makalah WTO dan analisis masalah di dalam keanggotaannya

@ALAFAE C]KAOBTATB BOWJ]OATBCOAF [C]FG W]AGJ C]KAOB^AWBCO %[WC" %Tjokljwa Zob J}cya gjokao Bogcojtba gao Njyaok" @awa Lzfbae > Ezlz` Aowa} Wawa Ezlz` Gctjo > Mcmmr Twbxjo& T/E/& F/F/@/

Gbtztzo Cfje> Jxa Gj{b La}wbla =9:119117

HALZFWAT EZLZ@ ZOBXJ]TBW ZOBXJ]TB WAT WA]Z@AOAKA]A A]Z@AOAKA ]A NALA]WA =91=-=914

LAWA YJOKAOWA]  Yznb Yznb trzlz} trzlz} tara tara yaonawl yaonawlao ao ljyaga ljyaga Wzeao Wzeao R@J& R@J& raok raok wjfae wjfae `j`mj} `j`mj}law lawbb tara tara gao `j`mj}blao `j`mj}blao yjwzonzl yjwzonzl tj}wa mj}law-Ora mj}law-Ora tjebokka tjebokka tara gayaw `jorjfjtablao `jorjfjtablao yjorztzoao yjorztzoao `alafae `alafae bob gjokao mabl gao wjyaw yaga {alwzora/ {alwzora/ Yjozfbt Yjozfbt nzka `jokzdaylao `jokzdaylao wj}b`a latbe ljyaga Gctjo @awa Lzfbae Ezlz` Aowa} Wawa Ezlz` %Eawae"& rabwz Mayal Mcmmr Twbjxjo& T/E/& F/F/@/ F/F/@/ raok tjfa`a tawz tj`jtwj} bob wjfae `j`mj}blao `j`mj}blao bf`z raok mj}kzoa mj}kzoa makb tara gafa` mbgaok ezlz`/ @alafae bob mj}lbta} aowa}a 2 eafa`ao gbfza} lawa yjokaowa} gao gahwa}  btb/ Wznzao zwa`a tara `j`mzaw `alafae bob agafae zowzl `jokjwaezb aya raok `jonagb gafa` tjmzae C}kaobtatb Bowj}oatbcoaf& aya wznzao gbagalaoora wznzao c}kaobtatb wj}tjmzw& `aohaawora gao raok yafbok gbwjlaolao agafae makab`aoa da}a `jorjfjtablao `atafae aowa}  tjta`a tjta`a aokkcw aokkcwaa c}kaob c}kaobtatb tatb bowj}o bowj}oatbc atbcoaf oaf bwz tjogb} tjogb}b/ b/ Ayalae Ayalae c}kaob c}kaobtatb tatb wj}tjmz wj}tjmzww tzgae tzgae  mj}wbogal agbf gafa` `jfalzlao ljyzwztao/ Tara tjmakab `jora`yablao yjogayaw gafa` `alafae bob ga}b yj}`atafaeao raok tara aoklaw gjokao ea}ayao raok `atafae tara aoklaw `jonagb botyb}atb gao yj`adz tj`aokaw makb yj`mada/ La}r La}raa

bf`b bf`bae ae bob bob

gbtz gbtztz tzo o

zowz zowzl l

`j`m `j`mj} j}bb

yjok yjokjw jwae aeza zao o

wjow wjowao aok k

C}ka C}kaob obta tatb tb

Bowj}o Bowj}oatbc atbcoaf oaf gafa` gafa` mbgaok mbgaok yj}gak yj}gakaok aokao& ao& rabwz rabwz [WC mj}blz mj}blzww gbwa`y gbwa`ybfl bflaoo aoora ra mjmj}ay mjmj}ayaa dcowce latzt raok tjgaok awazyzo wjfae wj}nagb gbaowa}a Ojka}a Zob J}cya gjokao ojka}a aokkcwa [WC& rabwz Bogcojtba gao Njyaok/ Aleb} lawa tara `jokzdaylao tj`cka la}ra wzfbt bob gayaw `j`mj}blao `aohaaw gao tcfztb raok fjmbe mabl/

Nala}wa& ; Gjtj`mj} =91=

Jxa Gj{b La}wbla

Gahwa} Btb

Lawa Yjokaowa}//////////////////////////////////////// Yjokaowa}/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////b /b

Gahwa} Btb//////////////////////////////////////////// Btb/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////////////////////// ////////////////////////////bb /////bb

Mam B > Yjogaezfzao/////////////////////////////////// Yjogaezfzao////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////////1 ////////////////////1

Mam BB > Ayalae bwz [WC3/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// [WC3////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////4 /////////4

Mam BBB > Aoafbtbt Latzt gao Da}a Yjorjfjtabaaoora///////////////////////////:

Mam BX > Ljtb`yzfao/////////////////////////////////////// Ljtb`yzfao////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// /////////////////////////////////////2 //////////////2

Gahwa} Yztwala////////////////////////////////////////////// Yztwala///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// ///////////////////////////////////////19 ////////////////19

