TUGAS TEKNOLOGI SEDIAAN SOLIDA
PREFORMULASI TABLET TEOFILIN
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NAMA
: TIARA ISMIHAYA ISMIHAYATI K.
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: 142210101099 142210101099
KELAS
:A
FAKULTAS FARMASI
UNIVERSITAS JEMBER
20!
KATA KATA PENGANTAR PENG ANTAR
Puji syukur Alha!ulill Alha!ulillah ah k"#a!a k"#a!a Allah Allah S$T a%as s"&ala li#aha' raha%( )ar*kah )ar*kah s"r%a hi!ayah + Nya( k"#a!a #"'yusu' s"hi'&&a !a#a% "'y"l"saika' %u&as akalah ya'& )"rju!ul ,Pr"-*rulasi Ta)l"% T"*-ili' T"*-ili' i'i( s")a&ai syara% u'%uk ""'uhi %u&as a%a kuliah T"k'*l*&i T"k'*l*&i S"!iaa' S*li!a. S")a&ai a'usia ya'& "#u'yai k"kura'&a'( #"'yusu' sa!ar %i!ak aka' a#u "'y"l"saika' %u&as i'i %a'#a !uku'&a' !ari s"ua #ihak ya'& %"lah ")a'%u )aik s"/ara la'&su'& au#u' %i!ak la'&su'&. "'&a' %i!ak "'&ura'&i rasa h*ra%( #a!a k"s"#a%a' i'i #"'yusu' i'&i' "'ya#aika' "'ya#aika' %"ria kasih ya'& s")"sar + )"sar'ya k"#a!a : 1
a#a a#ak k Eka Eka "!! "!!y y Ira Iraa' a'(( S.Si S.Si.( .( M.S/ M.S/.( .( A#%. A#%. s"lak s"laku u !*s"' !*s"' a%a kulia kuliah h T"k'*l k'*l*& *&ii
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S"!iaa' S*li!a. K"!ua K"!ua *ra'& *ra'& %ua I)u I)u !a' a#ak a#ak ya'& ya'& s"laa s"laa i'i s"lalu s"lalu "'/ur "'/urahk ahka' a' !*a( !*a( !uku'&a !uku'&a'( '(
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!*r*'&a'( s"r%a kasih saya'& ya'& %ak %"r'ilai har&a'ya. Piha Pihak k + #iha #ihak k ya'& a'& %i!a %i!ak k u'& u'&ki ki' ' !i s")u s")u%k %ka' a' sa%u sa%u #"rs #"rsa% a%u( u( ya'& ya'& ju&a ju&a %"la %"lah h ")"rika' )a'%ua''ya k"#a!a #"'yusu' !ala "'y"l"saika' akalah i'i. P"'yusu' "'ya!ari !ala #"'yusu'a' akalah i'i asih %"r!a#a% k"kura'&a'( *l"h
kar"'a i%u sara' !a' kri%ik ya'& ")a'&u' %"rha!a# akalah i'i #"'yusu' %"ria !"'&a' s"'a' s"'a'& & ha%i ha%i.. A%as %as s"&al s"&alaa k"ku k"kura ra'& '&a' a'(( k"sal k"salah aha' a' !a' !a' k"%i! k"%i!ak ak s"#u s"#ur' r'aa aa' ' aka akalah lah i'i i'i #"'yusu' u/a#ka' *h*' aa-. S"*&a akalah i'i )"ra'-aa% s"/ara luas )a&i k"ajua' li'&ku'&a' !i asa ya'& aka' !a%a'&. ")"r( 13 Mar"% 2015 P"'yusu'
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DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN 66L...................................................................................................................i KATA PEN7ANTAR................................................................................................................ .ii A8TAR ISI..............................................................................................................................iii A I PENAH6L6AN...........................................................................................................1 1.1.
La%ar "laka'&.............................................................................................................1
1.2.
Ruusa' Masalah........................................................................................................2
1.3.
Tujua'...........................................................................................................................2
A II PEMAHASAN............................................................................................................3 2.1.
"-i'isi S"!iaa' Ta)l"%................................................................................................3
2.2.
"-i'isi Pr"-*rulasi.................................................................................................11
2.3.
a%a Pr"-*rulasi Ta)l"% T"*-ili'..............................................................................19
A III PEN6T6P..................................................................................................................22 3.1.
K"si#ula'.................................................................................................................22
3.2.
