Im`dnpdi 8 : 2.
Wmlkmrtobl ]tblk jblkib pbljblk yblk bibl aoebybr imneb`o pbab sbbt jbtuc tmnpd amlkbl eulkb tmtbp joib bab.
De`okbso vs Xbcbn XBCBN
De`okbso
Euito pmlkbiubl cutblk
Euito Impmno`oibl pmrusbcbbl
Nmnpmrd`m c eulkb
Nmnpmrd`mc aovoaml
Jblkib wbitu tmrebtbs
Jblkib wbitu toabi tmrebtbs
Qoabi nmno`oio cbi subrb ab`bn U]WX
Nmno`oio cbi subrb ab`bn U]WX
IDAM DE@OKBXO smebkbo hbrb ultui nmnemabibl de`okbso sbtu abl `bollyb , ultui impmltolkbl pmlhbrobl smrtb ultui nmluljuiibl ibrbtmrostoi de`okbso.
BBBB : Xolkibtbl Xolkibtbl lbnb abro pmrusbcbbl EEE : Idam ultui ldndr de`okbso yblk aotmreotibl HH : Xuiu eulkb (joib nmnpulybo ememrbpb suiu eulkb) abl dpso-dpso turulbl. A : Qopm abro de`okbso , ybotu E Edlas H Hdlvmrtoe`m edlas [ Edlas wotc wbrrblts Q Nmaoun tmrn ldtms _ Ndlmy nbrimt N Noshm``bldus M : Qopm abro suiu eulkb ybotu F Foxma rbtm Z Zmrd rbtm V F`dbtolk rbtm, rmvmlum scbrolk , fox bla f`dbtolk rbtm FK : Idam abro shropt`mss
De`okbso Bstrb Krbpcob O amlkbl idam de`okbso d e`okbso :
BXKU72 72SS SSE EFQ[ BXQUB KUBWCO B2
De`okbso pmrtbnb
Idam toabi ao kulbibl
Idam abro shropt`ms s
edla
Eulk b tmtbp
DE@OKBXO XMUO ABL QMUNOL
2. De`okbso smro (tmrn edla) Xubtu im`dnpdi de`okbso yblk de`okbsode`okbsolyb bibl jbtuc tmnpd emrurutbl ybotu sbtu btbu `meoc de`okbso bibl jbtuc tmnpd pmrdoam emroiutlyb smtm`bc sbtu btbu `meoc de`okbso `bollyb jbtuc tmnpd. 5. De`okbso tmrnol (Edla tmrn) De`okbso-de`okbso yblk jbtuc tmnpd emrsbnbbl wbitulyb.
Nbhbn-nbhbn de`okbso Wmlmreot
Jmlos
Imtmrblkbl
Hdrpdrbtm edlas
de`okbso yblk aotmreotibl d`mc pmrusbcbbl, eboi yblk emremltui ebabl usbcb no`oi lmkbrb (E]NL), btbu ebabl usbcb swbstb.
Kdvmrlnmlt edlas
de`okbso yblk aotmreotibl d`mc pmnmroltbc pusbt
Nulohopb` edla de`okbso yblk aotmreotibl d`mc pmnmroltbc abmrbc ultut nmneobybo prdymi-prdymi yblk emribotbl amlkbl impmltolkbl pue`oi (pue`oh uto`oty) Xostmn pmnebybr bl eulkb
Zmrd hdupdl edlas
de`okbso yblk toabi nm`biuibl pmnebybrbl eulkb smhbrb pmrodaoi. Lbnul, eulkb abl pdidi aoebybribl smib`okus pbab sbbt jbtuc tmnpd.
Hdupdl edlas
de`okbso amlkbl iupdl yblk abpbt aoublkibl smhbrb pmrodaoi smsubo amlkbl imtmltubl pmlmreotlyb.
Foxma hdupdl edlas
de`okbso amlkbl tolkibt iupdl eulkb yblk tm`bc aotmtbpibl smem`un nbsb pmlbwbrbl ao pbsbr pmrablb abl bibl aoebybribl smhbrb pmrodaoi.
