CÀNCER DE MAMA
UNIDAD UNIDAD EDUCA EDUCATIVA SANTO DOMINGO DE LOS COLORADOS BACHILLERATO GENERAL UNIFICADO
Autor: Anahis Loor Genesis o!ina Curso: "# B$G$U$ %ara!e!o: &&B'&& Tutor (e Mono)ra*+a Li,$ In-s A!ei(a
A.o Le,ti/o pág. 1
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2. Resumen
Esta in/esti)a,i5n ,onsiste en a/eri)uar 6s so7re e! C6n,er De Maa !!e)ar a (es,u7rir 8ue tan )ra7e 9ue(e ser ante !a so,ie(a( *eenina ,oo 9o(er a,tuar ante esta en*ere(a( 8ue ti9o (e -to(os e;isten 9ara (ete,tar e! ,6n,er a tie9o 8ue rutinas o e(i(as (e 9re/en,i5n tener 9ara 9o(er usar!as en !a /i(a (iaria (e !as u
esta in/esti)a,i5n ,onsiste en 9o(er a9!iar 6s e! tea (e! C6n,er 9ara as+ 9o(er estar 7ien in*ora(os in*ora(os = 9o(er a,tuar a,tuar (e *ora ,orre,ta ,orre,ta ante esta en*ere(a($ en*ere(a($
Esta Esta en*er en*ere(a e(a(( se ori)ina en !as ,-!u!as (e !os !o7u!i!!os 8ue son !as )!6n(u!as 9ro(u,toras (e !e,he !e,he o en !os ,on(u,tos ,on(u,tos 8ue son !as /+as 8ue trans9ortan trans9ortan !a !e,he (es(e (es(e !os !o7u!i!!os hasta e! 9e?5n$ Con enos *re,uen,ia e! ,6n,er (e aa 9ue(e ori)inarse en !os te
En ,on,!usi5n este C6n,er es u= 9e!i)roso 9ara !a /i(a (e !as u
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3. Índice.
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Ane;os$ '"3'
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4. Introducción Esta Esta en*er en*ere(a e(a(( se ori)ina en !as ,-!u!as (e !os !o7u!i!!os 8ue son !as )!6n(u!as 9ro(u,toras (e !e,he !e,he o en !os ,on(u,tos ,on(u,tos 8ue son !as /+as 8ue trans9ortan trans9ortan !a !e,he (es(e (es(e !os !o7u!i!!os hasta e! 9e?5n$ Con enos *re,uen,ia e! ,6n,er (e aa 9ue(e ori)inarse en !os te
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4.1 Antecedentes E! ,6n,er (e aa es una 9ro!i*era,i5n a!i)na (e !as ,-!u!as e9ite!ia!es 8ue re/isten !os ,on(u,tos o !o7u!i!!os (e !a aa$ Es una en*ere(a( ,!ona!> (on(e una ,-!u!a in(i/i(ua! 9ro(u,to (e una serie (e uta,iones so6ti,as o (e !+nea )erina! a(8uiere !a ,a9a,i(a( (e (i/i(irse sin ,ontro! ni or(en ha,ien(o 8ue se re9ro(u?,a hasta *orar un tuor$ E! tuor resu!tante 8ue ,oien?a ,oo anoa!+a !e/e 9asa a ser )ra/e in/a(e te
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4.2. Justificación La ra?5n 9or !a 8ue e!e)+ e!e)+ e! tea (e: KC6n,er KC6n,er De Maa es 9or8ue e !!ao !!ao u,ho !a aten,i5n 9or8ue sie9re es,u,ho so7re esta en*ere(a( = a 6s (e eso ten)o unas /e,inas 9or i 7arrio 8ue 9a(e,ieron (e esta en*ere(a( = 9or eso e in(a)o sa7er so7re esta en*ere(a( ,u6!es son sus ,ausas (e (on(e 9ro/iene = (e (on(e 9ro,e(e$ Me 9are,e un tea u= i9ortante =a 8ue ha= u,has u
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4.2 Objetivos De*inir ,!araente 8ue es es e! ,6n,er (e aa e(iante e(iante un tra7a
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5.1 CAI!"#O I $arco !eórico !eórico 1. %enera&idades sobre e& c'ncer de mama 1.1 (efinición El término "cáncer de mama" hace referencia a un tumor maligno que se ha desarrollado a partir de células mamarias. Generalmente, mamarias. Generalmente, el cáncer de mama se origina en las células de los lobulillos, que son las glándulas productoras de leche, o en los conductos, que son las vías que transportan la leche desde los lobulillos hasta el pezón. Con menos frecuencia, el cáncer de mama puede originarse en los tejidos estromales, que incluen a los tejidos conjuntivos grasos f ibrosos de la mama. http!""###.breastcancer.org"es"sintomas"cancer$de$mama"que$es$cancer$mama