Sara'...........................................................................................................................22
A8TAR P6STAKA................................................................................................................23
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BAB I PENDA"ULUAN
1.1. La%ar "laka'& I'!us%ri -arasi "ru#aka' salah sa%u "l""' ya'& )"r#"ra' #"'%i'& !ala "uju!ka' k"s"ha%a' 'asi*'al "lalui ak%ii%as'ya !ala )i!a'& a'u-/%uri'& *)a%. Ti'&&i'ya k")u%uha' aka' *)a% !ala !u'ia k"s"ha%a' !a' i%al'ya ak%ii%as *)a% "#"'&aruhi -u'&si -isi*l*&is %u)uh a'usia "lahirka' s")uah %u'%u%a' %"rha!a# i'!us%ri -arasi a&ar a#u "#r*!uksi *)a% ya'& )"rkuali%as. l"h kar"'a i%u( s"ua i'!us%ri -arasi harus )"'ar;)"'ar )"ru#aya a&ar !a#a% "'&hasilka' #r*!uk *)a% ya'& ""'uhi s%a'!ar! kuali%as ya'& !i#"rsyara%ka'. ala "ra &l*)lalisasi s"kara'& i'i( i'!us%ri -arasi !i%u'%u% u'%uk !a#a% )"rsai'& !"'&a' i'!us%ri -arasi )aik !ala au#u' luar '"&"ri a&ar !a#a% "#"r")u%ka' #a'&sa #asar !a' ""'uhi k")u%uha' *)a% )a&i asyaraka%. Salah sa%u /ara'ya a!alah !"'&a' "'i'&ka%ka' #""'uha' k")u%uha' *)a% ya'& )"ru%u )a&i asyaraka%. "r!asarka' hal %"rs")u%( !i#"rluka' #"!*a' )a&i i'!us%ri -arasi u'%uk !a#a% "'&hasilka' #r*!uk ya'& )"ru%u yai%u !"'&a'
. Pa!a %ahu' 2005( #""ri'%ah %"lah "#"r)arui . Pr*!uksi *)a% !i a#*%ik jauh l")ih u!ah )a'!i'&aka' !"'&a' #r*!uksi i'!us%ri( %i!ak #"rlu "'&a!aka' kajia' #r"-*rulasi s"/ara khusus %"%a#i /uku# !"'&a' "'"ra#ka' !a' "ahi !asar + !asar #r"-*rulasi( s"hi'&&a !i !a#a%ka' s")uah #r*!uk *)a% ya'& s"suai. Pr"!uksi *)a% !i a#*%ik !a#a% "li#u%i #"ra/ika' *)a% a%as #"ri'%aa' %"r%ulis !*k%"r !ala s")uah r"s"# a%au "lakuka' #"'&"asa' ula'& s"!iaa' *)a% !ala skala k"/il u'%uk ""'uhi k")u%uha' #asar ya'& %"rs"!ia. S"!ia' -arasi ya'& )"ra'"ka ra&a j"'is'ya %"'%ulah harus !i#"r%i)a'&ka' !a' !i #"rha%ika' !ala "'!"sai''ya s"hi'&&a !i !a#a% sua%u s"!iaa' ya'& s%a)il( "-"k%i!a' aa'. Taha#a' ya'& %i!ak kalah #"'%i'&'ya !ari #r*s"s s"!iaa' -arasi a!alah #r"-*rulasi s"!iaa' -arasi. P"'&kajia' #r"-*rulasi i'i )"r#usa% #a!a si-a% + si-a% -isika kiia ?a% ak%i- s"r%a )aha' %a)aha' *)a% ya'& !a#a% "#"'&aruhi #"'a#ila' *)a% !a' #"rk")a'&a' sua%u )"'%uk s"!iaa' -arasi. 1
1.2. Ruusa' Masalah ari #"rasalaha' !i a%as( !a#a% !i%arik )")"ra#a ruusa' asalah s")a&ai )"riku%: 1. A#akah ya'& !iaksu! !"'&a' s"!iaa' %a)l"%@ 2. A#akah ya'& !iaksu! !"'&a' #r"-*rulasi@ 3. a&aia'a #r"-*rulasi %a)l"% %"*-ili'@ 1.3. Tujua' M"lalui ruusa' asalah !i a%as( !ihara#ka' ahasisa !a#a% "'/a#ai )")"ra#a %ujua' s")a&ai )"riku%: 1. M"'&"%ahui a#a ya'& !iaksu! !"'&a' s"!iaa' %a)l"% 2. M"'&"%ahui a#a ya'& !iaksu! !"'&a' #r"-*rulasi 3. M"'&"%ahui )a&aia'a #r"-*rulasi %a)l"% %"*-ili'
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BAB II PEMBA"ASAN
2.1.
"-i'isi S"!iaa' Ta)l"% Ta)l"% a!alah )"'%uk s"!iaa' #a!a% ya'& %"r!iri !ari sa%u a%au l")ih )aha' *)a% ya'&
!i)ua% !"'&a' #"a!a%a'( k"!ua #"rukaa''ya ra%a a%au /")u'&. Ta)l"% "iliki #"r)"!aa' !ala ukura'( )"'%uk( )"ra%( k"k"rasa'( k"%")ala'. K")a'yaka' %i#" a%au j"'is %a)l"% !iaksu!ka' u'%uk !i%"la' !a' k"u!ia' !iha'/urka' !a' "l"#aska' )aha' *)a% k" !ala salura' #"'/"r'aa'. Ta)l"% !a#a% !iar%ika' s")a&ai /a#ura' )aha' *)a% ya'& !i)ua% !"'&a' !i)a'%u ?a% %a)aha' ya'& k"u!ia' !iasuka' k" !ala "si' u'%uk !ik"#a "'ja!i %a)l"%. "riku% a!alah !"-i'isi %a)l"% "'uru% )")"ra#a li%"ra%ur: M"'uru% 8I E!isi I • Ta)l"% a!alah s"!iaa' #a!a% "'&a'!u'& )aha' *)a% !"'&a' a%au %a'#a )aha' •
#"'&isi. M"'uru% 6SP 25 =hal : 2405> Ta)l"% a!alah s"!iaa' )"'%uk #a!a% ya'& "'&a'!u'& *)a% !"'&a' a%au %a '#a )aha' #"'&isi. "r!asarka' "%*!" #")ua%a''ya( !a#a% !iklasi-ikasika' s")a&ai %a)l"%
•
a%au %a)l"% k*#r"si. M"'uru% ri%ish Phara/*#"a" = P 2002> Ta)l"% a!alah S"!iaa' #a!a% ya'& "'&a'!u'& sa%u !*sis !ari )")"ra#a )aha' ak%i-
•