F`dbtolk hdupdl edlas
de`okbso amlkbl tolkibt iupdl eulkb yblk aotmltuibl smem`un jblkib wbitu tmrsmeut, emrabsbribl emrabsbr ibl subtu bhubl (emlhcnbri) (emlhcnbr i) tmrtmltu smpmrto bvmrbkm tonm ampdsot (BQA) ybotu rbtb-rbtb
Cbi pmluibrbl/dpso
Hdlvmrtoe`m Edlas
de`okbso yblk nmnemroibl cbi impbab pmnmkblk de`okbso ultui nmlkidlvmrsoibl de`okbso tmrsmeut im ab`bn smjun`bc sbcbn no`oi pmlmreotlyb
Mxhcblkmbe`m Edlas
de`okbso yblk nmnemroibl cbi impbab pmnmkblk de`okbso ultui nmluibr sbcbn pmrusbcbbl im ab`bn smjun`bc sbcbn pmrusbcbbl bfo`obso no`oi pmlmreotlyb.
Hb``be`m Edlas
de`okbso yblk nmnemroibl cbi impbab mnotml ultui nmnem`o imneb`o de`okbso pbab cbrkb tmrtmltu smpbljblk unur de`okbso tmrsmeut
Wutbe`m Edlas
Jbnolbl btbu id`btmrb`lyb
Xmhurma Edlas
de`okbso yblk nmnemroibl cbi impbab olvmstdr yblk nmlkcbrusibl mnotml ultui nmnem`o imneb`o de`okbso pbab cbrkb tmrtmltu smpbljblk unur de`okbso tmrsmeut
Kubrbltmma Edlas
de`okbso yblk aojbnol amlkbl imibybbl tmrtmltu Ndrtkbkm abro pmlmreotlyb Edlas btbu amlkbl jbnolbl `bol abro Hd``btmrb` Qrust pocbi imtokb Edlas
De`okbso yblk pm`ulbsbl eulkb abl pdidilyb aojbnol amlbl pmlblkkublkbl abro pocbi imtokb
de`okbso yblk pm`ulbsbl eulkb abl pdidilyb aojbnol amlkbl bkulbl copdtoi btbs prdpmrto btbu bssmt tmtbp de`okbso yblk aojbnol amlkbl mfmi yblk aono`oio pmlmreot ab`bn pdrtdfd`odlyb, nosb`lyb sbcbnsbcbn blbi pmrusbcbbl yblk aono`oiolyb
]lsmhurma Edlas
de`okbso yblk toabi aojbnolibl amlkbl imibybbl tmrtmltu tmtbpo aojbnol amlkbl imibybbl pmlmreotlyb smhbrb
Lo`bo ldnolb`
Idlvmlsodlb` edlas
de`okbso yblk `bzon aopmrjub`em`oibl ab`bn sbtu ldnolb`, Up 2 no`obr pmr sbtu `dt
Umtbo`s edlas
de`okbso yblk aopmrjub` em`oibl ab`bn sbtubl lo`bo ldnolb` yblk imho`, eboi hdrpdrbtm edlas nbupul kdvmrlnmlt edlas
Wmrcotulkbl onebs cbso`
Idlvmlsodlb` Edlas
de`okbso yblk aopmrcotulkbl amlkbl nmlkkulbibl sostmn iupdl eulkb.
Xybrobc Edlas
de`okbso yblk pmrcotulkbl oneb` cbso` amlkbl nmlkkulbibl pmrcotulkbl ebko cbso`. Ab`bn pmrcotulkbl olo aoimlb` aub nbhbn de`okbso sybrobc
Nuacbrbebc
Ojbrbc
de`okbso sybrobc yblk nmlkkulbibl biba ebko cbso` smamnoiobl smcolkkb pmlabpbtbl yblk aopmrd`mc olvmstdr btbs de`okbso tmrsmeut aopmrd`mc smtm`bc nmlkmtbcuo pmlabpbtbl mnotml de`okbso sybrobc yblk nmlkkulbibl biba smwb smamnoiobl smcolkkb iupdl (fmm ojbrbc) emrsofbt tmtbp, abl eosb aoimtbcuo/aopmrcotulkibl smjbi
Wbsbr de`okbso Au`ulyb
ao Oladlmsob, de`okbso aopmrabkblkibl ao Eursb Mfmi Xurbebyb (EMX). Xmjbi EMJ abl EMX emrkbeulk nmljbao EMO nbib de`okbso aopmrabkblkibl ao EMO.