1.2 (efinición de C'ncer (e $ama %l cáncer de mama es una proliferación maligna maligna de las células epiteliales que revisten los conductos o lobulillos de la mama. %s una enfermedad clonal& donde una célula individual producto de una serie de mutaciones somáticas o de línea germinal adquiere la capacidad de dividirse sin control ni orden, haciendo que se reproduzca hasta formar un tumor. %l tumor resultante, que comienza como anomalía leve, pasa a ser grave, invade tejidos vecinos , finalmente, se propaga a otras partes del cuerpo.
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1.3 !i)os de C'ncer (e $ama Carcinoma ductal '(oc '(ocal aliz izad ado o en los los cond conduc ucto tos) s) %l carc carcic icom oma a duct ductal al in situ situ se encu encuad adra ra en los los
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Carcinoma lobulillar o lobular . 0entr 0entro o de este este tipo tipo se encue encuentr ntra a el carcin carcinoma oma lobular lobular in situ, situ, tambi también én llamad llamado o neoplasia lobular. %l carcinoma lobular invasor sigue el mismo proceso de filtración que el carcinoma ductal invasor hacia el tejido adiposo, pero desde los lobulillos. Cáncer inflamatorio de mama ! 1enos frecuente. *e trata de un cáncer bastante agresivo, que crece rápido. *e denomina inflamatorio porque las células cancerosas bloquean los vasos linfáticos esto se manifiesta en la piel, que adquiere una apariencia gruesa ahuecada, similar a la de una cáscara de naranja. Otros tipos 2ambién 2ambién poco frecuentes de cáncer de mama son el mucinoso o coloide, en el que las células cancerosas producen cierta mucosidad, el medular, un tumor infiltrante, pero con mejor pronóstico que otros cánceres invasores. Cáncer de Paget *e propaga por la piel del pezón de la areola. %n este tipo de cáncer, la piel del pezón de la areola aparece escamosa rojiza, con ocasionales pérdidas de sangre. %n ocasiones, la enfermedad de aget puede estar asociada con un carcinoma in situ o infiltrante. http!""###.dmedicina http!""### .dmedicina.com"enfermedad .com"enfermedades"cancer"cance es"cancer"cancer3mama r3mama
1.4 *+ntomas re&acionados re&acionados Edad: el Edad: el riesgo aumenta con la edad. (a maoría de cánceres de mama se produce sobre los 4/ a5os& a los 6/ el riesgo es más elevado resulta mu poco frecuente por debajo de los 74 a5os, aunque también es posible. Sexo! Sexo! las mujeres son las más propensas a desarrollar cáncer de mama. (os hombres también pueden sufrirlo, pero la probabilidad es de uno por cada cien mujeres. ntecedentes familiares! familiares! las posibilidades aumentan si una hermana, madre o hija ha sufrid sufrido o esta esta enfer enfermed medad. ad. 8demás 8demás este este riesgo riesgo se eleva eleva si el famili familiar ar que que ha padecido cáncer lo ha hecho antes de la menopausia, o si ha afectado a los dos senos. !aber sufrido otro cáncer ! el riesgo de cáncer de mama aumenta si se ha sufrido previamente otro cáncer, especialmente especialmente de ovario o de colon, o un carcinoma lobular o ductal in situ 'dos tipos de tumor maligno que aparecen en los lóbulos o en los conductos galactóforos de los senos, o conductos mamarios). 9tro posible factor de riesgo es una hiperplasia benigna, una especie de tumor no maligno, que altera el tejido del seno.