MAM B Yjogaezfzao A/ Fawa} Fawa} Mjfala Mjfalaok ok Tjwbay Tjwbay tjogb tjogb ljebgz ljebgzyao yao `aoztb `aoztbaa tjfafz tjfafz mj}wcf mj}wcfal al zlz} zlz} yaga yaga tjkb jlcoc` jlcoc`b/ b/ Gafa` Gafa` `jfaltaoalao yj`jozeao alao ebgzyora& `aoztba wbgal alao yj}oae fjyat yaga ljkbawao jlcoc`b/ jlcoc`b/ Faoktzok Faoktzok awazyzo wbgal faoktzok `aoztba alao tjfafz mj}tbokkzo mj}tbokkzokao kao gjokao gjokao ljkbaao ljkbaao jlcoc` jlcoc`bb raok raok tawz bob& bob& rabwz rabwz yj}gak yj}gakaok aokao/ ao/ Wbgal Wbgal gayaw gayaw gbyzok gbyzoklb} lb}bb fakb fakb mae{a mae{a ljkbawao ljkbawao yj}gakaokao yj}gakaokao wjfae mj}faoktzok mj}faoktzok tjnal mj}amag-amag mj}amag-amag raok fafz `jfbowat mawat mjoza `azyzo ta`zg}a/ Ljkbawao bob wjfae mj}faoktzok& gao alao wjway wj}zt mj}faoktzok gjokao  mj}makab yj}lj`maokaoora zowzl `jfaltaoalao `jfaltaoalao yj`jozeao ljmzwzeao `aoztba/ Ljkbawao yj}gakaokao aowa} fbowat ojka}a& `azyzo mjoza mj}lj`maok taokaw yjtaw gbb}bo gbb}bokb kb gjokao gjokao lj`anz lj`anzao ao wjlocf wjlocfckb ckb raok raok `jogzl `jogzlzok zok yjfalt yjfaltaoa aoaaoo aoora ra// Eaf bobfae bobfae raok raok `j`mzaw `j`mzaw yj}fz gbmjowzlora gbmjowzlora tjmzae tjmzae c}kaobtatb c}kaobtatb zowzl zowzl `j`arzokb `j`arzokb fafz fbowat yj}gakaoka yj}gakaokao o wj}tjmzw/ [c}fg W}agj C}kaob~awbco C}kaob~awbco awaz raok mbata lbwa tboklaw tboklaw gjokao [WC& agafae tjmzae c}kaob c}kaobtatb tatb raok raok mj}kj} mj}kj}al al gb mbgaok mbgaok yj}gak yj}gakaok aokao ao bowj}o bowj}oatbc atbcoaf oaf// [WC mj}wzn mj}wznzao zao zowzl  zowzl  `joka{atb gao fbmj}afbtatb yj}gakaokao bowj}oatbcoaf/ Wal eaora bwz& c}kaobtatb bob mj}labwao  nzka gjokao }jkzfatb yj}gakaokao aowa}a ojka}a-ojka}a yjtj}wa/ Ba `jorjgbalao lj}aokla lj}na zowzl ojkctbatb gao `j`hc}`aflao yj}naonbao yj}gakaokao& gao y}ctjt yjorjfjtabao tjokljwa raok mj}wznzao zowzl `jojkallao ljyawzeao yjtj}wa gjokao yj}naonbao [WC& raok gbwaogawaokaob cfje {albf-{albf ga}b yj`j}bowae ojka}a/ Tbtwj` yj}gakaokao `zfwbfawj}af [WC gbawz} `jfafzb tzawz yj}tjwznzao raok mj}btb awz} awz}ao ao-aw -awz} z}ao ao gata} gata} yj}g yj}gak akao aoka kao o bowj bowj}o }oatb atbco coaf af tjmak tjmakab ab eatb eatbff yj}z yj}zog ogbo boka kao o raok aok wjfae wjfae gbwaogawaokaob cfje ojka}a-ojka}a aokkcwa/ Yj}tjwznzao wj}tjmzw `j}zyalao lcow}al aowa}  ojka}a-aokkcwa raok `jokblaw yj`j}bowae zowzl `j`awzebora gafa` yjfaltaoaao ljmbnalao  yj}gakaokaoora/ [afazyzo gbwaogawaokaob cfje yj`j}bowae& wznzao zwa`aora agafae zowzl  `j` `j`maow maowz z ya}a ya}a y}cg y}cgzt ztjo jo ma}a ma}aok ok gao gao nata nata&& jlty jltyc} c}wb wb}} gao gao b`yc b`yc}w }wj} j} gafa gafa` ` ljkb ljkbaw awao ao 1  yj}gakaokao/ C}ka C}kaob obtat tatbb bob bob tjda}a tjda}a }jt` }jt`bb gb`z gb`zfa fabb yaga yaga waokk waokkaf af 1 Naoza Naoza}b }b 122: 122:&& mj}g mj}gat ata}l a}lao ao  yj}naonbao @a}}aljte zowzl `jokkaowblao Yj}naonbao Z`z` `jokjoab Wa}bh gao Yj}gakaokao %KAWW"& raok gb`zfab yaga waezo 1275 =/ Wj}dawaw ebokka lbob [WC `j`bfblb 1:; aokkcwa aokkcwa gao =; yj`j}b yj`j}bowae owae yjoka`aw yjoka`aw&& aokkcw aokkcwaa [WC bob wj}tjma wj}tjma}} gb tjfz}ze tjfz}ze mjoza gjokao gbyb`ybo cfje tjc}aok Gb}jlwz} Njogj}af& rabwz Yatdaf Fa`r& raok `j`b`ybo twah  fjmbe ga}b 899 c}aok gb Njoj{a& T{btt/ 4 1