Lo`bo de`okbso Lo`bo Nbturoto de`okbso : lo`bo yblk aojbljoibl bibl aoebybr pbab
sbbt de`okbso jbtuc tmnpd L`bo Wbsbr De`okbso : lo`bo jub` de`okbso yblk tmrabftbr aopbsbr ndab` aosbbt tmrtmltu Lo`bo Oltrolsoi De`okbso
∛>
₂ + 2
₅ (+)µ
+…+ (+)ᴺ
(+)ᴺ
Aonblb : LD* > Lo`bo oltrolsoi abro de`okbso O > suiu eulkb aosidltd yblk aokulbibl It > lo`bo iupdl im-t abro t>2 sbnpbo amlkbl l, ybotu tolkibt suiu eulkb iupdl aoib`oibl amlkbl lo`bo pbr de`okbso LJQl > lo`bo jbtuc tmnpd de`okbso
@oiuoaotbs De`okbso @oiuoaotbs
de`okbso nmluljuiibl smemrbpb hmpbt olvmstdr abpbt nmljub` de`okbsolyb tblpb cbrus nmlkdreblibl cbrkb de`okbsolyb Bab rmltblk pmrnoltbbl-pmlbwbrbl (eoa-bsi sprmba) yblk nmluljuiibl pmremabbl bltbrb lo`bo pmrnoltbbl tmrtolkko olvmstdr nbu nmljub` abl pmlbwbrbl tmrmlabc amb`mr nbu nmnem`o
Cbso` De`okbso Bab
ememrbpb hbrb pmlkuiurbl de`okbso bltbrb `bol :
Hurrmlt yom`a (cbso` smibrblk) _om`a td nbturoty (cbso` sbnpbo nbturoto) _om`a td hb`` (cbso` sbnpbo aotbroi)
Hurrmlt _om`a Uunus
pmrcotulkbl hurrmlt yom`a :
Hurrmlt
yom`a eobsblyb bibl ao`bpdribl smhbrb cbrobl ao nmaob nbssb
_om`a td Nbturoty _QN bab`bc tolkibt rmturl abro de`okbso yblk aoem`o amlkbl cbrkb pbsbr smibrblk abl aosonpbl sbnpbo jbtuc tmnpd. Uunus pmrcotulkbl _QN :
_QN > yom`a td nbturoty LD > lo`bo pbsbr smibrblk abro de`okbso It > lo`bo iupdl de`okbso im-t amlkbl t>2 sbnpbo amlkbl l LJQl > lo`bo jbtuc tmnpd de`okbso (lo`bo pbr)
Hdlt‟a Uunus
pmrcotulkbl _QN amlkbl lo`bo eulkb yblk idlstbl (I2>I5>.....>Il), nbib :
_QN t LD I LJQl
> yom`a td td nbturoty > pmrodam wbitu im t abro t>2 sbnpbo amlkbl l > lo`bo pbsbr de`okbso sbbt olo > lo`bo iupdl de`okbso > lo`bo jbtuc tmnpd de`okbso de`okbso (lo`bo pbr)
Hdlt‟a Xm`bol
otu, _QN jukb abpbt aocotulk nmlkkulbibl runus :
]ltui
purm-aoshdult edla (de`okbso tblpb nmnebybr iupdl) :
_om`a td Hb`` _om`a
td hb`` (cbso` sbnpbo aotbroi) bab`bc rmturl abro de`okbso abro smibrblk sbnpbo amlkbl tblkkb` de`okbso aotbroi imneb`o. Wmrcotulkbl _QH amlkbl _QN abpbt nmlkkulbibl runus yblk sbnb Wmremabbllyb bab`bc _QH aocotulk abro smibrblk colkkb aotbroi, smablkibl _QN aocotulk abro smibrblk colkkb jbtuc tmnpd
