Panduan Budidaya Ikan Maskoki

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QIGB\]IK

T|oc mik qs|e|r eigc tikoi}eik elìmcri} ]|ìk Sikn Giì Lqi( eirlki blrei} ri`gi} mik `cmisi`Ksi qlr}i elroi elriq tlks|q|k }lhi` blrìqch glks|q|k Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk sikn ieik mcn|kieik binc tiri tlks|h|` mik tlhie| |}igi gi|t|k tlhie| |qiì+ Fhl` eirlki c}|( eigc glkn|aiteik }lrcgi eiqc` eltimi tiri tlks|q|k sikn }lhi` glka|rièik tcecrik( ~ie}|( mik }lkiniksi( ql`cknni gi}lrc ckc qcit |k}|e mcn|kieik+ Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk glr|tieik qihi` qi}| bincik sikn tlk}ckn mihig tlkslhlknniriik q|i}| tlks|h|ìk inir tlhieqikiik miti} blroihik mlknik bice mik }|o|ik miti} }lraitic+ Eigc blrìrit gi}lrc ckc ieik glgblrceik efk}rcb|qc sikn tfqc}cj }lrìmit tlkaiticik }|o|ik mirc Tlkslhlknniriik Tlks|h|ìk Elhi|}ik mik Tlrceikik+ Eigc glksimirc qltlk|`ksi bi`~i mihig tlks|q|kik gi}lrc tlks|h|ìk ckc giqc` biksie ele|riknik+ Erc}ce( |q|h( i}i| qirik sikn efkq}r|e}cj qikni} eigc ìriteik qlbinic biìk tlr}cgbiknik |k}|e tlkslgt|rkiikksi mc giqi glkmi}ikn+

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Eltihi T|qi} Tlks|h|ìk Elhi|}ik mik Tlrceikik

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TLKNIK]IR

Mihig |qiì b|mcmisi ceik imi m|i elnci}ik sikn qikni} tlk}ckn sic}| tlgblkcìk ceik mik tlgblqirik ceik+ Tlgblkcìk ceik glglnikn tlrikik tlk}ckn mihig tlknlgbiknik q|i}| |qiì b|mcmisi ceik+ Gi}lrc tlks|h|ìk ckc blro|m|h Tlgblkcìk Ceik @ciq Giqefec (Airriqc|q i|ri}|q# sikn }lrmcrc mirc < r|ikn hckne|t sic}| tlrqcitik tlglhcìriik tlgchcìk aihfk ckm|e tlgblkcìk ceik `ciq giqefec tlkalniìk Tlksiec} mik tlri~i}ik Blkc`+ Mcqioceik mlknik qcq}lgi}cq inir miti} mlknik |mi` mctiìgc fhl` tiri tlgbiai ql`cknni ieik glkcknei}eik efgtl}lkqc miqir tlglhcìriik ceik `ciq olkcq giqefec+ \k}|e glgtlrfhl` efgtl}lkqc mihig glgb|mcmisieik Giqefec tiri tlgb|mcmisi ìr|q glgtlhioirc lgti} elnci}ik blhioir mihig gi}lrc tlks|h|ìk ckc sic}| glkncmlk}cjceiqc Giqefec glksciteik ~imi` mik glmci b|mcmisi glglhcìri Giqefec qlr}i glgiklk Giqefec+ Mlknik glgtlhioirc gi}lrc tlks|h|ìk B|mcmisi Giqefec tiri tlgb|mcmisi mcìriteik miti} glkncgthlglk}iqceikksi glkncgthlglk}iqceikk si hiknq|kn mc hitiknik+

Tlks|q|k

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MIJ]IR CQC

Qigb|}ik +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ c Ei}i Tlknik}ir ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ cc Mij}ir Cqc+++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++ ++ ccc Mij}ir Ckjfrgiqc Zcq|ih +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ z Tlkmi`|h|ik ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9 Gi}lrc Tfefe 9 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0 ]|oik +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++ 0 \ricik Gi}lrc ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0 Rikn|gik ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 94 ]|niq ++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++ 94 ]lq Jfrgi}cj ++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++ 99 E|kac Oi~ibik Jfrgi}cj +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 99 Hlgbir Elroi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 92 Gi}lrc Tfefe 2 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 91 ]|o|ik +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++ ++++++ 91 \ricik Gi}lrc ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 91 Rikne|gik ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++ 9: ]|niq ++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++ 9> ]lq Jfrgi}cj ++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++ 9> E|kac Oi~ibik Jfrgi}cj +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9> Hlgbir Elroi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 90 Gi}lrc Tfefe 1 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 93 ]|o|ik +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++ ++++++ 93 \ricik Gi}lrc ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 93 Rikne|gik ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++ 21 ]|niq ++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++ 21 ]lq Jfrgi}cj ++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++ 21 E|kac Oi~ibik Jfrgi}cj +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2= Hlgbir Elroi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2=

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Gi}lrc Tfefe = +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++ +++ 2: ]|o|ik +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++ ++++++ 2: \ricik Gi}lrc ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2: Rikne|ik +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++ 12 ]|niq ++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++ 12 ]lq Jfrgi}cj ++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++ 12 E|kac Oi~ibik Jfrgi}cj +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 11 Hlgbir Elroi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 11 Gi}lrc Tfefe < +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1< ]|o|ik +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++ ++++++ 1< \ricik Gi}lrc ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1< Rikne|gik ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++ 13 ]|niq ++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++ 13 ]lq Jfrgi}cj ++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++ 13 E|kac Oi~ibik Jfrgi}cj +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =4 Hlgbir Elroi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =9 Lzih|iqc gi}lrc ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =2 Tlk|}|t++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Tlk|}|t++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ => Mij}ir T|q}iei Mij}ir Cq}chi`

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MIJ]IR CKJFRGIQC ZCQ\IH

îmi` b|mcmisi giqefec +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 0 Ckm|e giqefec Rika`| +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++ 91 Giqefec Arf~ktTlirhqaihl mik Mrinfk lslq +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 9= Lalkn Nfkmfe \k}|e ie|irc|g ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++ 93 Olkcq tieik aiackn +++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++ 2> Giq efec rlm }fqqi +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 14

9

B|mcmisi Ceik Giqefec (Airriqc|q i|ri}|q#

C+ TLKMI@\H\IK I+ Mlqerctqc Giqefec glr|tieik qihi` qi}| ceik `ciq sikn tlk}ckn qlbinic ceik `ciq icr }i~ir+ Mihig Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk B|mcmisi giqefec ieik mctlhioirc }lk}ikn cmlk}cjceiqc giqefec binicgiki glksciteik ~imi` mik glmci |k}|e b|mcmisi giqefec binicgiki airi glglhcìri giqefec qltlr}c tlgchcìk aihfk ckm|e tlrcqtik ~imi` tlglhcìriik tlgblrcik tieik qlr}i tlgiklkik+ Timi |g|gksi mihig glgb|mcmisieik giqefec }lreic} mlknik airi b|mcmisi giqefec sikn bice+ Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc tlrh| binc Tlgb|mcmisi sikn ieik glkn|iqic efgtl}lkqc glgb|mcmisieik giqefec+ Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk hickksi sikn }lreic} mlknik Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc ik}iri hick b|mcmisi tieik ihigc ceik `ciq icr }i~ir+ Mlknik glgtlhioirc Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc

Tlgb|mcmisi miti} glhie|eik B|mcmisi

giqefec qlairi }lrlkaiki mik blelhiko|}ik+

B+ Triqsiri} \k}|e glg|mièik ikmi mihig glgiìgc mik glgtlhioirc Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc mcqirikeik qlbiceksi ikmi glknl}i`|c mik&i}i| glgtlhioirc tlknl}i`|ik }lk}ikn bcfhfnc |g|g e`|q|qksi }lk}ikn bcfhfnc tlrceikik+

A+ Tl}|ko|e Tlknn|kiik Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk 9+ Binc Tlgb|mcmisi i+

Tlgb|mcmisi mcìr|qeik glgbiai qlh|r|` cqc Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc mlknik }lhc}c alrgi} mik tlk|` efkqlk}riqc+

b+

Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc }lrmcrc mirc < Elnci}ik Blhioir mik ql}cit Elnci}ik Blhioir glglrh|eik 3'94 eihc tlr}lg|ik D 1 oig tlhioirik+ Mlknik mlgcecik ~ie}| sikn mctlrh|eik |k}|e glgtlhioirc Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc ik}iri 940' 924 oig tlhioirik+

2


a+

Elnci}ik blhioir }lrqlb|} imihi` Tlrqcitik Tlglhcìriik5 Tlgchcìk aihfk ckm|e giqefec5 Tlgcoiìk giqefec5 Tlri~i}ik Blkc` mik Tlkalniìk Tlksiec}+

m+

Mlknik glhlkneitc qlg|i tlrihi}ik sikn mcb|}|èik qlhiko|}ksi tlgb|mcmisi mcìr|qeik glhie|eik qlh|r|` elnci}ik qlairi blr|r|}ik mik }lrlkaiki qlq|ic mlknik Hiknei` Elroi sikn }lr}|hcq mc mihig Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc mlknik iriìk tlgbcgbckn&tlhi}c` hitiknik+

l+

Qlhigi trfqlq tlhi}cìk&tlgbcgbcknik fhl` tlhi}c` i}i| tlks|h|` mcìr|qeik blrtir}cqctiqc ie}cj qlr}i glkiksieik i}i| glkmcqe|qceik ìh'ìh sikn }cmie mcglknlr}c+

j+

Ql}lhi` tlgb|mcmisi qlairi gikmcrc miti} glgb|mcmisieik giqefec qlairi bice mik blkir qlr}i blrelhiko|}ik giei qctlgb|mcmisi ieik glgtlrfhl` qlr}cjcei} glknlkic b|mcmisi giqefec+

2+ Tlrik Tlks|h|` i+

Glgbcgbckn tlgb|mcmisi mihig glrlkaikieik trfqlq blhioir bice sikn blr|ti }lfrc mik trie}le sikn }lrmiti} mc mihig Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc

b+

Glgblrceik

tlkniriìk

glknlkic

efkqlt

trie}le

mik

tlhi}cìk

b|mcmisi giqefec sikn g|mi` mcglknlr}c fhl` qctlgb|mcmisi qlr}i gigt| glkoi~ib tlr}iksiik sikn mcio|eik fhl`

Tlgb|mcmisi mihig efk}leq

Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc + a+

Inir trfqlq tlgblhioirik miti} blroihik ljle}cj mik ljcqclk giei Tlks|h|`

mcìr|qeik

gigt|

glkneffrmckiqceik

elhfgtfe

elroi

Tlgb|mcmisi sikn }lrblk}|e m+

Qlhiko|}ksi Tlks|h|` mcìriteik glknce|}qlr}ieik frikn sikn efgtl}lk mihig bcmikn Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc |k}|e glgbik}|ksi ocei mctlrh|eik inir trfqlq blhioir glknioir miti} blroihik mlknik bice+

1


l+

Tlks|h|` mcìriteik gigt| glrlkaikieik glgb|i} q}ikmircqiqc mik glksciteik tlriknei} qlr}i glhieqikieik tlkchicik }lrìmit Tlgb|mcmisi bice |k}|e |ocik }lfrc gi|t|k trie}le

j+

Tlks|h|` mcìriteik glgchcec tlknl}i`|ik mik el}lrigtchik b|mcmisi giqefec ql`cknni miti} glhie|eik tlrbiceik qlr}i glkmcqe|qceikksi eltimi Tlgb|mcmisi }lk}ikn b|mcmisi giqefec+

M+ ]|o|ik Ie`cr ]|o|ik ie`cr mirc tlgblhioirik ckc

Tlgb|mcmisi gigt| glhie|eik

Tlrqcitik Tlglhcìriik5 Tlgchcìk aihfk ckm|e

giqefec5 Tlgcoiìk

giqefec5

Tlri~i}ik Blkc` mik Tlkalniìk Tlksiec}  bchi mcqlmcieik ~imi` b|mcmisi giqefec ilri}fr gcerfqeft lgblr qlhikn qlrfe aihfk ckm|e giqefec icr mik ihi} tlk|koikn hickksi qlq|ic mlknik q}ikmir sikn mcìriteik+