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=

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4

Bmbg

Faralor Faraloraa tjmzae tjmzae c}kaob c}kaobtatb tatb raok raok mj}zya mj}zyara ra `j`arz `j`arzokb okb ezmzok ezmzokao ao ezlz` ezlz` aowa}  aowa}  ojka}a& `atbe yzfa gbwj`zlao mj}makab lcohfbl/ Lcohfbl bowj}oaf aowa} tjta`a aokkcwa [WC bobfae raok alao tara maeat yaga ljtj`yawao lafb bob/ Tz`m Tz`mz z ga}b ga}b wj}nag wj}nagbo bora ra lcoh lcohfb fbl l agaf agafae ae tjmza tjmzae e yj}` yj}`ata atafae faeao ao raok wbga wbgal l gaya gayaww gbtjfjtablao tjda}a ljljfza}kaao cfje ljgza mjfae ybeal/ Eaf bob gayaw gb`alfz`b la}joa [WC mj}kj}al gb mbgaok yj}gakaokao gzoba& gb`aoa tjwbay aokkcwa [WC& rabwz ojka}a `jokbokbo `jokbokbolao lao wj}dbywaora wj}dbywaora a}zt yj}gakaoka yj}gakaokao o raok raok `jokzowzo `jokzowzoklao& klao& gao wbgal `j}zkblao `j}zkblao lcotz`jo gb ojka}aora/ Eaf bobfae raok lj`zgbao `jfawa} mjfalaokb tara zowzl `jozfbt `alafae bob/ Gb gafa` `alafae bob tara alao `jodcma `joa`ybflao gao `jokz}ab mjmj}aya latzt raok  yj}oae mj}kjncfal gbaowa}a aokkcwa [WC& mj}blzw gjokao aoafbtbt raok tara mzaw& `azyzo  yzwztao yjokagbfaoora/

M/ WZNZAO

Wznzao Wznzao ga}b ga}b `alafae `alafae bob agafae agafae tara tara `jokbo `jokbokbo kbolao lao aka} aka} ya}a ya}a yj`mada yj`mada `jokj}w `jokj}wbb  mae{a gb gafa` tzawz c}kaobtatb bowj}oatbcoaf& {afazyzo tzgae gbtjyalawb wjowaok yj}naonbao yj}naonbao mj}blzw ljwjowzao/ Oa`zo& `atbe maoral wj}gayaw lcohfbl aowa} tjta`a aokkcwa/ Eaf bob wjowzo wjowzora ra mj}wcf mj}wcfal al mjfala mjfalaok ok ga}b ga}b wznzao wznzao c}kaob c}kaobtatb tatb bowj}o bowj}oatbc atbcoaf oaf bwz tjogb}b tjogb}b raok raok `jokadz yaga tzawz ljtawzao gao yj}ga`abao gafa` yjfaltaoaaoora/

MAM BB Ayalae bwz [C]FG W]AGJ C]KAOB^AWBCO

%[WC" 3

[c}fg W}agj C}kaob~awbc C}kaob~awbco o %[WC" `j}zyalao tawz-tawzora tawz-tawzora magao bowj}oatbcoaf bowj}oatbcoaf raok tjda}a leztzt `jokawz} `atafae yj}gakaokao aowa} ojka}a/ Tbtwj` yj}gakaokao `zfwbfawj}af [WC [WC gbaw gbawz} z} `jfaf `jfafzb zb yj}tj yj}tjwz wznza nzao o raok raok mj}b mj}btbl tblao ao awz} awz}ao ao-aw -awz} z}ao ao gata} gata} yj}g yj}gak akao aoka kao o bowj}oatbcoaf raok gbeatbflao cfje ya}a ojka}a aokkcwa `jfafzb y}ctjt ojkctbatb/ Yj}tj Yj}tjwz wznz nzao ao wj}tj wj}tjmz mzww `j}z `j}zya yala lao o yj}na yj}naon onba bao o aowa aowa}} ojka ojka}a }a aokk aokkcw cwaa raok raok `jok `jokbl blaw aw  yj`j}bowae ojka}a aokkcwa zowzl `j`awzebora gafa` yjfaltaoaao ljmbnalao yj}gakaokao `j}jl `j}jla/ a/ Tjfa Tjfa`a `a bob bob wjfa wjfae e gbfa gbfalz lzla lao o gjfa gjfaya yao o yj}b yj}bcg cgjj ojkc ojkctba tbatb tb raok raok gbtjm gbtjmzw zw gjok gjokao ao  yj}zogbokao `zfwbfawj}af yj}gakaokao tj`jonal  Kjoj}af Ak}jj`jow co Wa}bhh aog W}agj %KAWW" gbgb}blao& raok wj}aleb} rabwz Yzwa}ao Z}zkzar raok mj}aleb} yaga waezo 1227/ Yj}zogbokao bob `j}zyalao tzawz zyara zowzl `j`yj}lzaw tbtwj` KAWW gao `jodjkae tj`albo `joboklawora ljdjogj}zokao y}cwjltbcobt`j gb mj}makab ojka}a/ ojka}a /7 Waokkaf 41 Gjtj`mj} 1227& ojka}a-ojka}a aokkcwa wjfae `jorjwznzb zowzl `jogb}blao  magao ma}z& raok gbtjmzw [WC yaga waokkaf 1 Naoza}b 122: [WC awaz c}kaobtatb  yj}gakaokao gzoba `j}zyalao tawz-tawzora magao bowj}oatbcoaf raok `jokawz} `atafae  yj}gakaokao aowa} ojka}a/ Tbtwj` yj}gakaokao wj}tjmzw gbawz} `jfafzb t zawz yj}tjwznzao raok  mj}btb awz}ao-awz}ao gata} yj}gakaokao bowj}oatbcoaf tjmakab eatbf yj}zogbokao raok wjfae gbwaogawaok gbwaogawaokaob aob cfje ojka}a-ojka} ojka}a-ojka}aa aokkcwa aokkcwa//: Yj}tjwznzao Yj}tjwznzao wj}tjmzw `jokblaw `jokblaw tjwbay ojka}a aokkcwa& tjebokka yj`j}bowaeao ga}b ojka}a wj}tjmzw ea}zt `j`awzebora gafa` yjfaltaoaao ljmbnalao yj}gakaokaoora/ Yaga Yaga Nzfb Nzfb =995 =995 c}ka c}kaob obtat tatbb bob bob `j`b `j`bfb fblb lb 1:4 1:4 ojka ojka}a }a aokk aokkcw cwa/ a/ Tjfz Tjfz}z }ze e aokk aokkcw cwaa [WC [WC gbea}ztlao `j`mj}blao tawz ta`a fabo twawzt ojka}a yafbok gbtzlab& tjebokka yj`mj}bao ljzowzokao raok gbmj}blao ljyaga tjmzae aokkcwa [WC ljyaga ojka}a fabo ea}zt gbmj}blao lj tjfz}ze aokkcwa aokkcwa [WC/ [WC gbnafaolao cfje cfje yj`j}bowae aokkcwaora/ aokkcwaora/ Tj`za ljyzwztao ljyzwztao  yjowbok gbmzaw cfje ljaokkcwaao tjda}a ljtjfz}zeao& mabl cfje `jowj}b %raok mbataora  mj}wj`z tjwbgalora t jwbgalora tjlafb tjwbay gza waezo" awaz cfje gzwa awaz awa z zwztao %raok mj}wj`z tjda}a wj}awz} gb Njoj{a"/ Tj`jowa}a [WC gbgc}cok cfje ojka}a-ojka}a aokkcwaora& bwz wbgal mbta mj}hzoktb waoya Tjl}jwa}baw zowzl `joklcc}gboatblao ljkbawao/ Tjl}jwa}baw `j`yjlj}nalao fjmbe ga}b 899 twah& gao ya}a aefb raok - yjokada}a& jlcoc`& aefb twawbtwbl& gao aefb lc`zoblatb - `j`maowz aokkcwa [WC tjwbay ea}b zowzl `j`atwblao& aowa}a fabo& mae{a ojkctbatb mj}nafao faoda}& gao  mae{a awz}ao yj}gakaokao bowj}oatbcoaf gbwj}aylao gjokao mjoa} gao gbwjkallao/ gbwjkallao/ Wznzao zwa`a [WC agafae zowzl `j`maowz ljfaoda}ao yj}gakaokao tjmjmat `zoklbo ataflao wbgal aga jhjl ta`ybok raok wbgal gbbokbolao - la}joa bob yjowbok makb yj`maokzoao jlcoc`b gao ljtjnaewj}aao/ ljtjnaewj}aao/8 Bwz mj}a}wb tjmakbao `jokebfaoklao ea`mawao/ Bob nzka mj}a}wb `j`atwblao mae{a bogbxbgz& yj}ztaeaao gao yj`j}bowae waez aya awz}ao yj}gakaokao gb 7

