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Índice
Foto Portada: Octavio Gómez. Aseguramiento de una residencia en Tijuana, enero de 2008
NARCOTRÁFICO
6
Los narcodecomisos de ida y vuelta
12 30
20 POLÍTICA /VERAC POLÍTICA /VERACRUZ RUZ Lucha en el lodo /José Gil Olmos
/Patricia Dávila
12
En Hidalgo, la megaestructu megaestructura ra zeta /Ricardo Ravelo
16
Al Ejército le dan mucho... mucho... pero quiere quiere más /Jesusa Cervantes y Jenaro Villamil Villamil
POLÍTICA /EST POLÍTICA /ESTADO ADO DE MÉXICO
34 Los graneros electorales de Peña Nieto /Jenaro Villamil
37
VIOLENCIA SOCIAL /OAXA SOCIAL /OAXACA CA
20 22 24
/Glori oria a Leti Leticia cia Día Díaz z “Una lluvia de balas nos envolvió” /Gl Pombo Las raíces /María Dolores París Pombo Huele a violencia electoral /José Gil Olmos
40 42 44
El doble juego de Sedesol /Marcela Turati Turati
MIGRACIÓN La ley del miedo… /J. Jesús Esquivel Verbalismo defensivo /Olga Pellicer …Y en México, “holocausto” centroamericano /Arturo Rodríguez García
VIOLENCIA SOCIAL /NUEV SOCIAL /NUEVO O LEÓN
27
Un asesinato entre el misterio y la indiferencia... /Arturo Rodríguez García
CISA / Comu Comuni nica cación ción e Infor Informa mación, ción, SA de CV CONSEJO CONSE JO DE ADMI ADMINIS NISTRA TRACIÓN: CIÓN: Pre Presi siden dente, te, Julio Julio Scherer Scherer García; García; Vice Vicepre presi siden dente, te, Vicen Vicente te Leñe Leñero; ro; Teso Te sore rero, ro, Enri Enrique que Maza Maza
sema se mana nario rio de infor informa mación ción y análi análisis sis DIREC DI RECTOR: TOR: Ra Rafael fael Rodrí Rodrí guez guez Cas ñe ñeda da
48
INTERNACIONAL /ARGENTINA INTERNACIONAL /ARGENTINA La búsqueda /Josefina Licitra
INTERNA INTER NACIO CIONAL NAL:: Home Homero ro Campa, Campa, coordinador; Correspon Corresponsa sales: les: Buenos Aires: Santiago Igartúa; Madrid: Alejandro Gutiérrez; París: París: Anne Anne Marie Ma rie Mergier; Mergier; Washington: J. Jesús Esquivel CULTU CUL TURA RA:: Arman Armando do Ponce, Ponce, editor; editor; Judith Judith Amador Amador Tello, Javier Javier Betan Betancourt, court, Blanca Blanca Gonzá González lez Rosas, Rosas, Estela Leñero Franco, Isabel Isabel Leñe Leñero, ro, Rosa Rosario rio Manza Manzanos, nos, Samuel Máynez Champion, Jorge Jor ge Munguía Munguía Espi Es pitia, tia, José José Emilio Emilio Pache Pacheco, co, Alber Alberto to Pare Paredes, des, Eduardo Soto Millán, Raquel Raquel Tibol, Tibol, Floren Florence ce Toussaint, Toussaint, Rafael Vargas, Colum Columba ba Vértiz Vértiz de la Fuente; asistente, Niza Rivera Medina;
[email protected] ESPECTÁCU ES PECTÁCULOS LOS:: Rober Roberto to Ponce, Ponce, coor coordi dina nador. dor. espectaculos@proc
[email protected] eso.com.mx DEPORTES:: Alejandro Caballero, Coordinador; Raúl Ochoa, Beatriz Pereyra DEPORTES FOTO FO TOGRAFÍA GRAFÍA:: Marco Antonio Cruz, Coordinador; Fotógrafos: Germán Germán Canse Canseco, co, Miguel Dimayuga, Ben ja jamín mín Flores, Flores, Octa Octavio vio Gómez, Gómez, Eduardo Miranda; archi archivo vo histórico, Francis Francisco co Daniel; Daniel; asistente,
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2 de mayo de 2010 • No. 1748
60
40
74
34 52 53 54
56 60 63 66
ANÁLISIS
/Estela Leñero Franco Teatro: Sobremesa /Estela Cine: Norteado /Javier /Javier Betancourt Televisión: Desafíos de la televisión pública
Cuernavaca, rehén o laboratorio /Javier Sicilia Influyentazgo /Naranjo El Papa y los creyente creyentess /Sabina Berman
/Florence Toussaint Toussaint
Libros: Triste sino /Jorge Munguía Espitia
MEDIOS Televisión amable por decreto /Jenaro Villamil
ESPECTÁCULOS
70
CULTURA Frida en la Alemania que la mitificó /Francisco Olaso
Grave, desvincular cultura-educa cultura-educación: ción: Tello Pérez Rocha /Judith Amador Tello Páginas de crítica
Arte: La pintura que se vende /Blanca González Rosas VENTAS y MERCADOTECNIA: Margarita Carreón, gerente Tel. 56 36 20 63. Lucero García, Norma VENTAS Velázquez.. Circulación: Mauricio Ramírez, Gisela Mares. Tel. 5636-2064. Pascual Acuña, Fernando Velázquez Polo, Andrés Velázquez. Suscripciones: Cristina Sandoval Tel. 5636-2080. Delfina Cervantes, Luis Coletor, Ulises de León. ATENCIÓN A SUSCRIPTORES SUSCRIPTORES (Reparto): Lenin Reyes Tel. Tel. 5636-2065. 5636-2065. Julio Aguilar, Aguilar, Jonathan García. ADMINISTRACIÓN.. RECURSOS HUMANOS: Luz María Pineda, coordinadora ADMINISTRACIÓN SISTE SIS TEMAS: MAS: Jor Jorge ge Suárez, Suárez, gerente; Eduardo Alfaro, Betzabé Estrada, Javier Venegas ALMA AL MACÉN CÉN y PRO VE VEE EDURÍA: Mer Merce cedes des Guerra, Guerra, coor coordi dina nado dora; ra; Roge Rogelio lio Valdi Valdivia via MANTENIMIENTO:Miguel MANTENIMIENTO: Miguel Olvera, Victor Ramírez FINANZAS. CON CONTA TABI BILI LIDAD: DAD: Ma María ría Con ción Al do, Christian Arcos, Rosa Ma. García, Edgar
Luis Valdez y Zoot Suit : El racismo, ahora, en Arizona /Columba Vértiz Vértiz de la Fuente
DEPORTES
74 Lorena, la impasible /Raúl Ochoa 77
Las trampas de los dopados /Beatriz Pereyra
80
Palabra de Lector
82
Mono Sapiens /Serpientes y una escalera /Helguera y Hernández agencia agen cia de fotografía
EDITOR: Marco Antonio Cruz; Dirección: www.procesofoto.com.mx www.procesofoto.com.mx Correo electrónico:
[email protected]; electrónico:
[email protected]; Ventas y contrataciones: 5636-2016 y 56362017
EDITOR: Alejandro Caballero; Correo electrónico:
[email protected]; Tel. 5636-2010 Soporte técnico: Jorge Suárez y Jorge García; Tel. 5636-2106
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Juan Carlos Cruz / Procesofoto
Los narcodecomisos
de ida
y vuelta
El poder del narcotráfico no se agota en las armas y el ejercicio de la violencia ni en su capacidad corruptora. Con ganancias anuales estimadas en 40 mil millones de dólares, según el propio gobierno federal, su fortaleza está en los vastos recursos de que dispone para sus actividades criminales y que, hasta ahora, apenas han sido tocados por las administraciones panistas de Vicente Fox y Felipe Calderón. Y lo que es peor: los cárteles de la droga han recuperado legalmente buena parte de lo que se les incautó en la última década. Una investigación
Patricia Dávila
E
l combate contra el lavado de dinero producto del tráico de drogas es otro lanco perdido en la guerra contra el narcotráico: en una década, el gobierno ederal ha intervenido tan sólo 55 empresas, pero ha
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NARCOTRÁFICO
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NARCOTRÁFICO Especial Procesofoto
El “narcorrancho” del JT en Cosalá. Aseguramiento
de la restitución y el motivo de ésta. En el caso de las empresas, se solicitó además la razón social y el giro comercial. Ese mismo día, la Unidad de Enlace del
en la esera jurídica de una persona ísica”. El SAE solamente aceptó entregar a Proceso tres listas con inormación “parcialmente reservada y conidencial” que
desecha los argumentos del SAE para reservar la inormación, porque hacer público el monto en que se vendieron esos bienes decomisados al crimen organizado ya
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yores dividendos: 227 millones de pesos. mina el monto total decomisado en cada in- ro Cárdenas, Michoacán, ue asegurado el En 2003 la suma ue de 102 millones, y de tervención; sin embargo, de la inormación 26 de enero de 2005, cuando la Agencia 145 millones de pesos en 2004. proporcionada se desprende que el gobier- Federal de Investigación (AFI) y el EjérEn 2001 se reportaron 5 mil 552 de- no ederal ha perdido 3 mil 186 casos, en cito realizaron un operativo para incautar comisos con ingresos por 160 millones los que ha debido reintegrar el dinero. las propiedades del exlíder paramilitar de de pesos. Ese año se eectuó la transacLos seis estados en que se ha realizado la Los Zetas, Carlos Rosales Mendoza, que ción más alta realizada en la década: el 28 mayor parte de los decomisos son el Distrito lo utilizaba como centro de inteligencia. de diciembre ue vendido en 32 millones Federal; Sinaloa, Sonora, Jalisco, Chiapas, Transportadora Purépecha, en Urua200 mil pesos el buque atunero Macel, Baja Caliornia, Veracruz y Chihuahua. En pan, Michoacán, es propiedad de Nicaninterceptado meses antes por la Secreta- donde menos se decomisa es Tlaxcala, con dro Barrera Medrano, alias El Nico, quien ría de Marina en el puerto de Manzanillo, 33 operaciones, y Morelos, con 28. en el pasado 25 de ebrero ue identiicaColima, cuando transportaba 9.5 tonelaEn el anexo 2, el SAE revela que ha re- do por el Departamento del Tesoro de Esdas de cocaína con valor de 80 millones cibido mil 201 bienes inmuebles para su tados Unidos como uno de los siete cabeFamilia. de dólares. Según la Procuraduría Ge- administración, de los cuales, 10 se en- cillas del cártel La Familia neral de la República, el Macel ormaba cuentran en posesión de terceros, 