Pengaruh Sistem Pengolahan Sampah di TPA Suwung terhadap Lingkungan Sekitar
Tugas Pengetahuan Lingkungan Hidup
Oleh: PUTU RUSDI ARIAWAN
(0804405050)
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK ELEKTRO FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA BUKIT-JIMBARAN BALI 2010
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ABSTRAK
Permasalahan sampah bukanlah hal baru lagi, bahkan sampah telah menjadi problem hampir di semua kota, terutama kota dengan jumlah penduduk yang padat. Ditambah lagi dengan budaya masyarakat kita yang konsumtif menyebabkan volume sampah kian hari kian bertambah. Untuk mengatasinya permasalahan tersebut, pemerintah menetapkan salah satu daerah sebagai tempat penangkaran sampah. TPA Suwung merupakan salah satu tempat penangkaran sampah yang ada di Bali. Sebagai masyarakat Bali, kita harus berbangga karena TPA suwung adalah TPA yang menjadi contoh bagi seluruh TPA di seluruh Indonesia. Tetapi ternyata dalam prakteknya TPA Suwung menyimpan permasalahan, terutama masalah lingkungan, dari sistem pengelolaan pengelolaan sampah yang yang selama ini diterapkan. diterapkan. Adapun sistem pengelolaan sampah yang diterapkan di TPA ini adalah incenerator (pembakaran), (pembakaran), sanitary landfill (penimbunan) dan open dumping (penumpukan). Untuk mendapatkan tingkat efektifitas dan efisiensi yang tinggi dalam penanganan sampah di kota maka dalam pengelolaannya harus disertai dengan upaya pemanfaatan sehingga mempunyai keuntungan berupa nilai tambah. Untuk itu maka perlu pemilihan cara dan teknologi yang tepat, partisipasi aktif dari masyarakat sumber sampah berasal dan kerjasama antar lembaga pemerintah yang terkait. Disamping itu juga perlu perlu aspek legal untuk dijadikan dijadikan pedoman berupa berupa peraturan-peraturan mengenai lingkungan demi menanggulangi pencemaran lingkungan yang diakibatkan oleh sampah.
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang Maha Esa atas berkat dan rahmat-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan laporan ini tepat pada waktunya. Laporan ini ditulis untuk mengaplikasikan dan menerapkan teori yang telah diperoleh di bangku kuliah dan pada nantinya akan sangat berguna pada penulisan laporan-laporan lainnya. Dalam penulisan laporan penelitian ini, penulis memilih judul “Pengaruh Sistem Pengolahan Sampah di TPA Suwung terhadap lingkungan sekitar
”
Sebagai manusia biasa, penulis menyadari betul adanya kekurangan-kekurangan dalam penulisan paper ini. Untuk itu penulis mengharapkan saran maupun kritik dari para pembaca sehingga dapat diperoleh hasil yang diharapkan bagi semua pihak. Dengan selesainya laporan ini, penulis menyampaikan rasa terima kasih kepada :
Ibu Ir. I A Dwi Giriantari, M.Eng.Sc, PhD selaku Ketua Program studi Teknik Elektro.
Bapak Ir.I.B.Alit Swamardika, M.Erg. selaku dosen Pengetahuan Lingkungan Hidup.
Kepada teman – teman teman di lingkungan kampus Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Udayana. Akhir kata penulis memohon maaf bila ada penulisan kata-kata ataupun
penulisan nama yang salah sehingga dapat menyinggung perasaan pembaca. Penulis juga berharap agar paper ini dapat memberikan manfaat bagi para pembaca.