A`jtwa Rbtda Yzw}b& Wbonazao Rz}bgbt Yj`mj}falzao Twaoga} Oatbcoaf Bogcojtba %TOB" Tjda}a Tjda}a [anbm [anbm Mj}gat Mj}gata}l a}lao ao Yj}nao Yj}naonba nbao o Wjdeob Wjdeobdaf daf Ma}}bj Ma}}bj}} Wc W}agj W}agj %WMW" %WMW" gao Kccg Kccg  Nala}wa > Halzfwat Ezlz` Zobxj}tbwat Zobxj}tbwat Bogcojtba& =919"/ Ef`/ 1 ]jkzfawc}r Y}adwbdj %K]Y"& %  :

Bmbg& ef` =

tjfz}ze gzoba& gao `j`mj}b `j}jla ljralboao mae{a wbgal alao aga yj}zmaeao ljmbnalao `jogagal/ Gjokao lawa fabo& awz}ao ea}zt +w}aotya}ao+ gao gayaw gby}jgbltb/ Ezmzokao yj}gakaokao tj}bok `jfbmawlao lcohfbl ljyjowbokao/ Yj}naonbao& wj}`atzl raok tztae yarae gbojkctbatblao gafa` tbtwj` [WC& tj}bok yj}fz `joahtb}lao/ Da}a raok yafbok ea}`cobt zowzl `jorjfjtablao yj}mjgaao-yj}mjgaao bob agafae `jfafzb mjmj}aya y}ctjgz}  ojw}af gbgata}lao yaga faogatao ezlz` raok gbtjyalawb/ Bwz agafae wznzao gb mafbl y}ctjt  yjorjfjtabao tjokljwa gbwzfbt lj gafa` yj}naonbao [WC/ Y}ctjgz} [WC zowzl  `jorjf `jorjfjtab jtablao lao yj}wjo yj}wjokl kla}ao a}ao yj}gak yj}gakaok aokao ao gb ma{ae ma{ae @j`aea` @j`aea`bb Yjorj Yjorjfjta fjtabao bao Tjoklj Tjokljwa wa taokaw taokaw yjowbo yjowbok k zowzl zowzl `jojka `jojkalla llao o awz}ao awz}ao gao cfje cfje la}joa la}joa bwz zowzl zowzl `j`atwb `j`atwblao lao mae{a mae{a  yj}gakaokao `jokafb} faoda}/; Ojka}a Ojka}a-oj -ojka} ka}aa `j`ma{a `j`ma{a tjokljw tjokljwaa lj [WC nbla nbla `j}jla `j}jla  mj}yblb} eal `j}jla gb ma{ae yj}naonbao raok gbfaokka}/ YJOBFABAO cfje ya}a aefb bogjyjogjo raok gbwzonzl tjda}a leztzt gbgata}lao yaga bowj}y}jwatb ga}b yj}naonbao gao lc`bw`jo `atbok-`atbok ojka}a/

MAM BBB Aoafbtbt Latzt gb gafa` [WC Gao Yzwztao Yjokagbfao a/ Latz Latztt Yj Yj}wa`a 8

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ewwy>##{{{/{wc/c}k#jokfbte#wej{wcSj#{eawbtSj#{eawS{jSgcSj/ew` ewwy>##{{{/{wc/c}k#jokfbte#wej{wcSj#{eawbtSj#{eawS{jSgcSj/ew ` %Zogj}twaogbok Wej [WC& [eaw [j Gc"

BOGCOJTBA xt/ JZ %Zob J}cya" Tj}aokao Latzt GT 77= - AG wbogalao awat b`yc} aflcecf mj}fj`al wj}wjowz ga}b Bogcojtba/ 5

