs}dlhgs mgj}|a mgh ode~a mg y`s`ÿj s`ja eäs l`gj oaea ä|gds mgsydåmds a mgoaj}|ds}dmds* Oaea pd sg bd m`oba( ja swghgj sg| oajo`gjo`dmds ~a| gh swfg}a ~a|twg gh og|gl|a `j}gj}d ,|ghhgjd|hds,42 ~as`lhgegj}g d gr~gjsds mg wjd edpa| yd|`dl`h`mdm l`aghào}|`od "|w`ma)* Gh dwegj}a mg |w`ma oajhhgyd wj dwegj}a mg hd sgôdh + |w`ma p wj dwegj}a mg hd `jog|}`mwel|g ~s`oaiås`od*

IHDEEG\(F*;M\DJOG(( _E; VWHDWI( E6 M`ig|gjo`dh h`cb} }b|gsbahm* _ba|}% djm hajc}g|e ﬌wo}wd}`aj `j ~d}`gj}s `}b chdwoaed( ja|edh oaj}|ahs( djm ~d}`gj}s `}b sws~go}gm chdwoaed* D|ob`ygs ai A~b}bdheahacp( 4><; 3>=%>9( 402=* 43

\DEDOBDJM\DJ( Y_; C\GCA\P( \H6 ^g|og~}wdh fflhh`jc `j ai d|}`fflo`dhhp `jmwogm soa}aeds `j bwedj y`s`aj* Jd}w|g( ?7> "9?<>)( 990%3><( 4004* 4=

42

\g~|gsgj}do`ÿj l`% p }|`m`egjs`ajdh mg wj gsoa}deas a ~à|m`md gs}dlhg mg sgjs`l`h`mdm haodh`vdmd mgj}|a mgh ode~a y`swdh* Hd gs}`ewhdo`ÿj gj gh `j}g|`a| mg wj gsoa}aed ~|amwog ewobd yd|`dl`h`mdm*

^amgeas dôdm`| twg( oaea hd ~g|og~o`ÿj gs hd `j}g|~|g}do`ÿj mg ha mg}go}dma( hd ﬌wo}wdo`ÿj mgh wel|dh gj mas ~|wglds oajsgow}`yds "e`sed mg}goo`ÿj }gÿ|`od) ~wgmg gs}d| gj iwjo`ÿj mg odel`as gj gh o|`}g|`a jd}w|dh mgh swfg}a gr~ha|dma mgh twg pd bdlhdeas*

@j}g|às ~|äo}`oa mg hd ode~`eg}|åd* Gh `j}g|às mg hd ~g|`eg}|åd gj gh äel`}a mg hd Egm`o`jd y`gjg mgh s`cha R@R p sg sws}gj}d gj gh s`cw`gj}g dia|`sea 6 ,_`

hd yåd ÿ~}`od gs hd gjod|cdmd mg hhgyd| hd `jia|edo`ÿj y`swdh dh og|gl|a( owdhtw`g| mg}g|`a|a mg hd yåd ÿ~}`od gj owdhtw`g| }|dea mg sw |goa||`ma sg }|dmwo`|ä gj hd oa||gs~ajm`gj}g ~à|m`md mg hd ~g|og~o`ÿj y`swdh, *

47

Mgsmg wj ~wj}a mg y`s}d }gÿ|`oa( hd ode~`eg}|åd ~|g}gjmg }|dmwo`|( oaj hd fflmgh`mdm mg wj ed~d( hd `j}gc|`mdm djd}ÿe`od mg hd |g}`jd p hd oajmwo}`y`mdm mg hds yåds ÿ~}`ods bds}d hd oa|}gvd aoo`~`}dh mgh og|gl|a* \dvajdlhgegj}g gr`s}`|åd wjd |ghdo`ÿj `saeÿ|fflod gj}|g has md}as jgw|ahÿc`oas p has md}as ~s`oa%iås`oas* • Mgsowl|`| has idhhas mg hd |g}`jd p jg|y`a ÿ~}`oa `j}g|gsd gj Ai}dheahacåd p sg edj`fflgs}dj gj odmd afa ~a| sg~d|dma oaea mg~|gs`ajgs a o|ä}g|gs haodhgs "gsoa}aeds) a cgjg|dhgs "mg~|gs`ajgs a bwjm`e`gj}as) }a}dhgs a ~d|o`dhgs mgh `sha}g*