Denpasar , April 2010
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR JUDUL ............................................. .................................................................... ............................................ ..................... 1 ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………...2 2 KATA PENGANTAR ............................................ .................................................................. ........................................ .................. 3 DAFTAR ISI ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ................................ .......... 4 DAFTAR TABEL …………………………………………………………..5 DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ...................... 6 BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang ............................ .................................................. ............................................ ............................. ....... 8 1.2 Rumusan Masalah ....................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................. ....... 9 1.3 Tujuan ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ......................... ... 9 1.4 Manfaat ............................................. .................................................................... ............................................ ..................... 9 1.5 Ruang Lingkup dan Batasan Masalah ........................................... ........................................... 9 1.6 Sistematika Penulisan Penulisan ............................................. .................................................................. ..................... 9
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Pengertian Sampah ................................................... ........................................................................ ..................... 11 2.1.1 Sumber-sumber Sumber-sumber Sampah ........................................... ..................................................... .......... 11 2.1.2 Penggolongan Sampah ……………………………………...12 …………………………..……………….. 2.2 Permasalahan Sampah …………………………..……………… .. 12 2.3 Tata Cara Pemusnahan Sampah ………………………………… …………………………………..12 ..12
BAB III METODE
3.1 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitiaan ........................................... ..................................................... .......... 14 3.2 Data .................................................... ........................................................................... ............................................ ..................... 14 3.2.1 Sumber Data .......................... ................................................ ............................................ ......................... ... 14 3.2.2 Jenis Data .................................................... .......................................................................... ......................... ... 14 3.3 Analisis Data ............................... ..................................................... ............................................ ............................. ....... 15 3.4 Alur Analisis ............................................ .................................................................. .................................... .............. 16
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4.1.2 Tinjauan As pek Hukum Lingkungan ………………………21 4.1.3 Tinjauan Aspek Aspe k Sosial dan Ekonomi ………………………22 4.2 Dampak Negatif Lingkungan Lingkun gan sekitar TPA Suwung …………….. 23 4.2.1 Incenerator Incenerat or (Pembakaran) ………………………………… 24 4.2.2 Sanitary Landfill Landfill (Penimbunan) ……………………………26 4.2.3 Open Dum ping (Penumpukan) …………………………… 28 4.3 Cara Meminimalisir Dampak Negatif Lingkungan sekitar TPA Suwung ……………………………………………. 33
BAB V PENUTUP
5.1 Simpulan ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................ ..................... 42 5.2 Saran ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................. ....... 42
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ...................... 43
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DAFTAR TABEL
TABEL 4.2 Prediksi jumlah sampah basah perhari
pada TPA Suwung ……………………………………………….23
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar IV.1 Gerbang Masuk TPA Suwung ………………………………….....17 ………………………………… .....17 Gambar IV.2 Kandang babi milik penduduk asli sekitar ……………………….. 18 Gambar IV.3 Pemukiman penduduk asli 1 ……………………………………....19 …………………………………….... 19 Gambar IV.4 Pemukiman penduduk asli 2 ………………………………………20 Gambar IV.5 Salah satu penduduk membuat makanan ternak …………… ……..23 ……………………………………... 26 Gambar IV.6 Tungku pembakaran sampah ……………………………………...26 Gambar IV.7 Pengolahan sampah dengan teknik Sanitary Landfill 1………… …27 Gambar IV.8 Pengolahan sampah dengan teknik Sanitary Landfill 2……………28 2 ……………28 Gambar IV.9 Salah satu kegiatan pemulung 1 …………………………………...29 Gambar IV.10 Salah satu kegiatan pemulung 2 … ……………………………….29 Gambar IV.11 Salah satu kegiatan pemulung 3 … ……………………………….30 Gambar IV.12 Truk-truk Truk-truk pengangkut sampah 1 …………………………………31 Gambar IV.13 Sampah yang dibuldoser …………………………………………32 Gambar IV.14 Truk-truk Truk-truk pengangkut sampah 2 …………………………………32 Gambar IV.15 Tempat pengolahan pengolahan pupuk ……………………………………...34 Gambar IV.16 Pengolahan pupuk dari sampah organik …………………………34 Gambar IV.17 Pupuk Pup uk hasil olahan ……………………………………………….35 Gambar IV.18 Tempat pengolahan pupuk kerjasama dengan TPA Suwung …………………………………………….36 Gambar IV.19 Truk pupuk perusahaan Bokashi …………………………………36 Gambar IV. 20 Proses Penimbangan Sampah 1 ………………………………….38 Gambar IV. 21 21 Proses Penimbangan Sampah 2 ………………………………….39
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Belakang
Denpasar merupakan daerah aktivitas manusia dari berbagai bidang. daerah dan jumlah penduduknya mengalami perkembangan terus-menerus sesuai dengan perkembangan perkembangan jaman. Dari semua kegiatan yang dilakukan masyarakat seharihari seperti rumah tangga, perusahaan, perkantoran, pasar, dll, lambat laun dan secara otomatis akan menghasilkan dampak terhadap lingkungan. Salah satu dampak dari segala kegiatan manusia adalah sampah. Sampah merupakan bahan yang terbuang dari aktivitas manusia dan dapat berakibat pada lingkungan kita. Bila tidak mendapat penanganan yang cermat dapat mencemari air, udara dan tanah. Kita tidak dapat bisa memandang sebelah mata terhadap polusi tersebut karena memberikan dampak yang buruk terhadap alam dan manusia itu sendiri. Mungkin bila sampah yang dibuang dalam skala yang kecil, tidak akan terlalu mempengaruhi kehidupan tapi bila seluruh sampah dari kota Denpasar dan Kabupaten Badung dikumpulkan, maka sampah dengan skala besar tersebut akan sangat mengganggu, mengganggu, apalagi tidak ada tempat untuk membuangnya. membuangnya. Permasalahan sampah tidak dapat kita selesaikan hanya melalui wacana, namun diperlukan tindakan yang nyata di lapangan. Penanganan masalah sampah bukan hanya menjadi tanggung jawab sekelompok orang, melainkan diperlukan kerja sama yang baik antara pemerintah dengan masyarakat. Pemikiran inilah yang memprakasai pemeintah kota Denpasar yang bekerja sama dengan Dinas Kebersihan Kota untuk menyediakan lokasi tempat pembuangan sampah yang memadai dan memenuhi persyaratan ambang batas lingkungan .
