LHPNRHF PRHCZGC CGROH LHPHFM
KGKPGLHOHRI CIFGROH KGQIF PGFMGRIFM PHJH PGFMNLHDHF ZGD DIZHK JGFMHF KGZNJG NRZDNJNCQ JI PZ. PGRCGBWFHF FWQHFZHRH UIII CGBWF JHYGWDKHFMMW JHYGWDKHFMMWFM FM
Jihouchf uftuc Kgkgfudi Qyhrht Cglulushf Khth Culihd Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm
Jisusuf Nlgd ?
RHCCH PWZRI RHFHZI 2:08808:0087
JGPHRZGKGF ZGCFIC PGRZHFIHF JHF BINQIQZGK EHCWLZHQ ZGCFNLNMI IFJWQZRI PGRZHFIHF WFIUGRQIZHQ PHJOHJOHRHF OHZIFHFMNR 208=
LGKBHR PGFMGQHDHF
Fhkh Khdhsiswh
?
Rhcch Putri Rhfhti
FPK
?
2:08808:0087 2:08808:0087
Prnmrhk Qtuji
?
Zgcfic Pgrthfihf
Jgphrtgkgf
?
Zgcfic Pgrthfihf jhf Binsistgk
Ehculths
?
Zgcfnlnmi Ifjustri Pgrthfihf
Zgkpht Prhctgc
?
PZ Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygud Khfmmufm, Chbuphtgf Mhrut, Ohwh Bhrht
Zhfmmhl Prhctgc
?
80 Ouli 208= s.j 08 Nctnbgr 208=
Oujul PCL
?
Kgkpglhohri
Cifgroh
Kgsif
Pgfmgrifm
phjh
Pgfmnlhdhf Zgd Dithk jgfmhf Kgtnjg Nrtdnjncs ji
PZ.
Pgrcgbufhf
Fushfthrh
UIII
Cgbuf
Jhygudkhfmmufm
Ohtifhfmnr, 2 Nctnbgr 208= Kgfygtuoui, Jnsgf Pgkbikbifm PCL
Pgkbikbifm Ifsthfsi PCL
Ir. Jgji Priohtfh, K.P
Ggfm Qukhrfh, Q.Z.
FIP. 89750:20894518008 89750:20894518008
FIC. 0802905:024=27 0802905:024=27 Kgfmgthdui,
Cnnrjifhtnr PCL
Khfhogr
]hdyu Cristihf Qumhfji, QZP., K.Qi.
Irwhf Curfihwhf, QP
FIP. 89=50502 89=50502 20050: 8 001
FIC. 080708==015207 080708==015207
i
LGKBHR PGFILHIHF
Fhkh Khdhsiswh
?
Rhcch Putri Rhfhti
FPK
?
2:08808:0087 2:08808:0087
Prnmrhk Qtuji
?
Zgcfic Pgrthfihf
Zgkpht Prhctgc
?
Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm, PZ.Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII
Zhfmmhl Prhctgc
?
80 Ouli 208= s.j. 80 Nctnbgr 208=
Oujul Lhpnrhf
?
Kgkpglhohri Cifgroh Kgsif Pgfmgrifm phjh Pgfmnlhdhf Zgd Dithk jgfmhf Kgtnjg Nrtdnjncs ji PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm Jhygudkhfmmufm
Zhfmmhl Lhpnrhf
?
Filhi Jnsgf Pgkbikbifm
?
(Qchlh 0-800) Filhi Pgkbikbifm Lhphfmhf
?
(Qchlh 0-800) Filhi Hcdir
?
(jiisi nlgd Cnnrjifhtnr) Ohtifhfmnr, 2 Nctnbgr 208= Kgfygtuoui, Jnsgf Pgkbikbifm PCL
Pgkbikbifm Ifsthfsi PCL
Ir. Jgji Priohtfh, K.P FIP. 89750:20894518008 89750:20894518008
Ggfm Qukhrfh, Q.Z. FIC. 0802905:024=27 0802905:024=27
Kgfmgthdui, Cnnrjifhtnr Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfmhf
]hdyu Cristihf Qumhfji, QZP., K.Qi. FIP. 89=5050220050:8001 89=5050220050:8001
ii
CHZH PGFMHFZHR
Puoi jhf jhf syucur pgfulis phfohtchf cgphjh Hllhd Hllhd Q]Z, hth s bgrch bg rch t rh dkht dk ht jhf chrufih-Fyh pgfulis bish kgfyglgshichf pglhcshfhhf Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm (PCL) jhf lhpnrhf hcdir PCL yhfm bgroujul “Kgkpglhohri Cifgroh Kgsif Pgfmgrifm phjh Pgfmnlhdhf Zgd Dithk jgfmhf Kgtnjg Nrtdnjncs ji PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm‛ .
PCL kgruphchf shlhd shtu khth culihd yhfm whoib jitgkpud nlgd sgtihp khdhsiswh Jgphrtgkgf Zgcfic Pgrthfihf jhf Binsistgk, Ehculths Zgcfnlnmi Ifjustri Pgrthfihf, Wfivgrsiths Phjohjohrhf mufh kgkbgrichf pgfmhlhkhf jhf pgfmgthduhf tgfthfm cgmihthf phjh suhtu lgkbhmh/ifsthfsi/pgrushdhhf tgrtgftu yhfm bgrchithf jgfmhf bijhfm cgtgcfichf pgrthfihf. Pgfyusufhf lhpnrhf jhri cgmihthf PCL yhfm tglhd jilhcshfhchf sglhkh =7 dhri cgroh ji PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm kgruphchf k gruphchf shlhd shtu syhrht cglulushf jhri khth culihd itu sgfjiri. Pgfulis oumh ifmif kgfmuahpchf tgrikh chsid cgphjh ? 8.
Hllhd Q]Z yhfm tglhd kgkbgrichf rhdkht, bgrchd, chrufih, cgkujhdhf jhf cglhahrhf sglhkh pglhcshfhhf PCL.
2.
Nrhfm tuh pgfulis yhfm sglhlu kgkbgrichf jnh, jucufmhf jhf sgkhfmht jhlhk kglhcshfhchf cgmihthf PCL ifi.
1.
Bhphc Jr. Ir. Gjy Quryhji K.Z., sglhcu Jgchf Ehculths Zgcfnlnmi Ifjustri Pgrthfihf.
:.
Bhphc Ir. Ir. Jgjy Priohtfh, K.P, sglhcu Jnsgf Pgkbikbifm sglhkh kglhcuchf PCL ji PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm yhfm tglhd kgkbgrichf whwhshf sglhkh pgfulishf lhpnrhf PCL, kgrglhchf whctu uftuc kgkbikbifm pgfulis, kgkbgrichf hrhdhf, shrhf, bhftuhf, pgrdhtihf sgrth fhsgdht sglhkh prnsgs pgfyusufhf lhpnrhf PCL ifi. ifi .
7.
Bhphc ]hdyu Cristihf Qumhfji QZP., K.Qi., sglhcu cnnrjifhtnr PCL Prnmrhk Qtuji Zgcfic Pgrthfihf, Wfivgrsiths Phjohjohrhf.
5.
Bhphc Ir. Hsgp Buji Johtfich sglhcu Khfhogr PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm pgrinjg 2087-208= jhf Bhphc Iwhf Curfihwhf Q.P sglhcu Khfhogr PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf
iii
Jhygudkhfmmufm pgrinjg 208=-sgchrhfm yhfm tglhd kgkbgrichf izif jhf cgsgkphthf pgfulis uftuc kglhcshchf PCL ji PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm. =.
Bhphc Dgrkhfsyhd, bhphc Hftnf, jhf bhphc Jujufm sglhcu Hsistgf Hejglifm PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm yhfm tglhd kgkbgrichf ifenrkhsi jhf kgfmhohri jhlhk pgrhwhthf difmmh pgkgtic pgkgtichf hf tgd. tgd.
4.
Bhphc Qhlik sglhcu cgphlh pgfmnlhdhf PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm yhfm tglhd kgkbhftu jhf kgkbikbifm pgfulis jhlhk dhl kgfmgfhi pgfmnlhdhf tgd.
9.
Bhphc Kgji Quprihji sglhcu Hsistgf Hjkifistrhsi yhfm tglhd kgkbhftu jhlhk dhl hjkifistrhsi.
80.
Qgmgfhp
Chryhwhf
PZ.
Pgrcgbufhf
Fushfthrh
UIII
Cgbuf
Jhygudkhfmmufm yhfm tglhd kgkbhftu jhlhk cgmihthf PCL. 88.
Wlvig Duthki, Khrsygllifh Jwi, ]ifhjh Putrhftn, jhf Ifthf sglhcu tgkhf sgpgrouhfmhf sgpgrouhfmhf jhri Wfivgrsiths Phjohohrhf sglhkh kglhcshfhchf PCL ji PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm. Pgfulis kgfyhjhri bhdwh khsid bhfyhc cgcurhfmhf jhlhk pglhcshfhhf
PCL sgrth jhlhk pgfulishf lhpnrhf PCL ifi. Nlgd chrgfh itu, pgfulis kgfmdhrhpchf critic jhf shrhf jhri pgkbhah. Qgknmh lhpnrhf PCL ifi bgrkhfe bgrkhfehht hht jhf jhpht jhpht kgfohji kgfohji sukbhf sukbhfmhf mhf bhmi bhmi pgrcgkbh pgrcgkbhfmhf fmhf ilku ilku pgfmgthd pgfmgthduhf uhf cdususfyh jhlhk cifgroh kgsif pgfmgrifm phjh pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk kgtnjg nrtdnjncs. nrtdnjncs. Hths pgrdhtihffyh pgfulis uahpchf tgrikh chsid.
Ohtifhfmnr, Nctnbgr 208=
Pgfulis
iv
JHEZHR IQI
LGKBHR PGFMGQHDHF ............................................ ................................................................... ......................................... .................. i LGKBHR PGFILHIHF ....................................... ............................................................. ............................................ ............................. ....... ii CHZH PGFMHFZHR ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ........................ .. iii ii i JHEZHR IQI ................................................ ....................................................................... ............................................. .................................... .............. v JHEZHR ZHBGL ................................................... .......................................................................... .............................................. ....................... vii JHEZHR MHKBHR ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .......................... .... viii JHEZHR LHKPIRHF .............. .................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ........... x JHEZHR IQZILHD ........................................................... .................................................................................. .................................... ............. xi BHB I PGFJHDWLWHF.......................................................... ................................................................................ ............................. ....... 8 8.8
Lhthr Bglhchfm ............................................................ ................................................................................... ......................... .. 8
8.2
Khcsuj Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm ........................................... ............................................................. .................. 2
8.1
Zuouhf Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm ................................................ .............................................................. .............. 2
8.:
8.1.8
Zuouhf Wkuk.......................................... ................................................................. ................................. .......... 2
8.1.2
Zuouhf Cdusus ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................. ...... 1
]hctu jhf Zgkpht Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm ................................. ........................................... .......... 1 8.:.8
]hctu ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ...................... 1
8.:.2
Zgkpht......................................................... ............................................................................... ............................. ....... 1
8.7
Jgscripsi Cgmihthf Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm ........................................... ........................................... 1
8.5
Kgtnjg Pgfulishf ................................................ ....................................................................... ................................. .......... :
8.=
Ogfis Cgmihthf .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ...................... 7
BHB II ZIFOHWHF WKWK PGRWQHDHHF/IFQZHFQI ................................... ................................... = 2.8. Qgohrhd PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII .................................... .............................................. .......... = 2.2
Uisi jhf Kisi Pgrushdhhf ............................................ ................................................................... ......................... .. 4
2.1
Cnfjisi PZPF UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm........ Jhygudkhfmmufm.............................. ............................. ....... 9
BHB III PRNQGQ PGFMNLHDHF ZGD DIZHK JGFMHF KGZNJG NRZDNJNCQ
JI
PZ.
PGRCGBWFHF
FWQHFZHRH
UIII
CGBWF
JHYGWDKHFMMWFM JHYGWDKHFMMWFM ............................................ .................................................................. .......................................... .................... 88 1.8
Pgkgtichf Puauc Zgd .......................................... ................................................................. ............................... ........ 81
1.2
Pgfmhfmcuthf jhf Pgfgrikhhf Bhdhf Bhcu ............................. ...................................... ......... 8:
1.1
Pglhyuhf ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ........................... ..... 84
v
1.:
Pgfmmilifmhf..................................................... ........................................................................... .................................. ............ 22
1.7
Ncsijhsi Gfzikhtis ................................... ......................................................... .......................................... .................... 2=
1.5
Pgfmgrifmhf............................................................. ................................................................................... ........................... ..... 24
1.=
Qnrthsi.............................................................. ..................................................................................... ................................... ............ 29
1.4
Pgfmuoihf Kutu ........................................................... .................................................................................. ....................... 17
1.9
Pgfmgphchf.................................... Pgfmgphchf.......................................................... ............................................ ............................... ......... 14
BHB IU CIFGROH KGQIF PGFMGRIFM Z]N QZHMG JRIGR PHJH PGFMNLHDHF ZGD DIZHK JGFMHF KGZNJG NRZDNJNCQ ............... ............... :1 :.8
Hlht jhf Bhdhf Cgmihthf.......................... Cgmihthf................................................ .......................................... .................... :1 :.8.8
Hlht ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ........................ :1
:.8.2
Bhdhf........................................................... ................................................................................. ........................... ..... :1
:.2
Prnsgs Pgfmgrifmhf Zgd Dithk ...................................... .......................................................... .................... :1
:.1
Pgrkhshlhdhf Kgsif Zwn Qthmg Jrigr ............................................... ............................................... :=
:.:
Dhsil Pgranbhhf jhf Pgrditufmhf........................................... ....................................................... ............ :=
BHB U PGFWZWP...................................................... ............................................................................ .......................................... .................... 78 7.8
Cgsikpulhf........................................ Cgsikpulhf.................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................... ..... 78
7.2
Qhrhf .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. .................................. ............ 72
JHEZHR PWQZHCH .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ........................... ..... 71 LHKPIRHF .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ .......................................... .................... 7:
vi
JHEZHR ZHBGL
Zhbgl 8. Hrghl Cnfsgsi jhf Cnkpnsisi Zhfhkhf ............................................. ................................................. .... 80 Zhbgl 2. Qpgsieichsi ]itdgrifm Zrnumd (]Z) ....................................................... ....................................................... 89 Zhbgl 1. Bgbgrhph pgrubhdhf yhfm tgrohji sglhkh prnsgs pglhyuhf ..................... ..................... 28 Zhbgl :. Pgrubhdhf eisic eis ic jhuf sglhkh prnsgs pglhyuhf ............................ ........................................ ............ 28 Zhbgl 7. Qpgsieichsi NZR ................................. ....................................................... ............................................ ............................... ......... 21 Zhbgl 5. Qpgsieichsi Anfvgynr JIBF J IBF I .......................................... ................................................................. ....................... 2: Zhbgl =. Qpgsieichsi Rntnrvhfg Qpgsieichsi Rntnrvhfg 87‛ 87‛ ............................................ .................................................................. ........................... .... 25 Zhbgl 4. Qpgsieichsi ZQJ.......................................... ZQJ................................................................ ............................................ ........................ 29 Zhbgl 9. Qpgsieichsi tgh auttgr ........................................................... .............................................................................. .................... 18 Zhbgl 80. Qpgsieichsi Zdggwhf/Ehf II ........................................... .................................................................. ....................... 12 Zhbgl 88. Qthfjhr ucurhf tgd ohji .......................................... ................................................................. ............................... ........ 1: Zhbgl 82. Wcurhf kgsd ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ........................ 17 Zhbgl 81. Qthfjhr Qth fjhr bgrht ogfis tgd dithk nrtnjncs .......................................... .................................................. ........ 1= Zhbgl 8:. Qpgsieichsi tgh bulcgr ............................................................ ........................................................................... ................ :0 Zhbgl 87. Qpgsieichsi tgh phacgr ...................... phacgr ............................................ ............................................. ............................... ........ :8 Zhbgl 85. Qthfjhr isihf phpgr isihf phpgr shac jhf shac jhf chrufm plhstic ......................................... ......................................... :2
vii
JHEZHR MHKBHR
Mhkbhr 8. Jihmrhk hlir prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk nrtdnjncs ......................... ......................... 82 Mhkbhr 2. Ogfis pgtichf? (8) dhlus, (2) kgjiuk, (1) chshr ................................... ................................... 81 Mhkbhr 1. Muftifm pgtic .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ........................ 8: Mhkbhr :. Puauc tgd jhlhk whrifm shac .............................................. ............................................................. ................ 87 Mhkbhr 7. Pgfikbhfmhf puauc ji lhphfmhf ......................................... ......................................................... ................ 85 Mhkbhr 5. Pgfikbhfmhf puauc tgd ji ogkbhthf tikbhfm ..................................... ..................................... 8= Mhkbhr =. ]itdgrifm Zrnumd (]Z) ............................................... ...................................................................... ....................... 89 Mhkbhr 4. Kgsif Npgf Znp Rnllgr (NZR) Rnllgr (NZR) .................................................. ........................................................... ......... 21 Mhkbhr 9. Anfvgynr JIBF Anfvgynr JIBF I .............................................. ..................................................................... .................................. ........... 2: Mhkbhr 80. Jnublg 80. Jnublg Ifjih Bhll Brghcgr (JIBF) Brghcgr (JIBF) ........................................... ................................................... ........ 27 Mhkbhr 88. Rntnrvhfg 88. Rntnrvhfg 87‛ ......................................... ............................................................... .......................................... .................... 27 Mhkbhr 82. Qcgkh Rntnrvhfg Qcgkh Rntnrvhfg 87‛................... 87‛......................................... ............................................ ............................... ......... 25 Mhkbhr 81. Zwn Qthmg Jrigr (ZQJ) ......................................................... ..................................................................... ............ 29 Mhkbhr 8:. IZT (Iffnvh Zgh Gxtrhatnr)............................ Gxtrhatnr)................................................... ................................... ............ 10 Mhkbhr 87. Zgh Auttgr . ................................................... ......................................................................... ...................................... ................ 18 Mhkbhr 85. Qcgkh Zdggwhf/Ehf II .................... II .......................................... ............................................. ........................... .... 18 Mhkbhr 8=. Uibrgx Eibgr Gxtrhatnr .......................................................... ..................................................................... ............ 12 Mhkbhr 84. Adnuth Qdietgr ................... Qdietgr ......................................... ............................................ .......................................... .................... 11 Mhkbhr 89. Qcgkh Adnuth Qietgr ........................................... .................................................................. ............................... ........ 1: Mhkbhr 20. Zikbhfmhf Qhrtnfius ......................................... ............................................................... ............................... ......... 15 Mhkbhr 28. Pgfmuoihf iffgr quhlity .......................................... ................................................................. ........................... .... 14 Mhkbhr 22. Pgti Kirifm............................................ Kirifm.................................................................. ............................................ ........................ 19 Mhkbhr 21. Zgh bulcgr . ................................................... ......................................................................... ...................................... ................ :0 Mhkbhr 2:. Zgh phacgr ..................... phacgr ............................................ ............................................. ............................................ ........................ :8 Mhkbhr 27. Qcgkh jhlhk prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf ............................................ ..................................................... ......... :: Mhkbhr 25. Curvh psicnkgtric uftuc pgfmgrifmhf .......................................... .............................................. .... :7 Mhkbhr 2=. Bhbhjhf hthu pgfyihfmhf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf nrhc ...................... ...................... =4 Mhkbhr 24. Pgkbhlichf thfhd jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf mhrpu ............................... ................................. =4 Mhkbhr 29. Pgrsihphf pgfygkprnthf dgrbisijh ......................... ............................................... ........................... ..... =4 Mhkbhr 10. Pgfygkprnthf dgrbisijh .................................................... .................................................................... ................ =4
viii
Mhkbhr 18. Pgkhfmchshf ......................... ............................................... ............................................ ...................................... ................ =9 Mhkbhr 12. Pgfyhcit jhuf blistgr ................................... ......................................................... ...................................... ................ =9 Mhkbhr 11. Pgfyhcit jhuf hcibht Gkpnhsah hcibht Gkpnhsah sp. .............................. sp. .................................................. .................... =9 Mhkbhr 1:. Pgfyhcit phjh jhuf hcibht ulht .......................................... .......................................................... ................ =9 Mhkbhr 17. Pgkupuchf jhuf ........................................................... ............................................................................... .................... 40 Mhkbhr 15. Kgsif Qhfadif sprhygr Qhfadif sprhygr .................................................. ..................................................................... .................... 40 Mhkbhr 1=. Pgkgtichf puauc tgd .................................................. ......................................................................... ....................... 40 Mhkbhr 14. Pgkgtichf puauc tgd kgfmmufhchf muftifm ..................................... ..................................... 40 Mhkbhr 19. Pgfmhfmcuthf tgd ............................................ ................................................................... .................................. ........... 48 Mhkbhr :0. Prnsgs pgkbgbgrhf ....................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................... ........ 48
ix
JHEZHR LHKPIRHF
Lhkpirhf 8. Qtructur Nrmhfishsi PZPF UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmu Jh ygudkhfmmufm fm .............. 7: Lhkpirhf 2. Fhkh-fhkh Hjkifistrhtur yhfm Pgrfhd Kgkikpif........................ Kgkikpif........................ 77 Lhkpirhf 1. Jhethr Bhfmufhf Phbric jhf Mujhfm ........................................... ............................................... .... 75 Lhkpirhf :. Jhethr Kgsif Phbric.............................................................. Phbric.......................................................................... ............ 7= Lhkpirhf 7. Lhynut Kgsif Phbric Ruhfm Milifm, Ruhfm Pgfmgrifmhf, Ruhfm Qnrthsi, jhf Ruhfm Pgfmgphchf ................................................. ........................................................................ ........................... .... 79 Lhkpirhf 5. Pgth Hejglifm Fyhkphy...................... Fyhkphy............................................. .............................................. ....................... 50 Lhkpirhf =. Pgth Hejglifm Zgfmhd ............................................ ................................................................... ........................... .... 58 Lhkpirhf 4. Pgth Hejglifm Aidurhfm .................................................... .................................................................... ................ 52 Lhkpirhf 9. Curvh Psicnkgtric Jhth Pgfmhkhthf Kgsif Zwn Qthmg Jrygr ....... ....... 51 Lhkpirhf 80. Qurht Izif Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm ........................................... .................................................... ......... 5: Lhkpirhf 88. Qurht Zumhs Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm ............................................. ................................................. .... 57 Lhkpirhf 82. Qurht Cgtgrhfmhf Qglgshi Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm ............................ ............................ 55 Lhkpirhf 81. Filhi Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm ............................................ ............................................................ ................ 5= Lhkpirhf 8:. Lnmbnnc Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm .......................................... ...................................................... ............ 54 Lhkpirhf 87. Jncukgfthsi Prhctgc Pr hctgc Cgroh Lhphfm ........................................... ............................................... .... =4
x
JHEZHR IQZILHD
Kgsd
?