14 en El 27 de septiembre de 1997, Manuel parte de la red de transporte empleada emplead a por uso del propio SAE, mientras que 31 se de Jesús Bitar Taich ue señalado por el Sandra Ávila Beltrán, La Reina del Pací- han dictaminado para devolución (tres ya entonces juez undécimo de Distrito en fico, para traer cargamentos de droga des- se han regresado). El resto permanece ba- Materia Penal en el Distrito Federal, code Colombia. jo resguardo del SAE en tanto se deine mo responsable de delito de lavado de diEn el listado de bienes asegurados y su estatus. nero, a través de Inmobiliaria Cobit, estavendidos de 2000 a 2009 aparece la venAquí sobresalen casas habitación, te- blecida en el estado de Chihuahua. Bitar ta de 5 mil 96 vehículos (automóviles, ca- rrenos, departamentos, ediicios, ranchos Taich, ue compadre de Amado Carrillo mionetas y tractocamiones), con precios y locales comerciales. La mayor parte de El Señor de los Cielos, el inado líder del que van de 170 mil a 650 mil pesos por los mil 201 inmuebles ha sido asegurada cártel de Juárez. unidad; 70 aeronaves y 238 embarcacio- en los estados de Sinaloa, Jalisco, Sonora, Otras empresas relacionadas con ese nes; yeguas inas de la raza riesian vendi- Baja Caliornia Sur, Distrito Federal y Co- grupo criminal –hoy al mando de Vicendas entre 70 mil y 90 mil pesos; equipos y lima, que suman 936 decomisos. te Carrillo Fuentes– es Lualti, la cual maaccesorios para celulares y radiocomuniEn un tercer anexo, el SAE proporcio- nejaba la seguridad de los aeropuertos de cación; enseres para el hogar (ornamentos, na una relación de 31 empresas que se en- Mérida y Cancún, así como Diversiones y recámaras, electrodomésticos y aparatos cuentran “aseguradas, decomisadas en ad- Fiestas y Tequila Rock de Chetumal. La electrónicos como televisores, videocase- ministración” entre 2000 y 2006. En lo PGR las vinculó con el exgobernador de teras y videojuegos), y hasta ropa interior que va de la administración de Felipe Cal- Quintana Roo, Mario Villanueva. y pistolas de juguete. derón, esta entidad no ha recibido negoEl 9 de marzo de 1997 ueron aseguraDe acuerdo con la lista proporcionada cios decomisados al narcotráico narcotráico.. das Bioesport, Fletes y Transportes Gaxpor el SAE, los 69 mil 870 bienes muebles El SAE asegura que desconoce la pro- gar, Inmobiliaria Gaxiola, Molduras del enajenados ueron adquiridos por 3 mil 471 cedencia de los bienes, “así como si se en- Noroeste y Distribuidora de Hermosicompradores, de los cuales 359 son em- cuentran relacionados con algún cartel del llo Gaxiola, todas propiedad de Rigoberpresas. Del resto, 130 compras las hicieron narcotráico”. Sin embargo, de acuerdo to Gaxiola Medina, señalado por el Devarias presidencias municipales de los es- con inormación de Proceso, al menos 23 partamento del Tesoro de Estados Unidos tados de Tlaxcala, Puebla, Veracruz, Mo- casos están relacionados con algún grupo como “componente vital” de la organizarelos, Zacatecas, Culiacán y Oaxaca. Otras delictivo, según lograron identiicar Ro- ción criminal de Joaquín El Chapo Guzseis transacciones corresponden a los go- gelio Flores, Juan Carlos Baltasar y Juan mán Loera. biernos de Tamaulipas, Baja Caliornia Sur, Carlos Cruz Vargas, del centro de docuEn la inormación oicial proporcioChiapas, Hidalgo, Sonora y Veracruz. Las mentación de este semanario. nada a Proceso, el SAE incluye a las emdemás ueron hechas por particulares. Estas son: Servicios Aéreos de Colima; presas de Gaxiola en la lista de bienes que
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o t o f o s e c o r P / z u r C s o l r a C n a u J
za Rodríguez, pareja sentimental de Mario Villanueva, y Complejo Turístico Oasis y Playa Mar, que desde inales de 1990 ueron catalogadas por la PGR como “lavadoras” de dinero de los Arellano Félix. Otra de las empresas es Candilejas de Saltillo, asegurada en octubre de 1994, propiedad de José Luis García Treviño, también conocido como Juan Chapa Garza o Juan García Ábrego, viejo líder del cártel del Golo detenido en 1996 y actualmente preso en Estados Unidos. Por cierto, García Ábrego pelea al gobierno mexicano la devolución de 25 millones de dólares. Otra propiedad, regresada en octubre de 2007, es el rancho El Tesoro del CapuCuliacán. Recuperación de un helicóptero de la CFE
El narco trasnacional Los cárteles mexicanos de la droga no conocen límites ni fronteras. Mediante fachadas que incluyen iglesias evangélicas y judías, la organización encabezada por Joaquín El Chapo Guzmán cuenta con una red para el lavado y triangulación de capitales que opera en Argentina, Uruguay y Chile. En su libro El cártel incómodo, el periodista José Reveles documenta los entretelones de esta trasnacionalización del narco. Con permiso de la casa editora Random House Mon-
caminos para que pudieran transitar hasta La Tuna. Los vehículos transportaban cemento, varilla, cantera, madera, en suma, todo lo requerido por el templo que sería erigido y que habría de convertirse en un centro de convenciones y servicios ceremoniales al que hoy acuden fieles de más de 200 kilómetros a la redonda y de varios estados vecinos como Durango, Sonora, Chihuahua, Jalisco, Colima y Nayarit. En el templo, cuyo número de hermanas y hermanos creció de manera desorbitada, no hay imágenes ni esculturas, tampoco hay crucifijos, vírgenes ni santos. Y es que los adeptos evangélicos cantan, rezan, predican e interpretan la Biblia Biblia sin sin mayores intermediarios, su religiosidad recuerda a la de los primeros cristianos de las catacumbas. Hasta las estribaciones serranas viajan los ministros de es te culto, que
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NARCOTRÁFICO lín, asegurado en noviembre de 2006 cuando militares y agentes ederales encontraron armas largas, riles AK-47 y AR-15 y 2 mil 500 cartuchos, granadas de ragmentación y prendas de vestir con camulaje. Laboratorios Ttokkyo, en Morelos, se dedicaba a la abricación del psicotrópico conocido como ketamina, que distribuían en Estados Unidos, ue asegurado en septiembre de 2002 por la PGR. La lista incluye varias empresas propiedad de Carlos Ahumada Kurtz, aseguradas el 18 de marzo de 2004 por la PGR como bienes de posible “procedencia ilícita”, pero que le ueron devueltas en octubre de ese mismo año: Promotora Deportiva de Futbol León, Nueva Perspectiva
Editores y Deportiva de Futbol Comarca Lagunera. El Establo Lechero Puerto Rico, propiedad de Ismael El Mayo Zambada, operador del cártel de Sinaloa, ue asegurada por la PGR el 23 de junio de 2000, pero la recuperó apenas seis meses después. Esta empresa, junto con Multiservicios Jeviz, Gasolinera Rosario, Nueva Industria de Ganaderos de Culiacán, Lechera Santa Mónica y Jamaro Constructores ueron boletinadas por autoridades de Estados Unidos en mayo de 2007. De un total de 116 empresas que el gobierno estadunidense señala que lavan dinero del narco, 48 estarían relacionadas con los hermanos Arellano Félix, cabeci-
de efedrina al exterior”, como se lee en alguna de las notas periodísticas del caso. María López y el pastor López Valdez, ambos mexicanos, “querían explicar todos los beneficios que recibiría el templo, dijeron que viajarían a Paraguay y que a su regreso la iglesia iba a ser muy próspera”, apunta un reportaje de La Voz del Chaco. Chaco. Esto ocurría a principios de 2009, poco antes de que ella fuera detenida, el 2 de mayo, por grupos antidroga en el aeropuerto internacional de Asunción, Paraguay. El delegado de la Asociación Antidrogas, Miguel Chamorro, Chamorro, llamó la atención sobre la injerencia del subsecretario de Culto de la provincia, José Mongeló, quien canalizó subsidios millonarios millonarios a la iglesia como un buen pretexto para sugerir que el pastor mexicano se encargara del templo. Así pues, la Iglesia Evangélica del Nuevo Milenio de Resistencia, en el Chaco, Argentina, quiso ser utilizada como una “pantalla” para el giro de divisas hacia el exterior y para el lavado de dinero, concluyó el presidente de la Asociación Antidrogas de la República Argentina, Claudio Izaguirre. El escándalo que provocó el intento del presunto pastor mexicano, Jerónimo López Valdez, atra-
llas del cártel de Tijuana; cinco con la amilia Amezcua Contreras, del cartel Milenio; 16 a los hermanos Beltrán Leyva, y Familia. una a La Familia Otras 40 estarían vinculadas con el cártel de Sinaloa, de las cuales dos pertenecen a Agustín Reyes Garza, Don Pilo; cinco a Ismael El Mayo Zambada; 19 a Blanca Margarita Cazares Salazar y 14 a Rigoberto Gaxiola Medina. De todas las empresas boletinadas por las autoridades estadunidenses, el gobierno mexicano sólo ha intervenido a ocho; sin embargo, de acuerdo con la inormación del SAE, siete ya ueron devueltas: una al Mayo Zambada y seis a Gaxiola Medina, ambos del cártel de Sinaloa.