!a' )iasa'ya !i)ua% !"'&a' "'&"#a s"julah #ar%ik"l ya'& s"ra&a. M"'uru% 8*rulariu Nasi*'al E!isi II Ta)l"% a!alah s"!iaa' #a!a% k*#ak( !i)ua% !"'&a' /ara k"#a /"%ak!ala )"'%uk uu'ya %a)u'& #i#ih ya'& k"!ua #"rukaa''ya ra%a a%a u /")u'&( "'&a'!u'&
•
*)a% !"'&a' a%au %a'#a ?a% #"'&isi. M"'uru% uku P"lajara' T"k'*l*&i 8arasi Ta)l"% a!alah s"!iaa' *)a% #a!a% %akara' %u'&&al. S"!iaa' i'i !i/"%ak !ari s"r)uk k"ri'&( kris%al a%au &ra'ula%(uu'ya !"'&a' #"'a)aha' )aha' #")a'%u(#a!a "si' ya'& s"suai !"'&a' "'&&u'aka' %"ka'a' %i'&&i. Ta)l"% !a#a% "iliki
•
)"'%uk sili'!"r(ku)us( )a%a'& !a' /akra s"r%a )"'%uk s"#"r%i %"lur a%au #"luru. M"'uru% 8I "!isi III 19B9 Ta)l"% a!alah s"!iaa' #a!a%( !i)ua% s"/ara k"#a + /"%ak )"r)"'%uk ra%a a%au /")u'& ra'&ka#( uu'ya )ula% "'&a'!u'& sa%u j"'is *)a% a%au l")ih !"'&a' a%au %a'#a ?a% %a)aha'. Ca% %a)aha' ya'& !i&u'aka' !a#a% )"r-u'&si s")a&ai ?a% #"'&isi( ?a% #"'&")a'&( ?a% #"'&ika%( ?a% #"li/a'( ?a% #")asah a%au ?a% lai' ya'& /*/*k. 3
ala #")ua%a' %a)l"% harus %"r!iri !ari )")"ra#a k*#*'"' a&ar !a#a% !ihasilka' %a)l"% ya'& )aik. K*#*'"''ya %"r!iri !ari : 1. Ca% Ak%iI!"al'ya ?a% ak%i- ya'& aka' !i-*rulasika' !ala )"'%uk s"!iaa' %a)l"% "#u'yai si-a%;si-a% s")a&ai )"riku%: k"ur'ia''ya %i'&&i( s%a)il( k*#a%i)"l !"'&a' s"ua "ksi#i"'( )"'%uk #ar%ik"l s-"ris( ukura' !a' !is%ri)usi ukura' #ar%ik"l'ya )aik( "#u'yai si-a% alir ya'& )aik( %i!ak "#u'yai ua%a' #a!a #"rukaa' =a)s"'/" *- s%a%i/ /har&" *' sur-a/">( !a' "#u'yai si-a% *r&a'*l"#%is ya'& )aik. 2. Ca% %a)aha' ="ksi#i"'> Eksi#i"' "ru#aka' )aha' s"lai' ?a% ak%i- ya'& !i%a)ahka' !ala -*rulasi sua%u s"!iaa' u'%uk )"r)a&ai %ujua' a%au -u'&si. aha' %a)aha' )uka' "ru#aka' )aha' ak%i-( 'au' s"/ara la'&su'& a%au %i!ak la'&su'& aka' )"r#"'&aruh #a!a kuali%asDu%u %a)l"% ya'& !ihasilka'. ")"ra#a kri%"ria uu ya'& "s"'sial u'%uk "ksi#i"' yai%u : '"%ral s"/ara -*si*l*&is( s%a)il s"/ara -isika !a' kiia( ""'uhi #"ra%ura' #"ru'!a'&a'( %i!ak "#"'&aruhi )i*aaia)ili%as *)a%( )")as !ari ikr*)a #a%*&"' !a' %"rs"!ia !ala julah ya'& /uku# !a' urah. a. aha' #"'&isi =!ilu"'%sD-ill"rs> P"'&isi )"r-u'&si u'%uk "'!a#a%ka' sua%u ukura' a%au )*)*% ya'& s"suai s"hi'&&a layak u'%uk !ik"#a "'ja!i %a)l"%. <*'%*h !ari )aha' #"'&isi a!alah lak%*sa( sukr*sa( !"ks%r*sa( a'i%*l( kalsiu sul-a%( kalsiu -*s-a%( kalsiu kar)*'a%(!a' ailu. ). aha' #"'&ika% =)i'!"rs>. aha' #"'&ika% )"r-u'&si ")"ri !aya a!h"si #a!a assa s"r)uk #a!a &ra'ulasi !a' k"#a la'&su'& s"r%a u'%uk "'a)ah !aya k*h"si ya'& %"lah a!a #a!a )aha' #"'&isi. <*'%*h !ari )aha' #"'&ika% a!alah s"lul*sa( Mikr*kris%ali' s"lul*sa =Ai/"l>( P*li"r =( PP( &"la%i'( &* ala(
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%ra&aka'( &uar( #"k%i'( ailu( PE7( Na al&i'a%( a&'"siu !a' alui'u silika%. /. aha' #"'&ha'/ur =!isi'%"&ra'%s> aha' #"'&ha'/ur aka' ")a'%u ha'/ur'ya %a)l"% "'ja!i &ra'ul( s"la'ju%'ya "'ja!i #ar%ik"l;#ar%ik"l #"'yusu'( k"%ika %a)l"% k*'%ak !"'&a' /aira' la)u'& s"hi'&&a aka' "'i'&ka%ka' !is*lusi %a)l"%. <*'%*h !ari )aha' #"'&ha'/ur a!alah ailu( Ai/"l =Mikr*kri%ali' s"lul*sa>( s*lka -l*/( asa al&i'a%( E#l*%a) =s*!iu s%ar/h &li/*la%">( &* &uar( P*li/lar AT =( A)"rli%" IPR FF( M"%ils"lul*sa( aha' #"li/i' !ala -*rulasi s"!iaa' %a)l"% "#u'yai 3 -u'&si( yai%u : i.
Lu)ri/a'%s Lu)ri/a'%s a!alah )aha' ya'& )"r-u'&si u'%uk "'&ura'&i -riksi a'%ara #"rukaa' !i'!i'&D%"#i %a)l"% !"'&a' !i'!i'& !i" s"laa k*#r"si !a' "j"ksi.
ii.
7li!a'%s 7li!a'%s !i%a)ahka' !ala -*rulasi u'%uk "'aikka'D"'i'&ka%ka' -lui!i%as assa ya'& aka' !ik"#a( s"hi'&&a assa %"rs")u% !a#a% "'&isi !i" !ala julah ya'& s"ra&a. Ailu a!alah &li!a'% ya'& #ali'& #*#ular kar"'a !isa#i'& !a#a% )"r-u'&si s")a&ai &li!a'% ju&a s")a&ai !isi'%"&ra' !"'&a' k*'s"'%rasi sa#ai 10 G. Talk l")ih )aik s")a&ai &li!a'% !i)a'!i'&ka' ailu( %"%a#i !a#a% "'uru'ka' !isi'%"&rasi !a' !is*lusi %a)l"%.
iii.
A'%ia!h"r"'%s A'%ia!h"r"'%s a!alah )aha' ya'& !a#a% "'/"&ah "l"ka%'ya =s%i/ki'&> #"rukaa' %a)l"% #a!a #u'/h a%as !a' #u'/h )aah. Talk( a&'"siu s%"ara% !a' ailu ja&u'& "ru#aka' a%"rial ya'& "iliki si-a% a'%ia!h"r"'% sa'&a% )aik.