Bge`dja~s`d bg}g|ÿj`ed l`}ge~a|dh "}wea| gj b`~ÿffls`s)*

ÿ~}`oa(( `j}g|gsdj • Has idhhas s`}wdmas eäs d}|äs( gj gh tw`dsed ÿ~}`oa gs~go`dhegj}g gj Gjmao|`jahacåd ~a| digo}do`ajgs sal|g }ama mg hd b`~ÿffls`s p sg edj`fflgs}dj oaea mg~|gs`ajgs l`hd}g|dhgs ja ewp s`eà}|`ods "owdm|dj}dja~s`ds a bge`dja~s`ds) hhdedmds bg}g|ÿj`eds* oae~|gs`ajgs( • Has idhhas gj hds yåds ÿ~}`ods ~as}tw`dseä}`ods og|gl|dhgs "oae~|gs`ajgs( bgea||dc`ds( mgse`gh`j`vdo`ajgs g}o) `j}g|gsdj gj Jgw|ahacåd p sg }|dmwogj ~a| bge`dja~s`ds l`hd}g|dhgs mg wjd c|dj |gcwhd|`mdm( oajc|wgjo`d p s`eg}|åd ~a| ha twg sg hhdedj baeÿj`eds( gj hds twg hd ~d|}g o`gcd oa||gs~ajmg d wjd digo}do`ÿj gj gh bge`sig|`a og|gl|dh oaj}|d|`a* ]dj}a has eàm`oas cgjg|dh`s}ds oaea has jgw|ÿhacas mglgj gs}d| ide`h`d|`vdmas oaj hd `j}g|~|g}do`ÿj ~g|`eà}|`od* 49

^a| oas}wel|g p goajaeåd }amas has ~do`gj}gs swghgj sg| |gig|`mas d has _g|y`o`as mg Ai}dheahacåd ~d|d hd ~|äo}`od mg wjd ode~`eg}|åd* Has ~g|åeg}|as egoäj`oas dj}`cwas "hhdedmas mg `sÿ~}g|ds) saj gs~go`dhegj}g ö}`hgs ~d|d Egm`o`jd @j}g|jd p Jgw|ahacåd* Bdp twg }gjg| gj owgj}d twg ewobas ~|ac|deds p gs}|d}gc`ds mg has ~g|åeg}|as dw}aeä}`oas oaeg|o`dhgs gs}äj ~|g~d|dmas sÿha ~d|d Chdwoaed*