establecer un nexo entre líderes ortodoxos del judaísmo argentino y los jefes del cártel de Sinaloa. La pista que éstos siguieron surgió cuando se detectó el blanqueo de capitales operado por el rabino ortodoxo Samuel León Levín y las casas de inversión que, según la autoridad argentina, pertenecen al cártel de Sinaloa. Jorge Boimvaser y Daniel Schitman, que tienen el portal en internet La Voz y la Opinión , fueron los periodistas que lograron establecer la alianza financiera entre el rabino de Argentina y los sinaloenses. Según fuentes de inteligencia mexicanas y orga nismos financieros internacionales, el rabino León Levín operaba mediante una bien estructurada y poderosa red de testaferros. El sistema utilizado consistía en declarar donaciones recibidas en organizaciones y colegios, derivándolas luego para su manejo en mesas de dinero, desde donde entraban a circuitos financieros que terminaban por desembocar en las casas operadoras de capitales del cártel de Sinaloa. “Esta forma de manejo y triangulación fue difícil de detectar”, escribió el analista Expresión Ciudadana de Argentina, a lo que añadió: “Pero una vez que los investigadores hallaron la punta del ovi-
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a g u y a mi D l e u gi M
z e n é m i J l e u n a M é s o J
o to Núñe z So t
O sor i io Ch
ong
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o s e c o r P o v i h c r A
El “Lazca”
NARCOTRÁFICO Be n j amí n F l lo r e es
e r t s a c l e P z e n í t r a M d i v a D
ín f ín z. E l de l f vera Ru i z. O l ve
F ay ad Me ne se s. “ P Pr r o t e ec t or ” ”
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NARCOTRÁFICO de Seguridad Pública, Roberto Terán Con- cones , era la de checar que no hubiera mi- policías de todos los niveles, pues cada uno treras, uno de los colaboradores de Fran- rones cerca de Tiro de Mina, que está en realiza una función específica, de acuerdo cisco Olvera durante los meses que éste el primer cuadro de la ciudad de Pachuca, con los detalles que menciona el testigo. Y encabezó el ayuntamiento pachuqueño. ya que en ese lugar mandaban a tirar tirar a la como parte de esa red policiaca menciona En su declaración del 14 de junio del gente que secuestraban y mataban, ya que a Froylán Chote, alias Relámp Relámpago ago, quien año pasado, El Oso relató que se desempe- es muy profunda y hay gases tóxicos. funge como comandante de motociclistas; ñó como policía municipal en Pachuca de Rubén Sampayo, director de Tránsito y 2004 a 2009 y que en ese periodo se “en- El organigrama Vialidad municipal en Pachuca, y Alejanganchó” con Los Zetas. Llegó a ser incluso, dro Caballero, El Canas, un policía prevendijo, el responsable del pago de la nómina De acuerdo con la causa penal 464/2009, tivo, entre otros. de esa organización, que creó una sólida in- el organigrama de Los Zetas en el estado La función de esas personas –expuso fraestructura para operar el tráfico de dro- de Hidalgo creció a pasos agigantados du- El Oso– es vigilar los movimientos del gas, los secuestros y asesinatos en todo el rante el actual gobierno, encabezado por Ejército, de los agentes federales y de los estado de Hidalgo y defender la plaza de Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong, algunos de operadores de otros cárteles. La informasus rivales de La Familia Familia michoacana. cuyos colaboradores presuntamente dan ción recabada se la pasaban a un personaje Una de sus primeras funciones, comen- protección a ese grupo criminal. al que el declarante sólo identifica por su tó en esa ocasión, fue reclutar a policías El 16 de junio de 2009, en una amplia- mote: Masca Fierro Fierro. municipales para Los Zetas: Todos los po- ción de su testimonio, El Oso relacionó a En otra parte de su testimonio amlicías de Seguridad Pública Municipal de decenas de funcionarios con presuntas li- pliado, El Oso desmenuza la forma en Pachuca, Hidalgo, realizaban las mismas gas con el narcotráfico y Los Zetas. Entre que actúan Los Zetas en los municipios funciones, funcio nes, también las de revisa revisarr vehículos vehículos ellos a Damián Canales Mena, secretario hidalguenses que forman parte de sus tesospechosos con un pago de 10 mil pesos de Seguridad Pública del estado, respon- rritorios para el trasiego de droga, los seal mes. Yo les estuve pagando (la nómina) sable, dijo, de todos los operativos en la cuestros y las extorsiones: aproximadamente por seis meses, ya que entidad para brindar protección a las actiEn la organización criminal denomi posteriormen poster iormente te les comenzó comenzó a pagar el el co- vidades delictivas de ese grupo criminal. nada Los Zetas una de sus estructuras mandante Terán, quien es el secretario de El testigo aseguró: (La estrategia de Ca- son las estacas, siendo un vehículo con nales Mena consiste) en poner los puntos las funciones de patrullaje conformado Seguridad Pública Municipal. Él les hacía llegar los sobres con dine- fij fijos os en las salidas salidas y entradas entradas de Pachuca Pachuca,, por tres elementos elemen tos operativos. operativo s. En la l a ciuro y a su vez los repartía, aclarando que asignaban patrullas para vigilar y estar in- dad de Pachuca operan entre tres y cuadentro de la organización de Los Zetas se formad formados os sobre sobre el movimient movimientoo de las las auto- tro vehículos, siendo uno de ellos el que
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Canales Mena. El “estratega” de seguridad
f a r G o v a t s u G
que habían conseguido –no detalló si fue un permiso oficial– tres panteones fuera de Pachuca que utilizaban para “las carnitas”; es decir, para descuartizar los
pesos; al subdir pesos; subdirect ector or de esa corpor corporaci ación ón le pagaban 30 mil, a cada comandante se le pagaban 10 mil pesos, a los oficiales 5 mil, deseando aclarar que, además de hacer la nómina, la función del declarante era la de halconear halco near,, es decir, parar los vehículos que me indicaban para verificar si no se trataba de alguna autoridad federal, o que fuera alguna autoridad de otra de pendenci pend enciaa y, y, en en caso caso de ser posi positivo tivo,, otr otros halcones daban seguimiento permanente, deseando añadir que la única vez que el declarante no pudo detener un vehículo se llevó como 10 mil tablazos como sanción o castigo por no hacer su trabajo para el que lo contrataron. Por su parte, el testigo protegido con clave Caleb señaló que Los Zetas recibían protección de la SIEDO y que a través de personal militar le entregaban información a los jefes de las estacas sobre operativos federales, y que éstos se encargaban de verificar si miembros de otros cárteles querían entrar a la plaza. El destino de estos intrusos los determinaba el jefe de la plaza. En la causa penal 464/2009 Caleb refirió que cuando se detenía a personas en la venta de droga se verificaba si eran miembros de la
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a g u y a m i D l e u g i M
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NARCOTRÁFICO Jesusa Cervantes y Jenaro Villamil Villamil
L
as Fuerzas Armadas “doblaron” al Congreso y lograron detener en la Cámara de Diputados las reformas a la Ley de Seguridad Nacional, que el Senado avaló el 27 de abril. Y si bien los cambios aprobados en primera instancia legalizan la presencia del Ejército en las calles, los militares no quieren una “ley acotada”, que aniquila su margen de operación contra el crimen organizado. El día 28, cuando la minuta de los senadores apenas llegaba a la Cámara de Diputados, empezó a sonar el teléfono de Ardelio Vargas Fosado, diputado priista y presidente de la Comisión de Defensa Na-
algunas facultades del Estado mexicano”, es decir, de los militares o las policías. El documento deja entrever que los cambios aprobados en el Senado acotan los trabajos de los militares al punto de afectar la “atención oportuna” contra el crimen organizado. Habla de la “preocupación “preocupación”” de las “medidas cautelares” que debe solicitar el Ejército y que en forma expedita tiene que brindarle la autoridad judicial. Y finalmente se refiere a la no inclusión en la persecución de grupos armados. Vargas, exfuncionario del Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional y exjefe del Estado Mayor de la Policía Federal Preventiva, explica en entrevista los alcances de los conceptos y temas que se deben incluir.
Pablo Escudero, del PVEM, por los alcances de sus demandas. Las exigencias fueron: potestad para tomar huellas dactilares de quienes delinquen e intervenir comunicaciones; para rastrear o hackear páginas de internet; para cancelar espectáculos públicos; para disolver concentraciones de vehículos, como las ocurridas recientemente en Nuevo León y Tamaulipas; para declarar zonas de excepción, es decir, para establecer toques de queda o retenes, y para eximir a los militares de la responsabilidad de sus actos, salvo que se les acrediten conductas intencionadas. La iniciativa enviada por el Ejecutivo incluía todas estas peticiones, aunque con un lenguaje menos explícito. En su discusión, los senadores eliminaron todas estas exigencias, redefinieron
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NARCOTRÁFICO s e y e R x i l é F
tendrá que hacerse una ley reglamentaria derivada de esta ley.
Implicaciones políticas Para declarar la “afectación a la seguridad interior”, esto es, que se perturbe la estabilidad de una región y tengan que participar los militares, en la iniciativa presidencial bastaba con que “la autoridad competente” presente por escrito la solicitud al secretario ejecutivo del Consejo de Seguridad; en la minuta se establece que lo hará un presidente municipal, gobernador o Congreso local y en ella deberá establecer la ineficacia o inoperancia de ese gobierno. “Quiero ver qué presidente municipal se va a aventar el boleto de declarar zona de riesgo y decir que es incompetente, que
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Sobrevivientes del ataque a una caravana de activistas por los derechos humanos narran a Proceso lo loss pormenores de la emboscada en que murieron Beatriz Cariño y el finlandés Jyri Jaakkola. Todos los testimonios apuntan a que el gobierno de Oaxaca, encabezado por Ulises Ruiz, tenía conocimiento de la visita de los internacionalistas pero no hizo nada para ayudarlos después de la matanza.
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l a i c e p s E
VIOLENCIA SOCIAL /OAXACA Paz (Serapaz), el grupo humanitario tenía la misión de llevar víveres a unas 700 familias atrapadas desde hace cuatro meses en un cerco impuesto por la Ubisort, organización vinculada con el PRI, señala Jorge Albino Ortiz, miembro del cabildo de San Juan Copala, autonombrado municipio autónomo desde 2007. “El secretario general de Gobierno de Oaxaca, Evencio Martínez Ramírez –apunta Albino–, siempre supo de la visita, por lo que el gobierno de Ulises Ruiz miente cuando, para deslindarse de los hechos, dice que no tenía conocimiento de que la caravana se llevaría a cabo. Albino Ortiz resalta que detrás de la “amnesia” del gobierno de Ulises Ruiz está el apoyo que presta a grupos como la “Ubisort, que desde que nació, en los no-
La preocupación del cuerpo diplomático acreditado en México se hizo evidente el día 29, cuando representantes de las legaciones de Estados Unidos, España, República Checa, Alemania, Francia, Finlandia y Portugal, así como personal del Alto Comisionado de Naciones Unidas para los Derechos Humanos (ACNUDH) y de la Cruz Roja Internacional se reunieron con organizaciones de derechos humanos y familiares de los defensores y periodistas agredidos para conocer detalles de lo ocurrido en San Juan Copala, a donde asistieron seis observadores de derechos humanos extranjeros. Las organizaciones que participaban en la caravana denunciaron, el 28 de abril, la negativa del gobierno de Ulises Ruiz para entrar a la zona del ataque.
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MARÍA DOLORES PARÍS POMBO*
Las raíces
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VIOLENCIA SOCIAL /OAXACA comunidades y armaron a grupos paramilitares para reprimir el ascenso de jóvenes líderes. El aislamiento del conflicto en la región triqui y la retirada de las instituciones
a e n i l a r t n o C : s o t o F
a g u y a m i D l e u g i M
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versiones de los sobreviventes entrevistados por Proceso confirman que antes de llegar al camino que conduce a San Juan Copala, el vehículo en el que viajaban se despegó y no lo volvieron a ver. La emboscada del día 27 contra una mi-
a g u y a m i D l e u g i M
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VIOLENCIA SOCIAL /OAXACA El ataque armado a la caravana de observadores de derechos humanos en San Juan Copala prendió en Oaxaca los focos de alerta. Ahora se recuerda que Ulises Ruiz es el gobernador más violento y represor
carcelando a opositores, haciendo obras sin consultar a la gente, y por eso estalló la rebelión en 2006. Durante todo este tiempo ha sido un gobierno que ha golpeado a la gente y que incluso ha mandado a asesinar usando la famosa Caravana de
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a g u y a m i D l e u g i M
que actuó contra la APPO en 2006 son los mencionados marinos José Manuel Vera Salinas y Manuel Moreno Rivas, quienes trabajaron en el Centro de Inves Investigación tigación y Seguridad Nacional (Cisen) bajo las órdenes del contralmirante Wilfrido Robledo,
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s er l o F í n m j a n e B
que éstos tocan niveles del sentimiento que lo conmueven. Eso es mágico.”