Ouklhd lubhfm yhfm tgrjhpht jhlhk hyhchf tihp 8 ifadi pgrsgmi
Liqunr
?
Hir sgjudhf
Anlnr
?
]hrfh hir sgjudhf jhpht kgrhd hthu anclht jgfmhf iftgsiths bgrvhrihsi
Anlnry liqunr
?
Hir sgjudhf yhfm bgrwhrfh kgrhd jhf bgfifm
Qtrgfmtd
?
Cnfsgftrhsi sgfyhwh yhfm yhfm kgfjucufm rhsh jhf tijhc bgrdubufmhf jgfmhf jgfmhf anlnr
Bnjy
?
Quhtu liqunr yhfm kgkilici eullfgss jhf strgfmtd
Elhvnr
?
Quhtu hrnkh yhfm fyhth jhf shfmht jidhrhpchf hjh jhlhk liqunr, yhfm jhpht jirhshchf nlgd lijhd jhf ifjrh pgfaiukhf hthu jhpht jisgbut aith rhsh
Xuhlity
?
Istilhd
yhfm
jimufhchf
uftuc
kgfyhthchf
sgkuh
chrhctgristic yhfm bhic phjh tgd tgrkhsuc pgfhkphchffyh Ifeusgj lghe
?
Hkphs sgjudhf
Anppgry
?
Hkphs sgjudhf tgd yhfm bgrwhrfh sgpgrti tgkbhmh.
Brimdt
?
Aithwhrfh yhfm bhic jhf kgfufouchf tgd bgrchrhctgr bhic, cgbhlichf jhri jull
Hppghrhfag
?
Pgfhkphchf
Blhac
?
Zgd ohji yhfm bgrwhrfh dithk
Brnwfisd
?
Zgd yhfm bgrwhrfh cganclhthf hcibht jhri cgshlhdhf jhlhk pgfmnlhdhf hthu chrgfh bgrhshl jhri puauc chshr
Adnppy
?
Erhcsi tgd yhfm tgpntnfm jhlhk prnsgs snrthsi cgrifm
Elhcy
?
Jhuf
tgd
ohji
yhfm
tgrbuch
hthu
pipid
thfph
pgfmgliftifmhf jhf kgfufouchf hcibht hjhfyh cgshlhdhf cgshlh dhf jhlhk pgkgtichf, pglhyuhf, jhf prnsgs lhiffyh.
xi
BHB I PGFJHDWLWHF
8.8
Lhthr Bglhchfm
Ahlnf shrohfh phjh bijhfm tgcfnlnmi ifjustri pgrthfihf jhpht kgfohji sukbgr jhyh khfusih bgrcuhliths hphbilh ilku pgfmgthduhf jhf tgcfnlnmi yhfm jijhpht ji bhfmcu pgrculihdhf jitgrhpchf phjh jufih pgcgrohhf jhf shfmht kgkgrluchf cgtgrhkpilhf jhlhk kgfmijgftieichsi khshlhd, kglhcuchf hfhlisis tgcfic, jhf oumh uoi cifgroh tgrdhjhp suhtu cnfjisi sgbuhd lifmcufmhf pgcgrohhf. Jhlhk dhl ifi, Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm (PCL) kgruphchf shlhd shtu syhrht pgftifm yhfm pgrlu jilhcuchf hmhr cgtgrhkpilhf jhlhk kgfohji shrohfh tgcfnlnmi pgrthfihf hchf lgbid kukpufi jhf sihp tgrouf jhlhk khsyhrhcht. Jgfmhf hjhfyh cgmihthf tgrsgbut pulh jhpht kgfohjichf knjhl, pgfmgfhlhf sgchlimus pgfmhlhkhf jhlhk bgcgroh ji suhtu pgrushdhhf jgfmhf kgfgrhpchf sgkuh tgnri yhfm tglhd jijhphtchf sglhkh khsh pgrculihdhf ji Wfivgrsiths Phjohjohrhf. PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII (PZPF) yhfm kgruphchf Bhjhf Wshdh Kilic Fgmhrh (Pgrsgrn) hjhlhd pgrushdhhf yhfm bgrmgrhc phjh bijhfm pgrthfihf sgctnr pgrcgbufhf. Pgrushdhhf ifi tgrencus phjh pgkbujijhyhhf, pgfmnlhdhf, jhf pgfouhlhf thfhkhf pgrcgbufhf yhfm kgliputi tgd, shwit, chchn, chrgt jhf cifh. Wphyh pgfyglgfmmhrhf ushdh phjh bijhfm hmrnbisfis sgrth hmrnifjustri kgfohji shlhd shtu tuouhf jijirichffyh pgrushdhhf ifi, jhf jilidht jhri bijhfm pgrushdhhf yhfm bgrmgrhc ji sgctnr pgrcgbufhf tgrsgbut kgruphchf shlhd shtu bijhfm yhfm shfmht ananc jgfmhf bijhfm pgrculihdhf tgcfic pgrthfihf. Zgd kgruphchf shlhd shtu cnknjiths pgrthfihf yhfm bgmitu bhfyhc tgrsgjih ji Ifjnfgsih jgfmhf kgkilici filhi gcnfnkis yhfm aucup tifmmi jhf oumh kifht cnfsukgf yhfm tgrus kgfifmcht. Qgcithr =4% tgd fhsinfhl jidhsilchf jhri pgrcgbufhf yhfm bgrhjh ji Ohwh Bhrht jhri tnthl prnjucsi tgd ji sglurud Ifjnfgsih. Ifjnfgsih. Zgd sglhif tgrcgfhl hchf rhsh jhf hrnkhfyh, tgftu ji jhlhk tgd tgrsgbut tgrjhpht bgbgrhph chfjufmhf yhfm bgrkhfehht bhmi cgsgdhthf khfusih sgpgrti pnliegfnl, chgkpegrnl, jhf lhif sgbhmhifyh (Hriyhfti, 208:). PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm kgruphchf shlhd shtu phbric pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk jgfmhf kgtnjg nrtdnjncs. Phjh prnsgs
8
pgfmnlhdhf jhri puauc tgd kgfohji tgd cgrifm jimufhchf bgrbhmhi hlht jhf kgsif kg sif phsah phfgf yhfm tglhd jisgsuhichf pgfmmufhhffyh sgrth tglhd jitgftuchf spgsieichsifyh khsifm-khsifm sgsuhi jgfmhf cgbutudhf jhf tifmcht prnjucsi jhri prnjuc tgd yhfm hchf jidhsilchf. Prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf tgd ifi kgfmmufhchf kgsifkgsi fkgsif jhf pgrhlhthf phsah phfgf yhfm kgruphchf shlhd shtu bgftuc pgfmmufhhf tgcfnlnmi ji bijhfm ifjustri pgrthfihf. Prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf tgd yhitu jikulhi jhri pgkgtichf, pglhyuhf, pgfmmilifmhf, ncsijhsi gfzikhtis, pgfmgrifmhf, snrthsi, jhf pgfmgphchf. Jhlhk prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf dhl yhfm pgftifm jhlhk kglhcuchffyh jhf tgthp jhlhk pgfmhwhshf ihlhd lhkh whctu jhf oumh sudu phjh prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf. Phjh pglhcshfhhfyh uftuc kgfmdhsilchf bubuc yhfm bgrcuhliths oumh jitgftuchf nlgd cifgroh kgsif pgfmgrifm chrgfh phjh prnsgs ifi hchf tgrohji pgfmdgftihf prnsgs egrkgfthsi sgfyhwh enlipgfnl jhlhk bubuc tgd phjh shht cnfjisi zht-zht pgfjucufm cuhliths kgfahphi cghjhhf nptikhl jhf kgfgftuchf kutu hcdir tgd dithk yhfm jidhsilchf. Nlgd chrgfh itu kgkpglhohri cifgroh kgsif kgs if pgfmgrifmhf phjh pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk jgfmhf
kgtnjg
nrtdnjncs
ji
PZ.
Pgrcgbufhf
Fushfthrh
UIII
Cgbuf
Jhygudkhfmmufm ifi shfmht pgftifm uftuc jilhcuchf.
8.2
Khcsuj Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm
Hjhpuf khcsuj jhri PCL ifi hjhlhd uftuc kgkbgrichf pgfmhlhkhf kgfmgfhi cnfjisi jufih cgroh jhf kgfhkbhd choihf ji luhr jhri cgmihthf pgrculihdhf yhfm khsid tgrkhsuc jhlhk bijhfm tgcfic pgrthfihf. Qglhif itu, khcsuj jhri cgmihthf PCL ifi hjhlhd uftuc kgkpglhohri ahrh pgfmmufhhf jhf pgfmnpgrhsihf kgsif-kgsif pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk jgfmhf kgtnjg nrtdnjncs.
8.1
Zuouhf Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm
8.1.8 Zuouhf Wkuk
Zuouhf ukuk jilhcshfhchffyh prhctgc cgroh lhphfm ifi jihfthrhfyh hjhlhd? 8.
Kgfjhphtchf pgfmhlhkhf bgcgroh phjh ifstitusi yhfm jituou yhfm bgrchithf jgfmhf bijhfm tgcfic pgrthfihf.
2.
Kgfhkbhd pgfmgthduhf jhf whwhshf khdhsiswh jhlhk pgrhwhthf tgd.
2
1.
Kgfhkbhd pgfmgthduhf jhf whwhshf khdhsiswh phjh pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk jhri pgkhfgfhf difmmh pgfmgkhshf.
:.
Kgfmchoi cgkhkpuhf pgfmgthduhf hthu choihf tgnritis jgfmhf prhctgc prhctgc fyhth f yhth ji lhphfmhf sgrth sg rth bglhohr kgfmhkbil sichp jhf kgfgkphtchf jiri ji jhlhk bgcgroh sgdubufmhf jgfmhf cgtgrchithf bgrbhmhi hspgc hthu bijhfm jhlhk pgrushdhhf.
8.1.2 Zuouhf Cdusus
Zuouhf cdusus jilhcshfhchffyh prhctgc cgroh lhphfm ifi hjhlhd kgkpglhohri pgfmmufhhf kgsif-kgsif phsah phfgf phjh prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf tgd cdususfyh kgsif pgfmgrifmhf tgd ji PZ Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm.
8.:
]hctu jhf Zgkpht Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm
8.:.8 ]hctu
Cgmihthf Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfmhf (PCL) ifi hchf jilhcshfhchf sglhkh =7 dhri cgroh, yhfm jikulhi jhri 80 Ouli 208= shkphi jgfmhf 08 Nctnbgr 208= . 8.:.2 Zgkpht
Cgmihthf Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfmhf (PCL) ifi hchf jilhcshfhchf ji PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm, Jhygudkhfmmufm, Chbuphtgf Mhrut, Ohwh Bhrht.
8.7
Jgscripsi Cgmihthf Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm
Cgmihthf yhfm jilhcuchf sglhkh khsh PCL ifi jihfthrhfyh sgbhmhi bgricut. 8.
Pgfmgfhlhf prneil pgrushdhhf.
2.
Kgkpglhohri pgkglidhrhhf tgd yhfm jikulhi jhri pgfyihfmhf, pgkbgrihf pupuc jhuf, pgfmgfjhlihf pgfmgfjhlihf mulkh jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf dgrbisijh.
1.
Kgkpglhohri bujijhyh thfhkhf yhfm tgrjhpht ji Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm yhitu bgruph thfhkhf cnpi jhf thfhkhf ogruc.
:.
Kgkpglhohri pgkglidhrhhf thfhkhf ogruc jhf cnpi.
7.
Kgfmhkhti prnsgs pgkgtichf jhuf tgd, buhd ogruc, jhf buhd cnpi.
5.
Kgfmhkhti sgtihp prnsgs pgkglidhrhhf jhf pgkgtichf ji sgtihp hejglifm.
=.
Kglhcuchf cufoufmhf cg phbric pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk nrtnjncs.
4.
Kgfmicuti prnsgs jhf cgmihthf pgfmnlhdhf tgd jhri dulu cg dilir.
1
9.
Kgfmgthdui lhfmchd-lhfmchd pgfmmufhhf kgsif pgfmnlhdhf tgd yhfm hjh ji PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm.
80. Kglhcuchf pgfmhkhthf sgputhr lifmcufmhf cgroh sgrth cglhyhchf hlht jhf kgsif yhfm jimufhchf sglhkh prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf. 88. Kglhcuchf pgfmhkhthf phjh phjh pgfmnlhdhf jhuf tgd jibhmihf pgfmgrifmhf. 82. Kglhcuchf thfyh ohwhb sgputhr prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf tgd cgphjh pgkbikbifm lhphfm hthu pgfhfmmufm ohwhb lhphfmhf. 81. Kglhcuchf cnfsulthsi cgphjh pgkbikbifm lhphfmhf jhlhk pgfmgrohhf lhpnrhf.
8.5
Kgtnjg Pgfulishf
Kgtnjg yhfm jimufhchf sglhkh Cgmihthf Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfmhf ifi kgliputi? 8.
Kgtnjg ]hwhfahrh Quhtu kgtnjg pgfmukpulhf jhth jgfmhf ahrh whwhfahrh lhfmsufm cgphjh
fhrhsukbgr. ]hwhfahrh jilhcuchf jgfmhf pgkbikbifm lhphfmhf jhf tgcfisi yhfm kgfmgrti ahrh kgfhfmhfi tgfthfm bhmihf hlht, ahrh cgroh jhf pgfmnpgrhsihf. Lhfmchd-lhfmchd jhlhk whwhfahrh ?
2.
h.
Kgfyusuf jhf kgfyihpchf pgrthfyhhf
b.
Kglhcuchf whwhfahrh jgfmhf fhrhsukbgr
a.
Kgfahtht ohwhbhf
j.
Kgfulis ohwhbhf jhlhk lhpnrhf hcdir
Kgtnjg Nbsgrvhsi Quhtu kgtnjg pgfmukpulhf jhth jgfmhf ahrh pgfmhkhthf lhfmsufm phjh
tgkpht cgroh. Lhfmchd-lhfmchd yhfm jilhcuchf jhlhk kgtnjg ifi ? h.
Kgfmufoufmi, kgfmhkhti, sgrth kgkbhftu jhlhk pgfmgrohhf prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf tgd jikulhi jhri pgkgtichf tgd, pgfmmilifmhf tgd, egrkgfthsi, pgfmgrifmhf, pgfmgrifmhf, snrthsi jhf pgfmgkhshf. pgfmgkhshf.
b.
Kglidht jhf kgkbuht jhethr jhth yhfm jibutudchf uftuc kgfmgthdui cifgroh kgsif pgfmgrifm.
a.
Kgfmucur bhdhf bhchr yhfm jimufhchf uftuc prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf.
:
j.
Kgfmucur lhkh pgfmmufhhf bhdhf bhchr.
g.
Kgfikbhfm tgd bhshd yhfm hchf jicgrifmchf (]n).
e.
Kgfikbhfm tgd cgrifm yhfm tglhd cgluhr jhri kgsif pgfmgrifm (]i).
m.
Kgfmucur lhkh prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf jikulhi jhri pgkhsuchf tgd bhshd cg jhlhk kgsif pgfmgrifm difmmh kgsif pgfmgrifm tijhc tgrjhpht tgd cgrifm.
d.
Kgfmucur chjhr hir tgd bhshd.
i.
Kgfmucur chjhr hir tgd cgrifm.
o.
Kgfmucur sudu yhfm khsuc cg jhlhk kgsif pgfmgrifm.
c.
Kgfmucur sudu yhfm cgluhr jhri kgsif pgfmgrifm.
l.
Kgfmucur sudu bnlh bhshd jhf bnlh cgrifm ruhfm r uhfm pgfmgrifmhf.
k. Kgfmditufm chphsiths kgsif jhf chphsiths bhdhf bhchr jhri jhth yhfm tglhd jijhpht. f. 1.
Kgfmditufm geisigfsi kgsif pgfmgrifm.
Kgtnjg Qtuji Pusthch. Quhtu kgtnjg pgfmukpulhf jhth jgfmhf ahrh kgfmhkbil jhth-jhth jhri
bgrbhmhi bucu uftuc kgfjhphtchf jhth sgsuhi jgfmhf yhfm jicgdgfjhci. LhfmchdLhfmchdlhfmchd yhfm jilhcuchf hjhlhd? h.
Kgfahri litgrhturg litgrhturg ji pgrpusthchhf kgfmgfhi kgsif-kgsif pgfmnlhdhf tgd.
b.
Kgfahri sthfjhr npgrhsi pglhcshfhhf kgfmgfhi kgsif-kgsif pgfmnlhdhf tgd.
a.
8.=
Kgfahtht jhth yhfm jipgrluchf.
Ogfis Cgmihthf
Ogfis cgmihthf yhfm jilhcuchf phjh cgmihthf Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm (PCL) sglhkh =7 dhri cgroh ji PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII hjhlhd kgkpglhohri sgahrh ukuk pgkglidhrhhf tgd, ogruc, jhf cnpi sgrth kgkpglhohri sgahrh ukuk pgfmnlhdhf puauc tgd yhfm jikulhi jhri pgkgtichf puauc tgd difmmh shkphi jgfmhf prnsgs pgfmgphchf. Cgmihthf yhfm jilhcuchf sglhkh kgfohlhfchf PCL ifi jgfmhf kglhcuchf pgfmhkhthf sgahrh lhfmsufm cg lhphfmhf jhri kulhi pgkglidhrhhf jhf pgfmnlhdhf puauc tgd. Qglhif kglhcuchf tgrouf lhfmsufm cg
7
lhphfmhf jhlhk pgfahrihf ifenrkhsi cgmihthf yhfm jilhcuchf phjh shht PCL yhitu kgkpglhohri kgchfiskg cgroh jhf pgrhwhthf bgbgrhph hlht jhf kgsif pgfmnlhdhf tgd sgsuhi jgfmhf Qthfjhrj Npgrhtinfhl Prnagjurg (QNP). Fhkuf jhlhk dhl ifi, cgmihthf PCL jiencuschf phjh choihf cifgroh kgsif pgfmgrifm phjh pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk kgtnjg nrtdnjncs.
5
BHB II ZIFOHWHF WKWK PGRWQHDHHF/IFQZH PGRWQHDHHF/IFQZHFQI FQI
2.8. Qgohrhd PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII
Fhkh pgrushdhhf
? PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh Fushfthrh UIII
Hlhkht chftnr pusht
? Ohlhf Qifjhfmsirfh Fn. 0:, Bhfjufm :0871
Hlhkht chftnr cgbuf
? Ohlhf Ailhwu-Mhrut Cnjg Pns ::848
Zglgpnf
? (0252) 212=11
Qthtus pgrushdhhf
? Bhjhf Wshdh Kilic Fgmhrh (BWKF)
Cnknjiti
? Zgd, Cnpi, Hlpucht, Ogruc, jhf Lgfmcgfm
Pgrushdhhf pgrcgbufhf kilic fgmhrh ji Ohwh Bhrht jhf Bhftgf bgrhshl jhri pgrushdhhf pgrcgbufhf kilic pgkgrifthd Bglhfjh, yhfm cgtich pgfygrhdhf cgjhulhthf sgahrh ntnkhtis kgfohji kilic pgkgrifthd Rgpublic Ifjnfgsih, yhfm cgkujihf jicgfhl jgfmhf fhkh Pgrushdhhf Pgrcgbufhf Fgmhrh (PPF) Lhkh. Hfthrh thduf 897= ‑ 897= ‑ 8950 8950 jhlhk rhfmch fhsinfhlishsi hths pgrushdhhf-pgrushdhhf pgrcgbufhf gcs kilic swhsth Bglhfjh/Hsifm (hfthrh lhif ? Ifmmris, Pgrhfais jhf Bglmih) jibgftuc PPF-Bhru ahbhfm Ohwh Bhrht. Jhlhk pgrinjg 8950 ‑ 8950 ‑ 8951 8951 tgrohji pgfmmhbufmhf pgrushdhhf jhlhk lifmcup PPF-Lhkh jhf PPF-Bhru kgfohji ? PPF Cgshtuhf Ohwh Bhrht I, PPF Cgshtuhf Ohwh Bhrht II, PPF Cgshtuhf Ohwh Bhrht III, PPF Cgshtuhf Ohwh Bhrht IU jhf PPF Cgshtuhf Ohwh Bhrht U. Qglhfoutfyh sglhkh pgrinjg 8951 ‑ 8951 ‑ 8954 8954 jihjhchf rgnrmhfishsi jgfmhf tuouhf hmhr pgfmglnlhhf pgrcgbufhf lgbid tgpht mufh, jibgftuc PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf UII, PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf UIII, PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf IT jhf PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf T, yhfm kgfmglnlh thfhkhf tgd jhf cifh, sgrth PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf TI jhf PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf TII yhfm kgfmglnlh thfhkhf chrgt. Jhlhk rhfmch kgfifmchtchf geisigfsi jhf gegctiviths pgrushdhhf, phjh pgrinjg 8954 ‑ 89=8, 89=8, PPF yhfm hjh ji Ohwh Bhrht jiaiutchf kgfohji timh Pgrushdhhf Fgmhrh Pgrcgbufhf (PFP) kgliputi 54 cgbuf, yhitu ?
PFP TI bgrcgjujuchf ji Ohchrth (2: pgrcgbufhf), kgliputi pgrcgbufhf pgrcgbufhf gcs PPF Hfgch Hfgch Zhfhkhf T, jhf PPF Hfgch Hfgch Zhfhkhf TI3
=
PFP TII bgrcgjujuchf ji Bhfjufm (2: pgrcgbufhf), kgl iputi bgbgrhph pgrcgbufhf gcs PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf TI, PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf TII, sgbhmihf gcs PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf UII, jhf PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf UIII3
PFP TIII bgrcgjujuchf ji Bhfjufm (20 pgrcgbufhf), kgliputi bgbgrhph pgrcgbufhf gcs PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf TII, gcs PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf IT, IT, jhf PPF Hfgch Zhfhkhf T.
Qgohc thduf 89=8, PFP TI, PFP TII jhf PFP TIII bgrubhd sthtus kgfohji Pgrsgrnhf Zgrbhths Pgrcgbufhf (Pgrsgrn).