L+ Efgtl}lkqc Efgtl}lkqc

? Glgb|mcmisieik ceik `ciq

Q|befgtl}lkqc

? Glgb|mcmisieik giqefec (Airriqc|qi|ri}|q#

Erc}lrci |ko|e elroi •

îmi` mik glmci b|mcmisi mcqciteik qlq|ic mlknik triqsiri} trfm|eqc giqefec

•

Aihfk ckm|e ceik giqefec mctchc` qlq|ic mlknik q}ikmir

•

Tlgcoiìk ckm|e ceik `ciq giqefec mc}lk}|eik mlknik blkir

•

Tlri~i}ik blkc` mchie|eik qlq|ic mlknik trfqlm|r

•

Tlkalniìk tlksiec} mchieqikieik qlq|ic trfqlm|r

•

O|ghi` mik ~ie}| tlgblrcik tieik mc}lk}|eik mlknik }lti}

=


Tlknl}i`|ik ? •

Glkolhiqeik giaig ~imi` b|mcmisi giqefec

•

Glk|ko|eeik }lekce qikc}iqc ~imi` b|mcmisi giqefec

•

Glkolhiqeik j|knqc tlgchcìk ckm|e sikn bice

•

Glk|ko|eeik airi tlgchcìk ckm|e sikn bice

•

Glkn`c}|kn elb|}|ìk ckm|e |k}|e tlgcoiìk

•

Glkolhiqeik airi glkcknei}eik e|ihc}iq icr |k}|e glmci b|mcmisi

•

Glk|ko|eeik airi glknicrc ~imi` b|mcmisi

•

Glk|ko|eeik olkcq giqefec

•

Glgbikmckneik riqcf o|ghi` ckm|e mlknik zfh|gl glmci

•

Glkolhiqeik airi mik ~ie}| tlgcoiìk

•

Glkolhiqeik elbciqiik gieik giqefec

•

Glk|ko|eeik airi mik ~ie}| tiklk

•

Glkolhiqeik }lekce tlgiklkik

El}lrigtchik ? •

Glgchc` giaig ~imi` b|mcmisi giqefec

•

Glhie|eik }lekce qikc}iqc ~imi` b|mcmisi giqefec

•

Glkolhiqeik j|knqc tlgchcìk ckm|e sikn bice

•

Glhie|eik airi tlgchcìk ckm|e sikn bice

•

Glklk}|eik elb|}|ìk ckm|e |k}|e tlgcoiìk

•

Glhie|eik tlkcknei}eik e|ihc}iq icr |k}|e glmci b|mcmisi

•

Glgchc` airi glknicrc ~imi` b|mcmisi

•

Glgchc` olkcq giqefec

•

Glklk}|eik riqcf o|ghi` ckm|e mlknik zfh|gl glmci

•

Glklk}|eik airi mik ~ie}| tlgcoiìk

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B|mcmisi Ceik Giqefec (Airriqc|q i|ri}|q# •

Glkni}|r tlgblrcik gieik giqefec

•

Glgchc` airi mik ~ie}| tiklk

•

Glhie|eik }lekce tlgiklkik

Qceit ? \k}|e glkaitic efgtl}lkqc ckc mctlrh|eik qceit sikn alrgi} }lhc}c ì}c'ì}c mcqcthck sikn }cknnc }lr|}igi glksikne|} elqlhigi}ik elroi+

J+ Ale elgigt|ik 9+

Qlb|}eik airi glksciteik ~imi` mlknik blkir 6

2+

Olhiqeik airi glksciteik glmci b|mcmisi giqefec 6

1+

Olhiqeik j|knqc tlgchcìk ckm|e ceik `ciq giqefec 6

=+

Binicgiki glklk}|eik elb|}|ìk ckm|e giqefec |k}|e b|mcmisi6

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Binicgiki glklk}|eik ~ie}| tlgcoiìk giqefec6

:+

Binicgiki glgblrc gieik giqefec6

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CC+ TLGBLHIOIRIK I+ Rlkaiki Blhioir Tlgb|mcmisi Efgtl}lkqc

? Glgb|mcmisieik tieik ihigc

Q|b efgtl}lkqc

? Glgb|mcmisieik Mit`kci

Olkcq Elnci}ik

Tlrqctik ~imi` Tlglhcìriik Tlgchcìk ~imi` Tlkslmciik icr glmci tlglhcìriik • •

Tlgchcìk Ckm|e Tlgchcìk olkcq ceik giqefec Tlgchcìk aihfk ckm|e Tlri~i}ik aihfk ckm|e •

•

•

Tlgcoiìk Ckm|e Glklk}|eik o|ghi` ckm|e sikn ieik mctcoièik Tlgcoiìk Tlri~i}ik }lh|r •

• •

Tlri~i}ik Blkc` Tlgblqirik blkc` blre|ihc}iq Tlgblrcik tieik Tlgchcìk blkc` •

•

•

Tlkalniìk Tlksiec}

]iknnih

îe}|

]lgti} Blhioir

Ihiqik Tlr|biìk

]ikmi }iknik mfqlk

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•

•

Glknlkihc olkcq tlksiec} ]lekce tlknfbi}ik tlksiec} Tlkalniìk tlksiec}

0


B+ Elnci}ik Blhioir Gi}lrc Tfefe 9 ? Tlkscitik îmi` mik Glmci

i+ ]|o|ik? Tlgb|mcmisi miti} glksciteik ~imi` mik glmci b|mcmisi giqefec+

b+ \ricik gi}lrc îmi` mik zfh|gl sikn miti} mcn|kieik |k}|e glgb|mcmisieik giqefec imi blblriti giaig ik}iri hick imihi`? bie qlglk bie jcblr efhig i}i| ie|irc|g+ Tlgchcìk ~imi` b|mcmisi ckc qikni} blrnik}|kn eltimi qeihi trfm|eqc b|mcmisi giqefec+ îmi` b|mcmisi giqefec ckc qlbiceksi mc}lgti}eik mc r|ikn }lm|`+

îmi` b|mcmisi giqefec Ie|irc|g sikn blrblk}|e b|hi} qikni} afafe |k}|e glglhcìri giqefec sikn }|b|`ksi b|hi} nlgtih+ Ie|irc|g b|hi} sikn blrmcigl}lr 9< ag afafe |k}|e glglhcìri giqefec sikn }|b|`ksi blr|e|rik elach qlec}ir 1'= ag qlbiksie }cni lefr+ Ocei blr|e|rik qlmikn (<': ag# ie|irc|g ìksi mccqc m|i lefr+ Ie|irc|g ckc }cmie afafe glglhcìri giqefec sikn blr|e|rik }|b|` blqir (:<”0 ag# el i}iq+

3


Ocei gi| glglhcìri giqefec sikn blr|e|rik blqir qigtic o|gbf ie|irc|g tlrqlnc lgti} miti} mctchc` eirlki |e|rik ie|irc|gksi blrzirciqc+ Ie|irc|g sikn blr|e|rik :4 ag p 14 ag p 1< ag miti} mccqc giqefec |e|rik elach qlbiksie 0 lefr i}i| : lefr giqefec blr|e|rik qlmikn+ Bchi ieik glglhcìri giqefec blr|e|rik blqir miti} mcgiq|eeik 1 lefr qlmikneik giqefec blr|e|rik lp}ri hirnl (94”92 ag# a|e|t qi}| lefr qioi+ Ocei gi| glglcìri qllefr giqefec sikn blr|e|rik o|gbf (9=”9< ag# ìr|q glknn|kieik ie|irc|g blr|e|rik 04 ag p =4 ag p 1> ag+ Qlhick c}| ie|irc|g tlrqlnc lgti} qikni} qlq|ic |k}|e glglhcìri giqefec sikn }|b|`ksi blrblk}|e b|hi} tikoikn+ Q}rick giqefec sikn afafe mctlhcìri mc mihig ie|irc|g imihi` giqefec sikn elckmiìk ~irki mik el|kceik }|b|`ksi alkmlr|kn mckcegi}c mik qcqc qigtckn (qcml

zcl~# qltlr}c rlm'~`c}l }fqqi tikmi mrinfk lslq a`fafhi}l frikmi rlm tfgtfg rlm ait frikmi rlm'~`c}l rika`|  mik bcn `lim tlirhqaihl afgbcki}cfk afhf|r + îmi` sikn afafe |k}|e tlglhcìriik giqefec qlhick ie|irc|g sic}| efhig bie qlglk bie jcblrnhiqq mik efk}icklr elach sikn }lrb|i} mik thiq}ce+ Imit|k |e|rik mik blk}|e efhig bie qlglk mcqlq|iceik mlknik h|iq }iki` sikn ieik mcn|kieik+ \k}|e tlglhcìriik giqefec blr|e|rik lp}ri hirnl qigtic o|gbf mlknik o|ghi` 94' 9< lefr mcb|}|èik efhig blr|e|rik 244 ag p 144 ag mlknik elmihigik icr 9< ag+ Bchi glknn|kieik bice jcblrnhiqq blr|e|rik 944 ag p 9<4 ag p =4 ag miti} |k}|e glglhcìri giqefec |e|rik hirnl qlbiksie 94”92 lefr+ Bchi glgchc` efk}icklr eitiqc}iq >4 hc}lr a|e|t

mccqc }cni lefr giqefec blr|e|rik hirnl i}i| qi}| lefr

giqefec blr|e|rik lp}ri hirnl mik o|gbf+ ]cmie imi q}rick giqefec sikn e`|q|q mctlhcìri mc mihig bie&efhig+ Ieik }l}itc bchi elckmiìk ~irki mik el|kceik blk}|e jcqceksi }lrhl}ie timi bincik i}iq giei bie i}i| efhig miti} mctchc` |k}|e

94


~imi`ksi+ Q}rick giqefec sikn elckmiìcgsi alkmlr|kn mckcegi}c mik tfqcqc i}iq

(}ft zcl~# ik}iri hick q}rick rika`| (qltlr}c rlm'~`c}l rika`|# q}rick b|bbhl lslq mik q}rick b|}}lrjhs+ Qiriki tlkm|e|kn |}igi sikn ìr|q mcqlmcieik mc mihig ie|irc|g mc ik}iriksi

ilri}fr i}i| bhf~lr sikn blrj|knqc qlbinic tlgiqfe feqcnlk el mihig icr+ Qlhick c}| o|ni mcqlmcieik qche|hi}fr (iy|irc|g hcy|cm jch}lr# sikn blrj|knqc nikmi qlbinic tlksirckn ef}frik mik tlgiqfe feqcnlk+ Qiriki tlkm|e|kn hick sikn o|ni blrj|knqc qlbinic ihi} tlgblrqc` ef}frik sic}| qlhikn tlkzcjfk mik qlrfeik+ Qlglk}iri qiriki tlkm|e|kn hick sikn }cmie eihi` tlk}cknksi imihi` higt| \Z

(|h}ri zcfhl} bcfhc}l# sikn blrj|knqc qlbinic tlklrikn }lr|}igi timi gihig ìrc+ N|kieik higt| \Z 94 ~i}} |k}|e ie|irc|g blr|e|rik :4 ag p 14ag p 1< Ag mik blr|e|rik 04 ag p =4 ag p 1> ag qlr}i efk}icklr gckc blreitiqc}iq >4 hc}lr+ \k}|e bie jcblryhiqq 944 ag p 9<4 ag qlbiceksi mctiqikn higt| 2< ~i}}+ Qlglk}iri |k}|e efhig blr|e|rik 244 ag p 1<4 ag p <4 ag higt| sikn mcn|kieik \Z =4 ~i}}+ Ti}|} mcel}i`|c higt| klfk glgikaireik aiìsi sikn }cmie glkcgb|heik tikiq ql`cknni }cmie glkcknei}eik q|`| icr+

a+ Rikne|gik Giqefec miti} mcb|mcmisi timi blrbinic blk}|e ~imi` bice ie|irc|g bie qlglk mik bie jcblr nhiqq+ Qiriki tlkm|e|kn |}igi sikn ìr|q mcqlmcieik mc mihig ie|irc|g mc ik}iriksi ilri}fr i}i| bhf~lr sikn blrj|knqc qlbinic tlgiqfe feqcnlk el mihig icr+ îmi` qlbiceksi mchl}ieeik mc}lgti} }lm|` inir }cmie }lrelki qckir gi}iìrc hiknq|kn+

m+ ]|niq 9+

Qciteik tlrihi}ik

2+

Cqchi` ~imi` b|mcmisi mlknik icr qlq|ic mlknik tl}|ko|e elroi

99


1+

Tlrceqi e|ihc}iq icr

=+

]igbièik qiriki tlkm|e|kn blr|ti ilri}fr bhf~lr mik qcre|hi}fr+

l+ ]lq Jfrgi}cj 9+

Qlb|}eik olkcq'olkcq ~imi` sikn miti} mcn|kieik |k}|e b|mcmisi giqefec6

2+

Qlb|}eik ~imi` sikn tihckn qlq|ic ocei gi| glglhcìri giqefec sikn blr|e|rik blqir qigtic o|gbf6

1+

Qlb|}eik olkcq qiriki tlkm|e|kn |k}|e ~imi` b|mcmisi giqefec6

=+

Itiei` sikn glkoimc miqir tlr}cgbiknik tlgchcìk ~imi` tlglhcìriik giqefec6

J+ E|kac Oi~ibik Jfrgi}cj 9+

Olkcq'olkcq ~imi` sikn miti} mcn|kieik |k}|e b|mcmisi giqefec imihi` ie|irc|g efhig bie qlglk bie jcblrnhiqq mik efk}icklr elach sikn }lrb|i} mik thiq}ce+

2+

îmi` sikn tihckn qlq|ic ocei gi| glglhcìri giqefec sikn blr|e|rik blqir qigtic o|gbf imihi` ie|irc|g tlrqlnc lgti} miti} mctchc` eirlki |e|rik ie|irc|gksi blrzirciqc

1+

Qiriki tlkm|e|kn |}igi sikn ìr|q mcqlmcieik mc mihig ie|irc|g mc ik}iriksi ilri}fr i}i| bhf~lr sikn blrj|knqc qlbinic tlgiqfe feqcnlk el mihig icr+ Qlhick c}| o|ni mcqlmcieik qche|hi}fr (iy|irc|g hcy|cm jch}lr# sikn blrj|knqc nikmi qlbinic tlksirckn ef}frik mik tlgiqfe feqcnlk

=+

Sikn glkoimc miqir tlr}cgbiknik tlgchcìk ~imi` tlglhcìriik giqefec sic}| h|iq hiìk olkcq ceik giqefec mik tlr|k}|eeik ~imi` (tlglhcìriik tlgcoiìk tlglhcìriik blkc`#+

92


n+ Hlgbir Elroi Ihi}

?