Compromiso
“Haití: El rostro de la tragedia”
NIZA RIVERA
L
a galería Fundación Héctor García es donde se inaugura este 6 de mayo la exposición Haití: El rostro de la tragedia, conformada por apenas 30 de más de 2 mil imágenes captadas por el fotógrafo Benjamín Flores. Las 30 imágenes que la componen son el resultado del viaje que, con motivo del terremoto que sacudió al país caribeño, realizó el fotógrafo de Proceso en compañía de la reportera Marcela Turatti Turatti en enero pasado. La cámara de Benjamín Flores dio cuenta de la devastación que produjo el terremoto de 7.2 grados entre la población haitiana. La resume Flores así: “Fue importante a nivel profesional por la experiencia que te da, pero personalmente fue impactante y doloroso.” Egresado de fotografía de la Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales de la UNAM en 1986, ha cursado diversos seminarios y talleres a lo largo de su carrera. Se ha desempeñado en El Sol de Morelia, Morelia , en Michoacán, así como en otros periódicos y revistas. Desde 1992 se integró al equipo de fotografía de Proceso. “Cuando trabajé en El Sol de Morelia, mi primer orden de trabajo fue un accidente en el que fotografié una camioneta ensangrentada, después me tocaron otras cosas que me ponían nervioso. La experiencia de haber tenido que cubrir el levantamiento del EZLN en Chiapas me sirvió para saber cómo moverme en Haití. Fue impactante: muertos por todos lados... y verlos después de cinco días, putrefactos en la calles. Trabajas y haces tu trabajo
les, escombros y las expresiones en los rostros de la gente. –¿Cómo fue el acercamiento con la gente en Haití? –La gente nos pedía cosas, nos mandaba a los niños, y con mucha tristeza le decíamos que no, porque acercándose el primero llegaban los demás y nos quedábamos sin alimentos. Fue triste ver cómo se peleaban por una caja de galletas, pero así estaba la situación. –¿Hubo alguna foto pensada en especial para la exposición? –Sí, la de un niño de dos años que tenía el brazo gangrenado, y otra de una j oven muy bella con unos ojos preciosos que tenía una pierna amputada. Con la primera imagen se refiere a la portada de la revista 1734 que a finales de enero anunció el reportaje especial sobre Haití; la segunda, que apareció en las páginas interiores de ese mismo número, es la imagen de invitación para la exposición. –¿Hubo algo que le hubiera gustado capturar en especial? –La sonrisa de la gente, las construcciones antiguas y los lugares que no conocí, excepto las ruinas, y el calor humano de los haitianos. En el texto para el catálogo, escrito por Rafael Rodríguez Castañeda, director de este semanario, se lee: “Al dominio de la técnica el trabajo de Benjamín Flores une la sensibilidad del fotoperiodismo verdadero: el que apunta, dispara y desnuda el dolor por encima del horror pro-
Marxista convencida, Frida Kahlo alguna vez se lamentó de que su pintura no fuera revolucionaria. La curadora de la exposición cree ver en el lamento una demanda del Partido Comunista Mexicano a fin de que ella pintara como los muralistas. “Frida Kahlo y su arte eran una misma cosa y ella estaba muy contenta tal y como había hecho su obra –afirma–. Estaba muy comprometida con la política, pero se quedó en su estilo. En ese entonces, como muy pocas mujeres pintaban, no era muy sabido que lo personal también es político. Algo que más tarde, con el movimiento feminista, se volvió ideario general, y que hizo que se convirtiera en un ícono de este movimiento.” Prignitz-Poda cree, sin embargo, que Frida no se veía a sí misma como una feminista y que siempre sufrió mucho la dependencia de Diego Rivera. Contradiciendo a André Bretón, quien había calificado su obra de surrealista, la propia Kahlo sostuvo que no lo era, que ella siempre había pintado la realidad, nunca los sueños. “La realidad tiene también costados diferentes, de acuerdo a como uno la perciba –aporta Prignitz-Poda–. Tiene una parte realista y otra visionaria. Frida Kahlo tenía ese lado visionario. No sólo presentaba lo que se veía, sino lo que se esconde detrás. Y en ese sentido fue surrealista. Ella dijo que su arte era como un armario que uno abre para sacar una camisa y se encuentra con un león adentro. Este león está escondido en lo surreal.” La realidad le deparó a la artista una vida plagada de accidentes, operaciones, enfermedades. Frida hizo de sus heridas un motivo artístico pero lo plasmó sin patetismo... “¡Y con humor!”, agrega la curadora. Se vale para ello, a modo de ejemplo, del cuadro Naturaleza muerta, donde se ven diferentes frutas de colores vivos, una escultura con la forma de un perro itzcuintli, una bandera color lila clavada en un melón cuyo mensaje reza: “Soy de Samuel Fastlicht, me pintó con todo cariño Frida Kahlo en 1951, Coyoacán”. Del otro lado, detrás, casi escondida, asoma una banderita de México, tiesa, de papel, salida acaso de un acto escolar de infan-
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El rector. Sin concesiones
JUDITH AMADOR TELLO
M
aestro en ingeniería hidráulica, pero sobre todo un humanista con una amplia trayectoria en el campo de la educación pública, Manuel Pérez Rocha es cuando señala que en el actual sistema político y económico la educación y la cultura no sólo están marginadas, sino que se les combate frontalmente. Los grupos dominantes, lamenta, tienen una visión colonizada de nación y simplemente se interesan por fomentar la distracción, la diversión y “todo ese circo con el cual se entretiene a la gente”, pero no hay un verdadero impulso para el conocimiento. A pocos días de concluir su segundo y último periodo como rector fundador de la Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México (UACM), creada en 2001 durante el gobierno de d e Andrés Manuel López Obrador, el ingeniero augura un futuro promisorio a esta joven institución, no sólo en el periodo en el cual cua l le sucederá la doctora María Esther Orozco Orozco, sino en un muy largo plazo, pues considera que se ha forjado una comunidad universitaria “trabajadora, comprometida y entusiasta” que garantiza su permanencia, pese a las adversidades que ha enfrentado. El rector, diplomado en planificación educativaa por la UNESCO y quien ha deseducativ empeñado diversos cargos en instituciones como el Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades (CCH), la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), el Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN) y la Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP), habla de cómo ha venido deteriorándose el modelo educativo nacional, del desinterés y la falta de visión de los gobiernos de derecha, y califica de grave error haber separado la cultura de la SEP. Recibe a Proceso en la rectoría de la UACM, en el quinto piso de un modesto edificio en Eugenia y División del Norte, en la colonia Narvarte. Expone que cultura y educación son lo mismo y ha sido erróneo considerar a la primera como la producción artística de las élites. “La cultura en sentido amplio es lo que producimos en el ámbito intelectual y espiritual todos los seres humanos. Y la edu-
z e m ó G o i v a t c O
Grave, desvincular cultura-educación: -
Pérez Rocha
Al concluir su segundo periodo como rector de la Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de d e México, Manuel Pérez Rocha hace un balance no sólo de la institución, sino de la concepción educativa que se tiene en el país. De su pragmatismo y sinsentido. Del mero objetivo monetario. Y llama a recuperar la visión integral con la cual se construyó la primera mi-
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CULTURA
te cuestionado por considerar que no ma- mar cuadros altamente capacitados en tec- años me preguntaban en una entrevista si nifestaba interés en la cultura: nología que se incorporen al sistema pro- la educación en México estaba acoplada “Creo que en el momento de poner en ductivo, sino por “un desprecio total por a las necesidades del aparato productivo. marcha una institución educativa se está las humanidades, por la cultura y la educa- Les dije: Afortunadamente, no. Si la acoatendiendo precisamente la necesidad de ción que no tengan un sentido monetario”. pláramos habría que cerrar más de la midesarrollo cultural de la población. población.”” –¿Se ha abandonado deliberadamen- tad del sistema educativo.” Cuando nació el suplemento mensual te el proyecto educativo educativo-cultural -cultural del país? Ciertamente, la educación tiene entre –Sí, efectivamente, lo que predomina no sus fines formar para el trabajo, pero cum Educación de la UACM, el rector expuso en el editorial del primer número (agosto es el proyecto que se construyó desde el si- ple otras funciones. Distingue además los de 2009) parte de esa filosofía: glo XIX hasta las primeras décadas del XX, conceptos “trabajo” y “empleo”. Lo que “La educación, entendida como un sino la reproducción de un modelo funcio- está en crisis es el empleo. Y el trabajo no proceso cultural y no meramente como in- nal, tecnocrático, impuesto desde fuera. se refiere a laborar para ganar dinero y obformación escolar, es responsabilidad no –¿No es perverso? Se excluye a mu- tener cosas materiales, sino que se trabasólo de los maestros, los pedagogos y los chos jóvenes. ¿Hacia dónde llevará esto y ja para construir una sociedad sociedad mejor, para padres de familia, sino de toda persona qué consecuencias tendrá? el desarrollo cultural y para formar ciudaconcebida como un educando permanen–Hay una especie de autismo muy gra- danos que constituyan una nueva nación. te. En una concepción avanzada de la edu- ve en los grupos dominantes de la política Así lo concibieron educadores como Justo cación, todos somos estudiantes a lo largo y la economía. Realmente no tienen una Sierra, José Vasconcelos, Moisés Sáenz, de toda la vida.” idea clara de lo que ocurre y va a ocurrir. Rafael Ramírez o Narciso Bassols. Luego, en su ensayo De los destrozos Sabemos muy bien que la crisis financiedel capitalismo, en el número 3, evoca có- ra de hace unos meses les tomó por sorpre- Saber, no títulos mo, entre los siglos XIX y XX, se cons- sa y no tienen una teoría sólida para ententruyó un modelo educativo con orientacio- der qué pasa y prever lo que puede pasar. Se le pregunta qué aporta una institución nes filosóficas de vanguardia, concebido Menciona, por ejemplo, que en el pro- como la UACM frente a este panorama como una tarea cultural con aspiraciones blema del desempleo sólo intentan salir al de crisis, no sólo nacional sino mundial, de justicia y desarrollo social, pero se pu- paso, “creyendo que tienen en sus manos cuando en la realidad forma a un pequeño so al servicio de la clase capitalista en los instrumentos para resolverlo”, cuando se grupo de jóvenes. Describe que al nacer se años cuarenta del siglo XX. trata de “un problema estructural, históri- le concibió como una casa de cultura. Así Cuenta en entrevista que este modelo co y mundial, de una extrema gravedad”. se establece en sus objetivos: entra en crisis cuando el Estado comienNo se resolverá con parches y accio“Es una institución con vocación huza a concebir a la educación en un sentido nes coyunturales, sino con un cambio radi- manista, científica y crítica, cuya misión funcionalista y la convierte en instrumento cal en las estructuras productivas del país es contribuir a la satisfacción de necesidel desarrollo económico, particularmen- y del mundo, donde se reconozca que en la dades apremiantes de nuestra ciudad en te del desarrollo industrial. Así empieza a actualidad la mitad de la población no tie- materia de educación superior, la exten“desculturizarse el aparato educativo de ne cabida en el mundo; para sanar no bas- sión de los servicios educativos a la somanera progresiv progresiva”. a”. tan ferias del empleo. ciedad y a la cooperación con las comuSi bien se expandió el sistema escolar, “Recuerdo que Bertrand Rusell adver- nidades de la Ciudad de México para la Elogio de la ociosidad , 1932) que era solución de sus problemas sociales y su su concepción fue distinta a la propuesta tía ( Elogio por pensadores como Justo Sierra o José urgente reducir la jornada de trabajo a la desarrollo cultural.” Vasconcelos. Baste ver, dice, las declara- mitad para que todo mundo tuviera trabaExplica que en todas las carreras se da ciones en el gobierno de Manuel Ávila Ca- jo. Esto lo veía antes de 1950, y hay una primero una formación científico-humamacho en favor de la formación de recur- enorme cantidad de autores que hoy en día nista y se busca proyectar en la docencia el sos humanos para la industria. Incluso se ratifican esa posición: carácter cultural. Asimismo se apoyan las habla de enseñar técnicas y oficios desde “La actividad productiva ha alcanzado manifestaciones culturales de las comula primaria. Menciona ideas en el mismo tales niveles de productividad que es ab- nidades. Se cuenta con dos espacios para sentido de Víctor Bravo Ahuja, Ahuja, titular de la solutamente contradictorio pretender se- la difusión cultural: Casa Talavera y CaSEP en la época de Luis Echeverrí Echeverría. a. guir incrementándola y al mismo tiem- sa Goya (Centro Vlady). También en los Cabe recordar que Lázaro Cárdenas po seguir empleando gente. Es imposible planteles educativos hay actividades coconcibió al IPN también para formar téc- porque la productividad consiste en el in- mo conciertos, obras de teatro, cineclubes nicos, pero la diferencia, a decir de Pérez cremento del producto en relación con la y exposiciones. En materia de publicacioRocha, es que se propugnó por una educa- mano de obra. Esto no tiene salida: Si se nes, indica que tienen 174 títulos editados ción para las clases trabajadoras a fin de incrementa el producto y se reduce la ma- sobre diversos temas. Y han egresado, didarles armas para que al final condujeran no de obra, ¿quién va a comprar si la mano ce, 394 estudiantes. el aparato productivo e ir construyendo el de obra no está ocupada? Es una crisis esUna de las críticas a la UACM es que socialismo. Con Ávila Camacho se olvida tructural muy grave.” se han titulado a la fecha 28 estudiantes de este ideal en favor de las necesidades del Es claro para él que los personajes de licenciatura. Explica Pérez Rocha que el capitalismo industrial. la política y la economía toman decisio- lapso para terminar los estudios es de entre
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mo la UNAM, aunque el número de estudiantes que ingresan a cada una es distinto. Para él no hay punto de comparación, pues la UNAM está cumpliendo 100 años y la UACM apenas nueve. La primera recibe “todos los apoyos económicos y políticos del Estado”, y la segunda se ha desarrollado en condiciones “terriblemente adversas”. Recuerda que el ahora diputado Reyes Tamez, siendo titular de la SEP, declaró que la UA UACM CM no tenía fundamento legal y con ello ocasionó una enorme deserción en las primeras generaciones. Todavía Todavía hoy hay padres de familia que exigen que se asegure la validez del título que se expide. Admite que deben impulsarse mecanismos para incrementar el número de titulados, pero juzga como más valioso la formación en sí misma, los conocimientos, no los títulos. Como prueba del éxito en este terreno señala que se han presentado 182 mil 833 exámenes, de los cuales se han aprobado 124 mil 428. Asegura finalmente que para titularse en la UACM no hay ninguna facilidad, los estudiantes deben hacer tesis y presentar examen profesional. En este proceso están ahora 250 estudiantes de licenciatura. Diversos especialistas han criticado la creación del Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, con lo cual el sector cultural quedó desconcentrado de la SEP. Y han señalado además que el Gobierno del Distrito Federal no debió hacer lo mismo creando dos secretarías: la de Educación y la de Cultura. A decir de Pérez Rocha, fue un error y debe ser una sola institución, y subraya que la educación es un proyecto cultural y no de funcionalidad económica. –¿Cómo lograr que además se vincule al desarrollo social en el contexto actual? –Si entendemos por contexto el sistema político económico dominante, no se puede lograr. Es un sistema que no sólo no atiende la educación y la cultura, sino que las margina y las combate, le resultan peligrosas. Lo que sí se fomenta es la distracción, la diversión, el entretenimiento, todo ese circo con el cual se entretiene a la población. Así que para él no hay posibilidad, y cualquier esfuerzo será a contracorriente. Pero si, como ha dicho el sociólogo Armando Bartra, el modelo de civilización capitalista acusa ya signos de agotamiento y la historia de nuestro país es de resistencia (Proceso 1726), ¿no hay un movimiento que impulse modelos alternativos?
