PAPAYA
1.
1.
INTRODUCTION
Papaya (Carica (Carica papaya) papaya) is a tropical fruit having commercial importance because of its high nutritive and medicinal value. Papaya cultivation had its origin in South Mexico and Costa Rica. Total Total annual world production is estimated at 6 million tonnes of fruits. India leads the world in papaya production with an annual output of about 3 million tonnes. Other leading producers are Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, Indonesia, China, Peru, Thailand and Philippines.
2.
2.
OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this report is to present a bankable one acre model for high quality commercial cultivation of the crop.
3.
3.
1.1 3.1
BACKGROUND Area & Production
The area under papaya cultivation in India increased by 63% from 45.2 thousand ha. in 1991-92 to 73.7 thousand ha. in 2001-02 and the production increased from 8 lakh tones to 26 lakh lakh tone tones. s. Papa Papaya ya is most mostly ly cult cultiv ivat ated ed in the the stat states es of Andh Andhra ra Prad Prades esh, h, Kar
taka, taka, Gujar Gujarat, at, Oriss Oriss
West West Be
al, Ass
Keral Keral
Madhy Madhy
Prade Pradesh sh
d
papaya during 2001-02 State
Area
Production
Productivity
(‘000 Ha.) (‘000 MT) (MT/Ha.) Andhra Pradesh 11.7 1173.6 100.0 West Bengal 7.2 241.9 33.5 Karnataka 3.6 238.1 65.5 Orissa 10.7 217.5 20.3 Gujarat 4.4 175.1 39.4 Maharashtra 5.8 174.4 30.0 Assam 7.5 111.8 14.8 Kerala 13.2 59.7 4.5 Madhya Pradesh 0.8 39.2 49.0 Others 8.6 159.1 TOTAL 73.7 2590.4 35.1 Source : Database of National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture , Govt. of India.
1.2 3.2
Economic Importance
Fruit is a rich source of vitamin A and C. It has a high nutritive and medicinal value. Papain prepared from dried latex of its immature fruits is used in meat tenderizing, manufacture of chewing gum, cosmetics, for degumming natural silk and to give shrink resistance to wool. It is also used in pharmaceutical industries, textile and garment cleaning paper and adhesive manufacture, sewage disposal etc.
India exports Papaya mainly to Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E., Netherlands etc.
The trend in export export of papaya papaya from from India during during the period period 1999-2000 1999-2000 to 2001-02 2001-02 is
given in Graph 3. 3.
Table-2 : Country-wise Country-w ise export of papaya from India during 200102. Country
Bahrain Kuwait Netherland s Qatar Saudi Arabia
4.3
4.3
Quantit y
Value
(Tonnes)
(Rs. in lakhs)
125.17 148.98 90.00
19.23 22.37 10.42
142.66 737.32
22.39 107.04
Analysis and Future Strategy
The fruit being perisha perishable ble in nature poses poses problem in marketing. marketing.