•

îmi` b|mcmisi ( ie|irc|g bie jcblr&bie bl}fk#

•

B|qi

•

Lgblr

•

Ilri}fr mik bhf~lr

•

Qlrikn ilriqc mik tlgblri}

•

Gl}lrik

•

Higt| klfk&higt| \Z

Biìk •

?

Icr blrqc`& icr efhig

Elqlhigi}ik elroi ? @i}c'ì}c mik }lhc}c mihig blelroi }lr|}igi mihig glknn|kieik higt| \Z+

Hiknei` Elroi ? 9+ Qciteik ihi} mik biìk 2+ Blrqcèik ~imi` sikn ieik mcn|kieik mlknik airi glkscei} ~imi` }lrqlb|} qigtic blrqc` elg|mcik bchiq mlknik icr blrqc` mik elrckneik+ 1+ Giq|eeik icr blrqc` i}i| icr efhig i}i| q|gblr icr hickksi el mihig ~imi` b|mcmisi qigtic elmihigik icr hlbc` mirc 14 ag+ =+ Tiqiknhi` ilri}fr el mihig ~imi` b|mcmisi }lrqlb|} mlknik glgblrceik tlgblri} timi qlhikn ilriqc+ <+ Tiqikn higt| \Z i}i| higt| klfk qlbinic tlklriknik timi bincik i}iq ie|irc|g :+ Bcireik glmci c}| qlhigi 2'1 ìrc bir| qcit mcn|kieik+

91


Gi}lrc Tfefe 2 ? Tlgchcìk Aihfk Ckm|e Giqefec i+

]|o|ik

]|o|ik mirc elnci}ik tlgblhioirik ckc imihi` inir Tlgb|mcmisi gigt| glgchc` aihfk ckm|e giqefec sikn bice |k}|e mctcoièik

b+

\ricik Gi}lrc

\k}|e glgblmieik ik}iri giqefec oik}ik mik bl}cki }cmiehi` q|hc}+ Timi miqirksi imi m|i airi sikn miti} mctchc`+ Tlr}igi mlknik glhcì} blk}|e frnik rltrfm|eqcksi mik elm|i glhih|c }ikmi sikn imi timi qcrctksi+ \k}|e glknlkihc tlrblmiik frnik rltrfm|eqcksi giqefec ìr|q mc}ikneit mik mcb|i} }lrhlk}ikn+ Bchi frnik rltrfm|eqcksi blrblk}|e fzih mik elach giqefec }lrqlb|} blrelhigck oik}ik+ Kig|k bchi frnik rltrfm|eqcksi blrblk}|e b|hi} mik qlmcec} glkfkofh miti} mctiq}ceik giqefec blrolkcq elhigck bl}cki+ Imit|k glknlkihc olkcq elhigck glhih|c qcrctksi mlknik glgtlrì}ceik qcrct elqlcgbiknik mc bincik mltik sikn o|ni blrj|knqc qlbinic qcrct ckqikn+ Bchi }|hikn qcrctksi blqir mik timi bincik tikneihksi imi blblriti blkofhik elach blr~irki t|}c` giei mctiq}ceik giqefec ckc blrolkcq elhigck oik}ik eirlki bl}cki }cmie imi }ikmi }lrqlb|}+ ]|hikn qcrct ckqikn oik}ik hlbc` }lbih mcbikmckneik mlknik }|hikn qcrct ckqikn bl}cki+

9=


Ckm|e Giqefec Rika`| \k}|e glkmiti}eik aihfk ckm|e sikn blre|ihc}iq miti} mlknik glgblhc mirc tl}lrkie blqir sikn trfm|eqcksi blre|ihc}iq bice+ Qleihct|k ìrniksi giìh }l}itc e|ihc}iq ikie sikn mcìqcheik glg|iqeik+ Bchi glkn`lkmiec sikn blrìrni qlmcec} hlbc` g|ri` giei tchc`hi` aihfk ckm|e sikn |g|rksi g|mi+ Kig|k }cmie mciko|reik glgchc` ckm|e sikn mctlro|ihblhceik mc tlminikn ceik `ciq eirlki bciqiksi ckm|e }lrqlb|} q|mi` }cmie trfm|ecj hinc e|rikn q|b|r i}i| }lh|rksi q|hc} glkl}iq+ Tlkslbibksi imihi` |g|r ckm|e q|mi` glhigti|c bi}iq trfm|e}czc}iq i}i| ckm|e tlrki` }lrqlrikn tlksiec} timi frnik rltrfm|eqcksi+ Glkschikneik m|i q}rick sikn blrblmi }cmie mciko|reik eirlki ikie sikn mhcìqcheik }cmie blre|ihc}iq mik q|hc} |k}|e mctiqireik+ Kig|k tlrei~ckik qchikn miti} qioi mchie|eik mihig e|r|k ~ie}| sikn higi |k}|e glknìqcheik blk}|e }|b|` sikn hlbc` glkirce i}i| zirciqc ~irki sikn jik}iq}ce+ Afk}f` tlrei~ckik qchikn sikn glknìqcheik blk}|e }|b|` hlbc` glkirce sic}| arf~k tlirhqaihl i}i| giqefec g|}ciri oigb|h+ Qlglk}iri afk}f` tlrei~ckik qchikn sikn glknìqcheik zirciqc ~irki glki~ik sic}| tikmi mrinfk lslq i}i| giqefec f~f `c}ig t|}c`+

9<


Giqefec Arf~ktTlirhqaihl (ecrc# mik Mrinfk lslq (eikik# Giqefec q|mi` gi}ikn elhigck timi |g|r <': b|hik }l}itc }lh|r sikn mcìqcheik blro|ghi` qlmcec} blr|e|rik elach mik b|risieksi blre|ihc}iq rlkmi`+ Qlhick c}| b|risie glkoimc rlk}ik }lrìmit qlriknik tlksiec} mik tlrelgbiknik }|b|`ksi higbi}+ Mlknik mlgcecik |g|r giqefec sikn cmlih |k}|e mcoimceik ckm|e imihi` 9<'1< }i`|k inir b|risie sikn mcìqcheik alti} blqir mik }iìk }lrìmit qlriknik tlksiec}+ \k}|e glknl}i`|c giqefec bl}cki q|mi` gi}ikn elhigck tlrì}ceik blk}|e tlr|} mik frnik rltrfm|eqcksi+ Bchi ehfieiksi }igtie glhlbir tlr|} glgblqir mik tlr|} }lriqi hlgble bchi mctlnikn giei miti} mctiq}ceik giqefec bl}cki }lrqlb|} q|mi` gi}ikn elhigck mik qcit blr}lh|r+ Qlglk}iri }ikmi giqefec oik}ik gi}ikn elhigck bchi blkofhik elach blr~irki t|}c` timi qcrct ckqikn }lrhcì} olhiq+ Blk}|e jcqce aihfk ckm|e sikn bice ìr|q qlgt|gi+ ]|b|` ckm|e cmlih mc ik}iriksi b|hi} tlkmle qcrct t|knn|kn hlbir mik blrmcrc }lnie qlr}i lefr }lrblhi` m|i qcgl}rcq qigi hlbir+ \k}|e q}rick sikn blroigb|h blk}|e oigb|h ìr|q blqir }cknnc mik blr~irki alglrhikn+ Qlglk}iri |k}|e q}rick b|j}lrjhs elm|i gi}i ìgq qlcgbikn qigi blqir blk}iknik lefr ìr|q hlbir mik blhiìk mc lefr ìr|q qcgl}rcq qigi blqir+ Hick ìhksi |k}|e q}rick rs|eck eltihi ìr|q elach mik glgblk}|e qlnc}cni+ Qlhick c}| qcrct t|knn|kn ìr|q }lnie mik hlbir lefr ìgq tikoikn mlknik blhibik lefr qcgl}rcq qigi blqir+ Imit|k |k}|e q}rick rika`| oigb|h sikn glkslr|tic brfefhc ìr|q glk|}|tc qlh|r|` g|ei+ Qlhick c}| }|b|` q}rick rika`| ìr|q b|hi} nlgtih t|knn|kn b|kne|e mik tikneih lefr }lnie+ Mlknik glknl}i`|c qsiri}'qsiri} }lrqlb|} inieksi giqefec sikn blr}|b|` aiai} }cmie bice |k}|e mcoimceik ckm|e+

9:


Tlglhcìriik sikn }lrtcqi` o|ni glg|mièik tlri~i}ik eirlki tieik sikn mcblrceik |k}|e aihfk ckm|e bl}cki blrhickik mlknik aihfk ckm|e oik}ik+ Mihig tlglhcìriik qlt|h|` lefr aihfk ckm|e sikn }lrmcrc mik hcgi lefr aihfk ckm|e bl}cki mik hcgi lefr aihfk ckm|e oik}ik mcb|}|èik m|i b|i` ie|irc|g blr|e|rik 944 ag p >4 ag p <4 ag+ Qlglk}iri higiksi tlri~i}ik }lrnik}|kn mik |g|r aihfk ckm|e c}| qlkmcrc eirlki aihfk ckm|e sikn bice blr|g|r gckcgih 9< }i`|k+ Kig|k bchi ìksi glk|knn| qigtic gi}ikn elhigck tlri~i}ik mchie|eik qlhigi 2'1 b|hik+ Tieik sikn bice |k}|e aihfk ckm|e bl}cki blr|ti olk}ce ksig|e (Gfqy|c}f hirziacml# sikn q|mi` mcq|acìgieik+ Qlbinic tieik }igbiìk blrceik tlhl} sikn glknikm|kn gcklrih eihqc|g trf}lck gckcgih 14, jcblr 2, mik zc}igck (I M1 B9 qlc}i L#+ \k}|e aihfk ckm|e oik}ik miti} mcblrc aiackn q|tlr (bhffm ~frg # qlnir mik tlhl} sikn eikm|knikksi qigi |k}|e bl}cki+ Tlgblrcik tieik qlbiceksi mci}|r <': eihc qlìrc+ Tinc ìrc t|e|h 4:+14 mcblrceik tieik qlnir mlknik o|ghi` qleihc gieik ìbcq inir }cmie }lrqcqi+ Qlhiko|}ksi t|e|h 94+44 mik t|e|h 91+444 mcblrceik tlhl} mlknik }ieirik qleihc gieik ìbcq+ Tlgblrcik tlhl} mc|hiknc hinc timi t|e|h 9>+44 mlknik }ieirik sikn qigi+ Inir elblrqcìk icr }lroini ql}cit eihc tlgblrcik tieik }lrqlb|} qlbiceksi ef}frik mcblrqcèik }lrhlbc` mi`|h|+ Ql}lhi` c}| tieik mcblrceik hinc timi t|e|h 24+44 blr|ti tieik qlnir mihig o|ghi` sikn hlbc` biksie qlbinic tlrqlmciik ocei giqefec hitir mc gihig ìrc+

a+

Rikne|gik

\k}|e glgblmieik ik}iri giqefec oik}ik mik bl}cki }cmiehi` q|hc}+ Timi miqirksi imi m|i airi sikn miti} mctchc`+ Tlr}igi mlknik glhcì} blk}|e frnik rltrfm|eqcksi mik elm|i glhih|c }ikmi sikn imi timi qcrctksi+ Giqefec q|mi` gi}ikn elhigck timi |g|r <': b|hik }l}itc |g|r giqefec sikn cmlih |k}|e mcoimceik ckm|e imihi` 9<'1< }i`|k inir b|risie sikn mcìqcheik alti} blqir mik

