Mitosis and meiosis - Medicine Student Genetics Reproduction Cellular Biology
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Mitosis and meiosis
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Cells divide into two different ways to make new cells. Mitosis
Mitosis is used to produce daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent c ells. The cell copies - o
- its chromosomes, and then splits the c opied chromosomes equally to make sure that each daughter cell h Meiosis
Meiosis is used to make special cells - sperm cells and egg cells - that have half the normal number of chrom
reduces the number from 23 pairs o f chromosomes to 23 single chromosomes. The cell copies its chromoso
then separates the 23 pairs to ensure that each daughter cell has only one copy of each chromosome. A sec that divides each daughter cell again to produce four daughter cells.
Mitosis and meiosis
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Mitosis
Your body contains trillions of cells (thousands of millions). But you started life as a single cell - a fertilised e
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Before mitosis, the chromosomes are copied. They then c oil up, and each chromosome looks like a letter
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nucleus of the cell. The chromosomes now consist of two sister chromatids. Mitosis separates these chrom each new cell has a copy of every chromosome.
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A diagram of a cell ready for mitosis. The copied chromosomes consist of two chromatids joined at the cen
The process of mitosis involves a number of different stages. The following diagram sets out the stages, and events that occur in each stage.
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Meiosis
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Some simple organisms - such as bacteria - can reproduce by simply dividing into two new individua
organisms, including human beings, reproduce through sexual reproduction. New individuals are formed by together of two special cells: a sperm cell and an egg cell.
The cells in our bodies contain 23 pairs of chromosomes - giving us 46 chromosomes in total. Sperm
egg cells contain 23 single chromosomes, half the normal number, and are made by a special form of cell di called meiosis.
Meiosis separates the pairs of matching (or 'homologous') chromosomes, so that sperm ce lls and e
only one copy of each. That way, when an egg cell fuses with a sperm cell, the fertilized egg has a full set: th copies of every chromosome. Meiosis involves two cell divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
Meiosis I separates the matching - or 'homologous' - pairs of chromosomes. Meiosis II divides each chromosome into two copies (much like mitosis).
In Meiosis I, each daughter cell receives a mix of chromosomes from the two sets in the parent cell. In addit
chromosomes in each matching pair swap some ge netic material before they are parted in a process called over. These processes produce new combinations of genes in t he sperm cells and egg cells.
The following diagrams set out the main stages of Meiosis I and Meiosis II in males. (A similar process in fem produces egg cells rather than sperm cells.
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