Syara% %a)l"% k"/uali !i'ya%aka' lai'( %a)l"% harus ""'uhi syara% )"riku%: 1. K"a#ua' alir !a' su!u% is%iraha% Si-a% alira' s"r)uk ya'& )aik "ru#aka' hal #"'%i'& u'%uk #"'&isia' ya'& s"ra&a k" !ala lu)a'& /"%ak "si' %a)l"% !a' u'%uk "u!ahka' &"raka' )aha' !i s"ki%ar -asili%as #r*!uksi. Si-a% alira' !i#"'&aruhi *l"h ukura' !a' )"'%uk #ar%ik"l( #ar%ik"l ya'& l")ih )"sar !a' )ula% "'u'jukka' alira' ya'& l")ih )aik. M"%*!" u'%uk "'&"aluasi si-a% alira' &ra'ul ya'& s"ri'& !i&u'aka' a!alah "%*!" /*r*'& =la'&su'&> =Sari( 2010>. K"/"#a%a' alir !ik"%ahui "lalui "%*!" /*r*'&. M"%*!" i'i #ali'& s"!"rha'a u'%uk "'"%a#ka' k"a#ua' alir &ra'ul s"/ara la'&su'&( yak'i k"/"#a%a' alir &ra'ul !"'&a' )*)*% %"r%"'%u "lalui /*r*'& !iukur !ala !"%ik. Sua%u #"'u%u# s"!"rha'a !i%"#a%ka' #a!a lu)a'& k"luar /*r*'& lalu !iisi !"'&a' &ra'ul ya'& %"lah !i%i)a'& %"rl")ih !ahulu. K"%ika #"'u%u# !i)uka( ak%u ya'& !i)u%uhka' &ra'ul u'%uk k"luar !i/a%a%. "'&a' ")a&i assa s"r)uk !"'&a' ak%u k"luar %"rs")u%( k"/"#a%a' alir !i#"r*l"h s"hi'&&a !a#a% !i&u'aka' u'%uk #"r)a'!i'&a' kua'%i%a%i- &ra'ul ya'& )"r)"!a. $ak%u alir a!alah ak%u ya'& !i)u%uhka' *l"h s"julah &ra'ul u'%uk "'&alir !ala sua%u ala%. Si-a% alir i'i !a#a% !i&u'aka' u'%uk "'ilai "-"k%ii%as )aha' #"li/i'( u!ah %i!ak'ya &ra'ul "'&alir !a' si-a% #"rukaa' &ra'ul =*i&%( 199>. M"%*!" su!u% is%iraha% %"lah !i&u'aka' s")a&ai "%*!" %i!ak la'&su'& u'%uk "'&ukur a#u alir &ra'ul kar"'a hu)u'&a''ya !"'&a' k*h"si a'%ar #ar%ik"l. a'yak "%*!" ya'& )"r)"!a u'%uk "'"%a#ka' su!u% is%iraha% !a' salah sa%u'ya ya'& !i&u'aka' a!alah "%*!" /*r*'& =Sari( 2010>. 2. K"ra#a%a' /urah !a' k"ra#a%a' a#a% Tap density a%au !"'si%as k"%uk a!alah !"'si%as ya'& !i%"'%uka' !"'&a' ")a&i )"ra% !"'&a' *lu" s"%"lah !ilakuka' #"'&"%uka'. Pa!a #"'&"%uka' i'i #r*s"s ya'& %"rja!i a!alah #"a#a%a'. Ala% tap density tester %"r!iri !ari %i&a )a&ia' yai%u holder ( "si' #"'&"%uk !a' #"'&hi%u'& k"%uka'. Holder !i&u'aka' u'%uk "'yi#a' %a)u'& )"rukura'. Ta)u'& 5
)"rukura' i'i )iasa'ya "'&&u'aka' &"las ukur( ala% i'i -u'&si'ya u'%uk a!ah sa#"l ya'& !iuji( "si' #"'&"%uk )"r-u'&si u'%uk "'&a'&ka% &"las ukur ya'& %"rsi#a' !ala holder k"u!ia' ")iarka' ja%uh !"ikia' s"%"rus'ya hi'&&a sa#"l %"rk"%uk;k"%uk( !a' #"'&hi%u'& k"%uka' aka' "'&hi%u'& julah k"%uka' s"suai !"'&a' a'&ka ya'& !i%"'%uka'. 3. 6ji Susu% P"'&"ri'&a' =L> 7ra'ul !i)ua% !"'&a' aksu! u'%uk "#"r)aiki si-a% alir assa s"r)uk ya'& aka' !i)ua% "'ja!i s"!iaa' %a)l"%( ka#sul( #uy"r( a%au#u' sus#"'si k"ri'&. Salah sa%u /aira' #")asah ya'& !a#a% !i&u'aka' a!alah air s"hi'&&a s"%"lah "lalui #r*s"s #"'&"ri'&a'( ka!ar air &ra'ul harus !i"aluasi u'%uk "'&"%ahui ka!ar air ya'& %"r%i'&&al !i &ra'ul. Salah sa%u "%*!" ya'& !a#a% !i&u'aka' u'%uk "'&ukur ka!ar air a!alah "%*!" &rai"%ri !"'&a' /ara ")a'!i'&ka' )*)*% &ra'ul s"%"lah !i#a'aska' !"'&a' )*)*% &ra'ul s")"lu !i#a'aska'. Pa!a saa% #"a'asa' )"rla'&su'&( air ya'& asih %"r%i'&&al !ala &ra'ul aka' "'&ua# =La/ha' !kk( 19F9>. Salah sa%u ala% ya'& )isa !i&u'aka' u'%uk "'&ukur ka!ar air !"'&a' #ri'si# &rai"%ri a!alah moisture analyzer . iliha% !ari ka%a'ya moisture analyzer ar%i'ya #"'&a'alisa k"l")a)a'. a!i ya'& !iukur *l"h ala% i'i a!alah ka'!u'&a' l")a) ya'& %"rka'!u'& !ala ?a% uji ya'& k"u!ia' "'&ua# aki)a% #a'as ya'& !ik"luarka' *l"h ala% i'i. T"#"ra%ur moisture balance )isa !i s"% s"suai !"'&a' ya'& !ii'&i'ka'. 