9>


}iìk }lrìmit qlriknik tlksiec}+ Tieik sikn bice |k}|e aihfk ckm|e bl}cki blr|ti olk}ce ksig|e (Gfqy|c}f hirziacml# sikn q|mi` mcq|acìgieik+ Qlbinic tieik }igbiìk blrceik tlhl} sikn glknikm|kn gcklrih eihqc|g trf}lck gckcgih 14, jcblr 2, mik zc}igck (I M1 B9 qlc}i L#+ Tlgblrcik tieik qlbiceksi mci}|r <': eihc qlìrc+

m+

]|niq 9+ Qciteik aihfk ckm|e 2+ Blmieik ckm|e oik}ik mik bl}cki hl}ieeik mihig ~imi` sikn blrblmi 1+ Blrc tieik qlq|ic trfqlm|r+

l+

]lq Jfrgi}cj 9+ Binicgiki airi glgblmieik ckm|e oik}ik mik bl}cki6 2+ Qlb|}eik afk}f` tlrqchiknik sikn glknìqcheik ceik giqefec sikn bice6 1+ Blritiei` |g|r ckm|eik ceik giqefec sikn afafe |k}|e mctcoièik6 =+ Qlb|}eik blk}|e }|b|` ckm|e sikn cmlih6 <+ Qlb|}eik olkcq tieik sikn cmlih |k}|e ckm|e ceik giqefec6

j+

E|kac Oi~ibik Jfrgi}cj 9+ Airi glgblmieik ckm|e oik}ik mik bl}cki imihi` mlknik glhcì} acrc'acrc bchi frnik rltrfm|eqcksi blrblk}|e fzih mik elach giqefec }lrqlb|} blrelhigck oik}ik+ Kig|k bchi frnik rltrfm|eqcksi blrblk}|e b|hi} mik qlmcec} glkfkofh miti} mctiq}ceik giqefec blrolkcq elhigck bl}cki+ 2+ Afk}f` tlrqchiknik sikn glknìqcheik ceik giqefec sikn bice sic}| arf~k

tlirhqaihl i}i| giqefec g|}ciri oigb|h+ Qlglk}iri afk}f` tlrei~ckik qchikn sikn glknìqcheik zirciqc ~irki glki~ik sic}| tikmi mrinfk

lslq i}i| giqefec f~f `c}ig t|}c`+ 1+ \g|r ckm|eik ceik giqefec sikn afafe |k}|e mctcoièik sic}| 9+< ‑ 2+< }i`|k+

90


=+ ]|b|` ckm|e cmlih mc ik}iriksi b|hi} tlkmle qcrct t|knn|kn hlbir mik blrmcrc }lnie qlr}i lefr }lrblhi` m|i qcgl}rcq qigi hlbir+ <+ Tieik sikn bice |k}|e aihfk ckm|e bl}cki blr|ti olk}ce ksig|e (Gfqy|c}f

hirziacml# sikn q|mi` mcq|acìgieik+ Qlbinic tieik }igbiìk blrceik tlhl} sikn glknikm|kn gcklrih eihqc|g trf}lck gckcgih 14, jcblr 2, mik zc}igck+

n+

Hlgbir elroi Ihi}

?

•

Ie|irc|g

•

Lgblr

•

Qlrfeik

Biìk

?

•

Aihfk ckm|e ceik giqefec

•

Olk}ce ksig|e

•

Tlhhl} efglrqch

Elqlhigi}ik Elroi ? @i}c'ì}c mik }lhc}c mihig blelroi

Hiknei` elroi 9+

Qciteik ihi} mik biìk

2+

Blrqcèik ~imi` sikn ieik mcn|kieik elg|mcik cqc mlknik icr blrqc`

1+

Giq|eeik ceik giqefec

=+

Tchc`hi` ckm|e giqefec qlq|ic mlknik acrrc'acrc sikn }lhi` mc}lk}|eik

<+

Elhfgtfeeik ceik qlq|ic mlknik olkcq elhigck giqckn'giqckn

:+

Hie|eik tlglhcìrik mik tlgblrcik tieik qlq|ic mlknik trfqlm|r+

93


Gi}lrc Tfefe 1 ? Tlgcoiìk Ckm|e

i+

]|o|ik

]|o|ik mirc tlgblhioirik ckc imihi` inir Tlgb|mcmisi miti} glhie|eik tlgcoiìk ckm|e ceik giqefec

b+

\ricik Gi}lrc

\k}|e tlgcoiìk giqefec qiriki |}igi sikn ìr|q mcqciteik sic}| efhig tlgcoiìk mik q|bq}ri} tlrlei} }lh|r+ Q|bq}ri} miti} blr|ti }ikigik icr sikn glknit|kn qltlr}c it|'it| i}i| lalkn nfkmfe (Lca`frkci qt+#+ Blrmiqireik tlknihigikelm|i olkcq }ikigik icr ckc qikni} mcq|eic ckm|e giqefec |k}|e glhlei}eik }lh|r eirlki tlrieirikksi hlbi} rcgb|k mik tikoikn glko|k}ic+

Lalkn Nfkmfe \k}|e ie|irc|g

Lalkn nfkmfe i}i| it|'it| }lrtchc` ìr|q mihig efkmcqc qlì}+ \k}|e lalkn nfkmfe mi|kksi ìr|q eie| elach mik blr~irki `coi| }|i+ Nfkmfe mctikneih

24


bi}ikn oiknik imi sikn tlai` mik bi}ikn }cmie }cknnc+ Qlglk}iri |k}|e it|'it| mi|kksi ìr|q blr}|gt|e hlbi} }cmie qfble mik blr~igi `coi| g|mi+ Qlblh|g mcn|kieik elm|i }ikigik icr }lrqlb|} ìr|q mcq|acìgieik }lrhlbc` mi`|h| inir }cmie glgbi~i bcbc} tlksiec}+ Airiksi cihi` mi|k sikn r|qie mcb|ikn mik ieir mca|ac mlknik icr glknihcr+ Ql}lhi` blrqc` }ikigik icr ckc mcgiq|eeik el mihig ~imi` blr|e|rik 14 ag sikn q|mi` mccqc icr qlbiksie 1&= bincik mik q|mi` mchir|}eik b|}crik ercq}ih TE (tlrgikniki} eihc|g# 4< nrig+ ]ikigik icr }lrqlb|} mcrlkmig qlhigi 2 oig+ Ql}lhi` mcrlkmig+ }ikigik q|mi` qcit mcn|kieik+

Qlhick elm|i olkcq }ikigik icr }lrqlb|} q|bq}ri} tlrlei} }lh|r t|k miti} mcb|i} mirc biìk co|e+ Q|bq}ri} ckc mcb|i} mlknik airi co|e qlbiksie qi}| nlknnig mccei} hih| mcqcqcr inir bi}ikn eiqirksi }lrhltiq+ Ql}lhi` glgblk}|e qltlr}c ieir co|e }lrqlb|} mccei} timi qltf}fkn q}srfjfig hih| mcgiq|eeik el mihig ~imi` sikn q|mi` mccqc icr+ Qlblh|gksi el mihig icr }lrqlb|} q|mi` mchir|}eik b|}crik ercq}ih TE qlbiksie 4< nrig+ Qlhiko|}ksi co|e mcrlkmig qlhigi 1'= oig+ Ql}lhi` c}| co|e q|mi` qcit mcn|kieik+ Efkmcqc icr sikn mcel`lkmiec giqefec |k}|e blrtcoi` ìr|q glglk|`c tlrqsiri}ik q|`| t@ m@ mik eikm|knik feqcnlk }lrhir|}+ \k}|e miti} blrtcoi` q|`| icr ìgq blrecqir 24'2'>< elqimiìk (m@# qlec}ir = mik eimir eikm|knik feqcnlk }lrhir|} mc i}iq< gn&h+ Igbikn bi}iq }fhlrikqc q|`| icr qlec}ir 9>FA mik 2>FA+ Bchi q|`| icr }lrhih| rlkmi` giei giqefec ieik glkoimc gihiq blrnlrie mik el`chiknik kijq| gieik+ Qlbihceksi bchi q|`| icr glhlbc`c igbikn bi}iq }fhlrikqc giqefec ieik hlbc` biksie blrnlrie mc tlrg|eiik icr ql`cknni trfqlq tlrei~ckikksi t|k q|hc} }lroimc+ Igbikn bi}iq }fhlriqc elgiqigik icr (iacmc}s# :0 mik iheihcmc}s 01+ Bchi t@ icr efhig mc

29


bi~i` igbikn bi}iq }fhlrikqc }lrqlb|} giei giqefec ieik glknihigc iacmfqcq sikn mc}ikmic mlknik `chiknksi kijq| gieik iecbi} tlkcgb|kik cfk `cmrfnlk mc mihig }|b|`+ Bchi t@ icr }cknnc i}i| glhlbc`c igbikn bi}iq iheihcmc}s giei giqefec ieik glknihigc iheihcmfqcq sic}| trfm|eqc hlkmcr mc }|b|` glkcknei} mik giqefec }cmie gi| glgcoi`+ Qlglk}iri igbikn bi}iq }fhlrikqc elqimiìk icr (m@# imihi` :+ Bchi m@ icr glhlbc`c igbikn bi}iq }lrqlb|} giei giqefec ieik glkoimc q}rlq mik miti} glklg|c elgi}cik+ Glkcknei}eik q|`| icr sikn rlkmi` miti} glknn|kieik `li}lr (tlgikiq icr#+ Qlglk}iri bchi q|`| icr }cknnc }ikigik icr qltlr}c lalkn nfkmfe ìr|q mctlrbiksie+ Mi|k lalkn nfkmfe miti} glrlmig tikiq qckir gi}iìrc+ Qlhick mlknik lalkn nfkmfe tlknn|kiik tlk|}|t mik oirckn kl} sikn mctiqikn mc i}iq efhig miti} mchie|eik inir qckir gi}iìrc }cmie hiknq|kn glksckirc icr+ \k}|e glkl}rihcqcr t@ mik m@ miti} mcn|kieik ]l}ri Bhiae î}lr ]l}ri Iy|iQijl i}i| Clec Q|tlr Ahlik mlknik mfqcq 9 }l}lq&< hc}lr icr+ Qlglk}iri |k}|e glkcknei}eik eikm|knik feqcnlk }lrhir|} mihig icr miti} mchie|eik mlknik glknie}cjeik ilri}fr mik glhir|}eik Fpsmik mlknik }äeirik 9 nrig&24 hc}lr icr+ îe}| sikn }lti} |k}|e glgiqikneik aihfk ckm|e imihi` timi qfrl ìrc qlec}ir t|e|h 9>+14”90+44+ Tlgiqiknik aihfk ckm|e }lrmcrc mik qllefr ckm|e bl}cki mik m|k lefr tloik}ik+ Miti} o|ni mctiqikneik m|i lefr ckm|e bl}cki mlknik }cni lefr tloik}ik sikn |e|rik }|b|`ksi qigi+ O|ghi` tloik}ik hlbc` biksie mik ckm|e bl}cki eirlki qllefr ckm|e bl}cki blre|ihc}iq }cmie a|e|t ìksi mchisikc fhl` qllefr tloik}ik+ Trfqlq tlrei~ckik }lroimc qlec}ir 1'< ìrc ql}lhi` aihfk ckm|e mctiqikneik+ Tlrei~ckik blrhiknq|kn timi tinc ìrc qlec}ir t|e|h 4>+44”4>+14+ Trfqlqc

22


tlrei~ckik blrhiknq|kn mlknik mci~ihc fhl` m|i lefr tloik}ik glknce|}c bl}cki mik qihckn blrnik}cik glknnlqle'nlqleeik qcrctksi el frnik rltrfm|eqc bl}cki+ Bl}cki sikn }lriknqikn ieik qlnlri glknlhchcknc q|bq}ri} mik glhltiqeik }lh|rksi+ ]lh|r sikn glhlei} timi q|bq}ri} qlnlri mcb|i`c fhl` tloik}ik+ \e|rik }lh|r blre|ihc}iq qlec}ir 40'91 gg+ Ql}cit ckm|e bl}cki miti} glknìqcheik }lh|r qlbiksie 1+<44'=+<44 b|}r Ql}lhi`

}lrhcì}

}lh|r

biksie

glhlei}

timi

q|bq}ri}

elm|i

ckm|e

qlnlri mcelgbihceik el mihig efhig giqckn'giqckn+ Elm|i ckm|e mcblrc tieik tlhl} sikn glknikm|kn zc}igck mik gcklrih }cmie miti} glkl}iq timi q|`| mc bi~i` 92FA }lh|r ieik glkl}iq 2'1 ìrc+ Tikoikn hirzi sikn bir| glkl}iq qlec}ir < gg+ Mc tlr|} hirzi }lrnik}|kn eik}fkn }lh|r (sfhe qia# sikn blrj|knqc qlbinic tlrqlmciik gieikik qlblh|g b|risie gigt| glkairc gieikik qlkmcrc+ Hirzi }lrqlb|} glhlei} timi q|bq}ri} mckmckn efhig i}i| miqir efhig+ \k}|e glkoini inir e|ihc}iq icr }cmie glk|r|k giei bincik i}iq efhig mc}|}|tc mlknik }lrtih i}i| }rcthleq+ ]|}|t }lrqlb|} mcb|ei ql}lhi` 2'1 ìrc elg|mcik mik hirzi q|mi` bcqi blrlkikn glkairc tieik blr|ti jc}fthike}fk mc qlec}ir ieir }ikigik+ Qlgcknn| elg|mcik hirzi sikn q|mi` mcqlb|} b|risie ckc miti} glgiknqi Ckj|qfrci Ahfrfmlri Mit`kci mik @igi+ B|risie |g|r m|i gcknn| miti} glksik}it tlhl} ìh|q qltlr}c ^`c}l Arikl AR i}i| Clec \h}ri+ Airi hick sikn hicg mcn|kéeik |k}|e glkni~ckeik giqefec imähi` mlknik gl}fml

q}rcttckn+ Gl}fml q}rcttckn sikn |g|ck mchie|eik imihi` }lh|r mcigbch mik mcqi}|eik mlknik qtlrgi oik}ik mc mihig ~imi`+ Kig|k q}rcttckn sikn mchie|eik tl}lrkie mc ]fkn E~ik T| (Miknn|ik Acki# blrblmi sic}| hiknq|kn mc mihig efhig+ ]lekcq