Jhlhk rhfmch Rgstructurishsi BWKF Pgrcgbufhf kulhi 8 Hpril 899: shkphi jgfmhf thfmmhl 80 Khrgt 8995, pgfmglnlhhf PZ Pgrcgbufhf TI, PZ Pgrcgbufhf TII, jhf PZ Pgrcgbufhf TIII jimhbufmchf ji bhwhd khfhogkgf PZP Mrnup Ohbhr.
Qglhfoutfyh sgohc thfmmhl 88 Khrgt 8995, PZ Pgrcgbufhf TI, PZ Pgrcgbufhf TII, jhf PZ Pgrcgbufhf TIII jilgbur kgfohji PZ Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII (Pgrsgrn).
Pgrcgbufhf Jhygudkhfmmufm Jhygudkhfmmufm kgruphchf shlhd shtu jhri 21 pgrcgbufhf pgrcgbufhf tgd ji bhwhd pgrushdhhf PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII yhfm tgrlgthc ji Cgahkhthf Ailhwu Chbuphtgf Mhrut Mhrut Prnpifsi Ohwh Bhrht. Ohrhc jhri jhri Cnth Bhfjufm + =7 =7 Ck cg hrhd Zikur jhf jhri cnth Mhrut + 87 Ck cg hrh d sglhthf. ]ilhyhd cgroh Pgrcgbufhf Jhygudkhfmmufm tgrbhmi jhlhk 5 (gfhk) bhmihf? 8) Hejglifm Fyhkphy, 2) Hejglifm Zgfmhd, 1) Hejglifm Aidurhfm, :) Hjkifistrhsi, 7) Pgfmnlhdhf, jhf 5) Zgcfic
2.2
Uisi jhf Kisi Pgrushdhhf Pgrushdhhf h. Uisi
Kgfohji
Pgrushdhhf
Hmribisfis
tgrcgkuch
jhf
tgrpgrahyh,
kgfmuthkhchf cgpuhshf pglhfmmhf jhf cgpgjulihf lifmcufmhf jgfmhf jijucufm nlgd QJK yhfm prnegsinfhl.
4
b. Kisi
8) Kgfmdhsilchf prnjuc bgrkutu jhf rhkhd lifmcufmhf yhfm jibutudchf nlgd phshr jhf kgkpufyhi filhi thkbhd tifmmi3 2) Kgfmglnlh pgrushdhhf jgfmhf kgfgrhpchf Mnnj Mnvgrfhfag Mnvgrfhfag jhf Qtrnfm Lghjgrsdip, Lghjgrsdip, kgknsisichf sukbgr jhyh khfusih sgbhmhi kitrh uthkh, sgrth kgfmgjgphfchf cgsgohdtgrhhf chryhwhf kglhlui cgsgdhthf pgrushdhhf3 1) Kgfmnptikhlchf sglurud sukbgr jhyh uftuc jhpht kgrhid pgluhfm pgluhfm pgfmgkbhfmhf pgfmgkbhfmhf bisfis, sgahrh khfjiri khupuf bgrshkh-shkh kitrh strhtgmis3 :) Kgfmgjgphfchf Anrpnrhtg Qnsihl Rgspnfsibility Rgspnfsibility (AQR) sgirifm jgfmhf cgkhouhf pgrushdhhf
2.1
Cnfjisi PZPF UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm Jhygudkhfmmufm
Lhdhf Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm tgrbgftuc kgkhfohfm tgrlgthc hmhc kglifmchr sgphfohfm lgrgfm/chci lgrgfm/chci Mufufm Aicurhy jhf kgkilici tnenmrhei bgrbucit bucit jgfmhf jgrhoht cgkirifmhf :70 , bgrhjh phjh cgtifmmihf hfthrh 8070-8700 kgtgr jihths pgrkuchhf lhut, ogfis thfhd sgbhmihf bgshr hjhlhd ogfis lhtnsnl, aurhd duohf thdufhf 2100-1200 kk/thduf jgfmhf tgkpgrhtur tgrgfjhd jhf tgrtifmmi sgphfohfm thduf bgrcishr 8=0A ‑ 25 250A. Pgrcgbufhf Jhygudkhfmmufm kgkilici 8 (shtu) buhd Phbric ogfis nlhd nrtdnjncs jgfmhf chphsiths tgrphshfm hjhlhd 24.000 cm puauc bhshd pgr dhri, 47 % uftuc phshr gcspnrt jhf 87 % uftuc phshr lnchl. Bgricut Zhbgl 8. hrghl cnfsgsi jhf cnkpnsisi thfhkhf.
9
Zhbgl 8. Hrghl Cnfsgsi jhf Cnkpnsisi Zhfhkhf FN
8
WRHIHF
ZHFHKHF KGFMDHQILCHF
2
LWHQ HRGHL CNFQGQI (dh)
208,4000 :0,0000 82,2200 20,0000 7,4=00 85,5=00 27,0000 8:,2700 20,0000
8999 2000 2008 2002 2001 2004 2009 2080 2088
OWKLHD HRGHL LHIF-LHIF
-
177,4800 1,7800 180,2000 2=,:800 5:,9000 20,0000 21,4000
Pgrsgkhihf Knfnarnp CCG Knfnarnp Hlpucht Knfnarnp Ogruc Knfnarnp Cnpi Knfnarnp Lgfmcgfm OWKLHD
-
1
::9,4200 25,5800 22,7900 11,2000
Iftgrarnp CCG Iftgrarnp Hlpucht
Iftgrarnp Ogruc OWKLHD HRGHL FNF PRNJWCZIE
-
42,:000 11,0=00 28=,8200 0,7700 0,4200 815,=000
Gkplhagkgft & Ohlhf Duthf/Ourhfm/Jhfmjhfm Jiphchi ZURI Jiphchi RAZI & QAZU Jiohrhd nlgd Khsyhrhcht OWKLHD
144,2500
OWKLHD ZNZHL
8.891,4900
Qukbgr? Hfnfik
80
BHB III PRNQGQ PGFMNLHDHF ZGD DIZHK JGFMHF KGZNJG NRZDNJNCQ JI PZ. PGRCGBWFHF FWQHFZHRH UIII CGBWF JHYGWDKHFMMWFM
Kgtnjg prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf puauc jhuf tgd ifi jibgjhchf kgfohji juh, yhitu prnsgs Auttifm-Zghrifm-Aurlifm A uttifm-Zghrifm-Aurlifm (AZA) (AZA) jhf nrtdnjncs. Cgjuh kgtnjg ifi kgklici cgshkhhf, shlhd shtufyh hjhlhd kgfmmufhchf prnsgs egrkgfthsi dhfyh kgtnjg nrtdnjncs jilhcuchf jgfmhf ahrh jhuf yhfm sujhd lhyu jiputhr, jipntnfm, jhf jidhfaurchf sgdifmmh jhpht kgkgahdchf isi sgl jhuf, sgdifmmh dhsil jhri kgtnjg nrdnjncs ifi hchf kgfmdhsilchf tgd jgfmhf hrnkh jhf elhvnr yhfm lgbid bhmus. Prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf puauc jhuf tgd kgfohji tgd cgrifm yhfm jimufhchf ji PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm Jh ygudkhfmmufm hjhlhd jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf kgtnjg nrtdnjncs. Pgfmnlhdhf jgfmhf kgtnjg nrtdnjncs jisgbut oumh jgfmhf kgtnjg pgfmnlhdhf sgahrh trhjisinfhl. Kgtnjg nrtdnjncs ifi jikulhi jhri pgkgtichf tgd, lhfmchd sglhfoutfyh hjhlhd pgfynrthsihf jhuf ji cgbuf sgahrh khfuhl jhf jhuf tgd cgkujihf jihfmcut kgfuou cg phbric uftuc jilhcuchf prnsgs pglhyuhf, pgfmmilifmhf, ncsijhsi gfzikhtis, pgfmgrifmhf, snrthsi, pgfmuoihf kutu, jhf pgfmgphchf. Pgfmnlhdhf puauc jhuf tgd jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf sistgk nrtdnjncs sgahrh ukuk jhpht jilidht phjh jihmrhk hlir Mhkbhr 8 bgricut i fi.
88
Mhkbhr 8. Jihmrhk hlir prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk nrtdnjncs
82
1.8
Pgkgtichf Puauc Zgd
Bhdhf yhfm jimufhchf uftuc kgfmdhsilchf tgd jgfmhf cuhliths tgrbhic hjhlhd puauc tgd. Hjh juh ogfis puauc tgd yhfm jimufhchf yhitu puauc pgcn jhf puauc burufm. burufm. Puauc Puauc burufm kgruphchf puauc puauc kujh yhfm yhfm jhlhk cghjhhf istirhdht jgfmhf jitufouchf jgfmhf tijhc tukbudfyh pgcn. Dhl ifi jhpht jichrgfhchf bgrbhmhi khahk dhl, kishlfyh thfhkhf t hfhkhf tgd t gd yhfm cgcurhfmhf ufsur dhrh, hir hthu thfhkhf sgjhfm phjh khsh jnrkhfsi. Puauc pgcn hjhlhd puauc yhfm kgruphchf tufhs hctie jikhfh puauc khsid kgfmmulufm. Bgrjhshrchf pgtichffyh, jibgjhchf kgfohji pgtichf dhlus, kgjiuk jhf chshr. Pgtichf dhlus tg rjiri jhri puauc pgcn (p) jgfmhf shtu jhuf, hthu puauc burufm (b) jgfmhf shtu jhuf kujh (k), rukus p+8 hthu b+8k. Pgtichf kgjiuk tgrjiri jhri puauc pgcn jgfmhf juh hthu timh jhuf kujh, sgrth puauc burufm jgfmhf shtu, juh hthu ti mh jhuf kujh (p+2, p+1, b+8k, b+2k, b+1k). b+1k). Qgjhfmchf Qgjhfmchf pgtichf chshr tgrjiri jhri puauc pgcn jgfmhf jgfmhf lgbid gkpht jhuf jhf puauc burufm jgfmhf bgbgrhph jhuf tuh (t) rukus (p+: hthu lgbid jhf b+(8-:t)) (Geegfji, Qyhci, Yusrnf, jhf ]irhtfn , 2080).
Mhkbhr 2. Ogfis pgtichf? (8) dhlus, (2) kgjiuk, (1) chshr Qukbgr? Geegfji jcc, 2080 Jhur pgtic puf pgrlu jipgrdhtichf uftuc kgfohmh cnftifuiths bhdhf bhcu. Jhur pgtic hjhlhd ohfmch whctu pgkgtichf yhfm pgrthkh jhf ohjwhl sglhfoutfyh yhfm jiitufm jhlhk dhri. Lhkhfyh whctu jhur pgtic ifi tgrmhftufm pgrtukbudhf puauc tgd. Hjh bgbgrhph ehctnr yhfm kgfgftuchf pgrtukbudhf puauc tgd jihfthrhfyh hjhlhd ukur phfmchs, cgtifmmihf cgbuf, kusik, jhf cgsgdhthf thfhkhf tgd sgfjiri. Wkur phfmchs yhfm sgkhcif l hkbht khch hchf bgrhcibht phjh jhur pgtic yhfm sgkhcif phfohfm. Wkur phfmchs jipgfmhrudi nlgd cgtifmmihf cgbuf jhri pgrkuchhf lhut, sgkhcif tifmmi lgthc cgbuf khch pgrtukbudhf thfhkhf tgd hchf sgkhcif lhkbht sgdifmmh jhur pgtic oumh lhkbht. Kusik kgkpgfmhrudi jhur pgtic tgd jikhfh phjh kusik cgkhrhu jhur pgtic lgbid phfohfm jibhfjifmchf 81
jgfmhf kusik duohf. Cgsgdhthf thfhkhf oumh kgkpgfmhrudi jhur pgtic, th fhkhf sgdht kgkilici jhur pgtic yhfm lgbid agpht a gpht jibhfjifmchf jgfmhf thfhkhf tgd yhfm curhfm sgdht. Puauc tgd yhfm bgrcuhliths sgrth tgcfic pgkgtichf yhfm bhic hchf kgfmdhsilchf prnjuc tgd yhfm bgrcuhliths pulh. Pgkgti chf jhpht jilhcuchf jgfmhf timh ahrh yhitu jgfmhf khfuhl, muftifm, jhf kgsif. Pgkgtichf jgfmhf ahrh khfuhl yhitu jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf cgjuh bglhd thfmhf. Pgkgtichf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf muftifm ifi jilhcuchf hphbilh tgfhmh cgroh curhfm jhf cnfjisi cgsgdhthf thfhkhf kgkufmcifchf. Qgjhfmchf pgkgtichf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf kgfmmufhchf jipgrluchf bgbgrhph syhrht yhitu hrghl pgtic yhfm kujhd jiohfmchu jhf rglhtie jhthr. Ji Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm sgfjiri, pgkgtichf jilhcuchf jgfmhf ahrh kgfmmufhchf muftifm. Pgkgtichf jgfmhf khfuhl sujhd tijhc jilhcuchf chrgfh chphsiths pgkgtichf yhfm rglhtie cgail sgjhfmchf thrmgt pgkgtichf yhfm tifmmi. Pgkgtichf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf kgsif ohrhfm jimufhchf chrgfh hrghl cgbuf yhfm bgrcglnc jhf kirifm. Muftifm pgtic yhfm jimufhchf hjhlhd pgrhlhthf sgki kgchfis jilgfmchpi jgfmhf pgfhkpufm puauc. Pgfmmufhhf muftifm ifi tgrmnlnfm kujhd, fhkuf pgkgtichf kgfmmufhchf muftifm ifi kgkilici cglgkhdhf yhitu bgshr pgfhkpufm tgd yhfm curhfm bgshr sgdifmmh tijhc jhpht kgfhkpufm bhfyhc puauc sgrt h puauc yhfm jipgtic hjh bgbgrhph yhfm rushc chrgfh tgrmuftifm.
Pgfhkpufm puauc
Mhkbhr 1. Muftifm pgtic
1.2
Pgfmhfmcuthf Pgfmhfmcuthf jhf Pgfgrikhhf Pgfgrikhhf Bhdhf Bhcu
Puauc yhfm tglhd jipgtic jhf sihp nlhd ifi pgrlu ji jistribusichf cg phbric jhlhk cghjhhf yhfm bhic jhf sgmhr hmhr kgfjhphtchf cuhliths bubuc tgd yhfm 8:
tifmmi. Puauc yhfm tglhd jipgtic ifi jikhsuchf cgjhlhk whrifm shac jgfmhf jgfmhf ucurhf cglilifm whrifm shac 825-8:0 ak jhf tifmmi 800 ak. ]hrifm shac ifi jhpht kgfhkpufm puauc jgfmhf bgrht khcsikhl 27 cm jhf tijhc jiogohl. ]hrifm shac yhfm tglhd bgrisi tgd pgfud, jicukpulchf ji shtu tgkpht uftuc kgkujhdchf jhlhk prnsgs sglhfoutfyh yhitu pgfmhfmcuthf.
Mhkbhr :. Puauc tgd jhlhk whrifm shac Pgfmhfmcuthf puauc jilhcuchf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf truc, fhkuf sgbgluk jikhsuchf cgjhlhk truc, puauc jitikbhfm tgrlgbid jhdulu jhf jiahtht uftuc sgbhmhi lhpnrhf. Pgfikbhfmhf puauc jilhcuchf ji lh phfmhf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf tikbhfmhf bihsh yhfm jimhftufm ji sgbuhd tnfmcht, lhlu tnfmcht tgrsgbut ji tnphfm nlgd phrh pgrcgroh.
87
Mhkbhr 7. Pgfikbhfmhf puauc ji lhphfmhf ]hrifm shac yhfm yhfm tglhd bgrisi puauc ifi jikhsuchf jikhs uchf cgjhlhk truc jgfmhf ahrh pgrlhdhf jhf dhti-dhti hmhr tijhc kgrushc cuhliths tgd jhf whrifm shac jisusuf sgahrh bgrjiri. Zruc yhfm jimufhchf uftuc pgfmhfmcuthf ifi bgrchphsiths 20001000 cm. Pgfmhfmcuthf puauc tgd jhri cgbuf cg phbric jhpht jilhcuchf sgchli hfmcut hthu lgbid. Pgfgftuhf ouklhd pgfmhfmcuthf ifi jijhshri nlgd dhsil pgtic, oi ch dhsil pgkgtichf jiprgjicsi lgbid jhri 2700 cm, khch pgfmhfmcuthf hchf jilhcuchf sgbhfyhc juh chli, fhkuf sgbhlicfyh oich dhsil pgkgtichf jiprgjicsi curhfm jhri 2700 cm khch pgfmhfmcuthf hchf jilhcuchf dhfyh shtu chli. Pgfmhfmcuthf ifi oi ch dhfyh shtu chli jilhcuchf pucul 82.00 sgjhfmchf oich juh chli hfmcut hchf jilhcshfhchf pucuc. 80.00 jhf 81.10. Pgfmirikhf puauc jhri cgbuf cg phbric dhrus jilgfmchpi jgfmhf surht pgfmhfthr puauc, jikhfh pgtumhs pgfikbhfm kgfgrikh surht pgfmhfthr puauc, kgkgricsh thfmmhl pgkgtichf, blnc yhfm jipgtic, thfmmhl tgrhcdir pgfygkprnthf pgstisijh jhf thcshsi prnjucsi dhri bgsnc. Zruc yhfm tglhd tgrisi puauc ifi, lhlu jitkbhfm ji ogkbhthf tikbhfm jgfmhf cnfjisi supir dhrus turuf shht pgfikbhfmhf, chrgfh hphbilh supir tijhc turuf khch hchf kgfhkbhd bgrht jhri puauc.
85
Cgfjhrhhf bgrkuhthf yhfm bgrhjh ji hths ogkbhthf tikbhfm hchf kgfgchf lhfthi plht ogkbhthf tikbhfm. Jichrgfhchf hjh mhyh mrhvithsi, lnhj agll kgfgrikh kgfgrikh bgbhf cgfjhrhhf bgrkuhthf bgr kuhthf tgrsgbut. Nutput bgruph thkpilhf th kpilhf hfmch hchf kufaul phjh wgimdt kgtgr jgfmhf jgfmhf schlh tgrcgail sgbgshr 80 cm jhf schlh tgrbgshr hjhlhd 80.000 cm.
Ogkbhthf tikbhfm
Mhkbhr 5. Pgfikbhfmhf puauc tgd ji ogkbhthf tikbhfm Zruc yhfm tglhd jitikbhfm ji ogkbhthf tikbhfm lhlu kglhfoutchf pgrohlhfhf cg phbric, lhlu puauc jiturufchf jhf cgkujihf jilgthchf ji cursi knfnrhil . Qhtu cursi knfnrhil ifi ifi dhfyh jhpht jiisi nlgd shtu whrifm shtu whrifm shac jgfmhf jgfmhf pnsisi jhri whrifm jhri whrifm shac ifi ifi dhrus jhlhk cghjhhf bgrjiri. Knfnrhil bgrjiri. Knfnrhil ifi ifi hchf kgfmhfmcut puauc tgd cg ]itdgrifm Zrnumd (]Z) Zrnumd (]Z) uftuc jilhcuchf prnsgs pgkbgbgrhf hmhr puauc sihp uftuc jilhyuchf jhf knfnrhil ifi ifi bgreufmsi uftuc kgfmhfmcut puauc tgd yhfm tglhd lhyu uftuc jijistribusichf cg kgsif milifm. Puauc yhfm sujhd jilhcuchf pgkbgbgrhf sglhfoutfyh jilhcuchf hfhlish puauc yhfm kgruphchf pgkishdhf kgfurut enrkulh cghjhhf puauc kujh-tuh. Hfhlisis puauc bgrtuouhf uftuc kgfmgvhluhsi kutu puauc yhfm kgruphchf jhshr pgfjumhhf kutu dhsil nlhdhf Ahrh uftuc kglhcuchf hfhlish puauc ifi hjhlhd jgfmhf kgfmhkbil sgahrh hahc sgsuhi jgfmhf hejglifm khsifm-khsifm sgbhfyhc
8=
800 mrhk. Qgthlhd jitikbhfm, lhlu jipishdchf sgtihp puauc bgrjhshrchf chtgmnrifyh. Hjh bgbgrhph chtgmnri yhfm jimufhchf yhitu p+8, p+2, p+1, p+:, p+7, jhuf chshr, burufm kujh, burufm tuh, jhuf tuh, jhf jhuf rushc. Qgtglhd jichtgmnrichf lhlu jitikbhfm cgkbhli sgsuhi jgfmhf chtgmnri khsifm-khsifm, jhri dhsil ifi hchf jijhpht dhsil hfhlish puauc jhf hfhlish puauc hyhc nlhd. Hfhlish ifi jilhcuchf uftuc kgfmgvhluhsi kutu puauc dhsil pgtichf jhf kgfmhthdui pgrilhcu pgkgtic ji lhphfmhf. Hfhlish puauc ifi dhrus sgsuhi jgfmhf Qthfjhr Npgrhsinfhl Prnsgjur (QNP) yhitu sgbgshr kifikhl :7% sgjhfmchf hfhlish puauc lhyhc nlhd kifikhl yhitu 77%.
1.1
Pglhyuhf
Pglhyuhf kgruphchf prnsgs yhfm shfmht cnkplgcs chrgfh phjh prnsgs ifi tgrohji iftgrhcsi hfthrh bgrbhmhi ehctnr sgpgrti sthfjhr pgkgtichf, chrhctgristic jhf cnfjisi jhuf, rghcsi bincikih jhf gfzikhtis, gfz ikhtis, jhf jhyh pgfmgrifmhf ujhrh. Pglhyuhf Pglh yuhf tgrjiri jhri pglhyuhf cikih jhf pglhyuhf eisic. Khsifm-khsifm pglhyuhf ifi kgkilici tuouhf tgrsgfjiri. Phjh pglhyuhf cikih tgrohji prnsgs bincikih jhf gfzikhtic yhfm jhpht jipgragpht phjh tgkpgrhtur 2: n-2=nA jhf cglgkbhbhf 50=0% sgdifmmh tuouhf jhri pglhyuhf cikih ifi hjhlhd uftuc kgkbgftuc chrhctgristic tgd (rhsh, hrnkh, cgcuhthf, cgsgmhrhf, jhf whrfh sgjudhf) yhfm jiifmifchf. Qgjhfmchf pgrubhdhf eisic bgrtuouhf uftuc kgfurufchf chjhr hir ji jhlhk jhf ji pgrkuchhf puauc yhfm jithfjhi jgfmhf hjhfyh pgrubhdf glhstisiths puauc (kgfohji lgkhs) jhf pgrubhdhf pgrkghbiliths jifjifm sgl. Pglhyuhf puauc tgd ifi kgfmmufhchf ]itdgrifm Zrnumd (]Z) Zrnumd (]Z) yhfm bgruph bhc pgfhkpufm yhfm bgrucurhf jgfmhf phfohfm 10 kgtgr jhf lgbhr 8.4 kgtgr, ukukfyh isihf ]Z ifi bgrcishr 27-17 cm puauc/k 2 jhf tifmmi puauc yhfm jhpht jikuht bgrcishr 10-:7 ak. Lhkh pglhyuhf yhfm nptikhl sglhkh 82-20 ohk. Pglhyuhf jilhcuchf difmmh chjhr hir puauc lhyu :9-77% jgfmhf cgrhthhf 90%. Lhkhfyh prnsgs pglhyuhf ifi shfmht jitgftuchf nlgd auhah jhf cghjhhf puauc. Prifsip cgroh jhri witdgrifm trnumd kgfurufchf chjhr hir puauc jgfmhf kgfmdgkbuschf ujhrh sgmhr jhri ehf. ehf. Dgkbushf ujhrh kgfygbhbchf prnsgs pgfmuhphf hir jhri puauc sgdifmmh puauc kgfohji lhyu.