Yaga waokkaf =; Nzfb =91= Bogcojtba `j`bowa lcotzfwatb [WC gjokao Zob J}cya wjowaok `atafae `atafae fa}aoka fa}aokao o awat B`yc} B`yc} Aflcec Aflcecff fj`al fj`al wj}wjo wj}wjowz wz ga}b ga}b Bogcoj Bogcojtba tba// Bob `jora `joraokl oklzw zw tj`jowa}a tj`jowa}a wj}eagay wj}eagay fa}aokao fa}aokao yaga y}cgzl lb`ba wj}wjowz wj}wjowz raok gbmj}falzlao gbmj}falzlao cfje Zob J}cya  yaga @jb =911/ Faoklae-faoklae `joraoklzw nzka Bogba gao @afartba/ Latzt bob agafae latzt raok yj}wa`a lafbora gbfayc}lao cfje Bogcojtba wj}eagay tblay Zob J}cya/ Zob J}cya `joj}b`a yj}`bowaao lcotzfwatb yaga waokkaf =9 Akztwzt =91=/ Gafa` yj}`bowaao wj}tjmzw& Bogcojtba Bogcojtba `jokadz `jokadz yaga bolcotbtwjotb bolcotbtwjotb lj`zoklbo lj`zoklboao ao faoklae-fao faoklae-faoklae klae gjokao gjokao Yj}naonbao Yj}naonbao Aowb-Gz`ybok gao Yj}naonbao Z`z` `jokjoab Wa}bh gao Yj}gakaokao %KAWW 1227"/ Wbogalao Wbogalao yjokagzao bob gbla}joalao gbla}joalao Bogcojtba Bogcojtba wa}bh gbljoalao tjtzab gjokao gjokao Yj}awz}ao Yj}awz}ao Gj{ao Yjfaltaoa %ZJ" Oc 1145#=911 ga}b 5 Ocxj`mj} =911 `j`mj}falzlao mja fa}aokao awat maeao lb`ba wj}wjowz/ Gao tj`jowa}a gbljoalao yaga b`yc} aflcecf fj`al wj}wjowz gao da`yz}ao `j}jla mj}ataf gb Bogba & Bogcojtba gao @afartba& CN F =24& 11/11/=911& eaf/1/ 2 Wbogalao tj`jowa}a gbwaowaok cfje Bogcojtba gbljoalao tjtzab gjokao Yj}awz}ao Lc`btb %ZJ" Oc 778#=911 ga}b 19 @jb =911 `j`mj}falzlao mja aowb-gz`ybok tj`jowa}a yaga b`yc} b`yc} aflcec aflcecff fj`al fj`al wj}wjow wj}wjowz z gao da`yz} da`yz}ao ao `j}jla `j}jla mj}ataf mj}ataf ga}b ga}b Bogba& Bogba& Bogcoj Bogcojtba& tba& gao @afartba& @afartba& CN F 1==& =911#9:#11& =911#9:#11& y/ 7;/ Yjorjfbgblao Yjorjfbgblao gb`zfab gb`zfab tjtzab gjokao Yj`mj}bwaezao Yj`mj}bwaezao gb`zfab gb`zfabor oraa tzawz tzawz yj}tbga yj}tbgaoka okao o fa}aoka fa}aokao o awat awat maeao maeao lb`ba lb`ba wj}wjo wj}wjowz wz raok raok gbobfa gbobfabb wbgal wbgal mabl  mabl  zowzl ljtjeawao yaga b`yc} aflcecf fj`al wj}wjowz gao da`yz}ao `j}jla mj}ataf gb Bogba& Bogcojtba gao @afartba& CN D =12& =919#95#14& y/ 1=/ Bogcojtba `joklfab` mae{a wbogalao wbgal lcotbtwjo gjokao> Yataf 1& =/4& =/7& =/8& 4/1& 4/=& 4/4& 4/7& 4/:& 7/1& :/5& 8/;& 8/2& 2/=& 2/7& 15 ga}b Yj}naonbao Aowb-Gz`ybok& gaoA}wbljf XB gao U> 4 %a" ga}b KAWW 1227/ Yj}`bowaao zowzl lcotzfwatb tjda}a }jt`b `j`zfab tjokljwa gb [WC/ Lcotzfwatb `j`mj}b ljtj`yawao ybeal zowzl `j`maeat `atafae gao `joj`zlao tcfztb raok `j`zatlao waoya `jfaonzwlao fjmbe faonzw gjokao fbwbkatb/ Tjwjfae 89 ea}b& nbla lcotzfwatb wjfae kakaf zowzl  `jorjfjtablao tjokljwa& yjokagz gayaw `j`bowa anzgblatb cfje yaojf/ Aoafbtbt Tara >

Yaga `atafae bob mjfz` gbwjowzlao wbogalao aya zowzl `jorjfjtablao tjokljwa wj}tjmzw/ Yj}wj`zao aowa}a ljgza mjfae ybeal yzo mjfz` gbfaoktzoklao tjebokka latzt bob mjfz` gby} gby}ct ctjt jt tjda tjda}a }a faon faonzw zw// Gb gafa gafa` ` latz latztt bob bob eaor eaoraa wj}f wj}fbe beaw aw mae{ mae{aa ybea ybeal l Bogc Bogcoj ojtb tbaa `jokbokbo `jokbokbolao lao agaora agaora tzawz lcotzfwatb lcotzfwatb mj}ta`a mj}ta`a gjokao gjokao ybeafl ybeafl Zob J}cya raok gbnj`mawaob gbnj`mawaob cfje [WC/

5

ewwy>##w}agj/jd/jz}cya/jz#gcdfbm#gcdt#=99;# ewwy>##w}agj/jd/jz}cya/jz#gc dfbm#gcdt#=99;#`ar#w}agcdS1478 `ar#w}agcdS1478:=/ygh :=/ygh Ef`/ =7