6'%uk "'&ukur ka!ar air &ra'ul( moisture balance /uku# !is"% #a!a %"#"ra%ur B0 *< u'%uk "'/"&ah iku% "'&ua#'ya air kris%al ya'& %"rka'!u'& !ala )aha' ya'& !i&u'aka' !ala #")ua%a' &ra'ul =A's"l( 1999>. P"'"'%ua' ka!ar air !a#a% !i%"'%uka' !"'&a' "'&&u'aka' %i)a'&a' !"'&a' /ara "'"'%uka' 'ilai )*)*% akhir !a' )*)*% aal !ari &ra'ul. 6ji ka!ar air !"'&a' "'&&u'aka' "%*!" L =L*ss *' ryi'&> yai%u sua%u #"r'ya%aa' ka!ar k"l")a)a' )"r!asarka' )*)*% )asah. Ti)a'&a' ya'& !i&u'aka' !ala "lakuka' uji susu% #"'&"ri'&a' !ik"'al %i)a'&a' Moisture Balance. Ti)a'&a' %"rs")u% sa'&a%lah u'ik kar"'a )isa "'&"luarka' #a'as. K"&u'aa' %i)a'&a' i'i a!alah u'%uk "'&"%ahui s")"ra#a )a'yak ka!ar air ya'& %"rs")u'yi !ala s"%ia# )ara'& ya'& !iuji =La/ha' !kk( 19F9>. B
4. 6ji K"s"ra&aa' )*)*% Ti)a'&a' !i&i%al s")a&ai ala% ukur u'%uk sa%ua' )"ra%. i)a'!i'&ka' !"'&a' '"ra/a jaa' !ulu ya'& asih "'&&u'aka' '"ra/a a'al*& a%au a'ual( '"ra/a !i&i%al "iliki -u'&si l")ih s")a&ai ala% ukur( !ia'%ara'ya '"ra/a !i&i%al l")ih akura%( #r"sisi( aku'%a)l" =)isa "'yi#a' hasil !ari s"%ia# #"'i)a'&a'>. N"ra/a a'ali%ik !i&i%al "ru#aka' salah sa%u '"ra/a ya'& "iliki %i'&ka% k"%"li%ia' %i'&&i( '"ra/a i'i a#u "'i)a'& ?a% a%au )"'!a sa#ai )a%as 0(0001 & =R*))i's( 2011>. N"ra/a a%au %i)a'&a' )aik ya'& !i&i%al a%au#u' a'ual harus !il"%akka' #a!a )i!a'& !a%ar( !ia'a %ia# su!u% harus )"'ar;)"'ar s"%i)a'&. K"s"%i)a'&a' i'i u%lak #"rlu u'%uk "'!a#a%ka' hasil #"'i)a'&a' ya'& akura%( ja !i k"s"%i)a'&a' i'i u'%uk "'"#a%ka' %i%ik )"ra% )"ra!a #a!a #*r*s %i)a'&a' )uka''ya #a!a salah sa%u sisi. K"s"%i)a'&a' !a#a% !iliha% #a!a i'!ika%*r k"s"%i)a'&a' ya'& %"r!a#a% #a!a s"%ia# %i)a'&a'. N"ra/a !i&i%al !i%u'jukka' !"'&a' a%"r #ass ya'& )"ru#a )ula%a' )"sar ya'& !i!ala'ya %"r!a#a% )ula%a' k"/il =Ha!a'i( 2012>. . 6ji K"s"ra&aa' 6kura' a'&ka s*r*'& a!alah i's%ru"' #r"sisi ya'& !a#a% !i&u'aka' u'%uk "'&ukur !i"'si )"'!a )a&ia' !ala !a' luar. i%i'jau !ari /ara #")a/aa''ya( ja'&ka s*r*'& !a#a% !i)a&i !ua yai%u ja'&ka s*r*'& a'ual !a' !i&i%al. P"'&&u'aa' ja'&ka s*r*'& a'ual l")ih suli% )ila !i)a'!i'&ka' !"'&a' ya'& !i&i%al( kar"'a hasil #"'&ukura' !ii'%"r#r"%asi !ari skala *l"h #"'&&u'a( s"!a'&ka' hasil #"'&ukura' "'&&u'aka' ya'& !i&i%al !a#a% !i)a/a la'&su'& #a!a layar L<. "rsi a'ual "ilki !ua skala i#"rial =skala !ala i'/i> !a' "%rik =skala !ala ili"%"r> =K*"s!ija'%*( 2012>. 8u'&si ja'&ka s*r*'& a'%ara lai' "'&ukur #a'ja'& sua%u )"'!a !"'&a' k"%"li%ia' sa#ai 0(1 ( raha'& %"%a# !a' raha'& &"s"r a%as )isa !i&u'aka' u'%uk "'&ukur !ia"%"r )"'!a ya'& /uku# k"/il s"#"r%i /i'/i'( #i#a( !ll( !a' %a'&kai ukur !i )a&ia' )aah )"r-u'&si u'%uk "'&ukur k"!alaa' s"#"r%i k"!alaa' %a)u'&( lu)a'& k"/il( a%au #"r)"!aa' %i'&&i ya'& k"/il =A!i'( 2013>. a'&ka s*r*'& !a#a% !i&u'aka' u'%uk "'&ukur #a'ja'&( !ia"%"r luar( !ia"%"r !ala( !a' k"!alaa' )"'!a. a&ia';)a&ia' u%aa'ya a!alah raha'& %"%a# ya'& "iliki skala u%aa !"'&a' l")ar skala %"rk"/il 1 !a' raha'& &"s"r ya'& "iliki skala '*'iusD"r'i"r. L")ar skala '*'ius asi'&;asi'& 0(9 . hal i'i F