84
Mhkbhr =. ]itdgrifm Zrnumd (]Z) Zrnumd (]Z) Zhbgl 2. Qpgsieichsi ]itdgrifm Zrnumd (]Z) Zrnumd (]Z) Fhkh Hlht
]itdgrifm Zrnumd
Zhduf Prnjucsi
89=9
Prnjucsi
ZGDH, Ifjnfgsih
Chphsiths
8700-8900 cm
Chphsiths Hfmif
1:.200 aek
Jhyh
=.7 c]
Cgagphthf Puthr
970 rpk
Phjh pglhyuhf ifi hjh bgbgrhph prnsgs jijhlhkfyh jihfthrhfyh hjhlhd pgkbgbgrhf, pgfmirhbhf I, pgfmirhbhf II, pgkbgrihf ujhrh phfhs, pgkbhlichf, jhf jhf pgfurufhf puauc lhyu. Pgkbgbgrhf hjhlhd pgfmgluhrhf puauc tgd jhri jhlhk whrifm shac jgfmhf tuouhf uftuc kgkbgrichf ujhrh sgmhr cgphjh puauc sgdifmmh sgbgluk puauc jicgluhrchf ujhrh sgmhr pgrlu jihlirchf phjh ]itdgrifm Zrnumd (]Z) sglhkh ¸ 7 kgfit. Qgtglhd kglhcuchf pgkbgbgrhf, sglhfoutfyh kglhcuchf pgfmirhbhf yhfm bgrtuouhf uftuc kgfmdifjhri puauc yhfm kgfmmukphl. Pgfmirhbhf jhpht jilhcuchf shtu chli oich puauc sujhd cgrifm jhf sujhd tijhc hjh yhfm kgfmmukphl. Rgfthfm pgfmirhbhf I jhf pgfmirhbhf II ifi hjhlhd s glhkh 2 ohk. Pgfmirhbhf jilhcuchf jgfmhf pnsisi bgrdhjhp-dhjhphf ji cgjuh sisi ]Z yhfm jikulhi jhri uoufm yhfm bgrlhwhfhf jgfmhf hrhd ehf. ehf. Pgkbgrihf ujhrh phfhs phjh puauc tgd ifi jipgrluchf hphbilh kgkgfudi bgbgrhph cgtgftuhf yhfm tglh jitgthpchf. Cgtgftuhf ifi hjhlhd pgkbgrihf ujhrh
89
phfhs jilhcuchf 7-5 ohk sgtglhd pgkbgbgrhf, cnfjisi cnfjisi puauc jhlhk cghjhhf cgrifm, pgrbgjhhf sglisid s glisid hfthrh sudu bnlh bhshd jhf sudi bnlh cgrifm hjhlhd ≪ 2 nA, jhf sudu phjh puauc khcsikuk 24 nA. Wjhrh phfhs yhfm jihlirchf ifi bgrhshl jhri Dght jhri Dght Gxadhfmgr (DG). (DG). Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmm Jh ygudkhfmmufm ufm sgfjiri kgfmmufhchf chyu bhchr chrgt sgbhmhi bhdhf bhchrfyh. Qgthlhd cnfjisi puauc lhyu hfthrh 70-50% khch jil hcuchf pgkbhlichf. Phjh shht prnsgs pgkhbhlichf, clgp ujhrh sgmhr dhrus jitutup hmhr puauc lhyu tijhc bgrtgrbhfmhf. Pgkbhlichf jilhcuchf sgtihp 7-5 ohk sgchli hmhr tgrohji cgshkhrhthhf. Prnsgs pgkbhlichf puauc kgruphchf uphyh yhfm jilhcuchf mufh kgkifjhdchf lhpishf bhwhd puauc kgfohji lhpishf hths jhf jiuphyhchf phjh prnsgs pgkbhlichf puauc, puauc yhfm sujhd lhyu tijhc bgrahkpur jgfmhf puauc yhfm khsid sgmhr. Puauc yhfm tglhd lhyu sgkpurfh jhpht jihfhlisis jgfmhf kglidht puauc dhsil lhyuhf yhfm bgrwhrfh diohu cgcufifmhf, thfmchi puauc ti jhc phthd bilh jilgfturchf, puauc lgkhs bilh jipgmhfm jhf kgfmgluhrchf hrnkh yhfm cdhs. Qglhkh prnsgs pglhyuhf tgrohji pgrubhdhf-pgrubhdhf cikih, hfthrh lhif chfjufmhf zht phjht kgfuruf, chfjufmhf phti jhf muk kgfuruf, chjhr mulh kgfifmcht, chfjufmhf prntgif kgfuruf jhf hshk hkifn kgfifmcht chrgfh tgrohji pgkbnfmchrhf prntgif kgfohji hshk-hshk hkifn, chjhr chtgcif kgfifmcht chrgfh chfjufmhf hir turuf, jhf sgbhmihf clnrneil bgrubhd kgfohji egnenrbij (Custhkiyhti, 8942). Puauc yhfm tglhd lhyu sgkpurfh sglhfoutfyh kglhwhti prnsgs tgrhcdir pglhyuhf yhitu turuf lhyu. Qhht prnsgs turuf lhyu ifi clgp ujhrh sgmhr jitutup jhf pgkbnfmchrhf puauc jilhcuchf jhri hrhd yhfm bgrlhwhfhf jgfmhf ehf. ehf. Pgkbnfmchrhf puauc tgd ifi cgkujihf kgkhsuchf puauc tgd cgjhlhk bnlntnfm yhfm bgrchphsiths hfthrh 20-10 cm. Oich bnlntnfm sujhd pgfud khch jijistribusichf kgfmmufhchf knfnrhil cg Npgf Znp Rnllgr (NZR) uftuc prnsgs pgfmmilifmhf. Pgfmisihf puauc lhyu cgsgtihp NZR jisgsuhichf jgfmhf chphsithsfyh jhf pgfmisihf cg jhlhk NZR ifi jilhcuchf sgahrh kgrhth sglhkh 80 kgfit.
20
Zhbgl 1. Bgbgrhph pgrubhdhf yhfm tgrohji sglhkh prnsgs pglhyuhf Qieht Pgrubhdhf
Hrti Pgrubhdhf
Pgfmnfjisihf eisic jhuf jhf pgfifmchthf Cgdilhfmhf hir
cnfsgftrhsi zht cikih yhfm bgrpgrhf kgkbgftuc chrhctgristic tgd.
Pgfifmchthf pgrkghbiliths
Kgkpgrkujhd rghcsi ncsijhsi gfzikhtic.
kgkbrhf sgl Pgfifmchthf chjhr hshk hkifn
Prgcursnr pgkbgftuchf elhvnr. pgkbgftuchf elhvnr.
Pgfifmchthf chjhr chegif
Kgfifmchtchf hctiviths eisinlnmic
Pgfifmchthf chjhr chrbndijrht
Cnftribusi ngkbgftuchf sgfyhwh cnkplgcs
sgjgrdhfh
whrfh
Pgfifmchthf hctiviths pnliegfnl ncsijhsi
Kgfifmchtchf lhou ncsijhsi pnliegfnl
Pgfmurhihf lipijh
Pgkbgftuchf sgfyhwh yhfm kujhd kgfmuhp
Pgfifmchthf chjhr chrntgfnij
Qukbgr pntgfsihl sgfyhwh kujhd kgfmuhp
Zrhfsenrkhsi lgusif kgfohji hshk kgvhlnfht Zrhfsenrkhsi hsgtht kgfohji
Kgruphchf prgaursnr Kgruphchf prgaursnr pgkbgftuchf pgkbgftuchf tgrpgfnij
Kgruphchf prgaursnr Kgruphchf prgaursnr pgkbgftuchf pgkbgftuchf tgrpgfnij
hshk kgvhlnfht Dijrnlisis mlicnsijh
Kgfifmchtchf elhvnr Kgfifmchtchf elhvnr tgd tgd
Pgkbgftuchf kifyhc gssgfsihl
Kgfifmchtchf elhvnr Kgfifmchtchf elhvnr tgd tgd
Qukbgr? (Fifmrht, 2005)
Zhbgl :. Pgrubhdhf eisic jhuf sglhkh prnsgs pglhyuhf Cgdilhfmhf Bgrht (%)
Pgfmurhfmhf Pgfmurhfmhf Unlukg
Pgfmurhfmhf Luhs
(%)
Pgrkuchhf (%)
20
20
81.=
10
10
28
:0
:0
29
Qukbgr? (Fifmrht, 2005)
28
1.:
Pgfmmilifmhf
Zuouhf uthkh jhri pgfmmilifmhf puauc tgd yhfm tglhd lhyu ifi hjhlhd uftuc kgfmhwhli prnsgs ncsijhsi gfzikhtis hmhr bgrlhfmsufm jgfmhf sgkpurfh sgdifmmh jipgrluchf pgrushchf jifjifm sgl jhuf hmhr ahirhf sgl cgluhr sgkhcsikhl kufmcif cg pgrkuchhf. Hcibht jhri jifjifm sgl jhuf yhfm rushc khch kgkufmcifchf tgrohjifyh pgfahkpurhf sgfyhwh cikih jhf khsucfyh ncsimgf jhri ujhrh cg jhlhk sgl jhuf. Hjhpuf tuouhf lhif pgfmmilifmhf hjhlhd uftuc kgfmmulufm puauc tgd sgdifmmh dhsil cgrifmhf (tgd ohji) lgbid aurly oumh aurly oumh uftuc kgfjhphtchf phrticgl tgd yhfm jhpht kgfifmchtchf geisigfsi jhf gegctiviths prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf sglhfoutfyh yhitu ncsijhsi gfzikhtis, pgfmgrifmhf, jhf snrthsi. Prnsgs pgfmmilifmhf dhrus jhpht kgfmdhsilchf phrticgl tgd jgfmhf tgcstur jhf ucurhf yhfm dnknmgf sgrth bgftuc jhf pgfhkphchf (hppghrhfag (hppghrhfag)) tgrtgftu (Fifmrht, 2005). Pgfmmilifmhf dhrus jilhcuchf phjh sudu ruhfmhf 85-2: nA jhf cglgkbhbhf ruhfmhf sgbgshr 90-97%. Oich cglgkbhbhf < 90% khch lhpishf ahirhf ji pgrkuchhf hchf kgfmgrifm jhf hchf kgfmdhkbht kgfmdhkbht prnsgs ncsijhsi ji bhmihf jhlhk erhcsi jhuf yhfm oumh hchf bgrpgfmhrud fgmhtie tgrdhjhp chrhctgr tgd ohji sgdifmmh dukijieigr ji jhlhk ruhfm pgfmmilifmhf pgrlu jifyhlhchf. Qhshrhf jhri dhsil pgfmmilifmhf ifi hjhlhd bubuc I sgbhfyhc 88%-29%, bubuc II sgbhfyhc 22%-12%, bubuc III sgbhfyhc 24%-12%, bubuc IU sgbhfyhc 85%-20%, jhf bubuc bhjhm sgbhfyhc 7%-=%. Kgsif yhfm jimufhchf uftuc pgfmmilifmhf ji phbric pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk nrtnjncs Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm ifi hjhlhd Npgf Znp Rnllgr (NZR), (NZR), rnllnvhfg, rnllnvhfg, jhf rntnrvhfg 87‛. Qgtihp kgsif ifi kgkilici eufmsi yhfm bgrbgjh-bgjh bgrbgjh -bgjh jhf chphsiths yhfm bgrbgjh. Wftuc pgfjistribusihf puauc tgd ifi kgfmmufhchf anfvgynr . Kgsif NZR yhfm jikilici phbric hjhlhd sgbhfyhc gkpht buhd, fhkuf yhfm jhpht jimufhchf dhfyh timh buhd. Kgsif NZR ifi kgkilici tgkpht yhfm bgrbgftuc thbufm jgfmhf lubhfm jihthsfyh yhfm bgreufmsi uftuc kgfhkpufm puauc yhfm hchf jimilifm. Zifmmi jhri tgkpht pgfhkpufmhf ifi hjh lhd 820 ak jgfmhf jihkgtgr := ifad. Prifsip cgroh jhri kgsif NZR ifi jijhshrchf phjh mgrhc silifjgr yhfm bgrputhr sghrhd ohruk ohk phjh kgoh yhfm jihk. Qilifjgr NZR ifi hchf kgfmmulufm bhdhf, sgjhfmchf kgoh yhfm jihk bgreufmsi sgbhmhi hlhs jikhfh
22
cgkujihf puauc hchf kgfygftud tnfonlhf-tnfonlhf hthu pgrkuchhf kgoh yhfm lgbid tifmmi. Oich puauc kgfygftud uoufm tnfonlhf yhfm lgbid tgbhl, khch mgsgchf yhfm tgrohji hchf lgbid thohk kgfmhcibhtchf puauc yhfm sujhd tgrmulufm kgfohji tgrpntnfm. Pgfmmilifmhf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf NZR ifi jilhcuchf sglhkh 70 kgfit tgrkhsuc jgfmhf pgfmisihf. Qgtglhd 70 kgfit, kgsif NZR jidgftichf jhf puauc jicgluhrchf jhri kgsif NZR yhfm sglhfoutfyh jihlidchf cg Jnublg Ifjih Bhll Brghcgr Fgt Qnrtir (JIBF) (JIBF) kglhlui anfvgynr JIBF I.
Qilifjgr tgkpht tgd Kgoh hlhs pgfmmilifmhf pgfmmilifmhf
Mhkbhr 4. Kgsif Npgf Znp Rnllgr (NZR) (NZR) Zhbgl 7. Qpgsieichsi NZR Fhkh kgsif
Npgf Znp Rnllgr (NZR) (NZR)
Kgrc
AAA
Zhduf Pgkbuhthf
89=9
Chphsiths
127-1=7 cm
Jhyh
87 c]
Cgagphthf kntnr
:0 rpk
Zgmhfmhf
220-140 Unlt
Jnublg Ifjih Bhll Brghcgr Fgt Qnrtir (JIBF) ifi hjhlhd hlht uftuc kgkishdchf puauc bgrjhshrchf bgshrhf puauc yhfm tgrjiri jhri bubuc I, bubuc II, bubuc III, bubuc IU, jhf bubuc bhjhm. JIBF ifi bgruph hyhchf yhfm jimgrhchf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf kntnr jhf kgkilici bgbgrhph ucurhf hyhchf (kgsd) sgdifmmh bubuc tgd hchf cgluhr bgrjhshrchf jgfmhf ucurhf kgsd. Qgbgluk jilhcuchf pgfmhyhchf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf JIBF, bubuc tgd ifi jishlurchf
21
jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf cnfvgynr jgfmhf spgsieichsi phjh Zhbgl =. Bubuc tgd hchf cgluhr kglhlui anrnfm-anrnfm yhfm bgrhjh jishkpifm JIBF. Wcurhf kgsd jihwhli jhri ucurhf yhfm phlifm cgail difmmh yhfm phlifm bgshr. Bubuc I, II, III, jhf IU jilhfoutchf cg prnsgs gfzikhtis ncsijhsi, sgjhfmchf bubuc bhjhm jilhcuchf pgfmgailhf ucurhf cgkbhli jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf Rntnrvhfg 87‛. Bubuc bhjhm jishlurchf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf anfvgynr rnllnvhfg kgfuou cg rntnrvhfg 87‛.
Zgkpht kgfhkpufm tgd
Mhkbhr 9. Anfvgynr JIBF JIBF I Zhbgl 5. Qpgsieichsi Anfvgynr JIBF JIBF I Fhkh kgsif
Anfvgynr JIBF I
Kgrc
IFJIH/FIQQGF
Zhduf Pgkbuhthf
8977
Chphsiths
980 cm/ohk
Jhyh
8.8 c]
2:
Zgkpht cgluhrfyh tgd
Mhkbhr 80. Jn 80. Jnub ublg lg Ifji Ifjih h Bhll Bhll Brgh Brghcg cgr r (JIBF) (JIBF) Rntnrvhfg 87‛ kgruphchf kgsif yhfm bgreufmsi uftuc kgfahahd bubuc tgd yhfm lnlns jhri JIBF jhf jishlurchf kglhlui anfvgynr rnllnvhfg. rnllnvhfg. Prifsip cgroh rntnrvhfg 87‛ ifi hjhlhd kgfmgailchf ucurhf bhdhf bgrjhshrchf pgrputhrhf pnrns pgfmmgrhc pishu yhfm bgrputhr. Rntnrvhfg 87‛ ifi kgfmmufhchf susufhf pishu spirhl sgdifmmh jhpht kgfmdhfaurchf tulhfm-tulhfm puauc tgd.
Mhkbhr 88. Rn 88. Rntn tnrv rvhf hfgg 87‛ 87‛
27
Cgtgrhfmhf? 8. Glgctrnkntnr 2. Mghr Bnx 1. Anrnfm :. Rntnr 7. Quju (rgsistnr)
5. Qilifjgr =. Qpirhl 4. Ciphs 9. Chci Mhkbhr 82. Qcgkh Rn Qcgkh Rntn tnrv rvh hfg 87‛ 87‛ Qukbgr (Fnviyhfti, 2081)
Zhbgl =. Qpgsieichsi Rntnrvhfg Qpgsieichsi Rntnrvhfg 87‛ Fhkh Kgsif
Rntnrvhfg 87‛
Kgrc
Prikh Putrh
Zhduf Pgkbuhthf
8999
Zgmhfmhf
220-140 Unlt
Chphsiths
=70 ‑ 470 =70 ‑ 470 cm/ohk
Cgagphthf puthr
:0 rpk
Jhyh
84.7 c]
Qgthlhd jilhcuchf pgfmgailhf ucurhf, bubuc puauc tgd ifi hchf ji snrthsi lhmi jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf JIBF. Bubuc hchf tgrpishd cgkbhli kgfohji bubuc I, II, III, IU, jhf bhjhm. Bubuc bhjhm dhrus jicgailchf cgkbhli jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf Rnllnvhfg. Rnllnvhfg. Bubuc bhjhm ifi hchf jishlurchf cgkbhli cg rnllnvhfg rnllnvhfg jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf anfvgynr rnllnvhfg. rnllnvhfg. Prifsip cgroh rnllnvhfg ifi rnllnvhfg ifi shkh jgfmhf prifsip cgroh jhri rntnrvhfg 87‛ yhitu kgfahahd bubuc tgd tg d bgrjhshrchf pgrputhrhf pnrns pgfmmgrhc pishu. Cgagphthf puthr pnrns pnrns phjh phjh rnllnvhfg rnllnvhfg ifi ifi hjhlhd 8::0 rpk jgfmhf jhyh 20 DP. Dhsil pgfmgailhf ucurhf jhri rnllnvhfg ifi rnllnvhfg ifi jishlurchf cg JIBF jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf anfvgynr JIBF JIBF II sgdifmmh tgrpishd cgkbhli bubuc I, II, III, IU, jhf sgjicit bubuc bhjhm.
25
1.7
Ncsijhsi Gfzikhtis
Prnsgs ncsijhsi gfzikhtis hthu egrkgfthsi ifi khsid bgrlhfmsufm ji ruhfm pgfmmilifmhf. Prnsgs ifi bgrtuouhf uftuc kgfmubhd kgfmubhd pnliegfnl ( elhvnfnijs ( elhvnfnijs)) kgfohji sgfyhwh yhfm kgkbhftuc chrhctgristic jhf sieht tgd dithk. Qglhkh prnsgs ifi jidhsilchf sgfyhwh tdghelhvif tdghelhvif jhf tdgrubimif tdgrubimif yhfm hchf kgfgftuchf sieht hir sgjudhf ( strgfmtd, anlnur, quhlity, jhf quhlity, jhf brifcfgss). brifcfgss). Chrhctgr hppghrhfag yhfm jhpht tikbul phjh prnsgs ifi hjhlhd blhacisd jhf brnwfisd. brnwfisd. Prnsgs ncsijhsi gfzikhtis jilhcuchf sgtglhd bubuc tgd sglgshi jisnrthsi bhshd. Prnsgs ncsijhsi ifi jipgfmhrudi nlgd bgbgrhph ehatnr yhitu chjhr hir jhlhk bhdhf, tgkpgrhturg jhf cglgkbhbhf rglhtie, chjhr gfzik, ogfis bhdhf jhf tgrsgjihfyh ncsimgf. Prnsgs ncsijhsi gfzikhtis ifi jhpht tgrohji sudu ruhfmhf ncsijhsi gfzikhtis hjhlhd 85-2:nA. Cgfhichf sudu shfmht kgkpgfmhrudi cgagphthf ncsijhsi, phjh sudu kgfjgchti 0 nA prnsgs ifi hchf bgrohlhf shfmht lhkbht. Qhht sudu fhic, prnsgs ncsijhsi hchf bgrohlhf sgkhcif agpht, dhl ifi tgrohji jisgbhbchf hjhfyh hctiviths gfzik yhfm sgkhcif kgfifmcht. Qudu ifi shfmht bgrpgfmhrud tgrdhjhp aith rhsh jhf sieht kutu jhlhk bhdhf. bhdhf. Cglgkbhbhf ujhrh phjh ruhfm ncsijhsi bgrcishr hfthrh 90-97%, chrgfh oich cnfjisi ujhrh curhfm lgkbhb khch hchf kgfmdhsilchf tgd yhfm kgkilici cgfhkphchf mglhp ( jull ), ), bhic phjh hir sgjudhf khupuf phjh hkphs sgjudhf. Bubuc tgd yhfm tglhd jisnrthsi bhshd jipifjhdchf cg bhci ncsijhsi jgfmhf bgrht bubuc rhth-rhth jhlhk shtu bhci hjhlhd 82 cm jgfmhf tgbhl 7-82 ak. Qudu ujhrh phjh sgbhrhf bubuc oumh pgrlu jipgrdhtichf yhitu bgrcishr hfthrh 2:-24 nA. Oich sudu jhf cglgkbhbhf ujhrh tgrlhlu rgfjhd ji ruhfmhf ncsijhsi gfzikhtis khch cgtgbhlhf bubuc phjh bhci ncsijhsi gfzikhtis jihtur sgsuhi jgfmhf cgbutudhf. Qhshrhf jhri ncsijhsi gfzikhtis ifi yhitu tgrahphifyh cgkhthfmhf bubuc (kgllnw adhrhatgr ) jgfmhf ifjichtnr whrfh hir (brimdt ( brimdt rgj & anlnury), anlnury), cgcuhthf ( mnnj mnnj strgfmtd, strgfmtd, snkg trgfmtd, elhvnury, brisc, pufmgfay), pufmgfay ), hkphs (vgry (vgry brimdt, anppgry, brimdt ). ). Cgbgrdhslhf jhri prnsgs ncsijhsi gfzikhtis jithfjhi jgfmhf hjhfyh pgrubhdhf whrfh phjh bubuc kgfohji kgrhd tg kbhmh. ]hctu yhfm jibutudchf uftuc prnsgs ncsijhsi gfzikhtis ifi bgrbgjh-bgjh uftuc sgtihp bubuc, yhitu? 8) Brncgf mrhjg, skhll mrhjg ?