2

ewwy>##{{{/{wc/c}k#jokfbte#w}awcySj#gbtyzSj#datjtSj#gt77=Sj/ew`

Raok gayaw tara tb`yzflao yaga latzt bob agafae ybeal Zob J}cya `jokjfza}lao yj}awz}ao wj}ma}zora wjowaok yjogbtw}bmztbao maeao lb`ba raok gbobfab gayaw `j}ztal wzmze/ Eaf bob gbfalzlao Zob J}cya zowzl `jfbogzokb {a}ka ojka}aora gao wjowzora nzka mj}tbhaw `jogayaw ljzowz ljzowzoka okao o ga}b ga}b yj}awz yj}awz}ao }ao wj}ma}z wj}ma}z wj}tjmz wj}tjmzw/ w/ Oa`zo& Oa`zo& gbtafa gbtafae e tawz tawz ybeal ybeal `jorjm `jorjmaml amlao ao ljoabl ljoablao ao wa}bh wa}bh awat awat b`yc} b`yc} Aflcec Aflcecff raok raok gbobfa gbobfabb cfje cfje Bogcoj Bogcojtba tba taokaw taokaw `j}zkb `j}zkblao lao gafa` gafa`  yjogbtw}bmztbao y}cgzlora wj}tjmzw/ Yaga y}botby yj}gakaokao mjmat& raok nzka gboazokb cfje [WC& tjea}ztora ybeal Zob J}cya wjway `jfalzlao `jfalzlao ljwjowzao ljwjowzao raok mj}gata}lao mj}gata}lao KAWW waezo 1277/ 1277/ Wbogalao Wbogalao Zob J}cya J}cya raok wbma-wbma wbma-wbma `jokjfza}la `jokjfza}lao o zfwb`awz` zfwb`awz` wjowaok wjowaok yjfa}aokao yjfa}aokao maeao lb`ba raok mj}maeara mj}maeara wj}tjmzw wj}tjmzw gbobfa gbobfabb `j}zkb `j}zkblao lao ybeal ybeal wj}wjo wj}wjowz/ wz/ La}joa La}joa gjokao gjokao agaor agaoraa yj}awz yj}awz}ao }ao wjowao wjowaok k yjfa}a yjfa}aoka okao o wj}tjmzw mbara mjadzlab zowzl `j`ata}lao y}cgzl alao tj`albo wbokkb/ Tzgae tjea}ztora gafa` y}botby yj}gakaokao mjmat }ata ljagbfao wjowaok yj}ta`aao wa}bh gjokao gbgata}lao  yaga tzawz yj}awz}ao raok wjfae gbtjyalawb mj}ta`a& ea}zt gbfalzlao/ Wj}fjmbe fakb mbfa lbwa fbeaw tjfa`a bob yaga yjfaltaoaao b`yc} aflcecf& wbgal gbwb`mzflao ljfzeao ljfzeao ga}b lcotz`jo lcotz`jo rabwz `atra}alaw Zob J}cya/ [a}ka Zob J}cya tjfa`a bob mabl-mabl  mabl-mabl  tana {afazyzo wjway `joklcotz`tb aflcecf ga}b Bogcojtba/ Cfje la}joa bwz tjea}ztora tjea}ztora Zob J}cya eaora eaora `j`mj}falz `j`mj}falzlao lao wa}bh makb b`yc}w maeao lb`ba raok tjmjoa}ora tzgae wj}mzlwb `j}ztal ljtjeawao makb wzmze/

m/ Latz Latztt Lj Ljgz gza a Njyaok xt Zob J}cya Tj}aokao Latzt GT 4;8 - Wjlocfckb Bohc}`atb Ak}jj`jow %waeay y}ctjgz}af> yaojf" 19

Yaga waokkaf =5 @jb =995& Njyaok gao A`j}bla Tj}blaw `j`bowa lcotzfwatb [WC gjokao Zob J}cya yaga lfatbhblatb yamjao gao `jokalbmawlao yj}falzao wa}bh ga}b 4 y}cgzl& %b" tjw19