!iu'&ki'ka' kar"'a #a'ja'& s"luruh skala '*'ius a!alah 9 %"%a#i !i)a&i "'ja!i 10 )uah skala. a!i( s"lisih sa%u skala #a!a raha'& %"%a# !a' raha'& &"s"r a!alah =1;0(9> a%au 0(1 =Ti 8isika( 200B>. 5. 6ji $ak%u Ha'/ur $ak%u ha'/ur a!alah ak%u ya'& !i#"rluka' %a)l"% u'%uk ha'/ur !i )aah k*'!isi ya'& !i%"%a#ka' !a' l"a%'ya s"luruh #ar%ik"l "lalui sari'&a' )"rukura' "sh;10. 6ji i'i %i!ak ")"ri jai'a' )aha #ar%ik"l;#ar%ik"l i%u aka' "l"#as )aha' *)a% !ala laru%a' !"'&a' k"/"#a%a' ya'& s"harus'ya =La/ha'( !kk.( 1994>. 8ak%*r;-ak%*r ya'& "#"'&aruhi ak%u ha'/ur !ari %a)l"% a!alah si-a% kiia !a' -isis !ari &ra'ula%( k"k"rasa' !a' #*r*si%as'ya. Ta)l"% )iasa'ya !i-*rulasi !"'&a' )aha' #"'&")a'& a%au )aha' #"'&ha'/ur ya'& "'y")a)ka' %a)l"% ha'/ur !i !ala air a%au /aira' la)u'&. Ha'/ur'ya %a)l"% %i!ak )"rar%i s"#ur'a laru%'ya )aha' *)a% !ala %a)l"%. K")a'yaka' )aha' #"li/i' )"rsi-a% hi!r*-*)( )aha' #"li/i' ya'& )"rl")iha' aka' "#"rla)a% ak%u ha'/ur. Ta)l"% !"'&a' r*'&&a;r*'&&a ya'& )"sar aka' u!ah !iasuki air s"hi'&&a ha'/ur l")ih /"#a% !ari #a!a %a)l"% ya'& k"ras !"'&a' r*'&&a;r*'&&a ya'& k"/il =S*"k"i( !kk.( 19FB>. B. 6ji 8ria)ili%as K"ra#uha' "ru#aka' #ara"%"r ya'& !i&u'aka' u'%uk "'&ukur k"%aha'a' #"rukaa' %a)l"% %"rha!a# &"s"ka' ya'& !ialai'ya s"ak%u #"'&"asa' !a' #"'&iria'. K"ra#uha' !iukur !"'&a' -ria)ila%*r. Pri'si#'ya a!alah "'"%a#ka' )*)*% ya'& hila'& !ari s"julah %a)l"% s"laa !i#u%ar !ala -ria)ila%*r s"la a ak%u %"r%"'%u. Pa!a #r*s"s #"'&ukura' k"ra#uha'( ala% !i#u%ar !"'&a' k"/"#a%a' 2 #u%ara' #"r "'i% !a' ak%u ya'& !i&u'aka' a!alah 4 "'i%. a!i a!a 100 #u%ara' =A'!aya'a( 2009>. K"ra#uha' !a#a% !i"aluasi !"'&a' "'&&u'aka' friabilator =/*'%*h 'ya Rosche friabilator > =Sulaia'( 200B>. Ta)l"% ya'& aka' !iuji "iliki )"ra% a'%ara r"'%a'& 5 + 5( &ra( %"rl")ih !ahulu !i)"rsihka' !ari !")u'ya !a' !i%i)a'& !"'&a' s"ksaa. Ta)l"% %"rs")u% s"la'ju%'ya !iasukka' k" !ala friabilator ( !a' !i#u%ar s")a'yak 100 #u%ara' s"laa 4 "'i%( ja!i k"/"#a%a' #u%ara''ya 2 #u%ara' #"r "'i%. S"%"lah s"l"sai( k"luarka' %a)l"% !ari ala%( )"rsihka' !ari !")u !a' %i)a'& !"'&a' s"ksaa. K"u!ia' !ihi%u'& #"rs"'%as" k"hila'&a' )*)*% s")"lu !a' s"su!ah #"rlakua'. Ta)l"% !ia'&&a# )aik )ila k"ra#uha' %i!ak l")ih !ari 1G =A'!aya'a( 2009>. 6ji 9
k"ra#uha' )"rhu)u'&a' !"'&a' k"hila'&a' )*)*% aki)a% a)rasi ya'& %"rja!i #a!a #"rukaa' %a)l"%. S"aki' )"sar har&a #"rs"'%as" k"ra#uha'( aka s"aki' )"sar assa
%a)l"%
ya'&
hila'&.
K"ra#uha'
ya'&
%i'&&i
aka'
"#"'&aruhi
k*'s"'%rasiDka!ar ?a% ak%i- ya'& asih %"r!a#a% #a!a %a)l"%. Ta)l"% !"'&a' k*'s"'%rasi ?a% ak%i- ya'& k"/il =%a)l"% !"'&a' )*)*% k"/il>( a!a'ya k"hila'&a' assa aki)a% ra#uh aka' "#"'&aruhi ka!ar ?a% ak%i- ya'& asih %"r!a#a% !ala %a)l"% =Sulaia'( 200B>. Hal ya'& harus !i#"rha%ika' !ala #"'&ujia' -ria)ili%as a!alah jika !ala #r*s"s #"'&ukura' -ria)ili%as a!a %a)l"% ya'& #"/ah a%au %"r)"lah( aka %a)l"% %"rs")u% %i!ak !iiku%s"r%aka' !ala #"rhi%u'&a'. ika hasil #"'&ukura' "ra&uka' =)*)*% ya'& hila'& %"rlalu )"sar>( aka #"'&ujia' harus !iula'& s")a'yak !ua kali. S"la'ju%'ya %"'%uka' 'ilai ra%a;ra%a !ari k"%i&a uji ya'& %"lah !ilakuka' =A'!aya'a( 2009>. F. 6ji K"k"rasa' 6ji k"k"rasa' %a)l"% !a#a% !i!"-i'isika' s")a&ai uji k"kua%a' %a)l"% ya'& "'/"ri'ka' k"kua%a' %a)l"% s"/ara k"s"luruha'( ya'& !iukur !"'&a' ")"ri %"ka'a' %"rha!a# !ia"%"r %a)l"%. Ta)l"% harus "#u'yai k"kua%a' !a' k"k"rasa' %"r%"'%u s"r%a !a#a% )"r%aha' !ari )"r)a&ai &*'/a'&a' "ka'ik #a!a saa% #")ua%a'( #"'&"#aka' !a' %ra's#*r%asi. Ala% ya'& )iasa !i&u'aka' a!alah Har!'"ss T"s%"r . K"k"rasa' a!alah #ara"%"r ya'& "'&&a)arka' k"%aha'a' %a)l"% !ala "laa' %"ka'a' "ka'ik s"#"r%i &*'/a'&a'( kikisa' !a' %"rja!i k"r"%aka' %a)l"% s"laa #")u'&kusa'( #"'&a'&ku%a' !a' #"akaia'. K"k"ra sa' i'i !i#akai s")a&ai ukura' !ari %"ka'a' #"'&"#aa' =Parr*%%( 19B1>. 