g r o . a i d e m i k i w . s n o m m o c
Imagen de la Biblioteca Central de l a UACM campus Cuautepec, y Pasillo del Conocimiento.
en este sistema se pueden insertar esas aspiraciones. Y no, como tales, no. Siempre son proyectos de resistencia y a contracorriente de los intereses dominantes. La propia UACM ha tenido problemas para obtener su presupuesto. Se le pregunta si acaso los políticos no han entendido que la educación es la vía para salir de las crisis del país, no sólo económicas sino sociales, y ahora de una terrible violencia por el narcotráfic narcotráfico. o. –¡No lo ven! Creen que la única solución es la policía y el Ejército. Quizá por ahí en alguna declaración dicen que la educación es la salida, pero en los hechos no se ve. En la reforma a la educación media superior auspiciada por el gobierno federal, por ejemplo, se hicieron a un lado las humanidades, la filosofía. Pregunto nuevamente: ¿Qué están entendiendo por educación? ¡Una formación para el empleo! No tienen otro concepto.
Especuladores En el número 4 de Educación, María Elena Hope analiza anali za el libro de Jorge Vaca Vaca ¿Se fabrica una crisis de la educación en México?, en el que se plantea, comparando con
el caso de Petróleos Mexicanos, cómo se lleva a la crisis a las instituciones para des-
do se deteriora encuentran la justificación para desplazarlo al sector priva privado. do. “Es una visión colonizada del país y de su realidad. Tienen la visión de que es un país de jodidos –perdón por la expresión, pero así lo dicen–, de pequeños, y va a salvarlo su inserción en el mundo altamente desarrollado.” Puntualiza que no sólo es la concepción de la clase política, sino también del aparato económico, carece de sentido histórico nacional: “Los grandes capitales mexicanos son de especuladores y arribistas que obviamente no tienen la menor idea de lo que requiere este país. No se molestan en pensar en el desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología que van a ser útiles dentro de 10 o 15 años, les preocupan las utilidades de este año: “Salvo excepciones, no son auténticos empresarios. Un empresario emprende, tiene proyectos, imaginación, iniciativa, trabaja y desarrolla sistemas productivos, ¿no? No los tenemos, tenemos puros especuladores que andan viendo cómo se hacen más ricos y ya.” Con este panorama, se despide Pérez Rocha como rector de la UACM. No anticipa si colaborará en algún otro proyecto, pero tiene la idea de impulsar –lo ha propuesto hace tiempo– una Comisión Es-
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Tras la huella de Jerusalém Jeru salém en México Samuel Máynez Champion
C
onorme al acuerdo de colaboración binacional estipulado en noviembre de 2009 (Proceso ( Proceso 1726) por la Universidad del Salento y el Conservatorio de Lecce para el redescubrimiento del compositor Ignazio Gerusalemme y Stella (Lecce, 1707-Ciudad de México, 1769), se realizó del 14 al 17 de abril la segunda ase que había previsto un encuentro entre académicos de diversas nacionalidades, músicos y autoridades culturales de México e Italia. En concomitancia con el Instituto Italiano di Cultura del DF, DF, la Escuela Nacional de Música de la UNAM organizó una mesa redonda y un concierto donde se exhumaron, después de dos centurias y media, varias partituras del eminente italiano cuya biograía no ha acabado de escribirse. De relieve, como todo acto tendiente al desagravio, la participación de los máximos estudiosos de la obra del trasterrado maestro esclareció la valía de su legado y el insólito puesto que ocupa en la historia, amén de haber delineado los contornos de una existencia que fuctuó desde el reconocimiento público, hasta la privación misma de
la libertad; pero más vale no adelantar vísperas y proceder de acuerdo al programa: Las jornadas en cuestión ueron inauguradas con la ponencia Lecce, sinfonía del barroco barroc o de la musicóloga Luisa Cosi,1 quien ilustró los esplendores de la urbe en la que el personaje transcurrió inancia y juventud. No obsta repetirlo: Gerusalemme abandonó su terruño por causas ignotas, avecindándose en la capital de la Nueva España en 1746, después de haberse radicado en Cádiz, donde trabajó para el Coliseo gaditano. La estudiosa señaló que la penumbra circunda las etapas italiana y andaluza de Gerusalemme; exigua es la documentación y no hay rastros de composiciones ni de los escándalos y penurias que habrían de caracterizar su exilio mexicano. Resulta extraño que un individuo con una ebre compositiva como aquella que desplegó en México no hubiera escrito nada antes de los 39 años de edad o, si lo hizo, que no sobreviviera huella alguna. De ser así, podría decirse que el arribo al Nuevo Mundo destapó una vena creativa que había 1 Catedrática del Conservatorio y la Universidad de Lecce con estudios en letras clásicas, piano y lología musical, esta última en la Universidad de Cremona.
Lugo: “Paisaje robado (tríptico)” (2010)
estado en letargo, esperando a forecer en condiciones más propicias. Avalada por la belleza de las imágenes, Cosi dejó en claro que la conciencia estética del músico se orjó gracias a la convivencia con un barroco exuberante que quedó labrado en las ligranas de piedra que recubren los monumentos de esa metrópoli del proundo sur itálico. No se excluyó que la aptitud para el ensoñar del artista se hubiera alimentado de la contemplación de un paisaje en el que la placidez de los olivos destrona a los rumores de un mar embebido de cantos antiguos. Concluida la primera ponencia, ocupó el estrado el musicólogo estadunidense Drew E. Davies,2 quien versó sobre Ignazio Geru salemme y el estilo estilo galante galante en la Nueva Nueva Es paña. Con docta especicidad en su materia,
Davies enumeró los rasgos distintivos del periodo galante, también llamado rococó, que ue el semillero que nutrió al clasicismo, que 2 Proesor de musicología en la Northwestern University de Chicago y coordinador regional del seminario nacional de Música en la Nueva España y el México independiente. Su tesis doctoral La mú sica italianizada en la Nueva Nueva España ue galardonada con el premio de la American Music Society .
Arte La pintura que se vende BLANCA GONZÁLEZ ROSAS
U
na eria de arte sirve para ubicar el arte que se vende o que se quiere vender. vender. Desde esta perspectiva, aun cuando en la pasada edición de Zona Maco (Proce( Proce-
Chihuahua, la regiomontana Drexel y las deeñas Ginocchio, Hilario Galguera y Caja Blanca, permiten ubicar los vocabularios que actualmente gustan o atraen a los compradores en México. La guración imperó y, dentro de ella, los realismos: narrativos, otográcos, conceptuales, low brow, expresionistas. Congruentes con el apoyo e impulso que han brindado a Daniel Lezama y Hugo Lugo,
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Ciudad de Méx ico en el siglo X V III V
más adelante derivaría en la escuela vienesa representada por Haydn y sus coetáneos. En otras palabras, la moda musical mejor conocida como estilo napolitano empezó a cundir alrededor de la segunda década del XVIII, desde el reino de Nápoles hacia las principales capitales de Europa subyugando las técnicas compositivas del tardo barroco que privilegiaban aún las ormas contrapuntísticas y las marchas armónicas de breve aliento. Dicha moda ue la que dictó las normas evolutivas del arte sonoro de Occidente a la que todos hubieron de aliarse. Aunque se desconocen los maestros que ormaron a Gerusalemme, su música es un ejemplo prístino de las bondades de la escuela napolitana, es decir decir,, recurre a un mayor lirismo melódico y a ornamentaciones cromáticas, junto a una tonicante variedad rítmica y a una ranca tendencia a la “coloratura” o virtuosismo canoro. La presencia del músico en la Nueva España, maniestada en un corpus sobreviviente de alrededor de 250 composiciones, 3 denota que en esa segunda mitad del XVIII, México estuvo a la vanguardia y que aquí se elaboró música con la misma calidad de la que pudo escucharse en el “viejo” continente. Categórica la sentencia nal de Davies: “No se trata de comparar a Gerusalemme con Mozart, sino de otorgarle el sitio que merece como un compositor importante de su época”. Acto seguido, seguido, la doctora doctora bielorrusa bielorrusa Ev3 Subsiste, básicamente, su producción sacra y secular; la obra de carácter proano sigue aún extraviada.