^g|`eg}|åd gj gh chdwoa chdwoaed ed * Dj}`cwdegj}g gh chdwoaed g|d oajs`mg|dmd wjd gjig|egmdm ~a| m`s|gcwhdo`ÿj mg hd ~|gs`ÿj `j}|d%aowhd| p sg }|d}dld gj oajsgowgjo`d* ^g|a has |gffljde`gj}as }gojahÿc`oas p has o|`}g|`as ~|gygj}`yas bdj oajyg|}`ma dh chdwoaed s`e~hg o|ÿj`oa gj a}|d oasd 6 ‘wjd jgw|a~d}åd ÿ~}`od o|ÿj`od mg odwsd mgsoajao`md( od|do}g|`vdmd ~a| hd d~a~}as`s ~|ac|gs`yd mg hds oàhwhds cdjch`ajd|gs |g}`j`djds― * Oajsgow}`ydegj}g gs wjd gjig|egmdm gjig|egmdm grtw`s`}degj}g swla|m`jdmd d hd ~g|`eg}|åd * ^am|äj oajs`mg|d|sg ~alhdo`ajgs ja|edhgs( ~alhdo`ajgs ~|gm`s~wgs}ds a `johwsa sas~gobasds* ^g|a bds}d twg ja sg mg}go}gj mg}g|e`jdmas ~d}|ajgs ~g|`eà}|`oas gs}dlhgo`mas ja sg bdlhd mg wj chdwoaed* ±Bdp |gig|gjo`ds1 * Gh ~d}|ÿj a|a m`dcjÿs}`oa ~d|d gh chdwoaed ~|goav |gswh}d sg| gj o`g|}d edjg|d wjd }dw}ahacåd ~a|twg ~|go`sdegj}g gh chdwoaed sg mgffljg ~g|`eà}|`odegj}g gj sws oae`gjvas* Dh oaj}|d|`a mg a}|ds gjig|egmdmgs( gh chdwoaed ja }`gjg j`jcöj ed|odma| a cahm s}djmd|m jgw}|dh a `jmg~gjm`gj}g "oaea ~am|åd sg| wj }gs} sg|ahÿc`oa ) * Gj owdj}a dh m`dcjÿs}`oa ~|goav( `johwsa hd owdh`fflodo`ÿj ~g|`eà}|`od mgh chdwoaed gs swedegj}g `e~|go`sd a d|}`fflo`asd( gj gs~go`dh owdjma oajo`g|jg d mgfflj`| ~alhdo`ajgs ~|g}gjm`mdegj}g sas~gobasds * Oaj i|gowgjo`d sg |gow||g dh fw`o`a dh  fw`o`a mg gr~g|}as "twg ja s`ge~|g gs}äj mg dowg|ma) p twg sg ldsdj gj wjas owdj}as owdj}as ~|`jo`~`as bgw|å s}`oas s}`oas gj hd mg}g|e`jdo`ÿj mg has `jm`odma|gs ~g|`eà}|`oas ghgc`mas p sws ~wj}as mg oa|}g* Has åjm`ogs chaldhgs p has ~d}|ajgs gs~do`dhgs gs~do`dhgs mg ~à|m`md mg sgjs`l`h`mdm "mgigo}a egm`a( yd|`djvd( ohws}g|s g}o*) mg~gjmgj mg hd ed|od mgh ~g|åeg}|a( hd eg}amahacåd p gh o|`}g|`a mg gsowghd * Has gr~g|}as gj chdwoaed "chdwoaed}ÿhacas) mglg|ådj sg| has eär`eas gr~g|}as gj ^g|`eg}|åd dh }gjg| twg }aed| mgo`s`ajgs a~g|d}`yds; oajao`gjma 43

dh mgm`hha gh edjgfa do}wdh`vdma mg d~d|d}as p gs}|d}gc`ds p ide`h`d|`väjmasg oaj hds `jog|}`mwel|gs mg hd ﬌wo}wdo`ÿj *

Hd ~|ac|gs`ÿj mg hd jgw|a~d}åd chdwoaed}asd* Oaea }dh gjig|egmdm o|ÿj`od( gh mdôa iwjo`ajdh mgh chdwoaed ~|ac|gsd gj gh ow|sa mg hd y`md bdo`d gh mg}g|`a|a gj edpa| a egja| c|dma* Gs}d ~|ac|gs`ÿj iwjo`ajdh a ode~`eà}|`od mgh chdwoaed aow||g gj }|gs idsgs6 aowh}d a ~|g~g|`eà}|`od( mg dwegj}a mg wel|dhgs p o|å}`od40 * d) @j`o`dhegj}g bdp wj ~g|åama aowh}a gj gh twg hd ~g|`eg}| ~g|`eg}|åd åd oajygjo`ajdh eäs ~g|igo}d ~g|edjgog ja|edh "ewmd)* ^wgmg oa`jo`m`| oaj a}|ds yd|`dlhgs sas~gobasds 6 }gjs`ÿj aowhd|( grodydo`ÿj mg hd ~d~`hd ÿ~}`od* Gs ha twg sg hhded wjd ‘ohdsg hd}gj}g―6 gr`s}g wjd gjig|eg gjig|egmdm |gdh( ~g|a gs `jmg}go}dlhg* _` gh chdwoaed gs wjd gjig|egmdm mg mgfflj`o`ÿj ~g|`eà}|`od ±oÿea ~|g}gjmg| doa|}d| gh ~g|åama ~|g%~g|`eà}|`oa1 6 dwegj}djma hd sgjs`l`h`mdm mg hd ~g|`eg}|åd egfa|djma hd }gojahacåd* Dh gigo}a sg gs}äj mgsd||ahhdjma jwgyas o|`}g|`as ~g|`eà}|`oas wsdjma gs}`ewhdo`ÿj owdh`}d}`ydegj}g m`ig|gj}g<> 6 gs}åewhas oaha|gdmas( oaj gs}|wo}w|d s`jwsa`mdh p oaj}|ds}g yd|`dlhg( ~d|~dmgdj}gs( gj eay`e`gj}a g}o* Gs wjd gs}`ewhdo`ÿj twg ~wm`g|d sg| od~}dmd sÿha gj oajm`o`ajgs mg gs}dma dcÿj`oa jgw|ajdh p oaj m`fflowh}dmgs mg }|djse`s`ÿj drajdh <4 * Gs}as ~|aogm`e`gj}as gr~g|`egj}dhgs gs}äj alh`cdmas ~a| hd hÿc`od d sg| eäs sgjs`lhgs twg has d~d|d}as gr`s}gj}gs* ^g|a owpd ydh`m ydh`mdo`ÿj do`ÿj m`dcjÿs}`od |gswh}d|ä jgogsd|`degj}g gs~gowhd}`yd p }dw}ahÿc`od "~a| ja mgo`| `e~as`lhg) dj}g ~alhdo`ajgs ~|gm`s~wgs}ds a sas~gobasds mg chdwoaed *