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2. (ia,nóstico- tratamientos efectos secundarios de& C'ncer (e $ama 2.1 (ia,nostico (a mamografía es una prueba de imagen por raos : que detecta la presencia del tumor en la mama, antes de que sea perceptible al tacto. 8l ser el mejor método de detección detección,, los especial especialista istas s recomien recomiendan dan que todas las mujeres se realicen realicen esta prueba cada a5o, a partir de los 4/344 a5os. %stas pruebas pueden completarse con otra otras s más más espe especí cífi fica cas, s, para para dete detect ctar ar la grav graved edad ad del del cánc cáncer er,, tale tales s como como una una resonancia magnética ';1), una ultrasonografía, o una biopsia, en la que se toma parte del tejido afectado para analizar en el laboratorio las características de las células cancerosas. http!""###.dmedicina http!""### .dmedicina.com"enfermedad .com"enfermedades"cancer"cance es"cancer"cancer3mama r3mama
2.2 !ratamiento Cirug#a. Cirug#a. %l tipo de intervención quir-rgica depende de la e+tensión del tumor. *i el tama5o del tumor lo permite, el cirujano puede realizar una lumpectomía, que consiste en la e+tirpación de parte del tejido mamario. Con la mastectomía, en cambio, se e+tirpa la mama por completo. 8mbas intervenciones pueden requerir la erradicación de los ganglios linfáticos más pró+imos 'situados en la a+ila). &adioterapia. &adioterapia. %s un tratamiento local, al igual que la cirugía. 0e hecho, en ocasiones se administra radioterapia después de una intervención quir-rgica, para eliminar las célula células s cancer cancerosa osas s que que no haan haan sido sido e+tirp e+tirpada adas. s. (a radiot radiotera erapia pia es una eleva eleva concentración de raos : dirigida a un punto concreto. 8l aplicar este tratamiento tras e+tirpar un cáncer, los médicos se aseguran de erradicar por completo el tumor. 'uimioterapia. 'uimioterapia.
http!""###.dmedicina http!""### .dmedicina.com"enfermedad .com"enfermedades"cancer"cance es"cancer"cancer3mama r3mama
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del primer ciclo de terapia, remite al finalizar el tratamiento el pelo vuelve a crecer a su velocidad normal. +rrita +rritacio ciones nes en la boca boca! con la quimi quimiote oterap rapia ia son frecue frecuente ntes s las mucosi mucosisti stis s o irritacio irritaciones nes bucales. bucales. %s un trastorno trastorno más molesto molesto que preocupante preocupante pues produce produce ardores en la boca. ara reducir esta alteración se recomienda e+tremar la higiene bucal emplear cepillos de dientes con cerdas suaves, que no da5en las encías. 2ambién audan los enjuagues antisépticos. nemia! nemia! uno de los efectos secundarios más importantes en la quimioterapia es la reducción de la cantidad de glóbulos rojos en sangre. (a anemia se manifiesta a través del cansancio, la debilidad la palidez e+trema. %n ocasiones puede requerir una transfusión de sangre. 2ambién 2ambién puede aparecer plaquetopenia plaquetopenia o disminución disminución e+cesiva de las plaquetas 'las células sanguíneas que coagulan la sangre en caso de heridas). %ste efecto produce un aumento de los hematomas 'cardenales) o sangrado en encías nariz. $eutropenia! $eutropenia! es otro otro de los los efec efecto tos s más más vigi vigila lado dos s por por los los médi médico cos s debi debido do a la gravedad. Consiste en la reducción de los glóbulos blancos o leucocitos 'las células que nos defienden de la intrusión de elementos patógenos, como virus o bacterias). (a neutropenia favorece la aparición de infecciones 'fiebre, infección de orina, dolor de garganta). Cáncer de mama en hombres >no de cada ?// casos de cáncer de mama se produce en un varón. http!""###.dmedicina http!""### .dmedicina.com"enfermedad .com"enfermedades"cancer"cance es"cancer"cancer3mama r3mama
3. /dades- s+ntomas m0todos de )revención )ara e& C'ncer (e $ama 3.1 /dades m's frecuentes de& c'ncer de $ama %l riesgo de padecer cáncer de mama se incrementa con la edad, pero el cáncer de mama tiende a ser más agresivo cuando ocurre en mujeres jóvenes. (a maoría de los casos de cáncer de mama avanzado se encuentra en mujeres de más de 4/ a5os. (as mujeres tienen ?// veces más probabilidades de sufrir cáncer de mama que los hombres. ara una mujer que vive más allá de los @/ a5os la probabilidad de tener cáncer de mama durante toda su vida es de ?A,4B o ? en .