nueva serie que se inspira en
guenia Roubina4 tomó asiento para glosar sobre Don Ignacio Jerusalém a los ojos de propios y extraños extraños. Con la certitud de un inatigable escudriñar en las uentes documentales, Roubina proporcionó datos insospechados sobre la gura y los avatares existenciales del músico que ejerció durante 19 años el maestrazgo de capilla de la Catedral Metropolitana. Gerusalemme, después semicastellanizado en Jerusalén, desembarcó en la Nueva España acompañado de esposa e hijos. Sobre su aspecto ísico existe un testimonio que hablaba de un hombre de baja estatura, enjuto de carnes y tez rubia, cuyas relaciones con la curia y el medio musical novohispano ueron ríspidas, al grado de pender sobre su persona los apelativos de desobligado, vengativo y carente de escrúpulos. Sin embargo, hay documentación a contra luz que se reere a él como “ilustrísimo”, “excelentísimo” y Milagro Musical. Acorde con las actas actas de cabildo, cabildo, Jerusalén Jerusalén nunca supo administrarse, viviendo siempre a ras de la miseria y recurriendo a préstamos para calmar el hambre de su extensa prole. Tocante a su relación con la justicia, resaltó el hecho de haber surido un encarcelamiento por el estupro de una menor, empero, 4 Miembro del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores y catedrática de la Escuela Nacional de Música. Poseedora de maestría del Conservatorio de Bielorrusia y de doctorado del Conservatorio de San Petersburgo. Autora de 4 libros sobre la música mexicana y ganadora de varios premios internacionales.
ducidas pictóricamente, el ar-
s i a d In e d l r a e n e G o iv h r c A
con ésta mantuvo una amorosa convivencia de la que nacieron cinco hijos más. Para la acuciosa investigadora queda implícita la pregunta: ¿Puede encontrarse una verdad absoluta en medio del eterno dualismo del ser humano?... Corolario indispensable del encuentro binacional ue el concierto orecido por un ensamble de arcos y clavecín a los que se unió una soprano y el coro de cámara de la Escuela Nacional de Música. Sin lugar a dudas, las contradicciones del inaerrable músico se sublimaron merced a los articios sonoros que plasmó en los pentagramas. A manera de epílogo, se hace una cauta invitación a los oidores de Proceso para evaluar por cuenta propia la pertinencia de sustraer del olvido a este sujeto que cabalga sobre las turbulencias de su condición humana, dejando lo mejor de sí mismo en esta patria nuestra en donde se vive, cada día más, al borde de un desladero de impotencia.5 ● 5 Se sugiere la visita a la página proceso.com.mx para escuchar la primicia de varias obras del músico reerido.
Inestas (1979) de La Estación,
Teatro
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El viaje, no el destino
pectador los acompaña en su travesía. Todo sucede encima de una mesa, que bien coincide con el título de la obra, además de sugerir las conversaciones que se dan después de haber comido. La sencillez del planteamiento y el desarrollo de la aventura es lo que le da el encanto a la obra. Reviven cuentos inantiles y reuerzan la capacidad de crear universos en el teatro sin elementos realistas. No hay nada más que lo que los personajes dicen y viven, y eso se multiplica en la experiencia del espectador al suponer que dos duendes pueden perderse y buscarse en una mesa de metro y medio o que pueden subirse a un árbol o temer a la luna que los persigue. La candidez y la vivencia
está la mesa vuelve tan vital el hecho escénico que el mojarse nos contagia de río. Si bien una de las premisas es que lo importante es el viaje y no el destino, esto sólo cobra sentido cuando al espectador le quedan claros los motivos de la búsqueda y es después cuando valora el recorrido. Si los objetivos están demasiado diluidos y poco problematizados, problematiz ados, el espectador se pierde y no entiende a los personajes. Tampoco está clara la idea de que todo esto lo imagina un niño mientras escucha la conversaciónn de sobremesa de conversació dos mujeres y las transorma en duendes. Ambos planteamientos son interesantes, pero las autoras los dan por hecho y no los desarrollan dramatúrgicamente, lo cual enriquecería mucho su propuesta, pues el espectador estaría aún más inmiscuido en lo que sucede escénicamente y podría encontrar más signicados. Sobremesa es una obra bien hecha que muestra el talento y el potencial creativo del equipo, y devela que sus búsquedas teatrales tienen un gran porvenir. ●
Cine
pero también ingredientes indispensables de cualquier película sobre ‘mojados’. El largo viaje, las penurias y trampas en el recorrido hacia la tierra de la gran promesa son elementos perectamente cinemáticos, puro movimiento y acción; este género de sello mexicano se enriquece año con año, el reto del cineasta es sortear el melodrama ácil, la grandilocuencia. ¿Cómo contar una historia de injusticia sin caer en el tremendismo a la mexicana? En Norteado (México, 2009), Rigoberto Perezcano sale bien librado con un relato muy bien contado, en el que cabe incluso el humor: Andrés (Harold Torres), Torres), un joven oaxaqueño, viaja a Tijuana e intenta cruzar la rontera. La migra lo regresa a las primeras de cambio; empeñado en lograr su propósito, encuentra trabajo en una tienda de abarrotes y se involucra con un par de mujeres, la madura Ela (Alicia Laguna), propietaria del estanquillo, y su ayudante, Cata (Sonia Couoh). La distancia y la soledad cotidiana, carencia y desconanza, propician una ristra de amoríos, Ela seduce a Andrés y éste enamora a Cata. Don Asencio (Luis Cárdenas) siente amenazado su territorio aectivo, la mejor política es apoyar el viaje del joven intruso. Norteado es una película de personajes; el drama, la comedia y la picardía uncionan por-
posición de cada uno es inestable, todo es transición y ausencia; el muro que separa Tijuana de ese otro lado, el gran sueño americano, parece lo único permanente, un hacha de dos los, la rustración de quedarse, y la rustración de irse. La cámara de Alejandro Cantú retrata el desierto como una tierra de nadie, una zona, el norte, donde las brújulas no uncionan; una especie de plataorma que puede dar vueltas y regresar al mismo punto de partida a quienes intentan cruzarla, o una tierra desolada que se traga para siempre a otros, esos que nunca regresaron. Un sorpresivo Claro de luna de Debussy acompaña el lirismo discreto de la imagen. Adaptada a partir de un cuento de Édgar San Juan, coguionista de la cinta, Norteado escatima el comentario político, apenas una oto de Bush y otra de Schwarzenegger sugieren la evidencia. La técnica de also documental apoya la nota sociológica y la inevitable denuncia, pero también invita a experimentar con el estilo, permite que la dirección de actores transite por esa delgada línea entre realidad y cción. Denitivamente el estreno más importante de la semana, Norteado llega a la cartelera mexicana acumulando premios nacionales e internacionales; da cuenta de un género que, pese a sus tropezones, se presta
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Televisión Desafíos de la Tv pública FLORENCE TOUSSAINT
E
xisten en el país 31 emisoras públicas al aire, 23 de los gobiernos de los estados y dos ederales en señal abierta, dos universitarias también gratuitas, cuatro en cable. Recientemente se otorgó un permiso digital para el gobierno del DF. La historia de la mayoría de esos canales se remonta a los años del nacionalismo revolucionario, cuando el Estado consideraba la necesidad de ore-
especialmente rente a la digitalización, para la cual se deben invertir alrededor de 70 millones de pesos en equipo para cada emisora. En estos meses aparece una propuesta d de Ley de Telecomuniccaciones y Contenidos A Audiovisuales, que no pl plantea un capítulo esp pecial para los medios pú públicos, los asimila al ré régimen general si bien, co contradictoriamente, intro troduce la gura de comu munitarias. Abre la puerta lo anuncios en aras de a los permitir un mayor ingreso, con ello lanza a los medios públicos a la lucha por el mercado (sea de audiencia, sea de publicidad) y puede hacer que caigan en esa lógica y se desvirtúe su unción. Sin embargo, con todas las críticas que merece, dicha reglamentación se vuelve de avanzada al compararla con la creación –por decreto– del Organismo Promotor de Medios Audiovisuales, adscrito a la Secretaría de Gobernación. Expresión de una orma de gobernar sin los gobernados, excluyendo la discusión en las cámaras, con los ciudadanos, con los expertos. Así modicó Vicente Fox el 12.5% y cedió a los concesionarios el tiempo estatal. Si bien los medios públicos
Es una orma de dictadura. Enrentarse a ella y cómo hacerlo es el desaío mayor que tienen hoy los medios públicos para subsistir como tales. ●
Libros Triste sino JORGE MUNGUÍA ESPITIA
L
a necesidad de recuperar lo contado por sus abuelos sobre la guerra civil española, guió a Jordi Soler a escribir Los rojos de ultramar (2004) y luego La última hora del último día (2007). La escritura de ambas novelas resaltó sucesos y personajes encubiertos o poco atendidos y lo llevó a cerrar la trilogía con La fiesta del oso (Ed. Mondadori. Col. Literatura No. 411; México, 2009. 157 pp.), donde sigue escudriñando el pasado, impulsado por el anhelo de acercarse a lo acontecido, a pesar del dolor que le causa el descubrir cosas desagradables. En La fiesta del oso Jordi Soler recupera lo sucedido a su tío llamado Oriol. En las anteriores novelas escribió que éste había huido malherido de los ranquistas por el Pirineo, y no se supo más de él. El desconocimiento conocimient o orilló a la amilia la invención de que Oriol vi-
La inquietante noticia lleva al relator a conocer a Noviembre Mestre, quien resultó ser un gigante que, a nales de los años treinta, se dedicaba a rescatar a los perseguidos extraviados en las montañas. Luego los orientaba y daba cobijo para que llegaran a su destino. También se entrevista con otros lugareños, cuyas inormaciones lo conducirán a los archivos de la policía y a conocer el rudo destino y transormación de la personalidad de Oriol. Jordi Soler refexiona en esta obra acerca de la uerza del destino. El personaje es un pequeño burgués acomodado, que por la época se ve involucrado en la guerra civil. Quizá sin convicciones sólidas entra en el bando republicano empujado por el padre y el hermano. La derrota lo lleva a huir herido, queda alejado de la amilia y su mujer se suicida. Luego le amputan una pierna. Las agresiones suridas lo llevan a buscar el desquite. Cuando la crueldad surida es extrema, la víctima hace a un lado todas las contenciones morales. Es entonces que se transorma en un patán que busca cobrarse las oensas recibidas con actos eros e ilícitos. La fiesta del oso es una novela bien narrada en la que Jordi Soler maneja con inteligencia la trama y diluye lo amargo de los planteamientos con sabiduría, para lograr la atención del lector.. Una obra prounda de un lector
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Luis Valdez Valdez y
“Zoot Su Suit it”: ”: El racismo, ahora, en Arizona
COLUMBA VÉRTIZ DE LA FUENTE
E
l dramaturgo y cineasta chicano Luis Valdez es dichoso porque por primera vez presenta en México y en español su famosa obra teatral Zoot Suit (sobre la intolerancia racial padecida por la comunidad de origen mexicano en Los Ángeles, California, durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial), pero al mismo tiempo es infeliz debido a que el tema de la pieza, estrenada en 1978 en esa ciudad estadunidense, sigue vigente. “La realidad no ha cambiado, ¡estamos peor!”, exclama. Le molesta que el 23 de abril pasado la gobernadora de Arizona, Estados Unidos, Jan Brewer, haya firmado la iniciativa de Ley SB 1070, decreto antiinmigrante que propone que cualquier persona sospechosa de ser indocumentada pueda ser detenida e interrogada por la policía. Con Zoot Suit se reflexiona la triste rea-
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ESPECTÁCULOS