21


tlrhie|ikksi imihi` timi tinc ìrc m|i frikn giq|e el mihig efhig sikn giqckn' giqckn glgbi~i ~imi` blrcqc oik}ik mik bl}cki+ Qlairi blrqigiik elm|iksi glkn|r|} tlr|} ckm|e giqefec sikn mcìmiteik el q|bq}ri} tlrlei} }lh|r qigtic qlh }lh|r mik qtlrgi elh|ir+ Ql}lhi` }lh|r mik qtlrgi elh|ir elm|i ckm|e mcelgbihceik el efhig ckm|e+ Mlknik gl}fml q}rcttckn }cknei} elblrìqchik tlgcoiìk qikni} rlkmi`+ ]lh|r sikn glkl}iq ìksi qlec}ir 94”9<, i}i| qlec}ir <44 lefr+ Kig|k tlgcoiìk mlknik airi ckc hlbc` alti}+ Qlairi kfrgih qltiqikn ckm|e giqefec sikn q|mi` gi}ikn nfkim ieik glkslhlqiceik tlrei~ckik mihig ~ie}| 2'1 ìrc qlmikneik mlknik gl}fml q}rcttckn qlbiksie 2< tiqikn miti} mcei~ckeik ìksi mihig ~ie}| 2 oig+

a+

Rikne|gik

\k}|e tlgcoiìk giqefec qiriki |}igi sikn ìr|q mcqciteik sic}| efhig tlgcoiìk mik q|bq}ri} tlrlei} }lh|r+ Q|bq}ri} miti} blr|ti }ikigik icr sikn glknit|kn qltlr}c it|'it| i}i| lalkn nfkmfe (Lca`frkci qt+#+ Tlgcoiìk miti} mchie|eik mlknik tlgcoiìk qlairi kfrgih mlknik glkaigt|reik ckm|e sikn }lhi` gi}ikn nfkim elmihig ie|irc|g tlgcoiìk g|it|k mlknik gl}fml q}rcttckn (b|i}ik#+ Timi q|`| 90'29FA }lh|r ieik glkl}iq qlec}ir ='< ìrc Qlglk}iri timi q|`| 2=' 2>FA }lh|r ieik glkl}iq 2'1 ìrc+

m+

]|niq 9+ Qciteik ihi} mik biìk |k}|e tlgcoiìk 2+ Hie|eik tlgcoiìk glknn|kieik }lekce sikn blrblmi 1+ Ai}i} ìqch tlgcoiìk =+ Mcqe|qceik ìqch tlgcoiìk

l+

]lq Jfrgi}cj

2=


9+ Qlb|}eik olkcq }ikigik icr sikn miti} mcn|kieik qlbinic q|bq}ri} tlklgtlhik }lh|r ceik giqefec6 2+ Qlb|}eik mik olhiqeik gl}fml tlgcoiìk ceik giqefec6 1+ Qlb|}eik jie}fr'jie}fr e|ihc}iq icr sikn blrtlknir|` }lrìmit tlgcoiìk ceik giqefec 6

j+

E|kac Oi~ibik Jfrgi}cj 9+ Olkcq }ikigik icr sikn miti} mcn|kieik qlbinic q|bq}ri} tlklgtlhik }lh|r ceik giqefec sic}| lalkn nfkmfe i}i| it|'it|+ 2+ Gl}fml tlgcoiìk ceik giqefec sic}| qlairi ihigc mlknik glkaigt|reik ckm|e oik}ik mik bl}cki sikn }lhi` gi}ikn nfkim elmihig ~imi` tlgcoiìk mik mlknik gl}fml q}rcttckn+ Gl}fml q}rcttckn sikn |g|gksi mchie|eik imihi` }lh|r mcigbch mik mcqi}|eik mlknik qtlrgi oik}ik mc mihig ~imi`

1+ Jie}fr'jie}fr e|ihc}iq icr sikn blrtlknir|` }lrìmit tlgcoiìk ceik giqefec sic}| q|`| t@ feqcnlk }lrhir|} mik elqimiìk+

n+

Hlgbir Elroi Ihi}

?

•

Ie|irc|g

•

Lgblr

•

Qlrfeik

•

Ilri}fr

•

Bhf~lr

Biìk •

?

Ckm|e ceik giqefec gi}ikn nfkim

2<


Lkalkn nfkmfe i}i| it|'it|


Hiknei` elroi 9+ Qciteik ihi} mik biìk 2+ Qciteik ckm|e ceik giqefec sikn ieik mctcoièik 1+ Hie|eik tlgcoiìk qlairi kfrgih mik qlairi q}rctckn =+ ]|knn| `cknni }lh|r'}lh|r glkl}iq

2:


Gi}lrc Tfefe =? Tlri~i}ik Blkc`

i+

]|o|ik

]|o|ik mirc tlgblhioirik ckc imihi` inir Tlgb|mcmisi miti} glhie|eik tlri~i}ik blkc` ceik giqefec

b+

\ricik Gi}lrc

Glkni}|r timi} tlklbirik blkc` blrj|knqc inir tlr}|gb|ìk b|risie alti} blqir mik }cmie g|mi` }lrqlrikn tlksiec}+ Blrmiqireik ai}i}ik (]+ Eij|e| * @+ Celkf|l 9301# hirzi sikn bir| glkl}iq mctlhcìri mihig efhig bie qlglk i}i| bie jcblr mlknik timi} tlklbirik 244'144 lefr&g2+ Timi} tlklbirik ceik sikn q|mi` blr|g|r qi}| b|hik i}i| tikoikn }|b|` qlec}ir 2 ag sic}| 944'9<4 lefr&g2 |g|r m|i b|hik ><'944 lefr&g2 mik |g|r }cni b|hik i}i| tikoikn }|b|` q|mi` qlec}ir < ag sic}| =4':4 lefr&g2+ Itibchi h|iq efhig }cmie a|e|t |k}|e glkigt|kn o|ghi` b|risie sikn imi giei qlbiceksi mchie|eik qlhleqc blkc` }lrhlbc` mi`|h| sic}| ìksi blkc` blre|ihc}iq qioi sikn mcblqireik+ B|risie giqefec |g|r mc bi~i` qlb|hik qlbiceksi mcblrc tieik blr|ti oiqim rlkce qltlr}c Ckjhcqfrci Rf}cjlri mik A`frmi}i+ Oiqim rlkce }lrqlb|} qikni} bice |k}|e glgtlralti} tlr}|gb|ìk b|risie+ Frnikcqgl elach ckc mctlrfhl` mirc icr }lrnlkikn sikn biksie glknikm|kn biìk frnikce+ \e|rik }|b|`ksi qikni} elach mik hicg mcqlb|} e|}| icr+ Qlblkirksi imi

2>


biksie olkcq e|}| icr }lrqlb|} mc ik}iriksi cihi` Brika`cfk|q qt+ Elri}lhi qt+

Tcafmcki qt+ Mit`kci qt+mik Gfckac qt+ Tlgblrcik tieik }lrqlb|} qlairi imhcbc}|g (}lrqlmci ql}cit qii}#+ B|risie sikn q|mi` blr|g|r 9'2 b|hik q|mi` bcqi mcblrc tieik aiackn q|}lri (}|bjclp ~frg#+ Aiackn ckc biksie glknikm|kn ar|ml fch mik trf}lck sikn mcb|}|èik |k}|e tlr}|gb|ìk+ Qlbinic tieik }igbiìk b|risie miti} mcblrc tlhl} ìh|q sikn glknikm|kn zc}igck mik gcklrih qltlr}c ^`c}l Arikl AR AR : ]l}ri Nfhm Glmih jfr Y|cae Nrf~}` i}i| Clec \h}ri H+ Aiackn q|}lri ckc mcqlmcieik qlairi imhcb}`|g+ Airi tlgblrcikksi cihi` n|gtihik aiackn q|}lri sikn q|mi` blrqc` mchl}ieeik mc mihig tcrckn eiai hih| mcgiq|eeik el mihig efhig+ Inir }l}it }lrqlmci `cknni gihig ìrc aiackn q|}lri tlrh| mc}igbi` ql}cit qfrl+ Tieik blr|ti aiackn q|}lri ckc miti} mcblrceik qigtic giqefec ml~iqi+ Tieik hick sikn o|ni miti} mcblrceik imihi` aiackn q|tlr sikn q|mi` mcble|eik+

Aiackn Ble|

Aiackn qlnir

Qlhleqc blr}|o|ik |k}|e glknìqcheik trfm|e blre|ihc}iq bice blrmiqireik blk}|e }|b|` elhlkneitik qcrct mik ~irki+ Qlhleqc mci~ihc qloie b|risie blr|g|r m|i gcknn| mik blr|e|rik }|b|` glkaitic 9 ag+ Tlknigi}ik qlhle}cj mc}|o|eik timi qcrct lefr+ Giqefec sikn }cmie blrlefr i}i| lefrsi }|knnih qltlr}c lefr ceik giq ìr|q mcb|ikn+

20


Timi tlkslhleqcik ckc mcb|}|èik qiriki tlkm|e|kn blr|ti qlrfeik blrbiìk ìh|q |e|rik 9< ag mlknik elmihigik < ag mik biqefg ~irki t|}c` |e|rik 14 ag+ Qlhleqc mcg|hic timi tinc ìrc t|e|h 40+44+ Tlrì}ceik mlknik qleqigi b|risie sikn qlmikn blrlkikn blrnlrfgbfh+ Bchi mc ik}iriksi imi sikn }cmie blrqcrct lefr giei qlairi tlrhiìk ceik }lrqlb|} mcqlrfe blrqigi mlknik blblriti lefr ceik hick mik mcgiq|eeik el mihig biqefg+ Ceik sikn r|qie mcb|ikn qlmikneik ceik hick mcelgbihceik el mihig efhig+ Qlhleqc mchie|eik ql}cit ìrc `cknni b|risie blr|g|r qi}| b|hik i}i| q|mi` }cmie imi hinc b|risie sikn r|qie+ Qlhleqc elm|i mchie|eik qii} ikie ceik q|mi` blr|g|r }cni b|hik+ Qlhleqc mc|}igieik timi blk}|e }|b|` qcrct mik ~igi+ \k}|e rlm frikmi mik rlm ait frikmi ìqch qlhleqc }lrbinc }cni elhiq sic}| elhiq I B mik A+ Rlm frikmi elhiq I glr|tieik e|ihc}iq efk}lq+ Blk}|e }|b|`ksi b|hi} }lh|r oigb|h blqir blrlefr hlbir mik qcrct t|knn|kn }lnie+ Qcrct }cmie imi sikn }lrtlhck}cr i}i| ti}i` mik ~igi }|b|` qigtic el tikneih lefr glri` friksl alglrhikn+ \k}|e elhiq B blk}|e }|b|` mik hickksi qigi mlknik elhiq I ìksi blrblmi timi oigb|h sikn e|rikn blqir+ Qlglk}iri ceik sikn }cmie }lrgiq|e timi elhiq I gi|t|k elhiq B mcnfhfkneik mihig elhiq A+ Rlm frikmi elhiq B mik elhiq A miti} mcqi}|eik mihig qi}| efhig qlmikneik rlm frikmi elhiq I sikn blre|ihc}iq efk}lq ìr|q mctcqièik mihig efhig }lrqlkmcrc ~ihi|t|k o|ghi`ksi ìksi qlmcec}+ Rlm ait frikmi }lrbinc mihig m|i elhiq sic}| elhiq efk}lq mik elhiq efglrqcih Acrc'acrc rlm ait frikmi e|ihc}iq efk}lq ik}iri hick blk}|e }|b|` b|hi} }lh|r oigb|h hlbir blr~irki glri` miri` qlh|r|` }|b|` blr~igi t|}c` g|}ciri alglrhikn qcrct t|knn|kn }lnie |}|` qcrct lefr hlbir mik tikneih lefr blrmcrc+ Blk}|e oigb|h rlm ait frikmi ìr|q }cknnc glhlbir mik ~irki glri`ksi }cmie bfhl` imi sikn elh|ir mik oigb|h+