ewwy>##w}agj/jd/jz}cya/jz Fcd/ Dbw/ Dbw/ Ef`/ =7

wcy mcu gjokao gjokao `cgj` `cgj` njobt njobt wj}wjow wj}wjowz z awaz awaz raok raok `jokka `jokkamzo mzokla klao o yj}aok yj}aoklaw law `jfalz `jfalzlao lao }jla`ao awaz }jy}cgzltb hzoktb tjyj}wb ea}g gbtl awaz GXG g}bxj& %bb" FDG `cobwc} `a`yz `j}jy}cgzltb ka`ma} xbgjc ga}b tz`mj} fabo tjfabo `jtbo yjokcfaeao gawa cwc`awbt awaz gjokao gjokao aw}bmzw aw}bmzw wj}wjo wj}wjowz wz tjyj}wb tjyj}wb Gbkbwa Gbkbwaff Xbtzaf Xbtzaf Bowj}ha Bowj}hadj& dj& %bbb" %bbb" y}bowj y}bowj}} `zfwbh `zfwbhzok zoktb/ tb/ @j}jla @j}jla lj`zgbao mj}kamzok gjokao Deboa Wabyjb raok nzka `j`bowa lcotzfwatb yaga waokkaf 1= Nzob Nzob =995 =995// Njya Njyaok ok gao gao gza gza fabo faboor oraa ljfz ljfzea eao o `jok `joklf lfab ab` ` mae{ mae{aa y}cg y}cgzl zl bob bob ea}z ea}ztt gblfatbhblatblao gafa` yct wa}bh raok mjmat mja gafa` yjoj}ayao lc`bw`jo raok gba`mbf  mj}gata}lao Yj}naonbao Wjlocfckb Bohc}`atb gao gbfaltaoalao `jfafzb `cgbhblatb ga}b nag{af Zob J}cya J}cya lcotjt lcotjtbb yaga yaga waezo waezo 122;/ 122;/ Yjokag Yjokagz z `jokao `jokaokk kkay ay mae{a& mae{a& la}joa la}joa kakaf kakaf zowzl  zowzl  `jfalzlaoora& Zob J}cya wjfae `jfaokka} Yataf BB ga}b KAWW 1227/ Tjfabo bwz& `j}jla `joklfab` mae{a Zob J}cya yj}awz}ao lfatbhblatb gbwj}aylao yaga tjw-wcy mcujt tjmjfz`  yzmfblatb `j}jla gafa` Nz}oaf ]jt`b Zob J}cya yaga @jb =995 `jfaokka} Yataf U> 1 gao U> = ga}b KAWW 1227/ Lcotzf Lcotzfwatb watb gjokao gjokao Njyaok Njyaok gbagalao gbagalao yaga yaga waokka waokkaff =8 Nzob Nzob =995 =995 gao 18-1; 18-1; Nzfb Nzfb =995 =995 gb Njoj{a/ Njyaok `j`bowa yj`mjowzlao tjmzae yaojf zowzl yj}wa`a lafbora yaga yj}wj`zao GTM ga}b =2 Akztwzt =995& mj}ta`a-ta`a gjokao AT gao Dboa Wabyjb/ La}joa bob agafae yj}wa`a lafbora lafbora yj}`bowaao yj}`bowaao yj`mjowzlao yj`mjowzlao Yaojf raok gbwj`yawlao gbwj`yawlao yaga akjoga akjoga GTM& Zob J}cya `jfaltaoalao ealora zowzl `jojowaok yjogb}bao/ Tjmzae yaojf gbgb}blao yaga yj}wj`zao GTM yaga waokkaf =4 Tjywj`mj} =995& oa`zo ljtjyalawao aowa}a ljgza mjfae ybeal yaga lc`yctbtbora wbgal mbta gbezmzokb/ Yaga waokkaf == Naoza}b =992 Gb}jlwz} Njogj}af [WC gboc`boatblao ya}a aokkcwa yaojf/ Ya}a ybeal `joj}b`a fayc}ao aleb} yaojf yaga waokkaf =4 Nzfb =919/ Fayc}ao bwz mj}jga} yaga waokkaf 18 Akztwzt =919/ Zob J}cya gbwj`zlao `jfaokka} lc`bw`joora wj}eagay [WC mabl   mj}gata}lao Yataf BB gao Yataf U KAWW& tjezmzokao gjokao wbogalao `joaowaok yaga wbka  y}cgzl wj}wjowz/ Yaga taaw raok ta`a& yaojf `jojlaolao gafa` fayc}aoora mae{a wbgal  tj`za `jtbo hcwclcyb `zfwbhzoktb& tjw-wcy mcujt gao yj}aoklaw wjfjxbtb yaojf fara} gawa}  wjowz alao nawze gafa` fboklzy lcotjtb bob/ Bwz ea}zt gbwjowzlao mj}gata}lao latzt-cfje yj}  latzt& gjokao `j`yj}wb`maoklao tj`za la}alwj}btwbl cmrjlwbh y}cgzl wj}wjowz %ya}a ;&;47& ;&258& gff"/ Wal tawz yzo ga}b ya}a ybeal raok mj}tjokljwa `jokanzlao maogbok& tjmakab lcotjlzjotb Yjorjfjtabao Yjorjfjtabao Tjokljwa Wzmze %GTM" ga}b [WC `jokagcyt `jokagcytbb fayc}ao fayc}ao yaojf yaga waokkaf waokkaf =1 Tjywj`mj} =919/ Zob J}cya J}cya `jojka `jojkatla tlao o obawor obaworaa zowzl zowzl `jfalt `jfaltaoa aoalao lao }jlc` }jlc`jog jogatb& atb& gao yzwzta yzwztao o gafa` gafa` tjokljwa bob gafa` lc`zoblatb lj GTM yaga waokkaf 1: Clwcmj} =919 %[W#GT4;:#17& [W#GT4;8#17& [W#GT4;;#1=" gao yaga yj}wj`zao GTM ga}b =: Clwcmj} =919/ Zob J}cya `j`bowa naokla {alwz raok {ana} gb `aoa zowzl `jfalzlaoora/ Yaga waokkaf =9 Gjtj`mj} =919& ya}a ybeal raok mj}tjokljwa `j`mj}bwaez GTM mae{a `j}jla wjfae tjyalaw mae{a naokla {alwz raok {ana} makb Zob J}cya zowzl `jfaltaoalao }jlc`jogatb gao ljyzwztao ga}b GTM alao tj`mbfao mzfao gao tj`mbfao ea}b tjnal waokkaf