El director chicano, quien vino a México a trabajar en el montaje de la ya mítica pieza con la Compañía Nacional de Teatro, traza un cuadro histórico de las luchas de los mexicanos de origen en Estados Unidos para enfrentar un “viejo problema” que ahora reverdece en el estado de Arizona, donde acaba de votarse una ley antiinmigrante: el racismo. El creador del Teatro Teatro Campesino Aztlán y cu yos y os padres padres naciero nacieron n en esa entida entidad, d, está está conve convenci ncido do de que hay muchas posibilidades de que la medida sea in valida va lidada; da; de no ser así así,, aug augur uraa el est estalli allido do de la viol violenc encia. ia. renta. Muchos de los pachucos eran hijos de inmigrantes y, aunque eran ciudadanos, de todos modos heredaron la condición de sus padres y los confrontaba el racismo, el cual también padecían los asiáticos, los afroamericanos, en fin. “Veinte “V einte años después, en los sesenta, ya era otra condición. Nosotros, hablo de mi generación, queríamos cambiar las cosas. El movimiento chicano fue parte del movimiento de los derechos civiles en Estados Unidos, donde por supuesto intervinieron afroamericanos, los indígenas estadunidenses, los gays, las mujeres, quienes también pelearon. Había una constitución, una garantía de libertad, que cuando se escribió sólo era para hombres blancos, ni las mujeres entraban. Un siglo después de la guerra civil en Estados Unidos se tuvo que insistir a través de manifestaciones y protestas de que Estados Unidos debía cumplir con la promesa de su Constitución, y por eso camcam -
ciones que merecen todos los seres huma- nían sus escopetas en sus casas para que se nos. Lo observo como algo que está enrai- vieran. Eran como el actor John Wayne. El zando en el viejo problema del racismo. juego era de que ellos eran los terratenienterratenienSi fueran ingleses los que trataran de me- tes, los vaqueros, y nosotros éramos los interse a Estados Unidos, la situación sería dios. Es un juego que corresponde mucho muy distinta.” a la fantasía de los estadunidenses. Quie–¿Cree que se dé marcha atrás a esa ren ser grandes terratenientes, tener sus ley? ranchos grandes y desean muchos mozos –Sí. Esa ley no puede sostenerse bajo las a su mando. Anhelan muchos campesinos. leyes federales que existen. Las leyes federa- Es decir, entre más mexicanos, más señoles son más poderosas que las leyes estatales. res se sienten. Ese es un viejo debate en Estados Unidos. Fi“En Estados Unidos no hay suficiennalmente la Constitución debe demandar que te dinero ni suficiente terreno para que se respete, no se puede sostener esta actitud. sean terratenientes. Los obreros también “En California mucha gente incita a existen en el territorio estadunidense, peboicotear a Arizona, pero Arnold Schwar- ro igual poseen esa fantasía. No importa zenegger ha estado enviando prisioneros quién sea porque puede volverse rico en allá porque no caben en California. Tam- un momento, y mucha gente se sostiene bién es más económico mandarlos a Ari- con esa fantasía, y si no pueden sostenerzona. Por eso Arnold no hace nada con se con la realidad, entonces lo hacen con respecto a la ley. la droga, lo cual también es un problema. “También va mucho turismo nacio- Y le están arruinando en ese sentido la vi-
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a d n a r i M o d r a u d E
Unidos. El hecho de encarcelar a jóvenes latinos y afroamericanos en las cárceles se ha vuelto una industria en California. Donde antes había pueblos agrícolas, donde había campo y trabajadores, hay prisiones. “ Zoot Suit en la prensa era otro modo también de decir mexican. Cuando entró la radio, el cine sin sonido y la televisión, ayudaron a reforzar el estereotipo del pachuco o del vato loco o del pandillerista que existe hoy. Existe el caso de pandillas muy grandes en Los Ángeles que ya no son chicanas, mexicanas, hay salvadoSalvatrucha, la más grande reñas, la Mara Salvatrucha y la más poderosa que se ha extendido por todo Estados Unidos por las drogas. Tiene sus origines en Los Ángeles, lo que pasa es que el gobierno echó a muchos de sus miembros a El Salvador, y allá se reorganizaron y creció más. “ Zoot Suit tiene esta relevancia de que es parte del origen ahora del estereotipo del pandillero. El miedo que existe en Arizona, por ejemplo, en cuanto a la nueva inmigración, es porque se habla mucho de las drogas y la violencia en el norte de México. Eso refleja lo que ocurrió en 1942, porque fue una forma de histeria de la guerra; pero también cultural, porque por primera vez entraron los mexicanos a la ciudad. El traje era como una forma de identificación.” En 1968, Valdez Valdez conoció una copia del
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ESPECTÁCULOS bueno, la comunidad se protege a sí misma. Pero que los acepten, todavía no existe realmente.”
Por fin en el país El acontecimiento es que Zoot Suit se estrena mundialmente en español y reinaugura el teatro Juan Ruiz de Alarcón del Centro Cultural Universitario, luego de permanecer cerrado cuatro meses porque fue renovado en su totalidad, como el equipo de audio e iluminación, y se crearon cuatro camerinos. La obra se presenta en ese recinto desde el 29 de abril, bajo la dirección escénica de Valdez. Es una coproducción de la Compañía Nacional de Teatro (CNT) del INBA, bajo la dirección artística de Luis de Tavira, y la Dirección de Teatro de la UNAM. “Es un gran honor y un privilegio que la CNT monte mi obra. Me invitaron. El lazo se hizo a través de una compañera que participa en el elenco y ha trabajado con el Teatro Campesino, además fue parte del elenco original en Los Ángeles, se trata de Alba Martínez. Es profesora pero sigue siendo actriz. Ella se contactó conmigo y con De Tavira. El gran dramaturgo y yo nos conocimos, y tuvimos una buena conversación, de un entendimiento muy profundo.”
–Aquí existe una discusión tremenda dirigirá José Manuel Galván, quien tradude que no hay hada qué festejar en estos jo la pieza al español. aniversarios, aniversar ios, ¿qué opina? Valdez irá a Cuba, donde le otorgarán –Por lo que vale el punto de vista el Premio Galla de La Habana durante la de un chicano, de una persona que vie- octava edición de la temporada de teatro ne de afuera, creo que hay mucho avan- latinoamericano y caribeño Mayo Teatral, Teatral, ce en México, claro, hay grandes pro- organizada por la Casa de las Américas del blemas, soy optimista pero no tonto, es 7 al 16 de mayo próximo. decir, pendejo. Luego retornará a México para partiEl 6 de mayo, otra obra de Valdez se cipar en el simposio que la UNAM orgamostrará en el Distrito Federal, en el teatro niza en torno a Zoot Suit . Será los días 24, Morelos. Se titula Venado momificado y la 25 y 26 de julio.
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Mexsport / Isaac Ortiz
Dueña de una sobriedad atípica en el mundo de los triunfadores, de sonri sa pacífica pacífica y mirada mirada sin luces luces,, Lorena Lorena Ochoa logró ser la mejor del mundo en el golf, deporte repelente a las multitudes. Lejos de la adicción al éxito, causó asombro el anuncio de su retiro retiro cuando cuando la cúspide cúspide era era suya. suya. Poseedora de una cuenta bancaria de 14 millones de dólares, sólo por sus triunfos en el green el green , sin conta contarr los iningresos por los numerosos convenios de publicidad que la rodean, Lorena no se va del todo del golf: Su Ochoa Golf Academy imparte cursos y clínicas de ese deporte y su Ochoa Sports Management organiza eventos, da asesorías y diseña campos de golf.
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DEPORTES Las palabras premonitorias de Lorena Ochoa se hicieron realidad: el circuito profesional de la Asociación Femenil de Golfistas Profesionales (LPGA, por sus siglas en inglés) la consagró como la mejor golfista del mundo. Desde 2001 conquistó 27 triunfos profesionales en 172 torneos de la LPGA, incluidos tres de la Futures Tour, y dos títulos Majors (Abierto Británico 2007 y Kraft Nabisco Championship 2008). Fue designada Novata del Año 2003, Jugadora del Año de 2006 a 2009 y por cuatro años consecutivos ganó el Vare Trophy, que se otorga a la jugadora que obtiene la puntuación media baja. En tan sólo ocho años dentro de la LPGA, Lorena amasó una fortuna, se hizo famosa en poco tiempo y estableció negocios: Ochoa Golf Academy, que imparte cursos y clínicas, incluso en Los Ángeles, California, y muy pronto también en China; Ochoa Sports Management, dedicada a la organización de eventos, asesoría y diseños de campos de golf, y constituyó su Fundación Lorena Ochoa , cuya meta es la construcción de una secundaria en el Centro Educativo La Barranca. Sus triunfos y participaciones profesionales le redituaron ganancias netas por 14 millones 818 mil dólares, pero los ingresos se multiplicaron y por concepto de patrocinios agregó anualmente a sus cuen-
–¿Qué esperan encontrar los especialistas de publicidad y mercadotecnia en un personaje o deportista exitoso? –Que despierte pasiones y tenga un número creciente de seguidores. Por ejemplo, Javier El Chícharito Hernández es un excelente jugador poco conocido cuando inició el torneo de liga. Desde que se anunció su contratación por el Manchester United se volvió famoso y ahora los aficionados conocen su biografía completa. A los nuevos talentos sólo se les da proyección hasta que logran algo realmente novedoso y trascendente. “Los publicistas y encargados del marketing buscan que el atleta sea una persona confiable y respetable que basa sus logros en el esfuerzo y la dedicación”. Reconoce que en cuestiones publicitarias se pueden lograr mejores resultados con un deportista como Javier Hernández que con la propia Ochoa, “por el tipo del deporte, por todo lo que conlleva. El futbol es el deporte número uno en México, e incluso del mundo”, dice. Con el anuncio del retiro, los patrocinadores que respaldaron la carrera profesional de Lorena “ya no van a tener hacia dónde hacerse, a menos que lo de su despedida forme parte de una estrategia publicitaria o de mercadotecnia para un eventual regreso en los próximos años”, apunta.
siones fallaba tiros de manera deliberada para concluir en segundo lugar, y de esa manera evitar las conferencias de prensa. Además, dominó el Tour de la LPGA de 2001 a 2005, hasta la irrupción de Lorena. Se retiró en 2008, dos años antes del sorpresivoo adiós de la golfista mexicana. sorpresiv El entrenador de la tapatía compara la trayectoria de su pupila con la de otro grande del golf mundial: Tiger Woods: “De 2006 a la fecha sólo Woods ha ganado más torneos, y la diferencia es de sólo una justa (24 de Lorena por 25 del estadunidense) en el mismo periodo… las bolsas son otro tema. Lorena es de las jugadoras que más ha ganado en la historia del golf femenil; la rama varonil jala más dinero, bolsas y todo. En casi todos los deportes los hombres son mejor pagados que las mujeres, con excepción del tenis, donde las ganancias tienen que ser iguales.” Ser golfista exitosa implicó para Lorena casi 18 años de sacrificios, escasa vida social, desvelos, humildad y, sobre todo, mucho trabajo. Ya Ya fuera en pretemporada o durante los torneos ella le dedicaba a su deporte entre ocho y nueve horas diarias. Alarcón explica que el propio Woods dedica un número similar de horas a su disciplina: “El que busca la excelencia tiene que hacer las cosas mejor que la com-
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el de mejores ingresos en 2009, con un total de 10.5 millones de dólares. Determinación
El entrenador dice que es el admirador número uno de Ochoa y afirma que lo realizado por su discípula “será muy difícil de igualar, porque en el periodo que Lorena obtuvo sus triunfos sólo Sorenstam ha estado más o menos en igualdad de condiciones”, enfatiza. –¿Cómo se formó, cuál fue el proceso que siguió la mejor golfista mexicana de todos los tiempos? –Empezó a jugar golf a los seis años. Fue una niña muy normal e inquieta. Vivía muy cerca del Guadalajara Country Club. Sus padres la llevaban a la escuelita de golf a pasar un rato ameno. Sin embargo, Lorena fue tomándole cariño al golf porque la pasaba muy a gusto con el grupo de niñas y niños que la rodeaban. “Creció y jugó algunos torneos locales, que ganó. Después participó en algunas competencias nacionales, que también conquistó, y eventualmente jugó desde los ocho años en el Campeonato Mundial Infantil en San Diego, donde se coronó campeona. Cuatro años después lo volvió a obtener, y así fue durante cinco años consecutivos”.