23


Glgchc` aihcaf frikmi sikn blre|ihc}iq efk}lq ìksi mlknik glgtlrì}ceik efgtfqcqc ~irki mik afrie sikn imi timi }|b|`ksi+ Acrc hickksi gcrct mlknik airi glgchc` rlm frikmi+ Frikmi rlm tfgtfg }lrbinc i}iq }cni elhiq+ Elhiq I glr|tieik e|ihc}iq efk}lq+ Mihig glgchc` elhiq I sikn mctlrì}ceik imihi` blk}|e tfgtfgksi ìr|q }cknnc qigi blqir mik ìr|q blr~irki glri` miri`+ Tfgtfg ìr|q blrmcrc }lnie mik }cmie }lre|hic+ Tchc` ~irki sikn oirikn qltlr}c afelhi} alglrhikn timi a`fafhi}l frikmi rlm tfgtfg i}i| t|}c` alglrhikn qltlr}c

mcigfkm frikmi rlm tfgtfk + Glkchic blk}|e }|b|` qigi mlknik glkchic blk}|e }|b|` timi rlm frikmi + Ik}iri frikmi rlm tfgtfg elhiq I mik elhiq B ìksi blrblmiik timi |e|rik mik }lnie }cmieksi tfgtfg+ Qlglk}iri ceik sikn }cmie }lrgiq|e mihig elhiq I mik B mcnfhfkneik mihig elhiq A+ Glkslhleqc b|risie b|bbhl lslq mik }lhlqaftl lslq miti} mchie|eik ql}lhi` b|risie blr|e|rik 9 ag+ Qlhleqc tlr}igi mc}|o|eik |k}|e tlksfr}crik b|risie blr}|b|` blknefe }cmie blrlefr mik blk}|e lefr qltlr}c ceik giq+ Timi |g|r m|i b|hik gi}i q|mi` }lrblk}|e+ \k}|e }ctl gi}i bihfk |e|rik gi}i b|eik glr|tieik }|o|ik |}igi tlkslhleqcik+ Ckc mcqlbibeik gi}i sikn elach i}i| }cmie qigi blqir miti} mcfhi` glkoimc qigi blqir+ Kig|k bchi glgchc` b|bbhl lslq |k}|e bieihik efk}lq blk}|e bihfk ìr|q qigi blqir mik ~irkiksi }cmie nlhit+ Tlkchicik o|ni mc}|o|eik timi blk}|e }|b|`+ Blk}|e }|b|` b|bbhl lslq ìr|q tikoikn t|knn|kn mi}ir }cmie blrqcrct t|knn|kn lefr tikoikn mik blhiìk lefr ìr|q mihig+ \k}|e }lhlqaftl lslq  iti t|k }ctlksi gi}i glgt|ksic kchic qlkmcrc+ Qlbinic afk}f` }lhlqaftl lslq }ctl b|}}lrjhs blr}|b|` blk}|e b|hi} qcrct t|knn|kn }lnie qcrct lefr glgblk}ikn hlbir qltlr}c qisit e|t|'e|t| elm|i gi}i ìr|q qigi blqir }cknnc }fkofhik gi}i ìr|q qloioir mlknik eltihi mik ~irki gi}i o|ni ìr|q qigi mlknik ~irki eltihi+

14


Rlm }fqqi i}i| rlm'~`c}l }fqqi q|mi` bcqi mchcì} tlrblmiikksi ql}lhi` blr|g|r 2'1 b|hik bchi tlrelgbiknik ~irkiksi qlgt|rki+ îrki `c}ig el`coi|ik timi }|b|` }fqqi ieik mfgckik timi |g|r qlblh|g m|i b|hik+ Qlhiko|}ksi tcnglk tlgbi~i ~irki `c}ig (glhikftefrl# qlairi tlrhiìk ieik mcnik}ceik fhl` tlgbi~i ~irki e|kckn (pik}`ft`frl#+

Giqefec Rlm ]fqqi \k}|e glgtlralti} }lroimcksi tlr|biìk ~irki glkoimc glri` alglrhikn ikieik }fqqi mcblrc tieik sikn biksie glknikm|kn qtcr|hcki mik qlk} (ar|ml jcblr# qltlr}c AR< i}i| \h}ri T'MP mik Bcrccik} J'MP sikn glknikm|kn A`c}ck A`c}fqik 1,+ \k}|e }fqqi sikn glgbi~i ~irki t|}c` ~irki }lrqlb|} glkoimc hlbc` blrechi|+ Mihig tlksfr}crik ikieik tlirhqaihl sikn tlrh| mc|}igieik imihi` glgtlrì}ceik blk}|e }|b|` mik qcqceksi+ Blk}|e }|b|` ìr|q b|hi} qltlr}c bfhi tckntfkn mik qcqce mc }|b|`ksi ìr|q }igtie eiqir glkfkofh qltlr}c b|}crik b|i` oin|kn+ Qlglk}iri eltihiksi elach glgblk}|e qlnc}cni+ Qcrct t|knn|kn |}|` mik qcrct lefr glgb|ei

19


hlbir+ Blhiìk timi qcrct lefr ìr|q }lrhcì} olhiq+ Bchi }cmie glknn|kieik ckm|e mirc }ctl arf~k tlirhqaihl giei q|hc} mco|gtic ikieik sikn blroigb|h mc eltihiksi+ Bchi qihi` qi}| ckm|e blr}ctl arf~k tlirhqaihl giei ikieik sikn mcìqcheik imi sikn blroigb|h mc eltihi mik imi sikn }cmie+ Timi |g|r }cni b|hik oigb|h mc eltihi q|mi` }igtie olhiq mik miti} mcqlhleqc+ Glgblmieik ~irki }|b|` rika`| miti} mchie|eik timi |g|r gckcgih m|i b|hik+ Timi |g|r qi}| b|hik qlh tlgbi~i ~irki `c}ig (glhikft`frl# giqc` glkmfgckiqc ql`cknni blh|g miti} glgblmieik ~igi }|b|` Glgiq|ec |g|r m|i b|hik bir|hi` }lroimc tlgbiìk ~irki eirlki tlrhiìk' hiìk qlh tlgbi~i ~irki e|kckn (pik}`ft`frl# giq|e el}|b|` rika`| ql`cknni ~irki }|b|` glkoimc efgbckiqc `c}ig e|kckn+ Glgiq|ec |g|r }cni b|hik ~irki `c}ig mc }|b|` rika`| qlgieck qlmcec} mik ~irki e|kckn blr|bi` glkoimc friknl elglriìk+ Timi |g|r }cni b|hik ckc qlh tlgbi~i ~irki glri` (lrs}`rft`frl# g|hic glkmfgckiqc+ Bchi timi |g|r }cni b|hik qlh tlgbi~i ~irki giqc` mcmfgckiqc fhl` glhikft`frl giei miti} mctiq}ceik bi`~i rika`| ieik }l}it blr~irki `c}ig+ \k}|e glgtlr}iìkeik inir tl~irkiik }|b|` }l}it mcmfgckiqc fhl` qlh tcnglk

glhikft`frl rika`| tlrh| mcblrc biìk tieik sikn glknikm|kn hlgie qltlr}c aiackn q|}lri i}i| aiackn q|tlr+ Qlhick c}| rika`| tlrh| mchl}ieeik mc }lgti} sikn }lm|` mlknik q|`| icr gieqcgih 22FA+ Ocei tikiq }lrhih| }cknnc ~irki rika`| `c}ig Clbc` alti} blr|bi` glkoimc glri`+ îhi|t|k mlgcecik }lreimikn ql}lhi` ml~iqi ~irki }lrqlb|} t|k miti} blr|bi` glkoimc glri`+ \k}|e glhcì} mfgckiqc qlh tl~irki }|b|` tlrh| mctlrì}ceik bincik tlr|}ksi+ Bchi tlr|} blr~irki t|}c` elhib| giei miti} mctiq}ceik bi`~i qlairi tlrhiìk'hiìk ~igi t|}c` }lrqlb|} ieik glrigbi} kice el i}iq mik blr|bi` glkoimc e|kckn+ Higbi} hi|k tlr|biìk glkoimc glkslh|r|` mik ~irki e|kckn blrefgbckiqc `c}ig ieik blr|bi` glkoimc glri`+ Bchi ~igi tlr|} e|kckn el`c}igik i}i| bièik `c}ig tlei} miti} mctiq}ceik bi`~i ~irkiksi }cmie ieik blr|bi`+

12


Timi |g|gksi qlg|i olkcq giqefec |g|r qi}| b|hik giqc` `lr~irki `c}ig+ Giqefec sikn ~irki }|b|`ksi alti} blr|bi` glkoimc glrä` bchi blr~irki `c}irk el`coi|ik+ \k}|e glgtlralti} tlr|biìk ~irki q|`| |miri mc}cknei}eik glkoimc gckcgih 2:´ A+ Qlhick c}| giqefec mcblrc tieik tlhl} sikn biksie glknikm|kn qtcr|hhcki qltlr}c @ih Jlkn AR< AR: i}ik \h}ri T'MP mik Brchhcik} J'MP sikn glknikm|kn A`c}ck A`c}fqik 1,+ Bchi tlhl} sikn imi blr|e|rik inie blqir tlhl} }lrqlb|} qlbiceksi mc}|gb|e bcknni ìh|q mi`|h| qlblh|g mcblrceik+ Qlglk}iri icrksi ìr|q mcnik}c }cni ìrc qleihc inir qckir gi}iìrc miti} hiknq|kn mc}lrcgi }|b|`+ Tlrh| mctlrì}ceik bi`~i tlgblrcik tieik sikn glknikm|kn biksie hlgie qltlr}c aiackn q|}lri i}i| aiackn q|tlr ìr|q mc`ckmirc eirlki qikni} blrcqcef sih}| tlr}|gb|ìk jcqceksi glkoimc inie }lrhigbi}+

a+

Rikne|gik

Glkni}|r timi} tlklbirik blkc` blrj|knqc inir tlr}|gb|ìk b|risie alti} blqir mik }cmie g|mi` }lrqlrikn tlksiec}+ Blrmiqireik ai}i}ik hirzi sikn bir| glkl}iq mctlhcìri mihig efhig bie qlglk i}i| bie jcblr mlknik timi} tlklbirik 244'144 lefr&g2+ Timi} tlklbirik ceik sikn q|mi` blr|g|r qi}| b|hik i}i| tikoikn }|b|` qlec}ir 2 ag sic}| 944'994 lefr&g2 |g|r m|i b|hik ><'944 lefr&g2 mik |g|r }cni b|hik i}i| tikoikn }|b|` q|mi` qlec}ir < ag sic}| =4':4 lefr&g2+ \k}|e glkigbi` tcnglk miti} mcn|kieik tieik sikn biksie glknim|kn tcnglk ~irki qltlr}c qtcr|hcki+

m+

]|niq 9+ Qciteik blkc` blblriti olkcq ceik giqefec 2+ Tlhcìri qlq|ic mlknik trfqlm|r 1+ \k}|e qlbincik blkc` mcblrceik tieik sikn glgchcec tcnglk ~irki =+ Ai}i} ìqch tlrhie|ik mik mcqe|qceik+

l+

]lq Jfrgi}cj

11


9+ Qlb|}eik timi} }lbir ceik giqefec blrmiqireik |g|r mik |e|rikksi6 2+ Binicgiki airi |k}|e glgtlralti} tlr|biìk ~irki timi ceik giqefec6 1+ Iti qioi sikn ìr|q mctlrì}ceik mihig glgchc` giqefec olkcq aihcaf

frikmi 6 =+ Qlb|}eik olkcq e|}| icr sikn bciq mcoimceik qlbinic tieik ihigc blkc` giqefec6

j+

E|kac Oi~ibik Jfrgi}cj 9+ Timi} tlklbirik ceik sikn q|mi` blr|g|r qi}| b|hik i}i| tikoikn }|b|` qlec}ir 2 ag sic}| 944'994 lefr&g2 |g|r m|i b|hik ><'944 lefr&g2 mik |g|r }cni b|hik i}i| tikoikn }|b|` q|mi` qlec}ir < ag sic}| =4':4 lefr&g2+ 2+ \k}|e glgtlralti} tlr|biìk ~irki q|`| |miri mc}cknei}eik glkoimc gckcgih 2:Á+ Qlhick c}| giqefec mcblrc tieik tlhl} sikn biksie glknikm|kn qtcr|hhcki qltlr}c @ih Jlkn AR< AR: i}ik \h}ri T'MP mik Brchhcik} J'MP sikn glknikm|kn A`c}ck A`c}fqik 1,+ 1+ Glgchc`

aihcaf

frikmi sikn

blre|ihc}iq

efk}lq

ìksi

mlknik

glgtlrì}ceik efgtfqcqc ~irki mik afrie sikn imi timi }|b|`ksi =+ E|}| icr }lrqlb|} mc ik}iriksi cihi` Brika`cfk|q qt+ Elri}lhi qt+ Tcafmcki qt+ Mit`kci qt+mik Gfckac qt+

n+

Hlgbir Elroi Ihi}

?