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3.2 *+ntomas Fo obstante, en algunos casos el primer indicio de cáncer de mama es un bulto o masa reciente en la mama que pueden palpar t- o tu médico. >n bulto indoloro, duro con bordes irregulares tiene más probabili probabilidades dades de ser cáncer cáncer.. ero a veces los bultos cancerosos pueden ser blandos, suaves redondeados. or eso es fundamental que tu médico e+amine cualquier aspecto sospechoso. *eg-n *egn la 8so 8sociaci ciación ón 8me 8merica ricana na del Cánc Cáncer, er, cualquiera cualquiera de los sigu siguiente ientes s camb cambios ios inusuales en la mama puede ser un indicio de cáncer de mama!
inflamación de la mama o parte de ella
irritación cutánea o formación de hoos
dolor de mama
dolor en el pezón o inversión del pezón
enrojecimiento, descamación o engrosamiento del pezón o la piel de la mama
una secreción del pezón que no sea leche
un bulto en las a+ilas
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. Conoce ( experimenta tu pecho ;ealízate autoe+ploraciones autoe+ploraciones constantemente. 0ebes estar familiarizada con la forma de tus senos cómo se sienten, para notar inmediatamente inmediatamente un cambio por mu peque5o que sea.
/. 0ebe alcohol con moderaci*n 1ientras que una copa de vino tinto te puede parecer demasiado buena, el consumo e+cesivo de alcohol se ha relacionado con un maor riesgo de cáncer. 1. E%erc#tate (a realización de actividad física auda a mantener tu peso estable también se ha demostrado que reduce el riesgo de desarrollar cáncer de mama. (a *ociedad 8mericana del Cáncer recomienda recomienda de I4 a 6/ minutos de ejercicio 4 veces a la semana.
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5.2 CAI!"#O II $arco $etodo&ó,ico E! ni/e! (e in/esti)a,i5n 8ue 9osee este tra7a
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5.3 CAI!"#O III An'&isis de resu&tados Se rea!i?5 un tota! (e 20 en,uestas 9ara (eterinar /arios as9e,tos a,er,a (e! ,6n,er (e aa aa a /ari /arias as 9ers 9erson onas as sin sin tene tenerr un ran) ran)oo (e e(a( e(a( trat tratan an(o (o (e (eo (eost stra rar r 9rin,i9a!ente e! )ra(o (e ,ono,iiento (e !as 9ersonas so7re este tea$ A ,ontinua,i5n se 9resentaran a!)unas (e !as 9re)untas (e !a en,uesta rea!i?a(a = sus resu!ta(os in,!u=en(o e! 9or,enta
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tt).actitudfem tt) .actitudfem.combe&&eaarticu&ocomo6)r .combe&&eaarticu&ocomo6)revenir6e&6can evenir6e&6cancer6de6mam cer6de6mamaa
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