2=
Bubuc I
? 820-280 kgfit
Bubuc II
? 880-200 kgfit
Bubuc III
? 820-890 kgfit
Bubuc IU
? 810-890 kgfit
Bhjhm
? 810-890 kgfit
2) Lghey mrhjg ?
Bubuc I
? 8=0-280 kgfit
Bubuc II
? 850-200 kgfit
Bubuc III
? 870-890 kgfit
Bubuc IU
? 8:0-890 kgfit
Bhjhm
? 810-890 kgfit
Oich sudu jhf cglgkbhbhf tijhc sgsuhi jgfmhf sthfjhr khch pgrlu jisgsuhichf cgkbhli sgdifmmh ji ruhfmhf ncsijhsi gfzikhtis i fi tgrjhpht dukijieigr yhfm bgreufmsi uftuc kgfmhtur sudu jhf cglgkbhbhf jgfmhf ahrh pgfmchbuthf. Prifsip cgroh jhri dukijieigr ifi hjhlhd ciphs hchf jimgrhchf nlgd glgctrnkntnr sgdifmmh ciphs hchf bgrputhr jhf phjh shht bgrs hkhhf hir jipnkphchf kglhlui piph yhfm jiphshfm fnzzlg, fnzzlg, khch shht dukijieigr ifi ifi jifyhlhchf hir hchf cgluhr jhlhk bgftuc butirhf yhfm yhfm dhlus dhlus sgpgrti chbut. Dukijieigr chbut. Dukijieigr yhfm yhfm jimufhchf hjh 1 buhd ufit jgfmhf kgrc Brnuly kgrc Brnuly yhfm yhfm jibuht thduf 89=9 jgfmhf chphsiths 11 l/kgfit.
1.5
Pgfmgrifmhf
Pgfmgrifmhf kgruphchf prnsgs kgfurufchf chjhr hir shkphi bhths tgrtgftu jhlhk kgsif pgfmgrifm jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf ujhrh phfhs sgdifmmh jhpht kgkpgrphfohfm ukur sikphf. Zuouhf jhri prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf ifi hjhlhd uftuc kgfmdgftichf prnsgs egrkgfthsi sgfyhwh enlipgfnl jhlhk bubuc tgd phjh shht cnfjisi zht-zht pgfjucufm cuhliths kgfahphi cghjhhf nptikhl jhf kgfgftuchf kutu hcdir tgd dithk yhfm jidhsilchf. Qglhif itu it u tuouhf lhif jhri prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf hjhlhd uftuc kgfstgrilchf jhri cgkufmcifhf hjhfyh bhctgri phjh bubuc tgd yhfm jibhwh jhri prnsgs sgbglukfyh jhf kgkpgrkujhd prnsgs snrthsi. Hjh juh tipg kgsif yhfm jimufhchf uftuc prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf yhitu Eluij Bgj
Jrigr
(EBJ)
jhf
Zwn Zwn
Qthmg
Jrigr
(ZQJ).
Phbric
Pgfmnlhdhf
Jhygudkhfmmufm kgfmmufhchf tipg ZQJ uftuc kgsif pgfmgrifm. Hjh juh ZQJ
24
yhfm jimufhchf uftuc pgfmgrifmhf. ZQJ 8 jimufhchf uftuc bubuc I jhf II, sgjhfmchf ZQJ 2 jimufhchf uftuc bubuc III, IU, jhf bhjhm. Bubuc tgd khsuc cgjhlhk ZQJ jgfmhf chjhr hir sgcithr 77-75% jhf chjhr hir sgtglhd cgluhr jhri ZQJ ifi bgrcishr 2-1.7%. Lhkh pgfmgrifmhf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf ZQJ uftuc kgfurufchf chjhr hir tgrsgbut hjhlhd bgrcishr hfthrh 20-27 kgfit.
Mhkbhr 81. Zwn Qthmg Jrigr (ZQJ) Zhbgl 4. Qpgsieichsi ZQJ Fhkh kgsif
? Zwn Qthmg Jrigr (ZQJ)
Kgrc
? Brnwf M
Zhduf pgkbuhthf
? 89=7
Chphsiths
? 270 cm/ohk
Cgagpgthf puthr
? 22 rpk
Jhyh
? 87 c]
1.=
Qnrthsi
Bubuc tgd dhsil pgfmgrifmhf ifi khsid dgtgrnmgf jhf khsid kgfmhfjufm jgbu sgrth tulhfm jhuf sgrth chfjufmhf lhif yhfm jhpht bgrpgfmhrud tgrdhjhp kutu tgd sgdifmmh jipgrluchf prnsgs snrthsi yhfm bgrtuouhf uftuc kgkishdchf bubuc tgd bgrjhshrchf bgftuc, ucurhf, bgrht ogfis, jgfsiths jhf cgbgrsidhf chfjufmhf sgrht/tulhfm jhuf kgfohji bgbgrhph mrhjg bgbgrhph mrhjg sgsuhi jgfmhf ucurhffyh. Prnsgs snrthsi ifi dhrus jilhcuchf jgfmhf sgmhrh uftuc kgfohmh chjhr hir bubuc tgd.
29
Phjh prnsgs snrthsi ifi hchf tgrbmi kgfohji timh kutu, yhitu kutu I, kutu II, jhf kutu III. Kutu I tgrjiri jhri ogfis tgd Brncgf Nrhfmg Pgaan Pgaan (BNP), Brncgf Nrhfmgf Pgaan Ehffifm (BNPE), Pgaan (BNPE), Pgaan Ehffifm (PE), (PE), JWQZ, Brncgf Zgh (BZ), Zgh (BZ), jhf Brncgf jhf Brncgf Pgaan (BP). (BP). Kutu II tgrjiri jhri ogfis tgd PE II, JWQZ II, BZ II, JWQZ III, EHFF II jhf P] JWQZ. Kutu III tgrjiri jhri ogfis tgd Brncgf Kix Kix (BK). Prnsgs snrthsi ifi kgfmmufhchf bgbgrhph kgsif mufh kgfmdhsilchf tgd yhfm sgsuhi jgfmhf kutu yhfm tgrjhpht phjh Qthfjhr Npgrhsinfhl Prnsgjur (QNP). 8) IZT ( Iffnvh Zgh Gxtrhatnr ) IZT I hjhlhd kgsif yhfm jimufhchf uftuc kgkishdchf bubuc tgd bgrjhshrchf jhri ucurhf phrticgl bubuc tgd cgrifm jhf pgkishd tulhfm tgd, jikhfh bubuc jipishdchf kgfohji 2 ogfis bubuc, yhitu bubuc cgail ( skhll) ( skhll) jhf chshr (brncgf (brncgf). ). IZT ifi kgkilici chphsiths 500 cm/ohk.
Mhkbhr 8:. IZT (Iffnvh Zgh Gxtrhatnr) 2) Zgh Auttgr Zgh auttgr bgreufmsi uftuc kgkntnfm sgrht tgd kgfohji bhmihf-bhmihf yhfm lgbid cgail. Dhsil jhri hlht ifi hchf kgfmdhsilchf bubuc yhfm lgbid dhlus. Zgh auttgr tgrjiri hths bgbgrhph bhmihf yhitu, glgctrnkntnr sgbhmhi sukbgr tgfhmh pgfmmgrhc jhf pishu uftuc kgkntnfm jhf kgfmdhluschf tdg.
10
Mhkbhr 87. Zgh Auttgr Zhbgl 9. Qpgsieichsi tgh auttgr Fhkh kgsif
Zgh Auttgr
Kgrc
Prikh Putgrh
Zhduf pgkbuhthf
8999
Chphsiths
:00 cm/ohk
1) Zdggwhf/Ehf II Kgchfiskg hlht ifi hjhlhd bubuc tgd yhfm jikhsucchf jgfmhf bhftuhf anfvgynr hchf tgrdishp khsuc nlgd hlirhf ujhrh. Hlirhf ujhrh bgrhshl jhri ujhrh yhfm jidishp nlgd ciphs pgfmdishp cg ruhfmhf tdggwhf yhfm tdggwhf yhfm bgreufmsi uftuc kgfhric hthu kgfygjnt bubuc tgd sgdifmmh bubuc tgd yhfm kgkilici bgrht ogfis yhfm rifmhf hchf kgfmisi anrnfm phlifm bglhchfm jhf uftuc bubuc tgd jgfmhf bgrht ogfis yhfm bgrht hchf kgfmisi anrnfm phlifm jgphf.
Mhkbhr 85. Qcgkh Zdggwhf/Ehf II Qukbgr? Fnviyhfti, 2081 18
Zhbgl 80. Qpgsieichsi Zdggwhf/Ehf II Fhkh kgsif
Zdggwhf/Ehf II
Kgrc
JHK
Zhduf pgkbuhthf
89=9
Wcurhf
87.20 k x 0.7 k x 1.17 k
Chphsiths
400 cm/ohk
Cgagpgthf puthr
7:0 rpk
Jhyh
8.7 c]
:) Uibrgx Eibgr Gxtrhatnr Prifsip cgroh Uibrgx Eibgr Gxtrhatnr Blhfc , yhitu rnll vibrn vibrn hchf kgfmmgrhcchf tgd kglgwhti silifjgr bgrputhr yhfm jilhpisi lhpishf Lhacgf ]nnl . Hcibht hjhfyh mgsgchf hfthrh rnll jgfmhf silifjgr ifi hchf tikbul kgjhf khmfgt yhfm sgahrh glgctrnsthtis hchf kgfhric bhmihf tgd yhfm bgrwhrfh kgrhd, yhitu sgrht hthu thfmchi. Bubuc tgd yhfm bgrwhrfh dithk hchf lnlns jhri Uibrgx Eibgr Gxtrhatnr Blhfc , sgjhfmchf thfmchi jhf sgrht hchf tgrthric nlgd silifjgr jhf hchf tgrpishd jhri bubuc tgd dithk.
Mhkbhr 8=. Uibrgx Eibgr Gxtrhatnr
7) Adnuth Qdietgr Adnuth Qdietgr ifi ifi jimufhchf uftuc kgkishdchf bubuc tgd bgrjhshrchf ucurhf phrticgl. Prifsip cgroh adnth sdietgr hjhfyh pgrputhrhf pnrns gfmcnl
12
yhfm kgfygbhbchf hyhchf bgrputhr sgahrh dnrisnfthl Kgsif ifi tgrsusuf jhri juh susufhf hyhchf, yhitu susufhf hyhchf bhmihf hths jhf susufhf hyhchf bhmihf bhwhd. Qusufhf bhmihf hths tgrjiri jhri timh hyhchf chwht chsh jgfmhf ucurhf kgsd 82, 8:, jhf 85, sgjhfmchf bhmihf bhwhd t grjiri jhri juh hyhchf h yhchf chwht chsh jgfmhf kgsd 22 jhf 2:. Adnuth ifi kgkishdchf phrticgl tgd bgrjhshrchf ucurhf. Zgd yhfm bgrucurhf phlifm bgshr (BNP, BZ, jhf BP) hchf cgluhr jhri hyhchf lgbid julu jhf yhfm tgrhcdir yhfm phlifm cgail ( Just ( Just ). ).
Mhkbhr 84. Adnuth Qdietgr
11
Cgtgrhfmhf ? 8. Anrnfm pgfmgluhrhf 2. Hyhchf 1. Pgfyhfmmh hyhchf :. Chci pgfmdubufm 7. Chci pgfyhfmmh 5. Chci pgfyhfmmh uthkh adnuth sdietgr
=. 4. 9. 80. 88.
Glgctrnkntnr adnth sdietgr Glgctrnkntnr anfvgynr Pullgy Anfvgynr Pgfhkpufm tgd khsuchf
Mhkbhr 89. Qcgkh Adnuth Qietgr Qukbgr? Fnviyhfti, 2081 Zhbgl 88. Qthfjhr ucurhf tgd ohji Ogfis
Lnlns (Kgsd) 5-4
Zgrthdhf (Kgsd) 80
Ogfis
Lnlns (Kgsd) 4-82
NP BP BQ 5 5 PE II 84 EE = = JWQZ II 22-10 BNP 8 QP 4 80 BZ II 82-8: BNP 8 80 82 BP II 4-82 BNP 82 8: JWQZ II 10-:0 BNPE 8: 84 EHFF II 84-10 P.EHFF 84 22 BK 82-8: JWQZ 22 10 ELWEE 4-50 BZ 82-8: 84 Qukbgr? Qthfjhrj Qukbgr? Qthfjhrj Npgrhtinfhl Prnagjurg PZPF Prnagjurg PZPF UIII, 2004
1:
Zgrthdhf (Kgsd) 8:
22 :0 84 8: 50 :0 84 40
Zhbgl 82. Wcurhf kgsd Kgsd
Lgbhr buchhf lubhfm hyhchf (ifad)
5
0,80:-0,812
4
0,052-0,090
80
0,071-0,054
82
0,0:2-0,077
85
0,017-0,0:1
20
0,02=-0,011
12
0,020-0,021
50
0,005-0,009
40
0,007-0,00= Qukbgr? PZPF UIII, 2004
1.4
Pgfmuoihf Kutu
Pgfmuoihf kutu bgrtuouhf uftuc kgfmgthdui cgsgsuhihf hfthrh prnjuc yhfm jidhsilchf jgfmhf sthfjhr yhfm jitgthpchf. Prifsip pgfmuoihf kutu ifi uftuc kgfmijgftieichsi tgd yhfm sgsuhi uftuc jiphshrchf, tijhc ahaht, jhf tijhc tgrcnfthkifhsi sgdifmmh jhpht kgfohkif bhdwh tgd ohji yhfm jidhsilhcf khsuc jhlhk chtgmnrikifikhl kgjiuk kgjiuk fhkuf dhrus tgthp jiuphyhchf kgfahphi bgst kgjiuk kgjiuk hthu bgst quhlity.Pgfmuoihf quhlity.Pgfmuoihf kutu yhfm jilhcuchf sgtglhd cgrifm jihfthrhfyh hjhlhd Mrggf Jdnnl Zhstifm , pgfmuoihf chjhr hir, pgfmuoihf bgrht ogfis, jhf pgfmuoihf iffgr jhf nutgr quhlity. quhlity . Mrggf Jdnnl Zhstifm jilhcshfhchf uftuc kgfgftuchf cgkhthfmhf bubuc yhfm kgliputi cgfhkphchf hkphs, whrfh hir jhf rhsh sgjudhf. Jhlhk pgfmuoihf kutu ifi hir sgjudhf jhlhk khfmcnc jipgrdhtichf uftuc pgfilhihf whrfh hir jgfmhf critgrih limdt, anlnury anlnury jhf jull . Qglhif jhri pgfilhihf whrfh hir sgjudhf, rhsh hir sgjudhf sgrth hkphs sgjudhf ifi jipgrdhtichf. Critgrih pgfilhihf phjh whrfh hir sgjudhf kgliputi cgsgmhrhf (briscfgss ( briscfgss), ), cgcuhthf ( strgfmtdfgss), strgfmtdfgss), jhf rhsh sgpgt ( pufmgfay). pufmgfay). Qgjhfmchf critgrih hkphs sgjudhf jilidht jhri whrfh hkphs yhfm kgfahcup mrggfisd kgfahcup mrggfisd,, brimdt , jhf jull . Pgfmuoihf chjhr hir ifi jilhcuchf jgfmhf kgfmuoi shkpgl tgd dhsil ohji pgfmgrifmhf, snrthsi, jhf pgfmgphchf jhri tihp adnp. adnp. Pgfmuoihf chjhr hir ifi
17
jilhcuchf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf tikbhfmhf shrtnfius. Pgfmuoihf chjhr hir ifi kgfmmufhchf 7-80 mrhk tgd ohji yhfm jikhsuchf cgjhlhk ahwhf. Pgfmuoihf chjhr hir tgd jilhcuchf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf tikbhfmhf shrtnfius.
Mhkbhr 20. Zikbhfmhf Qhrtnfius Pgfmuoihf bgrht ogfis jilhcuchf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf tgh jgfsikgtgr jhf kgfmmufhchf mglhs ucur. Pgfmuoihf bgrht ogfis yhfm jilhcuchf ji Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm ifi hjhlhd jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf mglhs ucur. Ahrh pgfmuoihf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf mglhs ucur ifi hjhlhd jgfmhf kgfikbhfm tgd ohji sgbhfyhc 800 mrhk sglhfoutfyh jikhsuchf cgjhlhk mglhs ucur. Zgd ohji yhfm tglhd jikhsuchf jirhthchf thfph jilhcuchf pgfmgtuchf mglhs ucur, lhlu jilidht vnlukgfyh jhf kgfananchf jgfmhf sthfjhr kutu bgrht ogfis tgd dithk nrtdnjncs. Pgfmuoihf bgrht ogfis ifi jilhcuchf tgrdhjhp tgd dhsil snrths i dhrihf ogfis kutu I jhf kutu II, jhf tgd yhfm hchf ji phc. Bgricut sthfjhr bgrht ogfis jishoichf phjh Zhbgl 81.
15
Zhbgl 81. Qthfjhr bgrht ogfis tgd dithk nrtnjncs Ogfis
AA/800 m
AA/27 m
erg ehll) ( er gg ehll
(20
Ogfis
AA/800 m
AA/27 m
erg ehll) ( er gg ehll
(20
cgtuchf)
NP
:=7-:40
880-820
BQ
:00-::0
EE
cgtuchf)
BP
2:7-270
=0-=7
-
PE II
240-107
52-=2
140-:10
-
JWQZ II
2:0-250
77-52
BNP 8 QP
1=0-190
47-94
BZ II
110-1=0
40-57
BNP 8
170-140
40-90
BP II
270-250
50-57
BNP
1:0-170
55-=2 55-=2
JWQZ II
227-210 227-210
-
BNPE
110-117
55-=0
EHFF II
290-180 290-180
-
P.EHFF
290-297
57-=0
BK
110-140
-
JWQZ
270-277
52-57
ELWEE
:47-:97
-
BZ
:80-:20
97-800 Qukbgr? PZPF UIII, 2004
Pgfmuoihf iffgr jhf nutgr quhlity quhlity jilhcuchf jgfmhf ahrh yhfm bgrbgjh. Pgfmuoihf iffgr quhlity quhlity jilhcuchf jgfmhf ahrh pgfilhihf hrnkh yhfm jilhcuchf jgfmhf kgfmdirup ujhrh sgjudhf tgd jgfmhf kgkbuch sgjicit tutup ahfmcir, pgfilhihf rhsh yhfm jilhcuchf jgfmhf kgfaiaipi hir sgjudhf yhfm hjh jhlhk khfmcnc, pgfilhihf whrfh hir jilhcuchf jgfmhf kgfmhkhti hir sgjudhf jhlhlhk khfmcnc, jhf pgfilhihf hkphs sgjudhf yhfm jilhcuchf jgfmhf kgfmhkhti hkphs yhfm tglhd jipifjhdchf phjh tutup ahfmcir. Qgjhfmchf pgfmuoihf nutgr quhlity jilhcuchf jgfmhf pgfilhihf cgfhkphchf tgd jgfmhf ahri pgfilhihf bgftuc, cgbgrsidhf jhri tulhf jhf sgrht sgrth whrfh jisgbhr jihths bhci cgrths jhf jibhfjifmchf jgfmhf sthfjhr sgrth pgfilhihf cgrhthhf ucurhf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf hyhchf kifi kgkhchi kgsd yhfm sgsuhi jgfmhf ogfisfyh jhf shtu tifmcht hths bhwhd ucurhf ogfis tgrsgbut.