CBI QBUOI Wmlmreot de`okbso bibl `meoc nmlyuibo joib nmnpulybo po`ocbl ultui smwbituwbitu smem`un jbtuc tmnpd. Cbi de`okbso smnbhbn olo aosmeut amlkbl cbi tbroi btbu prdvoso tbroi (hb`` (hb`` prdvosodl) prdvosodl ) . Ememrbpb imultulkbl yblk aoabpbtibl d`mc pmlmreot de`okbso bab`bc:
]tblk pmrusbcbbl abpbt aoiurblko smwbitu-wbitu joib b`orbl ibs pmrusbcbbl tmrsosb De`okbso amlkbl iupdl yblk tolkko abpbt aocmltoibl abl aokblto amlkbl de`okbso `bollyb yblk nmnemroibl iupdl `meoc rmlabc joib eulkb nmlurul Nmlymaobibl solyb` eboi ebko pmrusbcbbl yblk nmluljuiibl ebcwb pmrusbcbbl nmlkultulkibl smcolkkb tmrsmaob eblybi b`orbl ibs tmrsmaob abl pmrusbcbbl emrblkkbpbl ebcwb de`okbso bab`bc nurbc ultui aotbroi imneb`o Nmlymaobibl dpso tbroi (hb`` (hb`` dptodl) dptodl) impbab pmrusbcbbl amlkbl krbtos
CBI QBUOI
Imeb`oibllyb ultui olvmstdr, de`okbso yblk nmnpulybo hb`` prdvosodl nmrukoibl olvmstdr smcolkkb cbrkb de`okbso olo bibl `meoc rmlabc aoeblaolkibl amlkbl de`okbso smjmlos yblk toabi nmno`oio cbi tbroi. Amlkbl amnoiobl cbrkb abro de`okbso amlkbl hb`` prdvosodl bab`bc lo`bo de`okbso yblk tblpb hb`` prdvosodl aoiurblko amlkbl lo`bo hb`` dptodl. dptodl.
UMLQBLK CBXO@ Bab`bc pmremabbl bltbrb ym`a td nbrturoty yblk aojbljoibl amlkbl _QN subtu de`okbso emebs kbkb` ( amfbu`t frmm) yblk nmnpulybo lo`bo iupdl abl wbitu nbrturoto yblk sbnb. Wrmnoun kbkb` (amfbu`t ( amfbu`t prmnoun) prmnoun) bab`bc pmremabbl cbso` abro _QN aojbljoibl amlkbl _QN aocbrbpibl. Wrmnoun rosoid (rosi prmnoun) bab`bc pmremabbl bltbrb _QN aocbrbpibl amlkbl _QN subtu de`okbso emebs kbkb` yblk nmnpulybo lo`bo iupdl abl wbitu nbrturoto yblk sbnb.
UMLQBLK CBXO@
_QN aoolkolibl (_) abpbt aocotulk amlkbl runus:
_> Imtmrblkbl :
_ > _QN aojbljoibl _‟ > _QN aocbrbpibl Wa > Wrdebeo`otbs de`okbso bibl kbkb` > Lo`bo de`okbso yblk toabi tmrebybr rm`btop tmrcbabp £ cbrkb pbsbr smibrblk
UOXOID DE@OKBXO Uosoid abro de`okbso bab`bc imnulkiolbl de`okbso toabi tmrebybr (amfbu`t (amfbu`t). ). Wmrolkibt de`okbso abpbt aokulbibl smebkbo prdiso abro rosoid de`okbso. Wmrolkibt de`okbso bab`bc soned`soned` ibrbitmr yblk aoemroibl d`mc bkml pmrolkibt ultui nmluljuiibl rosoid abro de`okbso. Aub eubc bkml pmrolkibt de`okbso tmrimlb` ao aulob bab`bc Xtblabra & Wddr‟s (X&W) Hdrp. abl Ndday‟s Olvmstdr Xmrvohm Olh. Xmablkibl ao Oladlmsob bab WQ WMFOLAD abl WQ IBXLOH.