]DJ( ]DJ( FOB; I\DJK_( SD; B@]OB@JC_( \D6 @j}g|~|g}`jc chdwoaed ~|ac|gs`ÿj lp b`}g%aj%b`}g ~g|`eg}|p* C|dgig‐s D|ob* Oh`j Gr~ A~b}bdheah*( <=>; 727%70<( <>><

40

CAJVDHGV MG HD \A_D( E;6 Gs}dma do}wdh mgh m`dcjÿs}`oa p oaj}|ah gyahw}`ya mgh chdwoaed* D|ob*_ao*Gs~*Ai}dheah*(32; <00%?4?( <>>?

<>

CAJVDHGV%BG\JDJMGV( E; CAJVDHGV MG HD \A_D( E; \AM\@CWGV MG HD YGCD; BG\JDJMGV Y@MDH(D6 Hajc%]g|e Hajc%]g|e ﬌wo}wd}`aj aj a j s}djmd|m Dw}aed}`o ^g|`eg}|p( ^whsd| ^g|`eg}|p djm I|gtwgjop%Mawlh`jc I |gtwgjop%Mawlh`jc ]gobjahacp `j gd|hp chdwoaed m`dcjas`s* m`dc jas`s* A~b}bdhe`o \gs*( ?0; ??2%=3( <>>3* 42 <4

4) Hd mg}g|e`jdo`ÿj mgh ydha| m`dcjÿs}`oa "sgjs`l`h`mdm p gs~go`fflo`mdm gs~go`fflo`mdm gj gh eaegj}a ~|gsgj}g ~|gsgj}g gj twg sg bdog gh }gs}) sg oajs`cwg ~d|gdjma oaj wj oajygj`ma ‘}gs} dhid―<< ~g|`eà}|`oa eäs hdla|`asa "gs}|d}gc`d mg wel|dhgs oae~hg}as
<<


Owpd mw|do`ÿj ~wgmg gs}`ed|sg gj <>%?> e`jw}as ~a| odmd afa*

_g ge~hgd hd s`cw`gj}g |w}`jd6 hd gr~ha|do`ÿj mg wel|dhgs oae~hg}as }d|md ewoba p dca}d ‘~g|a sw~ajgeas twg gs hd egfa| twg }gjgeas―* W}`h`ogeas gs}|d}gc`ds eäs oa|}ds p iäo`hgs iäo`hgs p oae~d|àeashds *

<=

<7

LGJFWEGMD( Dhi|gma6 Y`swdh I`ghm ^|ac|gs`ÿj `j Chdwoaed* Chdwoaed* D |gy`g* <>>9

<9

]BAED_( H6 @j}|amwo}`aj }a Ldpgs`dj eg}bams @@6 iwjmdegj}dh oajog~}s* Oh`j`odh ]|`dhs( <; <04%0=( <>>7 40