 yjoj}ayao }jlc`jogatb gao ljyzwztao ga}b GTM/ Gjokao gj`blbao& yj}bcgj {alwz raok {ana} mj}aleb} yaga waokkaf 49 Nzob =911/ Yaga waokkaf 49 Nzob =911& Zob J}cya gbmj}bwaezlao ljyaga yjokagz mae{a `j}jla wjfae `jokagcytb `jokagcytb faoklae-faok faoklae-faoklae lae raok raok gbyj}fzlao gbyj}fzlao zowzl `j`awzeb }jlc`jogatb }jlc`jogatb gao ljyzwztao ljyzwztao ga}b GTM gafa` tjokljwa bob/ Faoklae-faoklae agafae tjmakab mj}blzw> %A" Lc`btb Yjfaltaoa Yj}awz}ao %ZJ" Oc 8=9#=911 @jokzmae Fa`yb}ao B Yj}awz}ao Gj{ao %JJD" oc =8:5#;5 yaga oc`jolfawz} wa}bh gao Wa}bh Mja z`z`& gbwj}mbwlao yaga Nz}oaf ]jt`b Zob J}cya %tjfaonzwora gbtjmzw tjmakab CNJZ"& F 188#18 ga}b =911#98#=:"< %M" Yjokeayztao Yjonjfatao zowzl lcgj DO 5:=1 29 99& 5:=5 ;1 14& 5:=5 ;1 12 5:=5 ;1 gao 29 %=911 # D 15:#1& gbwj}mbwlao yaga CNJZ D 15:#1 ga}b =911#98#=:"& gao %D" Yj}or Yj}orawaa awaao o gbagcy gbagcytb tb cfje cfje Lc`bwj Lc`bwj Lcgj Lcgj Mja Dzlab Dzlab yaga yaga waokka waokkaff ; Nzob Nzob =911& =911& gao gbwj}mbwlao gbwj}mbwlao yaga =2 Nzob =911& =911& raok `joz}zwora `joz}zwora Yj}orawaao Yj}orawaao yaga lfatbhblatb lfatbhblatb yj}aoklaw `zfwbh `zfwbhzok zoktb tb gbtjya gbtjyalaw lawbb yaga yaga yj}wj` yj}wj`zao zao 489 ga}b Mja Dzlab Dzlab Lcgj Lcgj Lc`bwj Lc`bwj agafae agafae zowzl  zowzl  gbamablao/ @jtlbyzo wbgal tjda}a faoktzok mj}ezmzokao gjokao wj`zao Yaojf& Zob J}cya& `jorztzf  yj}`bowaao Tj}blaw bogztw}b gao Aokkcwa& gbagcytb yaga mzfao Gjtj`mj} =911 yj}awz}ao  mb`mbokao mjmj}aya yaga lfatbhblatb y}cgzl raok mj}ezmzokao gjokao `j}jla raok gbfbogzokb cfje tjokljwa [WC& wj}zwa`a yaga tjw-wcy mcujt gao `zfwbhzoktb `jtbo/ Yjgc`ao  yaojf fara} gawa} tjgaok gbyj}tbaylao/ Aoafbtbt Tara >

Latzt bob wj}nagb la}joa Njyaok `jozowzw gbmj}falzlaoora yct wa}bh raok mjmat mja gafa`  yjoj}ayao lc`bw`jo raok gba`mbf mj}gata}lao Yj}naonbao Wjlocfckb Bohc}`atb gao gbfaltaoalao `jfafzb `cgbhblatb ga}b nag{af Zob J}cya lcotjtb yaga waezo 122; / Gafa` latzt bob tara fjmbe `j`mjfa ybeal Njyaok ljwb`maok ybeal Zob J}cya/ La}joa ybeal Zob J}cya gb}ata bokbo `j}azy ljzowzokao raok mj}fjmbe gjokao `j`ataok wa}bh zowzl b`yc}   ma}aok jfjlw}cobl/ Yagaeaf ocwamaojora ybeal Njyaok `j}ata mae{a ba agafae yj`atcl   ma}aok jfjlw}cobl gafa` nz`fae raok dzlzy mjta} `j}ata taokaw gb}zkblao gjokao ljyzwztao bob/ Mam BX Ljtb`yzfao

Mj}lz`yzfo Mj}lz`yzfora ra ojka}a-ojka}a ojka}a-ojka}a gafa` tawz c}kaobtatb raok `jokztzok `jokztzok agaora yj}tawzao gao  yj}ga`abao gafa` yjfaltaoaao ljkbawao gakaok& rabwz [WC& gb}ata `atbe taokaw naze `j`jozeb ea}ayao/ Eaf bob wj}fbeaw gafa` wj}nagbora mjmj}aya latzt aowa} aokkcwa ojka}a/ Ybeal-y Ybeal-ybea beal l wj}tjmz wj}tjmzww `jokbo `jokbokbo kbolao lao agaor agaoraa ljagbf ljagbfao ao gao yj}fal yj}falzao zao raok raok ta`a ta`a gafa` gafa` `jonafaolao yj}awz}ao gb ma{ae yarzok c}kaobtatb raok `j}jla oazokb/

Cfje la}joa bwz [WC& tjfalz c}kaobtatb yj}gakaokao raok `j}zyalao tawz-tawzora {agae gb tjfz}ze tjfz}ze gzoba yj}fz `jorjgbalao `jorjgbalao {agae gao yj}awz}ao raok mj}faogatlao mj}faogatlao ljagbfao makb tj`za aokkcwa ojka}a/ Gbta`ybok bwz yj}fz agaora yjokjogafbao jkc aowa} tjta`a aokkcwa/ Wbgal mbta gbyzoklb}b gafa` gafa` ljebgz ljebgzyao yao bob& bob& aowa} aowa} ojka}a ojka}a `jfalz `jfalzlao lao yj}tab yj}taboka okao o raok raok dzlzy dzlzy }z`bw }z`bw gb mbgaok mbgaok jlcoc`b& tjebokka tj}bok `jfalzlao eaf-eaf raok wbgal yawzw gbfalzlao/ Tara mj}ea}ay aka} [WC wj}zt `jfalzlao `jfalzlao yj`maea}zao yj`maea}zao gb gafa` yjfaltaoaao yjfaltaoaao y}ck}a`ora y}ck}a`ora  mj}blzw `joa`mae ta}aoa raok `jozonaok& mj}blzw yj}awz}ao raok `jokzwa`alao `jokzwa`alao ljtjwa}aao ljagbfao ljagbfao makb ojka}a `anz& ojka}a mj}lj`maok& mj}lj`maok& `azyzo `azyzo ojka}a ojka}a raok wj}mjfalaok/ wj}mjfalaok/ Aka}  wj}nagb ljagbfao gb `zla mz`b bob/

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