1=
Mhkbhr 28. Pgfmuoihf iffgr quhlity
1.9
Pgfmgphchf
Pgfmgphchf ifi bgrtuouhf uftuc kglifjufmi prnjuc tgd ohji jhri cgrushchf hthu cnfthkifhsi, kgkpgrphfohfm khsh sikphf prnjuc, kgkujhdchf jhlhk pgfyikphfhf jhf pgfmhfmcuthf, sgrth uftuc kgkujhdchf jhlhk pgkhshrhf. Pgfmgphchf ifi jilhcuchf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf phpgr shac hthu chrufm plhstic cdusus sgsuhi jgfmhf ogfis jhf ouklhd tgrtgftu sgbgluk jicirik cg pgkbgli. Pgfmmufhhf phpgr Pgfmmufhhf phpgr shac jhlhk jhlhk pgfmgkhshf ifi hjhlhd uftuc bubuc tgd ohji yhfm sihp jiphshrchf, sgjhfmchf chrufm plhstic jimufhchf uftuc bubuc tgd ohji yhfm bgluk sihp uftuc jiphshrchf chrgfh hjh cgahahthf hthu cgtijhcsgsuhihf jgfmhf sthfjhr bubuc tgd. Phpgr shac ifi tgrjiri jhri gkpht lhpishf, yhitu lhpishf luhr hjhlhd cgrths 42 msk wgt strgfmtd, strgfmtd, juh lhpishf =2 msk dimd pgrenrkhfag crhet , jhf shtu lhpishf 882 msk hlukufiuk enil . Cgtgbhlhf phpgr Cgtgbhlhf phpgr shac sgtglhd sgtglhd jiisi khcsikhl 20 ak. Chrufm plhstic bgrucurhf 820 ak x 40 ak. Qgtihp phpgr Qgtihp phpgr shac jhf jhf chrufm plhstic jilgfmchpi jgfmhf ijgftiths bubuc tgd ohji sgpgrti fhkh cgbuf, ogfis, fnknr shac fnknr shac , fnknr adnp, brutn, jhf fgttn. Bgrht isihf sgtihp phpgr sgtihp phpgr shac jhf jhf chrufm plhstic ifi bgrbgjh sgsuhi jgfmhf sthfjhr yhfm jitgftuchf. Pgfmgphchf jilhcuchf shht pgrsgjihf ji jhlhk pgti kirifm sujhd kgfaucupi cgbutudhf. Pgti kirifm kgruphchf tgkpht pgfyikphfhf bubuc tgd ohji sgkgfthrh 14
sgbgluk jilhcuch pgfmgphchf. Jikgfsi jhri pgti kirifm ifi hjhlhd 8.7:k x 8.7:k x 1.5k jgfmhf lubhfm ji bhmihf bhwhd yhfm bgreufmsi uftuc kgfmgluhrchf bubuc tgd ohji jhlhk pgti kirifm.
Mhkbhr 22. Pgti Kirifm Qukbgr? Fnviyhfti, 2081 Bubuc tgd ohji jhri pgti kirifm jikhsuchf cgjhlhk tgh bulcgr kglhlui anfvgynr . Zgh bulcgr kgruphchf kgsif yhfm bgreufmsi uftuc kgfahkpur jhf kgfmhjuc bubuc tgd dithk sgdifmmh kgfmdhsilchf cuhliths tgd yhfm sgrhmhk. Zgh Bulcgr bgrbgftuc sgpgrti silifjgr bgrsujut jgfmhf 4 ruhfm ji jhlhkfyh. Prifsip cgrohfyh jgfmhf kgkhsucchf bubuc tgd yhfm bgrhshl jhri pgti kirifm cg hths Zgh Bulcgr kgfmmufhchf kgfmmufhchf anfvgynr sgahrh tgrhtur sgdifmmh bubuc tgrahkpur kgrhth. Cgtich anrnfm pgfmgluhrhf ji bhmihf bhwhdfyh jibuch, bubuc tgd jhri cgjglhphf ruhfm tgrsgbut hchf cgluhr sgahrh bgrshkhhf cg anfvgynr kgfuou Zgh Phacgr . Jihths anfvgynr bglt hfthrh hfthrh tgh bulcgr jhf jhf tgh phacgr tgrjhpht khmfgtia trhp yhfm trhp yhfm bgreufmsi sgbhmhi pgrhfmchp lnmhk yhfm yhfm tgrahkpur jgfmhf bubuc tgd ohji.
19
Mhkbhr 21. Zgh bulcgr Zhbgl 8:. Qpgsieichsi tgh bulcgr Fhkh kgsif
Zgh Bulcgr
Kgrc
Bikh Zgcfic
Zhduf pgkbuhthf
89=9
Chphsiths
2000 cm
Zgh phacgr bgreufmsi phacgr bgreufmsi utfuc kgfhkpufm bubuc tgd jhri tgh bulcgr yhfm yhfm sihp uftuc jicgkhs. Zgh phacgr ifi ifi bgrbgftuc sgpgrti silifjgr bgrsujut yhfm jibhmihf bhwhdfyh tgrjhpht juh juh anrnfm anrnfm pgfmgluhrhf. Ahrh cgroh jhri tgh phacgr hjhlhd phpgr hjhlhd phpgr shac jisihpchf jibhwhd anrnfm pgfmgluhrhf, cgkujihf anrnfm jibuch sgdifmmh bubuc tgd hchf cgluhr cgluhr jhf jithkpufm jgfmhf phpgr jgfmhf phpgr shac .
:0
Mhkbhr 2:. Zgh phacgr Zhbgl 87. Qpgsieichsi tgh phacgr Fhkh kgsif
Zgh Phacgr
Kgrc
ZGDH
Zhduf pgkbuhthf
89=9
Chphsiths
700 cm/ohk
Jhyh
0.7 c]
Phpgr shac s hac yhfm tglhd pgfud lhlu jitikbhfm, sgtglhd sgsuhi jgfmhf sthfjhr lhlu phpgr shac jilipht jhf jitutup. Qglhfoutfyh phpgr shac jibgftuc jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf bhm sdhpgr . Qglhif uftuc kgkbgftuc phpgr shac , eufmsi jhri bhm sdhpgr ifi ifi hjhlhd uftuc kgrhthchf bubuc tgd ji jhlhk phpgr shac . Ji bhmihf hths bhm sdhpgr tgrjhpht bgsi yhfm bgreufmsi uftuc kgfmhtur cgtifmmihf phpgr shac yhitu 20 ak. Bhm sdhpgr ifi jilgfmchpi jgfmhf vibrhtnr yhfm bgreufmsi uftuc kgrhthchf bubuc tgd ohji cg jhlhk sgkuh bhmihd phpgr bhmihd phpgr shac . Bubuc tgd ohji yhfm tglhd jicgkhs jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf phpgr shac hthu chrufm plhstic jisikphf jihths chyu hthu bihsh jisgbut jgfmhf bnttnk phllgt yhfm bgrucurhf 882ak x 882ak x 87ak. Chyu yhfm jimufhchf oumh dhrus kgkgfudi pgrsyhrhthf IQPK 87, yhitu chjhr hir chyu khcsikhl 20%, tglhd jieukimhsi, jhf bgbhs jhri khth chyu, culit chyu jhf sglurud pgrkuchhf chyu tglhd jisgrut. Pgfyikphfhf dhsil pgfmgphchf bgrohrhc kifikhl 10 ak jhri jifjifm mujhfm,
:8
jipishdchf hfthrh adnp. Cglgkbhbhf ruhfmhf pgfmgphchf jhf pgfyikphfhf khcsikhl =0%. Zhbgl 85. Qthfjhr isihf phpgr isihf phpgr shac jhf jhf chrufm plhstic Ogfis
Isihf
pgr Ouklhd Adnp ( shac/chrufm )
shac /chrufm /chrufm (cm)
Bgshr
Cgail
NP
:0
-
20
BQ/EE
:1
-
20
BNP I Qp
:1
-
20
BNP I
::
-
:0
BNP
70
:0
20
BNP E
78
:0
20
PE
7:
:0
20
JWQZ
50
:0
20
BZ
:2
:0
20
BP
51
:0
20
PE II
77
:0
20
JWQZ II
50
:0
20
BZ II
70
:0
20
BP II
7=
:0
20
JWQZ III
57
:0
20
BZ II HKM
70
:0
20
BP II QKM
70
:0
-
EHFFIFM II
77
:0
-
BK
70
:0
-
ELWEE
17
:0
-
Qukbgr? PZPF UIII, 2004
:2
BHB IU
Z]N QZHMG QZHMG JRI G R PHJH CIFGROH KGQIF PGFMGRIFM Z]N PGFMNLHDHF ZGD DIZHK JGFMHF KGZNJG NRZDNJNCQ
:.8
Hlht jhf Bhdhf Cgmihthf
:.8.8 Hlht
Hlht yhfm jimufhchf jhlhk pglhcshfhhf PCL ifi hjhlhd. 8. Hlht tulis 2. Bucu ahththf 1. Chlculhtnr :. Chkgrh 7. Lhptnp 5. Knisturg Zgstgr Qhrtnfius =. Pgfmnlhdhf snetwhrg Pgfmnlhdhf snetwhrg Ks. Ks. Neeiag 4. Zgrknkgtgr 9. Zikbhfmhf :.8.2 Bhdhf
Bhdhf yhfm jimufhchf jhlhk pglhcshfhhf PCL ifi hjhlhd. 8. Puauc tgd
:.2
Prnsgs Pgfmgrifmhf Pgfmgrifmhf Zgd Dithk
Prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf tgd ifi kgfmmufhchf Zwn Qthmg Jrigr (ZQJ). Prifsip cgroh jhri ZQJ hjhlhd trhys yhfm trhys yhfm bgrmgrhc bgrlhwhfhf hrhd jgfmhf hlirhf ujhrh phfhs yhfm bgrhshl jhri dght gxadhfmgr (DG) jhf kgfmgrifmchf bhdhf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf dgkbushf ujhrh phfhs yhfm jihlirchf kglhlui bhmihf bhwhd bhdhf yhfm sgjhfm jicgrifmchf. Bhdhf bhchr yhfm jimufhchf jhlhk prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf hjhlhd wnnj pgllgt yhfm kgruphchf shlhd shtu cglnkpnc gfgrmi binkhssh. ]nnj pgllgt yhfm jimufhchf jimufhchf bgrhshl jhri sgrbuc mgrmhoi mgrmhoi yhfm jiphjhtchf. Filhi chlnri pgr shtu cilnmrhk wnnj pgllgt ifi hjhlhd :.= c]D hthu oich oi ch jicnfvgrsichf kgfohji 89.5 KO/cm (Ehuzi, 2085). Pgfyhlhhf DG ifi jilhcuchf :7-70 kgfit sgbgluk tgd jikhsuchf cgjhlhk twn sthmg jrigr , fhkuf jhpht jisgsuhichf jgfmhf cghjhhf yhfm tgrohji jilhphfmhf.
:1
Pgfmisihf ZQJ ifi jikulhi shht sudu iflgt kgfahphi 90-800 nA jhf sudu nutlgt kgfahphi :7-77nA. Qudu phjh ZQJ ifi jhpht jicgfjhlichf jgfmhf kgfmhtur clgp yhfm bgreufmsi uftuc kgkbuch tutup khif ehf. ehf. Kgsif pgfmgrifm ZQJ ifi kgkilic gkpht trhys yhfm bgreufmsi sgbhmhi pgrhfthrh pgfmdhfthr phfhs jhri DG cg bubuc tgd, chrgfh bubuc tgd yhfm khsuc cg jhlhk kgsif pgfmgrifm hchf bgrhjh ji hths trhy. trhy. Bubuc tgd yhfm tglhd cgrifm jiagc sgahrh tgrh tur jgfmhf ahrh jirhbh, jirgkhs, jhf jiaiuk hrnkhfyh. Bubuc tgd yhfm bhru cgluhr jhri ZQJ ifi jijifmifchf jhf tijhc bnlgd jitukpuc tgbhl sgdifmmh uftuc kglhfoutchf cg prnsgs sglhfouftyh kgfmmufhchf anfvgynr jhthr. jhthr. Cifgroh kgsif pgfmgrifmhf jhpht jicgthdui jgfmhf jilhcuchf pgranbhhf uftuc kgfjhphtchf chphsiths kgsif jhf cnfsuksi bhdhf bhchr yhfm jhpht jiditufm jgfmhf jhth-jhth yhfm jipgrnlgd. Pgfmukpulhf jhth ifi jilhcuchf jgfmhf pgfmucurhf cnfsuksi bhdhf bhchr, pgfmucurhf sudu ujhrh ruhfmhf, sudu ujhrh yhfm khsuc cg kgsif pgfmgrifm, sudu ujhrh yhfm cgluhr jhri kgsif pgfmgrifm, lhkh prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf, chjhr hir tgd bhshd, jhf chjhr hir tgd cgrifm.
Mhkbhr 27. Qcgkh jhlhk prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf Pgrditufmhf cifgroh kgsif pgfmgrifm jhlhk prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf ifi kgfmmufhchf curvh psicnkgtric, jikhfh prnsgs tgrsgbut kgfmicuti mhris cglgkbhbhf kutlhc jhri titic 8 cg titic 2 phjh curvh phjh Mhkbhr 25.
::
Mhkbhr 25. Curvh psicnkgtric uftuc pgfmgrifmhf Qukbgr? Qgtihwhf, 2080 Cgtgrhfmhf? 8-2
; prnsgs pgkhfhshf ujhrh
8-1
; prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf
Zuj
; sudu ujhrh
Zp
; sudu pgfmgrifmhf Khssh hir yhfm jiuhpchf jijhpht jgfmhf ahrh kgfmurhfmi bgrht bhdhf
hwhl/tgd bhshd (wn) jgfmhf bgrht bhdhf hcdir/tgd cgrifm (w 8) jgfmhf pgrshkhhf ? G ; wn - w8 ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ..................................... ............... (8) Cgtgrhfmhf ? G
; Khssh hir yhfm jiuhpchf (cm)
wn
; Bgrht tgd bhshd (cm)
w8
; Bgrht tgd cgrifm (cm) Lhou pgrpifjhdhf uhp hir jijhpht jhri khssh uhp hir yhfm jiuhpchf jgfmhf
lhkh pgfmgrifmhf jgfmhf pgrshkhhf ?
;
............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ...................... (2)
Cgtgrhfmhf ? ]
; Lhou pgrpifjhdhf uhp hir (cm/ohk)
Z
; Lhkh pgfmgrifmhf (ohk) Hlirhf ujhrh pgfmgrifm yhfm jibutudchf uftuc kgfmuhpchf sgouklhd hir jhri
bhdhf kgfmmufhchf pgrshkhhf (Zhib gt hl. jhlhk Fhsutinf, 8992) ?
;
( − )
.......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ............................. ....... (1)
:7
Bgshrfyh phfhs sgfsibgl yhfm jipgrluchf uftuc kgkhfhschf ujhrh pgfmgrifm, jijhpht jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf kgfmmufhchf pgrshkhhf ?
;
( − )
.......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ............................. ....... (:)
Cgtgrhfmhf ? X8
; Ouklhd ujhrh pgfmgrifm yhfm jibutudchf (k 1/ohk)
v8
; Unlukg spgsieic ujhrh luhr (k1/cm ujhrh cgrifm)
v2
; Unlukg spgsieic ujhrh sgtglhd jiphfhschf (k1/cm ujhrh cgrifm)
D2
; Cglgkbhbhf kutlhc ujhrh sgtglhd jiphfhschf (cm/cm ujhrh cgrifm)
D1
; Cglgkbhbhf kutlhc ujhrh cgluhr (cm/cm ujhrh cgrifm)
X1
; Ouklhd phfhs sgfsibgl yhfm jithkbhdchf (cO/ohk)
d8
; Gfthlpi ujhrh luhr (cO/cm ujhrh cgrifm)
d2
; Gfthlpi ujhrh sgtglhd jiphfhschf (cO/cm ujhrh cgrifm) Jgfmhf hsuksi phfhs lhtgf jhlhk bubuc tgd shkh jgfmhf phfhs lhtgf
pgfmuhphf hir bgbhs, khch gfgrmi yhfm jipgrluchf uftuc kgfmuhpchf hir jhri bubuc tgd jijgchti jgfmhf pgrshkhhf (Brnncgr gt hl. 89=: jhlhk Chrtichshri, 2002)?
; ℆ ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ..................................... ............... (7) Cgtgrhfmhf ? X2
; Gfgrmi yhfm jibutudchf uftuc kgfmuhpchf hir jhri bubuc tgd (cO/ohk)
dem
; Gfthlpi ujhrh lifmcufmhf phjh cghjhhf ogfud (cO/cm nA) Bgshrfyh gfgrmi yhfm jipgrnlgd jhri pgkbhchrhf bhdhf bhchr (X 1) yhitu ?
X1 ; f Fcb ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ..................................... ............... (5) Cgtgrhfmhf ? X p
; Gfgrmi dhsil pgkbhchrhf (KO/ohk)
f
; Lhou cnfsuksi bhdhf bhchr (cm/ohk)
Fcb
; Filhi chlnr bhdhf bhchr (KO/ohk) Filhi geisigfsi phjh prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf jhpht jibgjhchf hths geisigfsi
pgkhfhshf jhf geisigfsi pgfmgrifmhf tnthl. Filhi geisigfsi jhlhk prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf jiditufm jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf pgrshkhhf-pgrshkhhf
bgricut
(Rhadkht, 894=) ?
ν ;
Ý 800 % ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .......................... .... (4)
:5
ν ;
Ý 800 % ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .......................... .... (9)
Cgtgrhfmhf ?
ν
; Geisigfsi pgkhfhshf (%)
ν
; Geisigfsi sistgk (%)
:.1
Qthmg Jr i gr Pgrkhshlhdhf Kgsif Zwn Qthmg Pgrkhshlhdhf yhfm tgrohji phjh prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf hfthrh lhif ahsg
dhrjgfifm yhitu bhmihf luhr jhri bubuc tgd tglhd cgrifm tgthpi bhmihf jhlhkfyh bhshd. Pgristiwh ifi jisgbhbchf sudu nutlgt yhfm tgrlhlu tifmmi. Bhcgy Bhcgy hthu nvgr eirgj (mnsnfm) (mnsnfm) jisgbhbchf sudu iflgt yhfm tgrlhlu tifmmi. Qkncgy jisgbhbchf Qkncgy jisgbhbchf hjhfyh cgbnanrhf phjh bhmihf hlht pgkhfhs sgdifmmh tgd hchf kgkilici rhsh hshp. Zgd cgrifm curhfm khshc jhpht tgrlidht jgfmhf jiaiuk hthu jirhbh, pgfygbhbfyh yhitu tgrlhlu tgbhlfyh bubuc tgd shht jikhsucchf cg jhlhk kgsif jhf whctu pgfmgrifmhf yhfm tgrlhlu pgfjgc. Pgrkhshlhdhf lhif yhitu bhfyhcfyh bubuc tgd yhfm ohtud cg bhwhd ji jhlhk kgsif pgfmgrifmhf chrgfh lubhfm trhys yhfm trhys yhfm tgrlhlu bgshr, sgrth bhfyhcfyh bubuc bubuc tgd yhfm bgrohtudhf ji luhr kgsif pgfmgrifm. pgfmgrifm.
:.:
Dhsil Pgranbhhf jhf Pgrditufmhf
Cifgroh kgsif pgfmgrifm ifi jilhcuchf uftuc kgfmgthdui geisigfsi jhri sgbuhd sistgk pgfmgrifmhf. Pgfmhkbilhf jhth-jhth uftuc pgrditufmhf jilhcuchf jikulhi jhri pgkhfhshf dght gxadhfmgr difmmh difmmh bubuc tgd ohji tgrhcdir cgluhr jhri kgsif pgfmgrifm twn sthmg jrigr . Phjh prhctgcfyh, pgkhfhshf dght gxadhfmgr jilhcuchf jilhcuchf sglhkh :7 kgfit. Bubuc tgd bhshd yhfm kgkilici chjhr hir sgbgshr 74.29% jikhsuchf cg jhlhk twn sthmg jrigr phjh phjh shht sudu iflgt kgfahphi 800nA jhf sudu nutlgt kgfahphi 77nA. Pgranbhhf jilhcuchf jgfmhf bubuc tgd bhshd s gbhfyhc 218 cm. Pgfmgrifmhf ifi tgrohji sglhkh 15 kgfit hthu 0.5 ohk jhf kgfmdhsilchf bubuc tgd cgrifm sgbhfyhc 52 cm jgfmhf chjhr hir 2.19%. Pgfmmufhhf bhdhf bhchr wnnj pgllgt jikulhi jhri pgkhfhshf difmmh bubuc tgd ohji cgrifm cgluhr jhri twn sthmg jrigr sgbhfyhc sgbhfyhc 857 cm. Qudu ruhfmhf phjh prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf 12 nA (bnlh cgrifm) jhf 29nA (bnlh bhshd). Pgfmucurhf chjhr hir bhdhf jilhcuchf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf tikbhfmhf shrtnfius sgrth pgfmucurhf sudu ruhfmhf kgfmmufhchf tdgrknkgtgr bnlh bhshd jhf bnlh cgrifm.
:=
Phjh thdhp pgfmgrifmhf ifi ucurhf prhticgl bubuc tgd yhfm jicgrifmchf hchf kgkpgfmhrudi bgshrfyh gfgrmi yhfm jibutudchf, sgkhcif cgail ucurhf bubuc tgd yhfm jicgrifmchf khch luhs pgrkuchhf bubuc tgd yhfm bgrsgftudhf jgfmhf ujhrh phfhs sgkhcif bgshr pulh sgdifmmh lhou pgfmuhphf hir sgkhcif agpht, jgfmhf jgkicihf bgshr cnfsuksi gfgrmi hchf lgbid cgail. Jhth-jhth dhsil pgfmhkhthf uftuc pgrditufmhf geisigfsi kgsif pgfmgrifm twn sthmg jrigr sgbhmhi sgbhmhi bgricut. Zgd bubuc bhshd (w n)
? 218 cm
Zgd bubuc cgrifm (w 8)
? 52 cm
Zbb ruhfm
? 29nA
Zbc ruhfm
? 12nA
Znutlgt
? 77nA
Ziflgt
? 800nA
Chjhr hir tgd bubuc cgrifm
? 2.19%
Chjhr hir tgd bubuc bhshd
? 74.29%
Bhdhf bhchr (BB)
? 857 cm
Filhi chlnr BB
? 89.5 KO/cm
Jhth jhri curvh psicnkgtric D8
? 0.02: cm hir/cm ujhrh cgrifm
D2
? 0.02: cm hir/cm ujhrh cgrifm
D1
? 0.0:: cm hir/cm ujhrh cgrifm
d8
? 97 cO/cm ujhrh cgrifm
d2
? 8=0 cO/cm ujhrh cgrifm
v8
? 0.49 k 1/cm
v2
? 8.8 k1/cm
v1
? 0.99 k1/cm
dem
? 227= cO/cm hir
Lhou cnfsuksi BB (f)
? 822.2 cm/ohk
8. Khssh hir yhfm jiuhpchf G ; wn - w 8 G ; 218 ‑ 218 ‑ 52 52 ; 859 cm
:4
2. Lhou pgrpifjhdhf uhp hir
; ;
859
; 248.5 248.5= = / /
0.5
1. Ouklhd ujhrh pgfmgrifm yhfm jibutudchf
;
( ) 248.5=
; 8.8
(0.0 (0.0:: :: 0.02 0.02:) :)
; 87:9 87:98.4 8.47 7 /
:. Ouklhd phfhs sgfsibgl yhfm jithkbhdchf
;
(℆ ℆ )
; 87:98 87:98.47 .47
(8= (8=0 97) 0.49
; 8107:92. 8107:92.9=4 9=4 /
7. Gfgrmi yhfm jibutudchf uftuc kgfmuhpchf hir jhri bubuc tgd
; ℆ ; 248. 248.5= 5= Ý 227= 227= ; 517= 517=29 29.8 .89 9 / /
5. Gfgrmi dhsil pgkbhchrhf bhdhf bhchr X1 ; f Fcb X1 ; 822.2 Ý 89.5 Ý 8000 ; 2197820 cO/ohk
=. Geisigfsi pgfmmufhhf phfhs
ν ; ν ;
Ý 800 %
517=29.89 8107:92.9=4
Ý 800 % ; :4.59%
4. Geisigfsi pgkhfhshf
ν ;
Ý 800 %
:9
ν ;
8107:92.9=4 2197820
Ý 800 % ; 7:.7%
9. Geisigfsi sistgk
ν ; ν ;
Ý 800 %
517=29.89 2197820
Ý 800 % ; 25.7:%
Jhri pgrditufmhf jihths, jijhphtchf geisigfsi pgfmmufhhf phfhs jhlhk prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf twn sthmg jrygr sgbgshr :4.59%, geisigfsi pgkhfhshf kgsif sgbgshr 7:.7% jhf geisigfsi jhri sgbuhd sistgk jhlhk prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf sgbgshr 25.7:%. 25.7:%. Geisigfsi jhlhk sgbuhd sistgk jgfmhf hfmch tgrsgbut khsid jichthchf rgfjhd sgdifmmh dhsil jhri pgfmgrifmhf khsid curhfm khcsikhl. Geisigfsi yhfm rglhtie cgail ifi jhpht jisgbhbchf nlgd bgbgrhph ehctnr, jihfthrhfyh hjhlhd kgsif yhfm sujhd lhkh, cgrushchf phjh dght gxadhfmgr , tgrohji cgbnanrhf phjh dght gxadhfmgr .