Oaj gs}ds |gsg|yds( sg|`gs ~g|`eà}|`ods oajsgow}`yds( |gdh`vdmds odmd sg`s egsgs oaj }amd gso|w~whas`mdm p djdh`vdmds oaj has ~|ac|deds gs}dmås}`oas gs~go`dhgs mg dhcwjds ed|ods mg ~g|åeg}|as "djäh`s`s mg gygj}as p mg }gjmgjo`ds) ( `jm`od|äj s` hd gjig|egmdm ~|ac|gsd a ~g|edjgog gs}dlhg "}dj}a chaldh oaea iaodhegj}g) * Hd ydh`mdo`ÿj mg gs}as ~|ac|deds mg}go}a|gs mg ~|ac|gs`ÿj dmahgog mg `màj}`ods h`e`}do`ajgs oaj wjd ewobd edpa| yd|`dl`h`mdm dôdm`md* ^a| `j}g|às mg |g~|amwo`l`h`mdm gs eäs ~|äo}`oa w}`h`vd| s`ge~|g wj e`sea ~g|åeg}|a p wjd e`sed gs}|d}gc`d gr~ha|dma|d mg oajffldjvd( ~|aow|djma twg oaj}gjcd gh eär`ea mg `jia|edo`ÿj gj gh eåj`ea }`ge~a "y*c* ]A^ ?< mg Ao}a~ws( _@]D gs}djmd|m mg Bwe~b|gp)* o) ^dsdmd gs}d idsg hd gjig|egmdm gj}|d gj wjd g}d~d o|å}`od mg chdwoaed gyahwo`ajdma oaj mg}g|`a|a `||gyg|s`lhg d ~gsd| mgh }|d}de`gj}a }gjs`ajdh oa||go}a( twg ~wgmg }g|e`jd| gj hd ogcwg|d<3 *

\gswegj Hd ~g|`eg}|åd gs wjd }àoj`od gr~ha|d}a|`d `e~|gso`jm`lhg ~d|d hd ohåj`od mg gjig|egmdmgs s`s}àe`ods p haodhgs mgh afa * Hds }àoj`ods ghgo}|affls`ahÿc`ods saj oas}asds p ~aoa ~|äo}`ods * Twgmdj dhcwjds owgs}`ajgs }àoj`ods ~g|`eà}|`ods `e~a|}dj}gs ~a| |gsahyg|

6

4*Gjoaj}|d| hds odwsds p mg~w|d| hd `jgs}dl`h`mdm mg has wel|dhgs |g~g}`mas "yd|`dl`h`mdm)* <*Baeacgjg`vd| oaj grdo}`}wm hd mgfflj`o`ÿj ~g|`eà}|`od "ja|edh !  dja|edh) mg  ! dja|edh chdwoaed p hd owdj}`fflodo`ÿj mgh oajog~}a mg ~|ac|gs`ÿj * ?*Gs}dlhgog| hd od~do`mdm ~|gm`o}`yd mg has }gs}s ~g|`eà}|`oas * =*Hd `jygs}`cdo`ÿj ~g|`eà}|`od "`jygj}as) sÿha }`gjg wj sgj}`ma 6 sw~g|d| hd gfflo`gjo`d pd gr`s}gj}g lwsodjma ~a| gh eaegj}a ~|aogm`e`gj}as oaj edpa| sgjs`l`h`mdm sgjs`l`h`mdm "s`}wdo`ÿj s`}wdo`ÿj twg sÿha sg md|ä oaj gh mgsowl|`e`gj}a mg wj ~d}|ÿj a|a `jmg~gjm`gj}g) p ~|aogm`e`gj}as oaj egja| yd|`dl`h`mdm *

AH@YG\( FG*6 Lh`jmjgss djm Chdwoaed6 D oae~d|`saj ai ^d}`gj}s ^|ac|gss`jc }a Lh`jmjgss i|ae Chdwoaed `}b ^d}`gj}s Edj}d`j`jc Y`s`aj* Deg|* Faw|j* A~b}bdheah*( 4??; 39=%33<( <>>< <>

<3

<4