Developm Development ent of
infrastructure facilities for transport to primary markets, standardization of packaging
The state-wise growing belts are given in the following : State Andh Andhra ra Prad Prades esh h Assam Gujarat Jharkhand Karnataka Mah Maharas rashtra tra Madh Madhya ya Prad Prades esh h West Bengal
5.3
5.3
Growing belts Cudd Cuddap apah ah,, Med Medak ak,, Kur Kurno nool ol,, Ran Ranga gare redd ddy y Nagaon, Darrang, Karbi Anglong Kheda, Ahmedabad, Jamnagar Simdega, Ra Ranchi, Lo Lohardaga, Ha Hazaribagh, Ch Chatra Bellary, Bidar, Bangalore (R& U), Mandya, Shimoga, Chitradurga, Mysore, Belgaum, Hassan Sangli, li, Sa Satara tara,, Pu Pune, Nasi Nasik k, Sh Sholap olapu ur, Nag Nagp pur, Amrav ravati Dhar Dhar,, Kha Khand ndwa wa,, Bila Bilasp spur ur,, Rat Ratla lam, m, Guna Guna Nort orth & South 24- Parga rganas, Hooghly hly, Nad Nadia, ia, Mid Midnapur
Varieties Cultivated
Important papaya varieties cultivated in different states of India are given below : State Andh Andhra ra Prad Prades esh h Jharkhand Karn Karnat atak aka a & Kera Kerala la West Be Bengal Orissa
5.4
5.4
Varieties grown - Hone Honey y Dew Dew,, Coo Coorg rg Hone Honey y Dew Dew,, Was Washi hing ngto ton, n, Solo Solo,, CoCo-1, 1,Co Co-2 -2,, Co-3, Sunrise Solo, Taiwan - Ranchi selection, Honey Dew, Pusa Delicious & Pusa Nanha - Coor Coorg g Hone Honey y Dew Dew, Coor Coorg g Gree Green, n, Pusa Pusa Deli Delici ciou ous s & Pusa Pusa Nanha - Ranchi se selection, Ho Honey De Dew, Wa Washington, Co Coorg Gr Green - Pusa Delicious, Pusa Nanha, Ranchi selection, Honey Dew, Washington, Coorg Green
Land Preparation
to protect the seedlings. About About 15-20 cm. tall seedlings are chosen for planting in about two months.
5.5.2
5.5.2
Planting season
Papaya is planted during spring (February-March), monsoon (June-July) and autumn (October-November).
5.5.3
5.5.3
Spacing
A spacing of 1.8 x 1.8 m. is normally followed. However higher density cultivation with spacing of 1.5 x 1.5 m./ha enhances the returns to the farmer and is recommended. High Density Planting : A closer spacing of 1.2 x 1.2 m. for cv. Pusha Nanha is adopted for high density planting, accommodating 6,400 plants/ha.
5.5.4
5.5.4
Planting Method
The seedlings are planted in pits of 60x60x60 cm. size. In the summer months the pits are dug about a fortnight before planting. The pits are filled with top soil along with 20 kg. of farmyard manure., 1 kg. neem cake and 1 kg. bone meal. Tall and vigorous varieties are planted at greater spacing while medium and dwarf ones at closer spacing.
5.6 5.6
Nutrition
The irrigation schedule is fixed on the basis of soil type and weather conditions of the region. Protective irrigation is provided in the first year of planting. During the second year, irrigation is provided at fortnightly interval in winter and at an interval of 10 days in summer summer.. Basin Basin system system of irrigation irrigation is mostly mostly followed followed.. In areas areas having having low rainfall, rainfall, sprinkler or drip system can be adopted.
5.8 5.8
Intercultural Operations
Deep hoeing is recommended during the first year to check weed growth. Weeding should be done on regular basis especially around the plants. Application Application of Fluchloralin or Alachlorin or Butachlorine (2.0 g./ha.) as pre-emergence herbicide two months after transplanting can effectively control the weeds for a period of four months. Earthing up is done before or after the onset of monsoon to avoid water-logging and also to help the plants to stand erect.
5.9 5.9
Inter-cropping
Intercropping leguminous crops after non-leguminous ones, shallow rooted crops after deep rooted ones are beneficial. No intercrops are taken after the onset of flowering stage.
5.105.10
Removal of male plants
About About 10% 10% of the the male male plant plants s are kept in the the orcha orchards rds for good good polli pollina natio tion n where where
The The main main dise diseas ases es repo report rted ed are are powd powder ery y mild mildew ew ( Oidium Oidium caricae caricae), ), anthracn anthracnose ose (Colletotrichum Colletotrichum gloeosporioides gloeosporioides), ), dampi damping ng off off and stem stem rot. rot. Appli Applicat cation ion of wetta wettable ble sulphur (1 g./l.) carbendazim/thiophanate methyl (1 g./l.) and Kavach/Mancozeb (2 g./l.) has been found to be effective in controlling the diseases.