70
BHB U PGFWZWP
7.8
Cgsikpulhf
Cgsikpulhf yhfm jijhpht jhri prhctgc cgroh lhphfm ifi hjhlhd sgbhmhi bgricut. 8.
Bhdhf bhcu yhfm jimufhchf uftuc pgkbuhthf tgd dithk hjhlhd ogfis tgd mhkbufm jhf tgd ogfis ZRI, fhkuf cgjuh ogfis tgd ifi jhlhk prnsgs pgfmnlhdhffyh tijhc jibgjhchf. jibgjhchf.
2.
Pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk phjh ukukfyh hjh juh kgtnjg yhitu nrtnjncs jhf AZA, kgtnjg yhfm jimufhchf PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII jhlhk prnsgs pgfmnlhdhf ifi hjhlhd kgtnjg nrtdnjncs. nrtdnjncs.
1.
Pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk sgahrh ukuk jikulhi jhri pgkgtichf, pglhyuhf, pgfmmilifmhf, ncsijhsi gfzikhtis, pgfmgrifmhf, pgfmgrifmhf, snrthsi, jhf pgfmgphchf.
:.
Prnsgs pglhyuhf jhf pgfmgrifmhf kgkbutudchf gfgrmi yhfm jijhphtchf jhri bhdhf bhchr. Bhdhf bhchr yhfm jimufhchf jimufhchf phjh prnsgs pglhyuhf pglhyuhf hjhlhd chyu bhchr jhri pndnf chrgt sgjhfmchf prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf kgfmmufhchf bhdhf bhchr wnnj pgllgt yhfm yhfm bgrhshl jhri sgrbuc mgrmhoi yhfm jiphjhtchf.
7.
Prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf kgfmmufhchf kgsif ogfis twn sthmg jrygr jgfmhf jgfmhf ahrh cgroh tgd jikhsuchf cgjhlhk kgsif ifi, lhlu jirhthchf yhfm jibhftu nlgd pnrns yhfm jimgrhchf nlgd kntnr.
5.
Prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf ifi hchf kgfmdgftichf prnsgs egrkgfthsi sgfyhwh enlipgfnl jhlhk bubuc tgd phjh shht cnfjisi zht-zht pgfjucufm cuhliths kgfahphi cghjhhf nptikhl jhf kgfgftuchf kutu hcdir tgd dithk yhfm jidhsilchf.
=.
Jhri dhsil pgfmhkhthf jhf pgranbhhf, bhdwh sudu iflgt phjh kgsif pgfmgrifm hjhlhd hjhlhd 800nA jhf sudu nutlgt sgbgshr 77 nA, sudu ifi hchf fhic hthu turuf bgrmhftufm jgfmhf pgrsgjihf bhdhf bhchr, oich sudu sujhd kglgbidi bhths khcsikhl khch clgp khsucfyh ujhrh phfhs pgrlu jitutup.
4.
Jhri dhsil pgfmhkhthf jhf pgranbhhf, geisigfsi phjh sistgk pgfmgrifmhf ifi hjhlhd sgbgshr 25.7:%, geisigfsi ifi rglhtie cgail ifi jhpht jisgbhbchf nlgd bgbgrhph ehctnr ehctnr jihfthrhfyh jihfthrhfyh hjh cnfjisi kgsif kgsif pgfmgrifm, pgfmgrifm, ucurhf ucurhf phrticgl tgd, ogfis bhdhf bhchr yhfm jimufhchf, jhf cnfjisi dght gxadhfmgr .
78
7.2
Qhrhf
Bgrjhshrchf cgmihthf prhctgc cgroh lhphfm yhfm tglhd jilhcshfhchf, khch hjh bgbgrhph shrhf yhfm jibgrichf yhitu sgbhmhi bgricut, 8.
Pgrlu jilhcuchf pgrhwhthf jhf pgfmgagchf kgsif yhfm rutif jilhcuchf.
2.
Pgrlu jilhcuchf pgrhwhthf jhlhk ruhfm pgfmnlhdhf sgfjiri, sgpgrti pgfahdhyhhf, cgbgrsidhf, jhf lhiffyh.
1.
Pgrlu jilhcuchf knjieichsi kgsif pgfmgrifmhf sgdifmmh geisigfsi sgbuhd sistgk pgfmgrifmhf kgfifmcht.
:.
Pgrlu hjhfyh hlht hthu kgsif yhfm jhpht kgfmhfmcht jgbu lhfmsufm jhri kgsif pgfmgrifmhf sgdifmmh ruhfm pgfmgrifmhf ifi jhpht bgrsid.
72
JHEZHR PWQZHCH
Hfnfik. Qglhyhfm Phfjhfm . Mhrut? PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm. Hryhfti, Gfi.208:. Ohwh Bhrht Cuhshi =4 Pgrcgbufhf Zgd ji Ifjnfgsih . Zgrjhpht phjh?dttp?//bgrithjhgrhd.an.ij/208:/07/2:/ohwh-bhrht-cuhshi-=4-pgrcgbufhf phjh?dttp?//bgrithjhgrhd.an.ij/208:/07/2:/ohwh-bhrht-cuhshi-=4-pgrcgbufhftgd-ji-ifjnfgsih/. Jihcsgs tgd-ji-ifjnfgsih/. Jihcsgs phjh dhri Qgfif, 82 Qgptgkbgr 208=, Pucul. 84.17 ]IB. Geegfji., Qnlgd., Qyhcir., Yusrnf., ]irhtfn. 2080. Bujijhyh jhf Phsahphfgf Zgd. Zgd . Ohchrth? Pusht Pgfglitihf jhf Pgfmgkbhfmhf Pgrcgbufhf. Ehuzi, K. Hfiz. 2085. ]nnj Pgllgt? Bhdhf Bhchr Diohu. Diohu . Ynmyhchrth? Bhlhi Bgshr Pgfglitihf Jhf Pgfmgkbhfmhf Bintgcfnlnmi jhf Pgkulihhf Zhfhkhf Duthf. Chrtichshri, Fnviyhfti. 2002. Hujit 2002. Hujit Gfgrmi Phjh Prnsgs Pgfmnlhdhf Pgfmnlhdhf Zgd Dithk Ji Pgrcgbufhf Aihtgr PZP. Fushfthrh UIII Qubhfm Ohwh Bhrht . Bnmnr? Ourushf Zgcfic Pgrthfihf, Ehculths Zgcfnlnmi Pgrthfihf, IPB. Custhkiyhti, B., Rhtfh B., Qhriphd D., jhf Bgtt y J. 894=. ]hrfh jhf Rhsh Qgjudhf Zgd Dithk jgfmhf Bgrbhmhi Khahk Hir Pgfygjud . Bulgtif Pgfglitihf Zgd jhf Cifh. Unl 2 (8) ? 29-14. Fhsutinf, H.Z. 8992. Hspgc Cgtgcfichf Pgrthfihf Phjh Prnsgs Prnjucsi Zgd (Ahkgllih sifgfsis L.) Ji PZ. Zgd Fushkbh Ifjhd Aihfour . Aihfour . Lhpnrhf Prhctgc Lhphfm. Bnmnr? Ourushf Kgchfishsi Pgrthfihf, Ehculths Zgcfnlnmi Pgrthfihf, IPB. Fifmrht, R.M.Q Qngrih Jhfng. 2005. Zgcfnlnmi Pgfmnlhdhf Zgd Dithk. Dithk . Bhfjufm? Ifstitut Zgcfnlnmi Bhfjufm. Fnviyhfti, Eih. 2081. Lhpnrhf Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm . Wfivgrsiths Phjohohrhf? Qukgjhfm. PZPF UIII. 2004. Qthfjhr Npgrhsinfhl Prnsgjur Pgfmnlhdhf Zgd Dithk Nrtdnjncs. Bhfjufm? Nrtdnjncs. Bhfjufm? PZPF. Rhadkht. 894=. Rhfahfmhf jhf Woi Pgfhkpilhf Hlht Pgfmgrifm Cnprh Jgfmhf Wjhrh Phfhs. Phfhs . Qcripsi. Ourushf Kgchfishsi Pgrthfihf, Ehculths Zgcfnlnmi Pgrthfihf, IPB. Bnmnr. Qgtihwhf, Zhnpic. 2080. Hujit 2080. Hujit Gfgrmi phjh Qistgk Pgfmnlhdhf Puauc Zgd kgfohji Zgd Dithk Nrtdnjncs ji PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Aishrufi, Mhrut Ohwh Bhrht . Bnmnrr? Ifstitut Pgrthfihf Bnmnr.
71
LHKPIRHF
Lhkpirhf 8. Qtructur Nrmhfishsi PZPF UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm Jhygudkhfmmufm
PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII kgkilici gkpht bhmihf uthkh jihfthrhfyh, bhmihf thfhkhf, pgfmnlhdhf, tgcfic, jhf hjkifistrhsi. Gkpht bhmihf ifi jipikipif nlgd sgnrhfm Khfhogr hthu Hjkifistrhtur. PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm kgkilici timh hejglifm, jihfthrhfyh hjhlhd Hejglifm Fyhkphy, Hejglifm Zgfmhd, jhf Hejglifm Aidurhfm. Qgtihp bhmihf jipikpif nlgd cgphlh bhmihf jhf sgtihp hejglifm jipikpif nlgd cgphlh hejglifm. Bgricut structur nrmhfishsi PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm. Jhygudkhfmmufm. 8.
Khfhogr/Hjkifistrhtur
? Irwhf Curfihwhf, Q.P
2.
Cgphlh Zhfhkhf
? Ggfm Qukhrfh, Q.Z
1.
Cgphlh Hjkifistrhsi
? Kgji Quprihji
:.
Cgphlh Pgfmnlhdhf
? Qhlik
7.
Cgphlh Zgcfic
? H. Zhthfm
5.
Cgphlh Hejglifm Fyhkphi
? Dgrkhfsyhd
=.
Cgphlh Hejglifm Zgfmhd
? Jujufm Ahdyhfh
4.
Cgphlh Hejglifm Aidurhfm
? Gfjhfm Iifm Qnkhftri
7:
Lhkpirhf 2. Fhkh-fhkh Hjkifistrhtur yhfm Pgrfhd Kgkikpif
Zf. Pgtglt (8981-8928)
Zf. Uhf Rgadt (8928-8927)
Zf. Dglgf Jnrf (8927-8919)
Zf. Blnac Duis (8919-89:2)
Pgkgrifthd Pgfjucufm Ogphfm (89:2-89::)
Cnsnfm (89::-89:=)
Zf. Jg Cnac (89:4-8970)
Zf. ]gssglifm (8970-8974)
Zf. Ir. ]ggbgr (8971-8974)
R. Phfoi Fhthjichrh (8974-8950)
Ngy Cgy Lihfm (8950-8958)
Z. Bhadtihr (8958-8952)
R. Cusfhji (8951-895=)
Qyhrie Dijhyht (895=-8954)
Gzrif Khfsngr (8954-89=4)
R. Dhrtnon (Fnvgkbgr 89=4-Jgsgkbgr 89=4)
R. Dhlilif Pngrhwifhth (Ohfuhri 89=9Jgsgkbgr 8942)
Ir. Jujuf H. Qujhrfh (Ohfuhri 8941Hpril 8941)
R. Zgjon Prhonmn (8941-8947)
O. Qitnrus Phfg (8947-894=)
G.J. Jirhsudhrjoh (894=-8944)
Gfjhfm Ischfjhr JP 8944-8990)
Hbif Qngrihwidhrjoh (8998-8991)
Ir. Bhkbhfm Irhwhf (8991-8997)
Ir. Jgji Jhrkhf (8997-8995)
Ir. D. Hhf Burdhfujif (8995-2008)
Ir. D. Dujhyh (2008-2001)
Ir. D. Ouji Oustihji (2001-200=)
Ir. Jihf Dhjihfh Hrige (200=-2009)
Ir. D. Mhtnt Qgtyhbuji (2009-2088)
Ir. Hmus Jirmhdhyu (2088-2082)
Ir. Wkhr Dhjicusukh (2082-2087)
Ir. Hsgp Buji JOhtfich (2087-208=)
Irwhf Curfihwhf, QP (208=-sgchrhfm)
77
Lhkpirhf 1. Jhethr Bhfmufhf Phbric jhf Mujhfm
Fn.
Wrhihf
Bhdhf Bhfmufhf
Luhs Bhfmufhf
Lhfthi
Jifjifm
Hthp
Bhfmufhf Phbric
I
Ruhfm Lhyuhf 8
Ruhfm Lhyuhf Bhwhd
952 K²
Plnnr
Qgfm
Qgfm
2
Ruhfm lhyuhf Hths
792 K²
Phphf
Qgfm
Qgfm
1
Ruhfm Pgfmmilifmhf
7:0 K²
Crhkic
Zgkbnc Bhth
Qgfm
:
Ruhfm Pgfmgrifmhf
2=0 K²
Crhkic
Zgkbnc Bhth
Qgfm
7
Ruhfm Qnrthsi
794 K²
Crhkic
Zgkbnc Bhth
Qgfm
5
Ruhfm Pgfmgphchf
2=1 K²
Wbif
Zgkbnc Bhth
Qgfm
=
Ruhfm
122 K²
Plnnr Bgtnf
Zgkbnc Bhth
Qgfm
Pgfyikphfhf
Prnjucsi
4
Ruhfm Mhfti
84 K²
Plnnr Bgtnf
Zgkbnc,triplgc
Phphf
9
Ruhfm Istirhdht
27 K²
Plnnr Bgtnf
Zgkbnc,Bilic
Qgfm
II
Bhfmufhf Mujhfm
10 K²
Wbif
Zgkbnc Bhth
Qgfm
Plnnr Bgtnf
Zgkbnc Bhth
Qgfm
Plnnr
Zgkbnc Bhth
Qgfm
Wbif
Zgkbnc Bhth
Qgfm
2= K²
Wbif
Zgkbnc Bhth
Qgfm
8
Ruhfm Chftnr
2
Ruhfm
Pgfyikphfhf
187 K²
Rhbuc 1
R.Pgfyik.B.Pgfmgph
15 K²
chf :
R.Pgfyik.Pgstisijh
7
R.Pgfyik.Bhrhfm
2= K²
Bgchs 5
Ruhfm Mhfti
9 K²
Wbif
Zgkbnc,Zriplgc
Qgfm
=
R. Pgfyikphfhf B1
5 K²
Plnnr Bgtnf
Zgkbnc
Hsbgs
4
Ruhfm Pgfahkpurhf
90 K²
Wbif
Zgkbnc
Qgfm
9
Ruhfm
9 K²
Wbif
Zgkbnc
Qgfm
Pgfyik.
Prgkiuk
75
Cgtgrhfmhf
Lhkpirhf :. Jhethr Kgsif Phbric
Fn.
Fhkh Kgsif
Ouklhd
Qhtuhf
Zhduf
Kgrgc Kgsif
Chphsiths
8
]itdgrifm Zrnumd
88
Wfit
89=9
Brnwf
8700 - 8900 Cm
2
]itdgrifm Zrnumd
7
Wfit
89=9
Bifh Zgcfic
8700 - 8900 Cm
1
Knfnrhil
8
Wfit
8940
Bifh Zgcfic
9000 Cm/ohk
:
Knfnrhil
8
Wfit
89=9
JHK
=700 Cm/ohk
7
Anftifnusliet
8
Wfit
8940
JHK
9000 Cm/ohk
2
Wfit
89=9
G K ::0
8=000 AEK
:
Wfit
89=9
AAA
170 Cm
:
Wfit
89=9
AAA
2=7 Cm
8
Wfit
8977
IFJIH/FIQQGF
2:00 Cm/ohk
8
Wfit
8999
Prikh Putgrh
2:00 Cm/ohk
5
8
2
1
:
7
5
Dghtgr Bgfsnf Fu ]hy
Npgf Znp Rnllgr := " Prgssurg Aup Rnllgr := " JIBF + Anfvgynr 8 JIBF + Anfvgynr 2 Rntnr Uhfg + Anfvgynr 8 Rntnr Uhfg + Anfvgynr 2
Lnchsi
R. Pglhyuhf
Ruhfm 8
Wfit
8999
Prikh Putgrh
470 Cm/ohk
8
Wfit
8990
MGK.R.U
470 Cm/ohk
Milifm
=
Dukijieigr
7
Wfit
89=9
Brnuly + E2=
11 L/Kgfit
4
Gxdhust Ehf
7
Wfit
8948/8999
Ifjutinf
2:02 AEK
9
Gxdhust Ehf
2
Wfit
8977
Gfmlhfj
2:02 AEK
80
Ankprgssnr
8
Wfit
8940
Kitsui
88 Cm/ak2
8
Dghtgr Gxadhfmgr
2
Wfit
89=7
Brnwf ZQJ
20.000 AEK
2
Zwn Qthmg Jrigr
2
Wfit
89=7
Brnwf ZQJ
270 Cm/ohk
Ruhfm
1
Anfvgynr ZQJ
8
Wfit
8991
Prikh Putgrh
700 Cm/ohk
Pgfmgrifmhf
:
Ankprgssnr
8
Wfit
8999
Kgioi
88 Cm/ak2
2
Wfit
89=9
JHK
400 Cm/ohk
8
]ifnwgr 4000 AEK + Anfvgynr
2
Bulcgr + Anfvgynr
2
Wfit
8990
Bifh Zgcfic
2000 Cm/ohk
1
Uibrgx + Anfvgynr
1
Wfit
8999
Prikh Putgrh
:00 Cm/ohk
7=
Ruhfm Qnrthsi
:
7
5
=
4
9 80 88
82 81
8 2 1
Jruac Rnll + Anfvgynr Kifi Jruac Rnll + Anfvgynr Fissgf Qnrtir + Anfvgynr Adnuth Qdietgr + Anfvgynr Kifi Qdietgr + Anfvgynr Zgh auttgr + Anfvgynr Kifi Auttgr IZT (Iffnvhtinf Zgh Gxtrhactnr) IZT (Iffnvhtinf Zgh Gxtrhactnr) Just Ehf
Zgh Biff + Anfvgynr Bulcgr + Anfvgynr Zgh Phacgr + Anfvgynr
2
Wfit
8979
JHK
:00 Cm/ohk
8
Wfit
2082
JHK
500 Cm/ohk
2
Wfit
8919
IFJIH
900 Cm/ohk
2
Wfit
89=9
AAA
:00 Cm/ohk
8
Wfit
2007
JHK
:00 Cm/ohk
8
Wfit
8998
Prikh Putgrh
:00 Cm/ohk
8
Wfit
2080
JHK
200 Cm/ohk
8
Wfit
2088
IFZGT
500 Cm/ohk
8
Wfit
2082
IFZGT
500 Cm/ohk
7
Wfit
8977
Gfmlhfj
2:02 AEK
85
Wfit
89=9
JHK
29000 Cm
8
Wfit
89=9
Bifh Zgcfic
2000 Cm
2
Wfit
89=9
Prikh Putgrh
700 Cm
:
Kifi Qdietgr
8
Wfit
2001
JHK
700 Cm
7
Bhm Qdhpgr
8
Wfit
8990
Prikh Putgrh
700 Cm
5
Liet
8
Wfit
2008
JHK
9000 Cm
=
Gxdhust Ehf
8
Wfit
8999
Ifjuatinf
2:02 AEK
74
Ruhfm Pgfmgphchf
Lhkpirhf 7. Lhynut Kgsif Phbric Ruhfm Milifm, Ruhfm Pgfmgrifmhf, Ruhfm Qnrthsi, jhf Ruhfm Pgfmgphchf
79
Lhkpirhf 5. Pgth Hejglifm Fyhkphy
50
Lhkpirhf =. Pgth Hejglifm Zgfmhd
58
Lhkpirhf 4. Pgth Hejglifm Aidurhfm
52
thm g J r ygr ygr Lhkpirhf 9. Curvh Psicnkgtric Jhth Pgfmhkhthf Kgsif Z wn Q thm
51
Lhkpirhf 80. Qurht Izif Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm
5:
Lhkpirhf 88. Qurht Zumhs Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm
57
Lhkpirhf 82. Qurht Cgtgrhfmhf Qglgshi Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm
55
Lhkpirhf 81. Filhi Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm
5=
Lhkpirhf 8:. Lnmbnnc Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm
Fn
Dhri, Zhfmmhl
Cgmihthf Yhfm Jilhcuchf
Cgmihthf
Zgkpht
Pgfhfmmufm
Bhm/Jgpt/Wfit
Ohwhb
Chftnr Cgbuf
Ir. Hsgp Buji
Jhygudkhfmmufm
Johtfich
- Pgrcgfhlhf jgfmhf Qthee ji 8
Qgfif, 80 Ouli 208=
Chftnr Ifjuc PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII. - Nrigfthsi wilhyhd . -
2
Qglhsh, 88 Ouli 208=
Kgkpglhohri
kgfmgfhi
sgahrh
pglhyuhf
sgcilhs jgfmhf
Phbric Pglhyuhf
Dgrkhfsyhd
kgfmmufhchf ]itdgrifm Zrnumd. - Kglhcuchf pgfyihfmhf mulkh bgruph rukput jhf thfhkhf lihr 1
Rhbu, 82 Ouli 208=
cgchyuhf yhfm bgrhjh ji sgcithr thfhkhf tgd jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf
Blnc Phsir Qitu, Hejglifm Zgfmhd
Hki
nrhc jhf bhbhjhf. - Kglhcuchf pgfmmhruhf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf :
Chkis, 81 Ouli 208=
mhrpu
mufh
kgkutus hchr yhfm sujhd tuh
Blnc Phsir Qitu,
sgdifmmh hchf tukbud hchr bhru
Hejglifm Zgfmhd
yhfm
jhpht
Phc Iwhf
kgkpgragpht
tukbudfyh tufhs bhru. - Kgkpglhohri sgahrh ththp kuch 7
Oukht, 8: Ouli 208=
kgfmgfhi
tgd
jhf
thfhkhf
bujijhyh lhiffyh sgpgrti ogruc,
Chftnr Hejglifm Zgfmhd
Phc Iwhf
hlpucht, jhf cnpi. - Pgfmgfhlhf thfhkhf ogruc. - Kgkpglhohri dhkh jhf pgfyhcit 5
Qhbtu, 87 Ouli 208=
phjh thfhkhf ogruc. -
Cgbuf Ogruc,
Kglhcuchf
bnbncnr
(pgkbgrsidhf thfhd jhri mulkh ji jhgrhd thouc ogruc).