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1.2 Rumusan Masalah
Dari latar belakang di atas dapat dirumuskan permasalahannya sebagai berikut : a. Bagaimana kondisi ekologi di sekitar TPA Suwung ? b. Dalam penanganannya, apakah dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan sampah terhadap lingkungan sekitar TPA Suwung ? c. Bagaimana cara meminimalisir dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan sampah terhadap lingkungan lingkungan sekitar sekitar TPA Suwung Suwung ? 1.3 Tujuan
Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari pembahasan pengaruh sampah terhadap lingkungan di sekitar TPA Suwung adalah untuk dapat mengetahui akibat yang ditimbulkan dari penumpukan sampah pada TPA Suwung terhadap masyarakat sekitar. 1.4 Manfaat
Dari pembahasan pengaruh sampah terhadap lingkungan hidup di sekitar TPA Suwung hendaknya diperoleh suatu data ilmiah yang nantinya dapat dijadika pertimbangan dalam penanganan sampah. 1.5 Batasan Masalah
Luasnya permasalahan yang mengenai sampah dalam pembahasan nanti akan dibatasi pada : a. Penanganan sampah yang terdapat pada TPA Suwung. b. Cara pemusnahan sampah yang ditangani dengan penumpukan 1.6 Sistematika Penulisan
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN Dalam bab ini akan diuraikan tentang latar belakang masalah, rumusan
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BAB IV
PEMBAHASAN Dalam bab ini diuraikan mengenai pembahasan masalah lingkungan yang terjadi akibat cara penanggulangan sampah yang tidak tepat di TPA Suwung.
BAB IV
PENUTUP Dalam bab terakhir ini dijelaskan mengenai kesimpulan dari pembahasan sebelumnya.
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1 Pengertian Sampah
Sampah adalah sisa suatu usaha atau kegiatan yang berwujud padat baik berupa zat organik mupun zat anorganik yang bersifat dapat terurai maupun tidak dapat teruarai dan dianggap tidak berguna lagi sehingga di buang ke lingkungan (Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup, 2003) Penguraian
sampah
disebabkan
oleh
aktifitas
Pembusukan sampah sampah ini akan menghasilkan gas metana (CH
4
mikroorganisme-
dan H2S) yang bersifat
beracun bagi tubuh makluk hidup. Sampah yang tidak dapat membusuk adalah sampah
yang
memiliki
bahan
dasar
plastik,
logam,
gelas,
karet.
Untuk
pemusnahannya dapat dilakukan pembakaran tetapi dapat menimbulkan dampak lingkungan. Peningkatan jumlah sampah disebabkan karena bertambahnya jumlah penduduk, keadaan sosial ekonomi dan kemajuan teknologi.
2.1.1 Sumber-sumber sampah
Beberapa tempat aktivitas manusia dapat menjadi sumber-sumber yang menghasilkan sampah. Mulai dari kegiatan sehari-hari sampai dengan kegiatan yang bersifat insidental. Sumber-sumber sampah antara lain: a.
Rumah tangga, tempat kehidupan kita sehari-hari baik mulai dari memasak sampai dengan membersihkan rumah tinggal.
b.
Pertanian, usaha bercocok tanam dan memelihara ternak menghasilkan sampah organik.
c.