5.125.12
Harvesting and Yield
Fruits are harvested when they are of full size, light green in colour with tinge of yellow at apical end. On ripening, fruits of certain varieties turn yellow while some of them remain green. When the latex ceases to be milky and become watery, the fruits are suitable for harvesting. The economic life of of papaya plant is only 3 to 4 years. years. The yield varies widely widely according to variety, variety, soil, climate and management management of the orchard. The yield of 75-100 tonnes /ha. is obtained in a season from a papaya orchard depending on spacing and cultural practices.
6. 6. 6.1
POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT 6.1
Grading
Fruits are graded on the basis of their weight, size and colour.
6.2
6.2
Storage
The farmers usually dispose off their produce to the wholesalers and middlemen at the farm gate.
7. 7.
TECHNOLOGY SOURCES
Major sources for technology are:
(i) (i)
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Mohanpur, Nadia-741252,
West Bengal.
(ii) (ii)
Department Department of Horticulture, Horticulture, Birsa Agricultural University, University, Kanke, Tel Tel :
(0651)-2230691.
(iii) (iii)
Horticulture and Agro-forestry Research Programme (ICAR), Plandu,
Ranchi, Tel : (0651)-2260141, 2260207.
(iv) (iv) (v) (v)
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi-110012.
(vi) (vi)
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hassaraghatta, Lake Post,
IARI Regional Station, Samastipur-848125, Bihar.
Bangalore-560089, Karnataka.
(vii)(vii)
Prog Progre ress ssiv ive e grow grower ers s of West West Beng Bengal al,, Andh Andhra ra Prad Prades esh h and and
Karnataka.
8.1
8.1
High quality commercial cultivation of crop by using improved variety
seedlings as planting material and drip irrigation leads to multiple benefits viz. •
•
Synchronized growth, flowering and harvesting;
•
•
Improved fruit quality;
•
•
Increases average productivity by more than 60%.
•
•
Economy and increased efficiency efficiency in use of irrigation water with drip
irrigation. Costs & Returns
8.2
8.2
A one one acre plantation of of the crop is a highly viable proposition. proposition. The cost
components of such a model along with the basis for costing are exhibited in Annexures I & II .
A summary summary is is given given in in the the figure figure below below. The project project cost
works out to Rs. 1.25 lakhs. Project Cost: (Unit – One Acre) (Amount in Rs.) Sl. No. 1.
Component Cultivation Ex Expenses (i) (i) Cost Cost of plan planti ting ng mate materi rial al
Proposed Expenditure 3400 3400
Grand Total
1,25,000
*Cost of newly purchased land will be limited to one-tenth of the total project cost
8.3
8.3
•
The major components of the model are:
•
Land Development: Development: (Rs.4.0 thousand): thousand): This is the labour labour cost of of
shaping and dressing the land site. •
•
Fencing (Rs.20.0 thousand): It is necessary to guard the orchard by
barbed wire fencing to safeguard the valuable produce from animals and prevent poaching. This is part cost of fencing taken in first year. •
•
Irrigation Infra-structure (Rs.45 thousand) : For effective working with
drip irrigation system, it is necessary to install a bore well with diesel/electric pumpset and motor. motor. This is part cost of tube-well. •
•
Drip Irrigati Irrigation on & Fertigatio Fertigation n System (Rs.25 (Rs.25 thousan thousand): d):
This is
average cost of one acre drip system for papaya inclusive of the cost of fertigation equipment. equipment. The actual cost cost will vary depending on location, location, plant population and plot geometry. •
•
Equipme Equipment/I nt/Implem mplements ents (Rs.3.5 (Rs.3.5 thousand thousand): ):
For investme investment nt on
improved improved manually manually operate operated d essentia essentiall implemen implements ts a provision provision of another another Rs.3.5 thousand is included. •
•
Building and Storage Storage (Rs.5.0 thousand): thousand): A one acre acre orchard would
require minimally a labour shed. •
•
Cost of Cultivat Cultivation ion (Rs.22.5 (Rs.22.5 thousan thousand): d):
Land preparat preparation ion and
8.6
8.6
Besides Besides,, provisio provision n is included included for power power charges, charges, protection protection of the
plantation (cost of material for wind protection and polythene bunch covers), labour for harvesting and packing/transportation charges for the produce to the nearest secondary secondary market. The recurring production production cost for a one acre orchard works out as below: (Rs.Thousand) Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
8.7
8.7
26.50 36.69 32.71
Returns from the Project: The yield from the plantation is estimated at
30 tonnes (per acre) the second second year and 25 tonnes in the third year. year. Valued at Rs.4500 per tonne the total realization works out to Rs.247.50 thousand over a three year crop cycle. (Annexure-III) Project Financing 8.8.