8ak%*r;-ak%*r ya'& "#"'&aruhi k"k"rasa' %a)l"% a!alah %"ka'a' k*#r"si !a' si-a% )aha' ya'& !ik"#a. K"k"rasa' i'i !i#akai s")a&ai ukura' !ari %"ka'a' #"'&"#aa'. S"aki' )"sar %"ka'a' ya'& !i)"rika' saa% #"'a)l"%a' aka' "'i'&ka%ka' k"k"rasa' %a)l"%. Pa!a uu'ya %a)l"% ya'& k"ras "iliki ak%u ha'/ur ya'& laa =l")ih sukar ha'/ur> !a' !is*lusi ya'& r"'!ah( 'au' %i!ak s"laa'ya !"ikia'. Pa!a uu'ya %a)l"% ya'& )aik !i'ya%aka' "#u'yai k"k"rasa' a'%ara 4;10 k&. Nau' hal i'i %i!ak u%lak( ar%i'ya k"k"rasa' %a)l"% !a#a% l")ih k"/il !ari 4 a%au l")ih %i'&&i !ari F k&. K"k"rasa' %a)l"% kura'& !ari 4 k& asih !a#a% !i%"ria !"'&a' syara% k"ra#uha''ya %i!ak "l")ihi )a%as ya'& !i%"ra#ka'. 10
T"%a#i )iasa'ya %a)l"% ya'& %i!ak k"ras aka' "iliki k"ra#uha' ya'& %i'&&i !a' l")ih suli% #"'a'&a'a''ya #a!a saa% #"'&"asa'( !a' %ra's#*r%asi. K"k"rasa' %a)l"% l")ih )"sar !ari 10 k& asih !a#a% !i%"ria( jika asih ""'uhi #"rsyara%a' ak%u ha'/urD!isi'%"&rasi !a' !is*lusi ya'& !i#"rsyara%ka' =Sulaia'( 200B>. Pri'si# #"'&ukura''ya a!alah ")"rika' %"ka'a' #a!a %a)l"% sa#ai %a)l"% r"%ak a%au #"/ah.
2.2.
"-i'isi Pr"-*rulasi Pr"-*rulasi %"r!iri !ari ka%a #r" ya'& ar%i'ya s")"lu !a' -*rulasi ya'& ar%i'ya
#"ruusa' a%au #"'yi#a'a'. i )i!a'& -arasi #r"-*rulasi !a#a% !iar%ika' s")a&ai la'&kah aal ya'& aka' !ilakuka' k"%ika ")ua% -*rula sua%u *)a%. Pr"-*rulasi a!alah %aha# aal !ala ra'&kaia' #r*s"s #")ua%a' s"!iaa' -arasi ya'& )"r#usa% #a!a si-a%;si-a% -isika kiia ?a% ak%i- !ia'a !a#a% "#"'&aruhi #"'a#ila' *)a% !a' #"rk")a'&a' sua%u )"'%uk s"!iaa' -arasi. Pr"-*rulasi "li#u%i #"'&kajia' %"'%a'& karak%"ris%ik a%au si-a%;si-a% !ari )aha' *)a% !a' )aha' %a)aha' *)a% ya'& aka' !i-*rulasi. Tujua' !ari #r"-*rulasi a!alah "'&&a)arka' #r*s"s *#%iasi sua%u *)a% "lalui #"'"'%ua' a%au !"-i'isi si-a%;si-a% -isika !a' kiia ya'& !ia'&&a# #"'%i'& !ala "'yusu' -*rulasi s"!iaa' ya'& s%a)il( "-"k%i-( !a' aa'. a%a #r"-*rulasi aka' sa'&a% ")a'%u !ala ")"rika' arah ya'& l")ih s"suai u'%uk ")ua% sua%u r"'/a'a )"'%uk s"!iaa'. 2.2.1. P"r%i)a'&a' 6u Pr"-*rulasi S")"lu ")ua% -*rula s"!iaa' *)a%( )")"ra#a hal ya'& harus !i#"r%i)a'&ka' yai%u: 1. "'%uk s"!iaa' ya'& aka' !i)ua% A!a )")"ra#a #iliha' )"'%uk s"!iaa' -arasi yai%u )"'%uk #a!a% =#uy"r( %a)l"%( ka#sul( su##*si%iria>( )"'%uk s"%"'&ah #a!a% =sal"#( #as%a( /r"a> !a' )"'%uk /air =laru%a'( sus#"'si( !a' "ulsi>. P"iliha' )"'%uk s"!iaa' *)a% %"r&a'%u'& #a!a: Si-a%;si-a% -isika;kiia ?a% ak%i- ya'& !i&u'aka'( yak'i k"laru%a'( ukura' • •
#ar%ik"l( si-a% hi&r*sk*#is( r"aksi;r"aksi kiia !ll. K"rja *)a% ya'& !ii'&i'ka'( s"/ara l*kal a%aukah sis%"ik. 6'%uk k"rja l*kal !i #ilih s"!iaa' sal"#( /r"a( l*%i*'( s"r)uk %a)ur. 6'%uk k"rja sis%"ik =!i"!arka' k"s"luruh %u)uh *l"h !arah > !i#ilih s"!iaa' %a)l"%( ka#sul( #ul"r"sD#uy"r !a' syru#. 11
•
6ur si #"akai. 6'%uk )ayi !a' a'ak;a'ak l")ih !isukai )"'%uk #ul"r"s