Perkantoran, aktivitas perkantoran dalam mengurus administrasi cendrung
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2.1.2. Penggolongan sampah
Secara garis besar sampah dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga jenis yaitu: a.
Sampah organik atau basah, jenis sampah ini merupakan sampah yang dapat mengalami pembusukan secara alami.
b.
Sampah anorganik atau kering, jenis sampah yang tidak dapat mengalami pembusukan pembusukan secara alami.
c.
Sampah berbahaya, sampah yang secara langsung maupun tidak langsung membahayakan manusia maupun hewan seperti batterai, botol racun nyamuk, jarum suntik bekas dan lain-lain.
2.2. Permasalahan Sampah
Secara umum pembuangan sampah yang tidak memenuhi syarat kesehatan lingkungan akan dapat mengakibatkan: mengakibatkan: a.
Tempat berkembang dan sarang dari serangga dan tikus.
b.
Menjadi sumber polusi dan pencemaran tanah, air dan udara.
c.
Menjadi sumber dan tempat hidup kuman-kuman yang membahayakan membahayakan kesehatan
2.3 Tata cara pemusnahan sampah s ampah
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d.
Sanitary landfill. Metode Metode ini hampir hampir sama sama dengan penumpukan, tetapi cekungan yang telah penuh terisi sampah ditutupi tanah, namun hal ini memerlukan areal khusus yang sangat luas. Secara umum Sanitary Landfill terdiri atas elemen sebagai berikut : - Lining System, berguna untuk mencegah atau mengurangi kebocoran leachate ke dalam tanah yang akhirnya bisa mencemari air tanah.Biasanya lining system terbuat dari compacted clay, geomembran atau campurn tanah dengan bentonite. - Leachate Collection System dibuat di atas lining system dan berguna untuk mengumpulkan
leachate
dan
memompa
keluar
sebelum
leachate
menggenang di lining system yang akhirnya akan menyerap ke dalam tanah. Leachate yang dipompa keluar melalui sumur yang disebut leachate Extraction system yang biasanya dikirim ke wastewater untuk diproses sebelum pembuangan akhir. - Cover atau Cau system, berguna untuk menguranggi cairan akibat hujan yang masuk ke dalam landfill. Dengan berkurangnya cairan yang masuk akan mengurangi leachate. - Gas Ventilation System berguna unntuk mengendalikan mengendalikan aliran dan konsentrasi di dalam landfill, dengan demikian mengurangi resiko gas
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BAB III METODE
3.1 Tempat dan Waktu Penelitian
Dalam menyelesaikan paper dengan judul penyusun melakukan survey langsung ke TPA Suwung Denpasar. Waktu survey dilakukan pada tanggal 17 Oktober 2004 dan pengambilan foto dilakukan pada tanggal 12 November 2004. 3.2 Data
Data-data yang didapat berupa: Data volume sampah basah Sarbagita yang ditampung di TPA Suwung setiap harinya Gambar-gambar tentang keadaan lingkungan di sekitar TPA Suwung Gambaran singkat tentang metode-metode yang dilakukan dalam proses pengolahan sampah di TPA Suwung Catatan-catatan singkat tentang pengolahan sampah
3.2.1 Sumber Data
Data-data pada laporan ini didapat dari hasil wawancara kepada penduduk sekitar TPA Suwung, Petugas TPA dan responden dari luar TPA Suwung.Selain itu
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c.
Data Kualitatif Data ini diperoleh melalui pengamatan langsung terhadap objek pengamatan seperti: melihat langsung kondisi sampah dan pemukiman-pemukiman di sekitar TPA.
3.3 Analisis Data
Dalam penelitian ini, data-data dianalisis secara deskriptip. Data-data yang ada diperoleh dari hasil studi pustaka dan pengamatan dilapangan. Semua data dalam literatur dibahas, dikaji ulang serta dianalisis untuk mendapatkan data yang valid dan akurat.
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3.4 Alur Analisis
Alur analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: Mulai
Persiapan
Pemilihan Bahan
A
Tidak Apakah bahan ada?