8.8.
Balance Sheet: The projected balance sheet of the model is given at
Annexure IV. IV. There would be three sources of financing the project as below: Source Farmer ’s share
Rs.Thousand 62.50
8.12.
8.12.
IRR/BCR: The viability of the project is assessed in Annexure IX over a
period of 5 years. The IRR works out to 28.37 and the BCR to 2.5. 8.13.
8.13.
The Debt Debt Serv Service ice cove coverag rage e ratio ratio calcu calculat lation ions s are presen presente ted d in
Annexure X . The average DSCR works out to 6.87. 8.14.
8.14.
Payback Period: On the basis of costs and returns of the model, the
pay back period is estimated at 2.45 years ( vide Annexure XI ). ). 8.15.
8.15.
Break-even Point: The break even point will be reached in the 3 rd year.
At this point fixed cost would work out to 43.1% of gross sales ( vide Annexure XII). XII).
Project for setting up Papaya crop
DEPRECIATION (Rs In Thousan PARTICULARS
Value
Total
DEPRECIATIO D DE EPRECI ATION (%) ( AMOUNT)
BUILDINGS
29.00
29.00
3.34
0.97
PLANT & MACHINERY
73.50
73.50
5.28
3.88
COST OF PLANTATION
22.50
22.50
33.33
7.50
125.00
125.00
TOTAL
12.35
REPAYMENT SCHEDULE (Rs In Thousands) PARTICULARS
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
NET ACCURALS INTEREST ADDED BACK
0.00
98.31
79.79
LOAN- BALANCE AT YE
37.50
30.68
23.86
BANK LOAN
37.50
30.68
23.86
REPAYMENT ( 6YEARS,
4.50
11.11
10.30
PRINCIPAL
0.00
6.82
6.82
BANK LOAN
0.00
6.82
6.82
INTEREST
4.50
4.30
3.48
BANK LOAN
4.50
4.30
3.48
-4.50
87.20
69.49
NET SURPLUS
TERM LOAN MORATORIUM REPAYMENT GESTATION PERIOD YEAR
REPAYMENT OF TERM LOAN 37.50
INSTALMENT
18 MONTHS
INSTALMENT
11
5 YEARS
INTEREST RA
12%
12 MONTHS PRINCIPAL AM
INSTALMENT OUTSTANDING
(Rs In Thousands) 3.41
INTEREST
year o 1 2 year 1 1 2 year 2 1 2 year 3 1 2 year 4 1 2 year 5 1 2 year 6 1 2 year 7 1 2
37.50
37.50
0 0 0.00 0.00
37.50
HALF HALF YEA YEARL RL YEAR YEARL LY 2.25
37.50
2.25
4.50 .
37.50 34.09
3.41 3.41
37.50 34.09 30.68
2.25 2.05 1.84
30.68 27.27
3.41 3.41
27 27.27 23.86
1.64 1.43
2.66
23.86 20.45
3.41 3.41
20 20.45 17.05
1.23 1.02
1.84
17.05 13.64
3.41 3.41
13 13.64 10.23
0.82 0.61
1.02
10.23 6.82
3.41 3.41
6.82 3.41
0.41 0.20
0.20
3.41 0.00
3.41 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
37.50
4.30 3.48