•

Ie|irc|g

•

Qlrfeik

•

Ilri}fr

1=


Bhf~lr

Biìk ? •

Blkc` giqefec

•

Lkalkn nfkmfe i}i| it|'it|

•

Tieik qtcr|hcki


Hiknei` elroi 9+ Qciteik ihi} mik biìk 2+ Qciteik blkc` ceik giqefec sikn ieik mctlhcìri 1+ Hie|eik tlglhcìriik qlq|ic trfqlm|r =+ Hie|eik tlglhcìriik `cknni blkc` qcit tiklk

1<


Gi}lrc Tfefe < ? Tlkalniìk Tlksiec}

i+

]|o|ik

]|o|ik mirc tlgblhioirik ckc imihi` inir Tlgb|mcmisi miti} glhie|eik tlkalniìk tlksiec} timi b|mcmisi giqefec

b+

\ricik Gi}lrc

Tieik sikn rlk}ik glgbi~i bcbc} tlksiec} imihi` biìk tieik ihigc i}i| tieik `cm|t qltlr}c aiackn q|}lri hirzi ksig|e i}i| e|}| icr+ Miti} o|ni blriqih mik tieik fhiìk qltlr}c aiackn q|tlr ble| (jrflk bhffm ~frg#+ ]cmie miti} mct|knecrc qlg|i olkcq tieik ihigc }lrqlb|} mcigbch mik tlricrik sikn ef}fr+ Tieik hick sikn o|ni |g|g mcefkq|gqc giqefec }lr|}igi ckm|eksi sic}| hirzi ksig|e (Gfqy|c}f h|rziacml# sikn tft|hlr mcqlb|} a|e i}i| |n`l}'|n`l} (Oi~i#+ Hirzi blr|e|rik 94'2< gg ckc `cm|t blrelhfgtfe mc icr }lrnlkikn blr't@ rlkmi` ik}iri :':<+ Hirzi ksig|e sikn bir| mcigbch }cmie miti} hiknq|kn mcefkq|gqc giqefec eirlki imi o|ni qlolkcq |hi} sikn }cmih hisie mcefkq|gqc giqefec+ Airi glgblrqcèik |hi} }lrqlb|} mlknik glgiq|eeik hirzi ksig|e el mihig biqefg sikn q|mi` }lrcqc icr 9&2 bincik+ Elg|mcik hir|}eik 9 }l}lq ]l}ri Iy|iQijl&hc}lr icr+ Ql}lhi` mcbcireik 9 oig |hi} blr~irki elhib| ieik elh|ir mirc ~imi` mik |hi} blr~irki `c}ig blre|gt|h mc miqir ~imi`+ Qlhiko|}ksi qcjfk mlknik qlhikn elach |hi} sikn mc miqir ~imi` mik b|ikn |hi} sikn mc tlrg|eiik icr+ Ql}lhi` blrqc` hir|}eik ]l}ri Glmcai Afk}ri Qtf} Rf} Q}ft i}i| Mia}shf Q`f~lr mlknik mfqcq 9 }l}lq&hc}lr icr+ Hirzi qcit mcefkq|gqc ckm|e giqefec ql}lhi` mcbcireik 1 oig+

1:


Giqefec ni}ih eirlki }lrqlrikn alkmi~ik blr~irki t|}c` eitiq sikn hicg mcqlb|} ~`c}lqtf}+ Nloihi i~ihksi giqefec blrlkikn qltlr}c }lrqlk}ie'qlk}ie qcrct }lre|hic mik }|b|` mcblk}|r'blk}|reik el mckmckn ie|irc|g+ Bchi mctlrì}ceik timi bincik }|b|`ksi }lrmiti} b|}crik elach qltlr}c qlrb|e sikn qlg|hi nirig+ Qlec}ir 2'1 ìrc elg|mcik }|b|` mik qcrct giqefec mctlk|`c bck}ce t|}c`+ Tlkslbib tlksiec} ckc imihi` tiriqc} Ca}`}cft}`crc|q g|h}ojc`ccq+ Tiriqc} nfhfknik Achci}i ckc `cm|t mc icr blr't@ rlkmi` mik ef}fr+ Tlkslbib tlksiec} ckc }lrbi~i el mihig ie|irc|g blrqigi tieik qlnir qltlr}c hirzi ksig|e i}i| e|}| icr+ Qtfriksi glhlei} mc }|b|` hirzi i}i| glknit|kn mc icr blrqigi e|}| icr+ Ceik sikn }lhi` qiec} mcfbi}c mlknik airi }l}lqeik fbi} ik}cbcf}ce aicr qltlr}c ]l}ri Glmcai J|knc Q}ft Mia}shf Q`f~lr i}i| Bhc} Ca}` sikn glknikm|kn }l}rigl}ch tirigckf }rcjlkch i}i| Rcm'ihh sikn glknikm|kn mcgl}ch igckf }rcjlkch gl}ikfh mlknik }ieirik 9 }l}lq& hc}lr icr+ Bcireik fbi} ckc blrimi mihig ie|irc|g qlhigi 2 ìrc+ Qlhiko|}ksi icr mcqcjfk mik mcnik}c mlknik icr sikn bir|+ Tlrì}ceik ìqch mik tlknfbi}ik qlhigi 2 ìrc+ Bchi oig|r giqc` biksie glhlei} hir|}eik elgbihc fbi} ik}cbcf}ce mlknik mfqcq sikn qigi+ Qlhigi mihig tlri~i}ik giqefec ìr|q }l}it mcblrc tieik+ Ieik }l}itc bchi }cmie mcqlk}|` tieik qlnlri mciknei} inir icr }cmie }lralgir+ Bchi blh|g tiri` mihig ~ie}| 9 gcknn| ceik q|mi` qlgb|` mirc tlksiec} }lrqlb|}+

Glhcì} nloihi mik efkmcqc jcqceksi miti} mctiq}ceik giqefec q|mi` }lrqlrikn

tlksiec} zlhzl}+ Nloihi i~ih tlksiec} ckc gcrct mlknik tlksiec} ~`c}l qtf}+ ]iìt qlhiko|}ksi hlkmcr mc bincik }|b|` }lrhltiq ~irki giqefec glkoimc t|mir elq|hc}ik blrkitiq mik giqefec t|k glklg|c elgi}cik+ Tlkslbib tlksi ec} ckc imihi` tiriqc} Yfmckc|gtchh|hircq mik jigcc Mckfjhinljhi}l+ \e|rik }|b|`ksi qikni} elach <4' >4 gcerfk+ @cm|t mik tlrelgbiknbcieeikksi mc icr elr|`+ Bcbc} tlksiec} }lrbi~i fhl`

1>


aiackn q|}lri aiackn q|tlr hirzi ksig|e i}i| e|}| icr+ Giqefec sikn }lhi` qiec}

miti} mcfbi}c mlknik airi qlbinic blrce|} ? ]l}lqeik fbi} ik}cbie}lrcih aicr qltlr}c Q|tlrCk}lrkih]l}ri

Glmcai

Afk}riqtf}i}i|Rf}

Q}ft

sikn

glknikm|kn

jf rg ihml`sml mlknik mfqcq 9 }l}lq&2 hc}lr icr+ Bcireik giqefec }lrlkmig qlhigi 9'2 ìr  elg|mcik icr mce|riq ìbcq+ Bchi }lrhcì} tiriqc} giqc` glhlei} giei tlknfbi}ik miti} mc|hiknc+ Tlksi ec} zlhzl} ckc o|ni miti} mcblrik}iq mlknik J|riik Nfhm i}ik }l}riqchahck sikn mco|ih blbiq mc itf}le i}i| }fef fbi}+ Mfqcq J|riik Nfhm mik }l}riqcehck sikn mcn|ki eik 9 b|}cr eitq|h mchir|}eik mihig icr 9 qlkmfe gieik+ Qlhiko|}ksi 1 }l}lq hir|}ik }l}riqcehck }lrqlb|} mcaigt|reik mihig 9 hc}lr icr+ J|riik Nfhm 9 qlkmfe }l` mchir|}eik mihig icr 9&2 aiknecr icr+ Qlhiko|}ksi 2 }l}lq hir|}ik sikn blr~irki e|kckn mcn|kieik |k}|e 9 hc}lr icr+ Bcireik giqefec }lrlkmig qlhigi 9 oig+ Elg|mcik icr mcnik}c mlknik icr bir |+ Bchi tlksiec} blh|g }lhiko|r tiri` mihig ~ie}| 2 ìrc giqefec q|mi` qlgb|`+ Blkmi sikn glhlei} mc qcrct i}i| }|b|` giqefec c}| imihi` Irn|hh|qckahca|q e|}| icr tiriqc} nfhfknik |mikn rlkce jigchc Aftltfmi+ ]|b|`ksi blrblk}|e b|hi} qltlr}c e|ri'e|ri blr~irki `coi| g|mi }rikqtirik+ E|}| icr tiriqc} ckc glkncqit miri` giqefec+ Giqefec sikn }lrqlrikn glkoimc hcir mik el`chiknik kijq| gieik+ Timi ie`crksi giqefec miti} glknihigc elgi}cik+ E|}| }lrbi~i el mihig efhig i}i| ie|irc|rk blrqigi hirzi ksig|e i}i| e|}| icr+ Qlrckn t|hi e|}| }lrbi~i giq|e fhl` giqefec sikn bir| mcblhc+ Airi glkni}iqc e|}| Irn|hh|q ckc mlknik glkikneit ceikksi mik glgb|ikn e|}| qi}| tlr qi}| glknn|kieik tckql}+ E|}| sikn q|mib }lrhltiq mik }|b|` ceik qlnlri mcìka|reik+ Ceik sikn q|mi` mcblrqcèik mirc e|}| mcgiq|eeik el mihig ~imi` hick sikn }lhi` mc}l}lqc Bhc} Ca}` i}i| ]l}ri Glmcai J|kncq}ft mlknik mfqcq 9 }l}lq&2 hc}lr icr |k}|e glkalni` giq|eksi bcbc} tlksiec} hick el mihig ~imi`+ Qlhick c}| miti} o|ni mcn|kieik b|b|e Ibi}l blrbiìk ie}cj

t`lkshlkl t`fqt`frf}`cfi}l 9, sikn mchir|}eik mihig efhig i}i| ie|irc|g mlknik

10


}ieirik 2 b|kne|q Ibi}l tlr 944 hc}lr icr+ Mihig ~ie}| 9 oig e|}| icr sikn glhlei} mc }|b|` giqefec }lrhltiq qlg|i mik gi}c eirlki elq|hc}ik blrkitiq+ Tlrkitiqik giqefec }cmie }lrniknn| eirlki Ibi}l ìksi ljle}cj glgb|k|` ckqle}i sikn blrkitiq mlknik }rieli+ Inir giqefec }cmie q}rlq hir|}eik ]l}ri Iy|iQijl mlknik }ieirik 9 }l}lq&< hc}lr icr+ Miti} mctiq}ceik ckqikn giqefec }lrqlrikn aiackn nfhfknik ]rlgi}fmi sikn blrkigi Mia}shfnsr|q qt+ Aiackn ckc }lrbi~i mihig tieik qlnir qltlr}c aiackn q|}lri aiackn q|j i}i| olk}ce ksig|e sikn e|rikn `cnclkcq+ Glknfbi}c qlriknik aiackn ]rlgi}fmi ckc a|e|t q|hc}+ Qlrckn eihc timi qii} tlknfbi}ik giqefec q|mi` glklg|c elgi}cik+ Tlkalniìk }lrìmit qlriknik aiackn ckc ìksi mlknik glkks|acìgieik tieik qlblh|g mcblrceik giqefec+ Tlknfbi}ik miti} mcafbi mlknik airi glrlkmig giqefec sikn qiec} el mihig hir|}ik TE mfqcq 9&2 nrig& < hc}lr icr+ Hie|eik tlrlkmigik qlhigi < glkc} elg|mcik tckmièik giqefec el mihig ~imi` sikn q|mi` blrcqc icr blrqc`+ Ql}lhi` 2 glkc} giq|eeik elgbihc giqefec el mihig hir|}ik TE+ Hie|eik tlknfbi}ik ckc qigtic }lrhcì} giqefec q|mi` miti} blrkitiq qlairi kfrgih+ Imi blblriti olkcq giqefec qltlr}c b|bbhl lslq mik rlm ait frikmi  timi qii} tlknfbi}ik glkoimc q}rlq blri} hlkmcrksi }lrhltiq mik ~irkiksi glkoimc t|mir+ \k}|e glkni}iqc efkmcqc }lrqlb|} qciteik ~imi` blrmcigl}lr 14 ag cqc mlknik icr blrqc` 9&2 bincik mik hir|}eik aicrik ik}cq}rlq qltlr}c ]l}ri Iy|iQijl qlbiksie 24 }l}lq+ Bcireik giqefec blrimi mc mihig icr }lrqlb|} qlhigi glkc} qlblh|g mcrlkmig elgbihc el mihig hir|}ik TE+ Ie|irc|g }lgti} iqih giqefec mcblrqcèik mik icrksi mcnik}c mlknik icr bir| sikn q|mi` mclkmiteik+ Qlblh|g giqefec mcgiq|eeik elgbihc el mihig ie|irc|g hir|}eik ]l}ri Bhiae î}lr |k}|e glkncei} hfnig blri} mik glk|r|keik eimir ehfrck mlknik }ieirik 9 }l}lq & hc}lr icr+ Elg|mcik giq|eeik