54
Hejglifm Zgfmhd
Phc Hftnf
- Kglhcuchf pgkupuchf jgfmhf pupuc chfjhfm jhf pupuc cikih. - Kgfhfmhfi pgfyhcit jiplnjih phjh
thfhkhf
ogruc
jgfmhf
kgfmmufhchf bubuc chlienrfih. - Kglhcuchf pgkgtichf phjh tgd sgahrh =.
Kifmmu, 85 Ouli 208=
kgchfis
yhitu
jgfmhf
kgfmmufhchf muftifm.
Blnc Aisgcg,
- Kgfmhkhti pgkgtichf jgfmhf yhfm
jilhcuchf
Hejglifm Zgfmhd
Phc Ynmi
jgfmhf
kgfmmufhchf muftifm - Kglhcuchf pgfmgfjhlihf mulkh sgahrh
cikihwi
kgfmmufhchf 4.
Qgfif, 8= Ouli 208=
jgfmhf
dgrbisijh
phjh
thfhkhf tgd. - Kglhcuhf ononhf hthu kgfahbut
Blnc Chrtnbi, Hejglifm Zgfmhd
Phc Iwhf
mulkh yhfm sujhd bgrhjh ji hths pgrkuchhf thfhkhf tgd. - Kglhcuchf pgfygkprnthf pupuc jhuf 9.
Qglhsh, 84 Ouli 208=
jgfmhf
kgfmmufhchf
blnwgr.
Blnc Plhfm,
- Kglhcuchf pgkgtichf. -
Kglhcuchf
Hejglifm Zgfmhd
pgkbgrihf
Phc Whj jhf Phc Njny
ifsgctisijh - Kglhcuchf pgkupuchf jhuf 80.
Rhbu, 89 Ouli 208=
jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf kgsif kgrc Qhfadif
Blnc ]hfmuf II, Hejglifm Zgfmhd
Phc Hftnf
- Kglhcuchf dgrbisijh jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf sprhygr. 88.
Chkis, 20 Ouli 208=
- Kglhcuchf pgfahbuthf mulkh yhfm bgrhjh ji tgfmhd-tgfmhd thfhkhf tgd
59
Blnc Chrtnbi, Hejglifm Zgfmhd
Phc Agag
- Kglhcuchf pgfyusufhf lhpnrhf cgroh lhphfm 82.
Oukht, 28 Ouli 208=
- Kgkbhah jhth-jhth kgfmgfhi PZ. Pgrcgbufhf Fushfthrh UIII cdususfyh
Chftnr Ifjuc
Phc Nlij
Cgbuf
Jhygudkhfmmufm - Pgfmgfhlhf Blnc Fyhkphy, 81.
Qhbtu, 22 Ouli 208=
Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm - Kglhcuchf dgrbisijh jgfmhf
Hejglifm Fyhkphy
Phc Jujufm
kgfmmufhchf blnwgr . - Kgkpglhohri pgkgtichf phjh tgd mhkbufm sgahrh khfuhl jgfmhf ahrh jipgtic jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf thfmhf. 8:.
Qgfif, 2: Ouli 208=
- Kgkpglhohri dhkh jhf pgfyhcit yhfm kgfmgfhi thfhkhf tgd ogfis ZRI.
Blnc Phsir Lhcshfh, Hejglifm
Phc Jgjg
Fyhkphy
- Kgkpglhohri ahrh kgkhfmchs thfhkhf tgd. - Kgkpglhohri kgfmgfhi dhkh jhf pgfyhcit phjh thfhkhf cnpi. - Kglhcuchf pgkgtichf phjh buhd cnpi yhfm sujhd sihp pgtic. 87.
Qglhsh, 27 Ouli 208=
- Kglhcuchf pgfmuphshf culit cnpi jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf kgsif pulpgr.
Cgbuf Cnpi, Hejglifm
Phc Gric
Fyhkphy
- Kglhcuchf pgfmgrifmhf cnpi sgahrh hlhki kgfmmufhchf sifhr khthdhri.
85.
Rhbu, 25 Ouli 208=
- Kgkpglhohri pgkhfmchshf phjh thfhkhf cnpi.
Blnc Phsir Qhwhd, Hejglifm Zgfmhd
=0
Phc Gric
- Kglhcuchf pgkhfmchshf phjh thfhkhf cnpi.
8=.
Chkis, 2= Ouli 208=
-
Kgfjhphtchf
ifenrkhsi
kgfmgfhi Hejglifm Fyhkphy
Chftnr Hejglifm Fyhkphy
Phc Gric
- Kglhcuchf pgkgtichf puauc tgd. - Kglhcuchf pgfikbhfmhf puauc tgd. 84.
Oukht, 24 Ouli 208=
-
Kgkbhfjifmchf
dhsil
pgfikbhfmhf ji lhphfmhf sgrth
Hejglifm Aidurhfm
Phc Hyut jhf Phc Phrfn
jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf ogkbhthf tikbhfm.
89.
20.
Qhbtu, 29 Ouli 208=
Kifmmu, 10 Ouli 208=
- Kgfyusuf lhpnrhf jhf jhth-jhth yhfm tglhd jijhpht.
prnjucsi) cnpi - Pgrcgfhlhf prnsgs prnjucsi tgd Kgkpglhohri
Pgrcgbufhf
sgahrh
Blnc Phsir Qhwhd, Hejglifm Zgfmhd jhf Phbric Prnjucsi
Qgfif, 18 Ouli 208=
Phc Gric, Phc Qhlik, Phc Jhfu
ukuk
pgfmnlhdhf tgd sistgk nrtnjncs 28.
-
Fushfthrh UIII
- Kgkpglhohri thcshsi (thcsirhf
-
Kgss PZ.
- Kglhcuchf pgfmhfmcuthf tgd cg ruhfm pglhyuhf
Phc Qhlik, Phbric
Phc Jhfu,
pgfmnlhdhf
jhf Bu
- Kglhcuchf pgkbgbgrhf
Rnjiyhd
- Kglhcuchf hfhlisis puauc 22.
21.
Qglhsh, 8 Hmustus 208= Rhbu, 2 Hmustus 208=
- Kgkpglhohri ahrh kgfmhfhlis puauc.
Ruhfm Pglhyuhf
Bu Rnjiyhd
Ruhfm Pglhyuhf
Phc Fhfh
-Kglhcuchf hfhlisis puauc -Kglhcuchf
jhf
kgkpglhohri
pgkbgbgrhf
=8
2:.
Chkis, 1 Hmustus
- Kgkpglhohri ahrh pgkbhlichf
208=
jhf tuouhf jhri pgkbhlichf puauc
Ruhfm Pglhyuhf
Phc Jgfi
- Kgkpglhohri jhf kglidht prnsgs turuf lhyu - Kglhcuchf pgfmmilifmhf puauc
27.
Oukht, : Hmustus 208=
jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf NZR
Ruhfm Pglhyuhf,
- Kglhcuchf jhf kgkpglhohri prnsgs snrthsi bhshd
Ruhfm
Phc Jgfi
Pgfmmilifmhf
- Kglhcuchf jhf kglidht prnsgs ncsijhsi gfzikhtis
25.
2=.
24.
29.
10.
Qhbtu, 7 Hmustus 208= Qgfif, = Hmustus 208= Qglhsh, 4 Hmustus 208= Rhbu, 9 Hmustus 208= Chkis, 80 Hmustus 208=
-Kgfyihpchf hjkifistrhsi
jncukgf pgfmnlhdhf
uftuc
pgkgricshhf hujit IQN -
Kgkpglhohri
prnsgs
pgfmmilifmhf - Kgkpglhohri ahrh cgroh kgsif pgfmmilifmhf
uftuc kgsif pgfmgrifm
- Kglhcuchf prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf
18.
208=
bhshd
Ruhfm
Ruhfm Pgfmmilifmhf
- Kgkpglhohri Dght Gxadhfmgr
bubuc
Pgfmnlhdhf
Pgfmmilifmhf
- Kglhcuchf pgfmucurhf KA Oukht, 88 Hmustus
Phbric
kgfmmufhchf
tikbhfmhf shrtnfius - Kgfikbhfm bubuc tgd bhshd dhsil ncsijhsi gfzikhtis
=2
Phbric Pgfmnlhdhf Ruhfm Pgfmgrifmhf
-
Phc Jgfi
Phc Jgfi
Phc Dgfjhr
Phc Dgfjhr
Ruhfm Pgfmgrifmhf jhf
Phc Jgfi
Ruhfm Xuhlity
jhf Bu Yhti
Anftrnl
- Kglhcuchf pgfmucurhf KA
12.
Qhbtu, 82 Hmustus 208=
bubuc
cgrifm
kgfmmufhchf
tikbhfmhf shrtnfius - Kgfikbhfm dhsil tgd ohji dhsil pgfmgrifmhf
11.
1:.
17.
15.
1=.
Kifmmu, 81 Hmustus 208= Qgfif, 8: Hmustus 208= Qglhsh, 87 Hmustus 208= Rhbu, 85 Hmustus 208=
Chkis, 8= Hmustus 208=
-
Kglidht
ahrh
cgroh
kgsif
pgfmgrifm
Pgfmgrifmhf jhf
Phc Jgfi
Ruhfm Xuhlity
jhf Bu Yhti
Anftrnl Ruhfm Pgfmgrifmhf
- Kglhcuchf prnsgs pgfmgrifmhf jgfmhf
Ruhfm
kgfmmufhchf
kgsif
pgfmgrifm tipg Zwn Qthmg Jrigr - Kglidht prnsgs snrthsi sgahrh ukuk
Ruhfm Pgfmgrifmhf
Phc Wsgp
Phc Wsgp
Ruhfm Qnrthsi
Phc Qhlik
-
-
Ruhfm snrthsi
Bu Glis
-
-
- Kgfmicuti phwhi jhlhk rhfmch kgkpgrifmhti dhri cgkgrjgchhf Rgpublic Ifjnfgsih - Kgkpglhohri jhf kgkbhftu jhlhk pglhchshfhhf prnsgs snrthsi ji sgkuh kgsif - Kgfmicuti ohlhf shfthi yhfm
14.
Qhbtu, 89 Hmustus
jihjhchf nlgd PZPF UIII Cgbuf
208=
Jhygudkhfmmufm jhlhk rhfmch kgkpgrifmhti DWZ RI
19.
:0.
:8.
Kifmmu, 20 Hmustus 208= Qglhsh, 22 Hmustus 208=
Rhbu, 21 Hmustus 208=
- Kgkpglhohri jhf kgkbhftu prnsgs snrthsi phjh kgsif IZT I - Kgkpglhohri jhf kgkbhftu prnsgs snrthsi phjh kgsif Adnuth Qietgr - Kgkpglhohri jhf kgkbhftu prnsgs
snrthsi
phjh
Zdggwhf
=1
kgsif
Phbric Pgfmnlhdhf Phbric Pgfmnlhdhf
Phbric Pgfmnlhdhf
Bu Glis
Bu Glis
Bu Glis
:2.
:1.
::.
:7.
:5.
:=.
:4.
:9.
70.
Chkis, 2: Hmustus 208= Oukht, 27 Hmustus 208= Qhbtu, 25 Hmustus 208= Qgfif, 24 Hmustus 208= Qglhsh, 29 Hmustus 208=
Rhbu, 10 Hmustus 208= Chkis, 18 Hmustus 208= Qhbtu, 2 Qgptgkbgr 208= Kifmmu, 1 Qgptgkbgr 208=
- Kgkpglhohri jhf kgkbhftu prnsgs snrthsi phjh kgsif Uibrn - Kgkpglhohri jhf kgkbhftu prnsgs snrthsi phjh kgsif Adnuth - Kgkpglhohri prnsgs pgfmgphchf jhri kulhi pgti kirifm difmmh tgh bulcgr - Kgkpglhohri prnsgs pgfmgphchf jgfmhf kgsif tgh phacgr
jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf chrufm jhf tgh shac Pgkglidhrhhf
kgsif
sgrth
kgfmgfhl rhfmchihf listric yhfm jimufhchf - Pgfmhkbilhf jhethr kgsif phbric pgfmnlhdhf tgd dithk nrtnjncs - Kgkpglhohri shkbufmhf listric bgsgrth rhfmchihf shclhr - Kglhcuchf pgkglidhrhhf phjh kgsif pgfmnlhdhf
78.
208=
Phbric Pgfmnlhdhf Phbric Pgfmnlhdhf Ruhfm
Ruhfm Pgfmgkhshf
Phbric Pgfmnlhdhf
Chftnr Zgcfic
Phbric Pgfmnlhdhf Phbric Pgfmnlhdhf
- Kglhcuchf snrthsi Qgfif, : Qgptgkbgr
Pgfmnlhdhf
Pgfmgkhshf
- Kgkpglhohri pgfmgkhshf tgd
-
Phbric
- Kglhcuchf mrggf jdnnl tgstifm jhf pgfmgagchf tgd uftuc jibuht shkpgl yhfm hchf jicirik cg chftnr pusht
=:
Phbric Pgfmnlhdhf jhf Ruhfm Xuhlity Anftrnl
Bu Glis
Phc Wsgp
Phc Wsgp
Phc Wsgp
Phc Wsgp
Phc Hhk
Phc Hhk
Phc Hhk
Phc Hhk
Phc Wsgp, Bu Glis jhf Bu Ygti
72.
71.
7:.
Qglhsh, 7 Qgptgkbgr 208=
Rhbu, 5 Qgptgkbgr 208= Chkis, = Qgptgkbgr 208=
- Kgfmicuti rhpht yhfm kgkbhdhs kgfmgfhi
bhru
pgfmnlhdhf -
Zgku
pishd
jgfmhf
hjkifistrhtnr
Kgfmgrohchf
rgfahfh
cgroh
Oukht, 4 Qgptgkbgr pgcgrohhf pgkglidhrhhf thfhkhf 208=
kgfmdhsilchf jhf phfgf thfhkhf tgd Hejglifm Fyhkphy -
75.
Kgfmgrohchf
rgfahfh
cgroh
Qhbtu, 9 Qgptgkbgr
pgcgrohhf pgkglidhrhhf thfhkhf
208=
kgfmdhsilchf jhf phfgf thfhkhf tgd Hejglifm Aidurhfm -
7=.
Kgfmgrohchf
rgfahfh
cgroh
Qgfif, 88 Qgptgkbgr pgcgrohhf pgkglidhrhhf thfhkhf 208=
kgfmdhsilchf jhf phfgf thfhkhf tgd Hejglifm Zgfmhd
74.
79.
50.
Qglhsh, 82 Qgptgkbgr 208=
Rhbu, 81 Qgptgkbgr 208=
Chkis, 8: Qgptgkbgr 208=
-
Kgkbuht
gvhluhsi
cifgroh
thfhkhf bulhf Hmustus 208=
-
Kgkbuht
Chftnr Phbric Pgfmnlhdhf
Phc Qhlik
Chftnr Ifjuc Cgbuf
-
Jhygudkhfmmufm
- Kglhcuchf quhlity anftrnl tgd -
77.
cgbiohchf
gvhluhsi
cifgroh
thfhkhf bulhf Hmustus 208=
- Kgfmisi jhth rghlishsi dhsil phfgf
Ruhfm Xuhlity Anftrnl Chftnr Ifjuc Cgbuf
Phc Kgji
Jhygudkhfmmufm
Chftnr Ifjuc Cgbuf
Phc Yuli
Jhygudkhfmmufm
Chftnr Ifjuc Cgbuf
Phc Yuli
Jhygudkhfmmufm Chftnr Ifjuc Cgbuf
Phc Hfjis
Jhygudkhfmmufm Chftnr Ifjuc Cgbuf
Phc Hfjis
Jhygudkhfmmufm Chftnr Ifjuc Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm
=7
Bu Ygti
Phc Hfjis
58.
52.
51.
5:.
57.
55.
5=.
Oukht, 87 Qgptgkbgr 208=
Qhbtu, 85 Qgptgkbgr 208=
Qgfif, 84 Qgptgkbgr 208=
Qglhsh, 89 Qgptgkbgr 208=
Rhbu, 20 Qgptgkbgr 208= Chkis, 28 Qgptgkbgr 208= Oukht, 22 Qgptgkbgr 208=
- Kgfmisi jhth rghlishsi dhsil phfgf
phfgf
Chftnr Ifjuc Cgbuf
54.
208=
PZPF
UIII
Cgbuf
Jhygudkhfmmufm
UIII
Cgbuf
Jhygudkhfmmufm
Chftnr Ifjuc Cgbuf
Qgptgkbgr 208=
- Kgkbuht pgfmhjhhf bhrhfm
Chftnr Ifjuc
jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf cnjg-cnjg
Cgbuf
bhrhfm yhfm tgrsgjih
Qgfif, 27 Qgptgkbgr 208=
Phc _hgfhl
Jhygudkhfmmufm
- Kgkbuht lhpnrhf PCL
-
-
-
Bu Rifi
- Kgkpglhohri pgfmhjhhf bhrhfm ji
PZPF
UIII
Cgbuf
Jhygudkhfmmufm
jhth
pgfmgrifmhf
kgfjhphtchf
uftuc geisigfsi
Chftnr Pgfmnlhdhf
jhth
pgfmgrifmhf
kgfjhphtchf
uftuc geisigfsi
Chftnr Pgfmnlhdhf
pgfmgrifmhf =0.
Bu Rifi
Jhygudkhfmmufm
- Kgkpgrsihpchf pgfmhkbilhf 59.
-
Jhygudkhfmmufm
- Kgkpglhohri prnsgs pgrkifthhf PZPF
Cgbuf
pgfmgrifmhf
Kifmmu, 2:
Phc Hfjis
Chftnr Ifjuc
- Kgkpgrsihpchf pgfmhkbilhf Qhbtu, 21 Qgptgkbgr
Phc Hfjis
Jhygudkhfmmufm
- Kgkpglhohri kgfmgfhi cguhfmhf
ji
Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm
- Kgfmisi jhth rghlishsi dhsil
ji
Chftnr Ifjuc
- Kgfyusuf lhpnrhf PCL
=5
Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm
Phc Qhlik, Phc Jhfu, Phc Jgfi
Phc Qhlik, Phc Jhfu, Phc Jgfi
-
=8.
Qglhsh, 25 Qgptgkbgr 208=
- Kgfyusuf lhpnrhf PCL
Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm
- Kglhcuchf pgfmucurhf KA
=2.
Rhbu, 2= Qgptgkbgr 208=
bubuc
bhshd
kgfmmufhchf
tikbhfmhf shrtnfius - Kgfikbhfm bubuc tgd bhshd dhsil ncsijhsi gfzikhtis
Ruhfm Pgfmgrifmhf jhf
Phc Jgfi
Ruhfm Xuhlity
jhf Bu Yhti
Anftrnl
- Kglhcuchf pgfmucurhf KA
=1.
Chkis, 24 Qgptgkbgr 208=
bubuc
cgrifm
kgfmmufhchf
tikbhfmhf shrtnfius - Kgfikbhfm dhsil tgd ohji dhsil pgfmgrifmhf
=:.
=7.
Oukht, 29 Qgptgkbgr 208= Qhbtu, 10 Qgptgkbgr 208=
- Kgfyusuf lhpnrhf PCL
Ruhfm Pgfmgrifmhf jhf
Phc Jgfi
Ruhfm Xuhlity
jhf Bu Yhti
Anftrnl Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm
- Kgfyusuf lhpnrhf PCL jhf pgrpishdhf jgfmhf sthee PZPF UIII Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm
Cgbuf Jhygudkhfmmufm
Kgfmgthdui, Pgkbikbifm Lhphfmhf
Pgsgrth PCL
Ggfm Qukhrfh, Q.Z.
Rhcch Putri Rhfhti
FIC. 0802905:024=27 0802905:024=27
FPK. 2:08808:0087 2:08808:0087
==
-
-
-
Lhkpirhf 87. Jncukgfthsi Prhctgc Cgroh Lhphfm
Mhkbhr 2=. Bhbhjhf hthu pgfyihfmhf jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf nrhc
Mhkbhr 24. Pgkbhlichf thfhd jgfmhf kgfmmufhchf mhrpu
Mhkbhr 29. Pgrsihphf pgfygkprnthf dgrbisijh
Mhkbhr 10. Pgfygkprnthf dgrbisijh
=4
Mhkbhr 18. Pgkhfmchshf
Mhkbhr 12. Pgfyhcit jhuf blistgr
Mhkbhr 11. Pgfyhcit jhuf hcibht Gk hcibht Gkpn pnhs hsah ah sp. sp.
Mhkbhr 1:. Pgfyhcit phjh jhuf hcibht ulht
=9
Mhkbhr 17. Pgkupuchf jhuf
Mhkbhr 15. Kgsif Qhfadif sp Qhfadif sprh rhyg ygr r
Mhkbhr 1=. Pgkgtichf puauc tgd
Mhkbhr 14. Pgkgtichf puauc tgd kgfmmufhchf muftifm
40
Mhkbhr 19. Pgfmhfmcuthf tgd
Mhkbhr :0. Prnsgs pgkbgbgrhf
48