Ya
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BAB IV PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Tinjauan Tinjauan Ekologis TPA TPA Suwung 4.1.1 Kondisi Fisik dan Lingkungan TPA Suwung
a. Letak dan Kondisi Wilayah Manajemen pengelolaan sampah yang diterapkan di kota Denpasar terdiri atas penyapuan, pengumpulan, pengangkutan dan pembuangan akhir. Kegiatan pembuangan akhir sampah ditetapkan di lokasi Tempat Pembuangna Akhir (TPA) Suwung yang berada di wilayah Desa Suwung Kauh, Kecamatan Denpasar Selatan. Lokasi TPA Suwung dengan sumber sampah berada dalam jangkauan jarak 9 km dengan batas-batas sebagai berikut : -
Sebelah utara
: sawah
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b. Keadaan Penduduk Pesatnya perkembangan Pulau Bali khususnya kota Denpasar yang merupakan salah satu kota besar di Indonesia merupakan daya tarik tersendiri bagi penduduk luar daerah. Sejak terjadinya krisis moneter paeda tahun 1997 terjadi peningkatan urbanisasi yang cukup signifikan. Gejala ini juga diikuti oleh terdapatnya peningkatan jumlah pendatang yang mendirikan perumahan liar di sekitar TPA. Umumnya pendatang luar yang mendirikan gubug-gubug liar berprofesi sebagai pemulung. Mereka memanfaatkan lokasi di pinggir tempat pembuangan yang belum terisi sampah untuk membangun bedeg-bedeg tempat tinggal.Hal ini sangat menguntungkan mereka, karena letaknya yang dekat dengan lokasi lapangan, dan tanah yang mereka gunakan adalah milik pemerintah sehingga mereka tidak perlu membayar uang sewa. Selain pemulung yang tinggal di kawasan itu ada beberapa rumah milik
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Kondisi lingkungan di TPA Suwung cukup sembrawut, karena banyaknya pemulung yang mendirikan rumah gubug yang bahannya sebagian besar berasal dari sampah, lokasi tempat tinggal mereka tampak seperti perumahan kumuh. Hal ini diperburuk dengan musibah kebakaran yang menimpa 80 bedeng pemulung di lokasi pemukiman tersebut pada tanggal 22 September 2004. Informasi menunjukakan kerugian sekitar 300.000 sampai 2000.000 rupiah menimpa para pemulung yang menempati bilik dengan ukuran rata-rata 2x2 M itu. Foto :
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Hal ini ditambah dengan berbagai penyimpangan yang terjadi akibat perbedaan teori dengan kenyataan yang terjadi di lapangan. Berdasarkan teori sampah yang masuk TPA diseleksi dan dilakukan larangan untuk sumber sampah seperti : - Sampah Medis (RS) - Sampah dari barang pecah belah - Sampah dari bahan daging,ikan, dan sejenisnya - Sampah ban bekas, karet bekas, dan barang-barang yang mudah terbakar - Segala macam bangkai - Tinja Tetapi kenyataannya kenyataannya semua jenis sampah di atas dapat kita lihat sehari-hari di TPA.
4.1.2 Tinjauan Aspek Hukum Lingkungan
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f.
Jarak dari bandara tidak kurang dari 5 Km.
2. Pengelolaan Sampah Sampah di TPA harus memenuhi ketentuan sebagai berikut : a. Diupayakan agar lalat, nyamuk, tikus, kecoa, tidak berkembang biak dan tidak menimbulkan bau. b. Memiliki drainase yang baik dan lancar. c. Leachate
harus
diamankan
sehingga
tidak
menimbulkan
masalah
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Foto :
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jumlah volume sampah seperti tersebut di atas tidak dapat dikatakan sebanding dengan daya tampung TPA Suwung. Hal ini menimbulkan
masalah yang cukup
signifikan. Setelah melalui pengamatan, secara garis besar dapat diambil beberapa catatan penting tentang dampak yang ditimbulkan sampah di TPA yaitu: 1.
Timbulnya pencemaran udara akibat meningkatnya konsentrasi gas serta timbulnya bau, baik yang ditimbulkan pada tahap operasi penimbunan dan
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0
diharapkan dalam pembakaran yaitu pada suhu 1100 C yang dapat menimbulkan berbagai jenis kanker. Selain itu, penggunaan Incenerator juga memiliki kelemahan-kelemahan sebagai berikut: - Dihasilkan abu (± 15%) dan gas yang memerlukan penanganan lebih lanjut. Selain itu gas yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran dengan menggunakan alat ini dapat mengandung gas pencemar berupa : NOx., SOx dan lain-lain
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Pembuangan dengan cara sanitary landfill walaupun dapat mencegah
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