13


aicrik ik}cq}rlq ]l}ri Iy|iQijl mfqcq 9 }l}lq&1 hc}lr icr+ Qlbinic tlrhckm|knik }lrìmit qlriknik tlksiec} hir|}eik Mia}shf Q`f~lr i}i| Rf} Q}ft mlknik }ieirik 9 }l}lq&< hc}lr icr

a+

Rikne|gik

Tieik sikn rlk}ik glgbi~i bcbc} tlksiec} imihi` biìk tieik ihigc i}i| tieik `cm|t qltlr}c aiackn q|}lri hirzi ksig|e i}i| e|}| icr+ Miti} o|ni blriqih mik tieik fhiìk qltlr}c aiackn q|tlr ble| (jrflk bhffm ~frg#+ ]cmie miti} mct|knecrc qlg|i olkcq tieik ihigc }lrqlb|} mcigbch mik tlricrik sikn ef}fr+ Fhl` eirlki c}| tlrh| imiksi tlrhie|ik }lrìmit tieik‑tieik ihigc }lrqlb|} qlblh|g miti} mcn|kieik qlbinic biìk gieikik ceik+ \k}|e glknfbi}c ceik giqefec sikn q|mi` }lrelki tlksiec} miti} mchie|eik mlknik biìk'biìk ecgci qltlr}c TE nirig gi|t|k olkcq fbi} efglrqch hickksi+

m+

]|niq 9+ Igbch ceik sikn mcm|ni }lrckjleqc q|i}| tlksiec} 2+ Giq|eeik elmihig ~imi` }lrqlkmcrc 1+ Hie|eik tlknfbi}ik =+ Ai}i} ìqch tlknfbi}ik mik mcqe|qceik+

l+

]lq Jfrgi}cj 9+ Binicgikiei` gl}fml tlkalniìk tlk|hirik tlksiec} sikn blriqih mirc tieik ihigc6 2+ Qlb|}eik acrc'acrc ceik giqefec sikn }lrelki tlksiec} zlhzl}6 1+ Qlb|}eik acrc'acrc ceik giqefec sikn }lrelki Irn|hh|q 6 Olhiqeik) =+ Qlb|}eik gl}fml tlknfbi}ik |k}|e olkcq tlksiec} zlhzl}6 <+ Qlb|}eik gl}fml tlknfbi}ik |k}|e olkcq tlksiec} sikn mcqlbibeik

Mia}shfnsr|q )

=4


j+

E|kac Oi~ibik Jfrgi}cj 9+ Gl}fml tlkalniìk tlk|hirik tlksiec} sikn blriqih mirc tieik ihigc sic}| mlknik airi glgblrqcèik |hi} }lrqlb|} mlknik glgiq|eeik hirzi ksig|e el mihig biqefg sikn q|mi` }lrcqc icr 9&2 bincik+ Elg|mcik hir|}eik 9 }l}lq ]l}ri Iy|iQijl&hc}lr icr+ Ql}lhi` mcbcireik 9 oig |hi} blr~irki elhib| ieik elh|ir mirc ~imi` mik |hi} blr~irki `c}ig blre|gt|h mc miqir ~imi`+ Qlhiko|}ksi qcjfk mlknik qlhikn elach |hi} sikn mc miqir ~imi` mik b|ikn |hi} sikn mc tlrg|eiik icr+ 2+ Acrc'acrc ceik giq sikn }lrelki tlksiec} zlhzl} sic}| mlknik nloihi i~ih tlksiec} ckc gcrct mlknik tlksiec} ~`c}l qtf}+ ]iìt qlhiko|}ksi hlkmc r mc bincik }|b|` }lrhltiq ~irki giqefec glkoimc t|mir elq|hc}ik blrkitiq mik giqefec t|k glklg|c elgi}cik+ 1+ Giqefec sikn }lrqlrikn glkoimc hcir mik el`chiknik kijq| gieik+ Timi ie`crksi giqefec miti} glknihigc elgi}cik+ E|}| }lrbi~i el mihig efhig i}i| ie|irc|g blrqigi hirzi ksig|e i}i| e|}| icr+ Qlrckn t|hi e|}| }lrbi~i giq|e fhl` giqefec sikn bir | mcblhc+ Qlb|}eik gl}fml tlknfbi}ik |k}|e olkcq tlksiec} zlhzl} =+ ]l}lqeik fbi} ik}cbie}lrcih aicr qltlr}c Q|tlr Ck}lrkih ]l}ri Glmcai Afk}riqtf} i}i| Rf} Q}ft sikn glknikm|kn jf rg ihml`sml mlknik mfqcq 9 }l}lq&2 hc}lr icr+ Bcireik giqefec }lrlkmig qlhigi 9'2 ì r  elg|mcik icr mce|riq ìbcq+ Bchi }lrhcì} tiriqc} giqc` glhlei} giei tlknfbi}ik miti} mc|hiknc+ <+ Tlknfbi}ik miti} mcafbi mlknik airi glrlkmig giqefec sikn qiec} el mihig hir|}ik TE mfqcq 9&2 nrig& < hc}lr icr+ Hie|eik tlrlkmigik qlhigi < glkc} elg|mcik tckmièik giqefec el mihig ~imi` sikn q|mi` blrcqc

icr blrqc`+

=9


n+

Hlgbir Elroi Ihi}

?

•

Ie|irc|g

•

Qlrfeik

•

Ilri}fr

•

Bhf~lr

Biìk •

?

Blkc` giqefec sikn mcm|ni }lrckjleqc tlksiec}


Hiknei` elroi 9+ Qciteik ihi} mik biìk 2+ Qciteik blkc` ceik giqefec sikn }lrm|ni }lrckjleqc tlksiec} 1+ Hie|eik tlknfbi}ik qlq|ic trfqlm|r =+ Ai}i} ìqch tlknigi}ik elg|mcik mcqe|qceik+

CCC+ LZIH\IQC I+

Lzih|iqc Efnkc}cj 9+ îmi` sikn tihckn afafe |k}|e mcn|kieik qlbinic }lgti} |k}|e b|mcmisi ceik giqefec blr}|b|` nlgtih imihi` ? i+ Bie jcblr b+ Bie qlglk a+ Ie|irc|g qlnc lgti} m+ Ie|irc|g b|hi}

=2


2+ Olkcq qiriki tlkm|e|kn sikn glgchcec j|knqc nikmi qlbinic tlksirckn ef}frik mik tlgiqfe feqcnlk imihi` ? i+ Bhf~lr b+ Qcre|hi}fr a+ @li}lr m+ Ilri}fr 1+ Elhlgiìk glknn|kieik ckm|e giqefec sikn blr|g|r g|mi <': b|hik imihi` ? i+ Rlk}ik tlksiec} b+ O|ghi` }lh|r biksie a+ Tlrelgbiknik alti} m+ Blre|ihc}iq }cknnc =+ \g|r ckm|e giqefec sikn mciko|reik imihi` ? i+ <': b|hik b+ 9'2 }i`|k a+ 9+< ‑ 1+< }i`|k m+ ; < }i`|k <+ ]|gb|ìk sikn miti} mcoimceik qlbinic q|bq}ri} ìr|q glgchcec acrc ela|ihc ? i+ Mi|kksi hlbi} b+ Rcgb|k a+ Glko|k}ic m+ G|mi` r|qie :+ Jie}fr e|ihc}iq icr sikn }cmie blrtlknir|` }lrìmit tlgcoiìk ceik giqefec sic}| ? i+ Q|`|

=1


b+ Qihckc}iq a+ Eliqigik m+ Elqimiìk >+ Timi} }lbir blkc` giqefec blr|g|r m|i b|hik sikn tihckn qlq|ic imihi` ? i+ 244'144 lefr&g2 b+ 944'9<4 lefr&g2 a+ ><'944 lefr&g2 m+ =4':4 lefr&g2 0+ Olkcq tieik sikn miti} mcn|kieik |k}|e tieik blkc` giqefec ela|ihc ? i+ Aiackn miri` b+ Aiackn }iki` a+ Aiackn ble| m+ Aiackn q|}lri 3+ Q|gblr tlksiec} giqefec miti} blriqih mirc ela|ihc ? i+ Tieik ihigc b+ Icr glmci tlglhcìriik a+ ]ikigik icr m+ Tlhhl} b|i}ik 94+ Olkcq fbi} tlksiec} efglrqch sikn bciqi mcoimceik qlbinic fbi} tlksiec} giqefec ela|ihc ? i+ Bhc} Ca` b+ ]l}ri Glmcaih J|knc Q}ft a+ Nirig mit|r m+ J|rifk Nfhm

==


B+

Lzih|iqc Tqcefgf}frce

Mlknik mcqlmcieik tlrihi}ik |k}|e b|mcmisi ceik `ciq giqefec sikn glhct|}c ie|irc|g blkc` ceik tieik ihigc ceik qlhikn qctfk ilri}fr bhf~lr bie tlkmlmlrik

ckm|e

giqefec

ihi}

tlgiklkik

mik

tlknlgiqik

hie|eik

tlglhcìriik ceik giqefec qigtic glkaitic |e|rik qcit tiklk ql`cknni glglk|`c erc}lrci qlbinic blrce|}?

Kf+

Erc}lrci (34,# blkir

9+

Glhie|eik tlrqcitik ~imi` tlglhcìriik qlq|ic mlknik trfqlm|r Glhie|eik tlgchcìk ckm|e sikn qlq|ic

2+ 1+ =+ <+

A+

Si

]cmie

Glhieqikieik tlgcoiìk ckm|e qlq|ic mlknik trfqlm|r Tlri~i}ik blkc` `cknni |qci qcit tiklk Glhie|eik tlkalniìk mik tlknlkmihcik tlksiec} (ocei imi# qlq|ic mlknik trfqlm|r

Lzih|iqc Qceit Kf+ 9+ 2+ 1+ =+ <+

Qceit

B

A

Glhie|eik tlrqctik ~imi` tlglhcìriik }lhc}c Glhie|eik tlgchcìk ckm|e sikn qlq|ic mlknik }lhc}c Glhieqikieik tlgcoiìk ckm|e mlknik alrgi} Tlri~i}ik blkc` `cknni |qci qcit tiklk mlknik ì}c'ì}c Glhie|eik tlkalniìk mik tlknlkmihcik tlksiec} (ocei imi# mlknik alrgi} mik ì}c' ì}c El}lriknik ? B 7 Bice A 7 A|e|t E 7 E|rikn

E

=<


M+

Lzih|iqc Trfm|e Kf+

Trfm|e

H|h|q

9+

Ceik `ciq giqefec Elhiq I mlknik tiklk

]cmie h|h|q

QR 04 , 2+

L+

Ceik `ciq giqefec mlknik tiklk QR 944 ,

E|kac Oi~ibik Lzih|iqc 9+

M

:+

B

2+

B

>+

B

1+

I

0+

B

=+

A

3+

M

<+

M

94+ A

J+ \gtik bihce mik ]ckmie Hiko|} Afafeeik ìqch oi~ibik qi|miri mlknik e|kac oi~ibik sikn }lrmiti} timi bincik blhieikn gi}lrc tlks|h|ìk ckc `c}|kn oi~ibik qi|miri sikn blkir elg|mcik n|kieik r|g|q |k}|e glknl}i`|c }cknei} tlgiìgik }lrìmit gi}lrc+ O|ghi` oi~ibik sikn blkir ]cknei} tlkn|iqiik 7

944, O|ghi` qfih

=:


Itibchi }cknei} tlgiìgik qi|miri glgiìgc gi}lrc sikn q|mi` mctlhioirc glkaitic? 39, q&m 944,

? Igi} Bice

09, q&m 34,

? Bice

>9, q&m 0433,

? A|e|t

:9, q&m >433,

? E|rikn

Bchi }cknei} tlgiìgik qi|miri blh|g glkaitic 09, el i}iq (ei}lnfrc ‘bice‗# giei mcqirikeik glkn|hiknc gi}lrc+

CZ+ TLK\]\T Ql}lhi` Tlgb|mcmisi glkslhlqiceik trfnrig qltlr}c sikn }lraik}|g mihig Gi}lrc Tlks|h|ìk ckc qlhiko|}ksi

Tlgb|mcmisi tlrh| glksciteik tlrqsiri}ik

glknce|}c |oc efgtl}lkqc qltlr}c sikn }lhi` mc}l}iteik fhl` hlgbini tlkmcmceik |k}|e glkmiti}eik qlr}cjcei}+

=>


MIJ]IR T\Q]IEI

Imcoisi Q+Mcik ‘Inir Elgfhleikksi Mckcegi}c Hlbc` Higi ‗ ]r|b|q In|q}|q 2441+ VVVVVVVVVVVVV ‘Glri` T|}c` Afrie Rika`| ‗ ]r|b|q O|hc 2441 VVVVVVVVVVVVV ‘Q}rick ]lrbir| mirc ]cric Bigb| ‗ ]r|b|q In|q}|q 2441+ @cqfg|mck mee+ ‘Tlrgiqihiìk Giqefec mik Qfh|qcksi ‗ Tlklbir Q~imisi 2441 Q|sik}f Q+Ria`gi}|k ‘Tiriqc} Ceik mik Airi Tlgblrik}iqikksi‗ (Oieir}i ? T|qi} Tlklrbc}ik Sisiqik Qfqcih ]ikc Glgbikn|k 9309#+

Panduan Budidaya Ikan Maskoki

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