–¿Qué cualidades encontró en Lorena? –Ante todo su inquietud por aprender y la determinación de hacer bien las cosas que le gustaban. Fue una niña que siempre creyó en lo que hacía y se comprometió comprom etió con sus metas claras, muy definidas; sabía exactamente lo que quería lograr en diferentes épocas, y no cambiaba de parecer fácilmente. –¿Qué hizo diferente a Lorena en una disciplina tan elitista? –El golf es muy individual y como Lorena siempre tuvo bien definidas sus metas y sueños no requirió de buscar demasiado apoyo como suele suceder en otro tipo de disciplinas. El entrenador considera que en México hay pocas mujeres sobresalientes “porque venimos de una sociedad machista donde por cultura y costumbre la mujer se ve relegada. Son pocas las que se atreven a abrir brechas, como Lorena. Ahora hay más mujeres que asumen el riesgo y qué bueno, porque México requiere de una sociedad más igualitaria donde las mujeres tengan las mismas oportunidades que los hombres”, recalca. De acuerdo con Alarcón, una de las claves del éxito de Lorena fue el balance que logró en su vida personal y profesional: “Mientras algunas atletas rehúyen las
consecuencias del éxito, ella nunca lo esquivó, simplemente lo asumió como una parte de sí misma”. Añade que la golfista cumplió las metas que se había propuesto y se retiró una vez que llegó a la cima. Desde niña repetía que iba a ser la mejor jugadora del mundo y lo consiguió. –¿Quién ocupará en México el lugar que ella deja? –En México y en el mundo sólo hay una Lorena Ochoa. Para el presidente de la Federación Mexicana de Golf, Fernando Ysita, el retiro de Lorena representa un golpe durísimo no sólo para el golf, sino también para el deporte nacional. Y añade que en la cultura deportiva deportiva de México hay poca voluntad de sacrificio. Muchos quisieran triunfar como Lorena, pero muy pocos están dispuestos a realizar el trabajo duro y disciplinado, única garantía para lograr el éxito. –¿En qué aspectos favoreció el éxito de Lorena al golf mexicano? –Considero que ella es un orgullo nacional. Ha sido un gran ejemplo para la juventud mexicana. Ese es su legado. –¿Qué hace falta para tener más deportistas como Lorena Ochoa? –Esa es la pregunta ya no de los 64 mil pesos sino de los 64 millones. Se la de-
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DEPORTES
Las
trampas de los dopados Jugadores Jugado res adicto adictos s a los medica medicamento mentos s
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de), donde son analizadas las muestras de orina de los peloteros. En entrevista con Proceso, el presidente de la LMB, Plinio Escalante, revela que en esta misma temporada ya se podrá saber si los jugadores la están usando mediante las muestras de orina que se recolectan para realizar los controles antidopaje, en lugar de tener que utilizar pruebas de sangre. “El objetivo era detectar las sustancias que mejoran el rendimiento y las drogas de adicción y sí hemos bajado el número de casos positivos, pero ahora la sustancia de moda es la hormona del crecimiento, que sólo se detectaba a través de la sangre y no podemos tomar una muestra sin el consentimiento de la persona. Hoy ya se detecta a través de la orina, ya no hay in-
A pesar de lo alarmante de las cifras, la Sin embargo, el presidente de la LMB temporada 2005 comenzó sin una política reconoce que los controles fallan: los rede controles antidopaje permanente, y mu- sultados tardan tanto (un mes, o a veces cho menos un reglamento de sanciones. To- más) que algunos peloteros han empezado do quedó en tomar muestras de orina a 10 a jugar con sus respectivos equipos y lue jugadores jugado res por cada uno de los 16 equipos go han tenido que ser expulsados, tras el de la LMB. reporte del laboratorio de la Conade. Las reglas no quedaron definidas sino Un caso extremo fue el de los exjugahasta la temporada 2006, y se han afina- dores de los Pericos de Puebla, Brad Voyles Voyles do: en temporada regular se realizarán tres (2008) y Marino Salas (2009), cuyos resulcontroles aleatorios a cinco jugadores por tados positivos por mariguana y boldenona, equipo (tres sorteados y dos elegidos por respectivamente, fueron recibidos cuando el presidente de la LMB), además de que ya había finalizado la temporada. en todos los partidos de playoffs se some“La respuesta de la Conade es lenta. terá al examen a tres peloteros por club. Es perjudicial para los equipos porque ceLas sanciones son severas: la primera rramos las contrataciones un mes antes de vez que se registre un resultado positivo, que termine la temporada. Si el resultado el infractor será suspendido 50 juegos; la de un aleatorio lo conocemos cuando el segunda, 100, y la tercera vez será expul- jugador ya está con su equipo equipo en playoffs,
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DEPORTES gadores de la Academia de Béisbol, ubicada en El Carmen, Nuevo León, y que le harán la recomendación a las ligas de desarrollo, como la Norte de Sonora y la del Noroeste, para que también planeen una política antidoping. Asimismo, en la Convenci Convención ón del Beisbol Mexicano de septiembre próximo le insistirá al presidente de la Liga Mexicana del Pacífico (LMP), Omar Canizales, sobre la importancia de que también ellos realicen controles antidopaje, porque muchos de los peloteros que en verano juegan en la LMB son contratados en la llamada MexPac durante el invierno. “El relajamiento que ha habido en el Pacífico sí provoca el uso de sustancias que se eliminan rápido, pero hay algunas que tardan tres o cuatro meses y los pode-
–El propio Comisionado (Bud Selig) el que informe a la LMB sobre las razones sabía que se consumían sustancias. No du- médicas por las que consume Ritalin. Sin do que en México hubo directivos que lo embargo, la última vez que lo hizo el trásabían y que no dijeron nada. Aquí copia- mite fue incorrecto y el 3 de febrero pasamos rapidísimo lo que hacen en el béisbol do, antes del inicio de la presente campaallá, incluido lo malo, así que no pasó mu- ña, el pelotero recibió una suspensión de cho tiempo antes de que tuviéramos que 50 juegos sin goce de sueldo. empezar a lidiar con esas sustancias. PePsiquiatras del sector salud detectaro cuando sepamos que existe algún pre- ron que ese medicamento “no lo iba a cusidente de equipo que lo solape, el resto rar y lo volvió adicto”. Inició el proceso de la Asamblea (de la LMB) decidirá que de dejar el Ritalin, pero a costa de un cuasalga del beisbol. Hoy es tanto el dinero dro de depresión y ansiedad más agudo. que se gasta y el interés por el juego lim- Luego, “las doctoras me reportaron que pio que el día que sepamos que un directi- para terminar de curarlo se necesita que vo protege jugadores va a ser expulsado y juegue, porque además tenía la angustia con deshonor, explicando por qué. Eso es- de no poder llevar dinero a su casa”, ditá acordado. ce Escalante. “El problema es que no somos lo sufi“Fue castigado porque el medicamencientemente profesionales para que nues- to está prohibido, pero tengo la atribución
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Acerca de “Inventario, su autor y sus cómplices” De Juan José González Figueroa Señor director:
E l 30 de noviembre de 2009, al inormar que José Emilio Pacheco recibiría el Premio Miguel de Cervantes, el jurado undamentó su allo: es un poeta excepcional de la vida cotidiana, con proundidad y capacidad de recrear un mundo propio. A partir de esa echa, las menciones en las páginas culturales mexicanas resaltaron el
Nunca como en esta ocasión se entregó un galardón literario a alguien con t ales merecimientos. Es más, lo airmo, usted día a día laboró sin siquiera pensar en título, mención o premio alguno como meta. A usted l o movió –y lo sigue haciendo– el amor intelectual, ese que nunca abandona y que encuentra su me jor representación en el libro. En verdad muchas elicidades, y espero tener el gusto de saludarlo. En alguna ocasión, cuando yo tenía 23 años, en la Librería
De Jaime Jiménez Mercado Señor director:
L a alta de respeto a los elementales principios de la buena vida ciudadana, provocada por una vasta red de corrupciones y complicidades, nos ha colocado al límite de nuestras uerzas mientras la esperanza de los mexicanos agoniza. La oligarquía que gobierna México no muestra ningún decoro ni atiende las necesidades de la nación, mientras los empleados de la administración pública, que sólo ven por sus
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PALABRA DE LECTOR Edomex: Reportan desatención escolar y una agresión a maestra
Califica de lamentable una transmisión de TV UNAM
Señor director:
Señor director:
L os irmantes de la presente denuncia somos
M e reiero a la progra-
maestros que laboramos en la colonia Lomas de San Sebastián, de los municipios mexiquenses de Chicoloapan y Los Reyes la Paz, en los niveles de preescolar, primaria y secundaria. En los planteles donde hemos sido ubicados laboramos en condiciones desavorables, pues en ocasiones carecemos de butacas, de aula multimedia y/o computadoras y de construcción de salones en orma. El hecho de que la zona es de escasos recursos económicos se agrava por la negligencia y alta de sensibilidad de las autoridades, sobre todo del municipio de Los Reyes, para atender las demandas de los planteles, como en el caso
mación de TV UNAM –publicada semanalmente en Proceso–, en particular a la del Viernes Santo, 2 de abril, a la cual se dio la categoría de “especial” con la Pasión según San Mateo, de Johann Sebastian Bach. Considero que esta transmisión ue verdaderamente lamentable, por las siguientes razones: –Como programa “especial”, ¿no ameritaba
2010, se presentó ante el secretario de la Función Pública una denuncia donde se documentan 18 irregularidades graves del director general del Ipicyt, tales como cobro doble, contratación de servidores públicos sancionados por la propia Secretaría de la Función Pública, contratación de empresas ligadas a uncionarios del Conacyt, omisión en la reparación de instalaciones del instituto que se encuentran en peligro de derr umbe en caso de sismo –se cuenta con dictamen estructural del inmueble correspondiente– y contrataciones millonarias sin procedimientos transparentes. Un día, con lujo de prepotencia y haciendo uso del aparato del instituto, se impidió a los investigadores el acceso a las instalaciones y se clausuraron sus oicinas; en suma, se les hostigo, humilló y, sobre todo, se violaron sus derechos humanos. Al respe r especto, cto, un grupo g rupo int integra egrado do por p or 6 0 cientíicos de varias partes del mundo, encabezados por el premio Nobel de Química
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