QMDUMNB WMLO@BOBL DE@OKBXO Qmdrmnb pmlo`bobl de`okbso olo nmljm`bsibl nmlkmlbo ebkbonblb cueulkbl bltbrb cbrkb de`okbso bioebt pmruebcbl ‘ pmruebcbl suiu eulkb, nbturoto abl lo`bo iupdl. Cbrkb de`okbso bibl emruebc amlkbl emruebclyb suiu eulkb abl `bnblyb nbturoto. Cbso` pbsbr btbu nbrimt yom`a nmluljuiibl cueulkbl bltbrb pmruebcbl suiu eulkb amlkbl cbrkb de`okbso. Cbso` pbsbr btbu nbrimt yom`a bab`bc cueulkbl bltbrb pmruebcbl suiu eulkb tmrcbabp cbrkb de`okbso.
QMDUMNB WMLO@BOBL DE@OKBXO Nb`iom` nmnpmrimlb`ibl `onb tmdrmnbb tmltblk cueulkbl bltbrb cbrkb ‘ cbrkb de`okbso amlkbl cbso` ‘ cbso`lyb (yom`a) (yom`a).. Qmdrmnb olo aosmeut Nb`iom`‟s edla tcmdrmns. 2.
Cbrkb abro de`okbso bibl emrkmrbi emr`bwblbl amlkbl cbso` pbsbr.
5. Amlkbl nbturoto idlstbl, pmlurulbl suiu eulkb bibl nmlboiiblcbrkb de`okbso amlkbl ebsos pmrsmltbso `meoc emsbr aoeblaolkibl amlkbl pmlolkibt pmlolkibtbl bl suiu eulkb yblk sbnb emsbrlyb yblk bibl nmlurulibl cbrkb de`okbso. 8. ]ltui subtu pmruebcbl suiu eulkb yblk tmrtmltu, emsbrlyb pmruebcbl cbrkb de`okbso bibl emrcueulkbl pdsotof amlkbl wbitu nbturoto, ybotu smnbiol `bnb nbturotolyb, smnbiol emsbr pmruebcbl cbrkb de`okbsolyb. 1. Wmruebcbl cbrkb yblk tmrjbao bioebt cueulkbl bltbrb nbturoto de`okbso abl vd`bto`otbs cbrkblyb bibl smnbiol emsbr amlkbl tolkibt nmlurul smjb`bl amlkbl nmlolkibtlyb nbturoto. =. Wmrsmltbso pmruebcbl cbrkb de`okbso bioebt abro pmruebcbl suiu eulkb bibl `meoc imho` joib tolkibt iupdl `meoc tolkko.
A]UBXO DE@OKBXO ]ltui nmlkuiur unur coaup midldnos subtu de`okbso aopmr`uibl subtu pmlkuiurbl ybotu aurbso. De`okbso amlkbl aurbso yblk sbnb imnulkiolbl bibl emrmbiso amlkbl hbrb yblk sbnb bioebt pmruebcbl abro suiu ‘ suiu eulkb aoeblaolkibl amlkbl de`okbso yblk nmnpulybo `bnb nbturoto yblk sbnb tmtbpo emremab aurbsolyb Aurbso bab`bc pmlkuiur abro unur cofup midldnos abro subtu de`okbso amlkbl nmnpmrtoneblkibl smnub emltui abl emsbrlyb b`orbl ibs imsm`urucbl abro de`okbso sbnpbo jbtuc tmnpdlyb. Aurbso aocotulk amlkbl rbtb ‘ rbtb tmrtoneblk, emrebsos pbab lo`bo smibrblk, abro wbitu ultui nmlutup lo`bo ‘ lo`bo iupdl abl prosopb` abro subtu de`okbso.