!a' siru#. 6'%uk !"asa uu'ya !i)ua% !ala )"'%uk %a)l"%( ka#sul. 2. aha' %a)aha' *)a% ya'& aka' !i&u'aka' aha' %a)aha' ya'& !i&u'aka' !ala -*rulasi harus k*#a)i%"l =!a#a% %"r/a#urka'> !"'&a' )aha' *)a% u%aa =?a% ak%i-> !a' )aha' %a)aha' ya'& lai'. aha' %a)aha' !i#"rluka' u'%uk: M"'!a#a%ka' )"'%uk s"!iaa' ya'& !ii'&i'ka' = )"'%uk %a)l"%( laru%a'( !ll. > • Misalya #a!a s"!iaa' %a)l"% s"lai' ?a% ak%i-( !i&u'aka' )aha' %a)aha' )"ru#a )aha' #"'&isi u'%uk "#"r)"sar *lu" %a)l"%( )aha' #"'&ika% u'%uk "r"ka%ka' s"r)uk )aha' *)a%( )aha' #"'&ha'/ur u'%uk "#"r/"#a% #"/ah'ya %a)l"% !i!ala la)u'&( !a' )aha' #"'yalu% ya'& !i&u'aka' u'%uk "#"r)aiki k"s%a)ila'( "'&*'%r*l #"'&ha'/ura' !a' !a' "#"r/a'%ik #"'&ha'/ura' %a)l"%. <*'%*h lai' #a!a s"!iaa' laru%a' !i&u'aka' )aha' %a)aha' )"ru#a #"laru% u'%uk "laru%ka' )aha' *)a%( !a#a% ju&a !i%a)ahka' )aha' #"'s%a)il u'%uk "'/"&ah #"'&uaria' )aha' *)a%( )aha' #"'&a"% !i&u'aka' u'%uk "'/"&ah #"r%u)uha' ikr*)a( )aha' #")"ri ar'a !a' rasa u'%uk "#"r)aiki rasa !a' "#"r)aiki •
#r*!uk. "ikia' ju&a u'%uk s"!iaa' sal"#( #as%a( /r"a( !a' lai';lai'. M"'ja&a k"s%a)ila' s"!iaa' *)a% =isal: #"'&a"%( #"'&sus#"'si(
#"'&"ulsi>. M"'ja&a k"s%a)ila' ?a% ak%i- = isal: a'%i*ksi!a' >. • 3. K"'yaa'a' saa% #"'&&u'aa' K"'yaa'a' saa% !i&u'aka' sa'&a% #"'%i'& u'%uk !i#"rha%ika' kar"'a aka' "#"'&aruhi k"#a%uha' si #"akai *)a%. ika *)a% )"rasa %i!ak "'ak( aka *ra'& %i!ak suka "'&k*'susi'ya. Rasa ya'& %i!ak "'ak !a#a% !i%u%u#i !"'&a' #"'a)aha' /*rri'&"'s sa#*ris( )au ya'& %i!ak "'ak !a#a% !i%u%u#i !"'&a' /*rri'&"' *!*ris( !a' ar'a ya'& kura'& "'ar ik !i%u%u#i !"'&a' /*rri'&"' /*l*ris. Rasa #ahi% !ari *)a%;*)a% %"r%"'%u isal a#isili' !a' a*ksisili' !a#a% !ia%asi !"'&a' #"'&&u'aa' )"'%uk &ara'ya yai%u a#isili' %rihi!ra% !a' a*ksisili' %rihi!ra% ya'& %i!ak #ahi%. S"!iaa' s"%"'&ah #a!aa% harus ""'uhi #"rsyara%a' yai%u halus( u!ah !i*l"ska'( %i!ak %"rlalu l"'&k"%( !a' %i!ak "'i'&&alka' )"kas '*!a #a!a #akaia'. 4. K"s%a)ila' s"!iaa' *)a% S"laa #"'yi#a'a'( s"!iaa' *)a% harus %"%a# !ala k"a!aa' ya'& s%a)il( %i!ak "'a#akka' %a'!a;%a'!a k"rusaka'. Ta'!a;%a'!a k"rusaka' ya'& uu !i%"ui #a!a s"!iaa' *)a% isal'ya %"rja!i #"ru)aha' ar'a( )au( rasa( 12
%i)ul'ya kris%al #a!a #"rukaa' %a)l"%Dka#l"%( "isah'ya air !a' i'yak #a!a s"!iaa' kri a%au "ulsi. 6'%uk "'ja&a k"s%a)ila' s"!iaa' *)a% #"rlu !ilakuka': P"'a)aha' )aha' %a)aha' %"r%"'%u =isal: #"'&a" >. • P"'&"asa' ya'& %"#a%. • P")"ria' #"%u'juk %"'%a'& /ara #"'yi#a'a' ya'& )"'ar. • . Khasia% *)a% 6'%uk "'ja&a khasia% *)a%( #"rlu "#"rha%ika' hal;hal ya'& /uku# #"'%i'& a'%ara lai': P"iliha' )"'%uk s"!iaa'. S")a&ai /*'%*h( jika ?a% ak%i- %i!ak s%a)il !ala • •
"!ia air( aka %i!ak !i-*rulasi !ala )"'%uk /air. aha';)aha' %a)aha' ya'& !i&u'aka' %i!ak )*l"h "'&ura'&i khasia% ?a%
ak%i-'ya. P")"ria' #"%u'juk /ara #"'&&u'aa' ya'& )"'ar. • 2.2.2. a%a Pr"-*rulasi a%a i'ial ya'& harus a!a !ala #r"-*rulasi a!alah: S%ruk%ur kiia !a' karak%"ris%ik. • K"laru%a' !a' #""ria' %"rasuk *)*% *l"kul. M"%*!" A'ali%ik. • M"%*!" ya'& !i&u'aka' u%uk "'"%a#ka' ka!ar sua%u ?a%. Ruaha' =k*#r"si)ili%as( *)s"rasi ikr*sk*#ik>. • Si-a% )aha' )aku ya'& ha'y a!i&u'aka' u'%uk s"!iaa' %a)l"% =#")"ria' •
•
• •
%"ka'a'> I'-*rasi %"ra#"u%ik *sis( )"'%uk s"!iaa' ya'& !i)u%uhka'( k"%"rs"!iaa' haya%i(#r*!uk k*#"%i%*r. T*ksik*l*&i M"'&"%ahui "-"k %*ksis a%au "-"k sa#i'& y& )"r)ahaya !ari ?a% ak%i- %"rs")u%. a%a #"l"'&ka# !ala #r"-*rulasi a'%ara lai': K*#a%i)ili%as i'%"raksi a'%ara *)a% !"'&a' "ksi#i"'. S%u!i #"'!ahulua' i' i* #a!a h"a'( a'%ara lai' a)s*r#si *)a%J "%a)*lis"J ika%a' #r*%"i' =k"%ika ?a% ak%i- )"rika%a' !"'&a' ?a% ak%i-( aka ?a% ak%i-
%"rs")u% k"&u'aa''ya aka' hila'&>J !is%ri)usiJ !a' "lii'asi a%au "kskr"si. 2.2.3. Si-a%;si-a% ya'& P"rlu i#"rha%ika' !ala Pr"-*rulasi a. S%a)ili%as Kiia M"'ya'&ku% )"'%uk laru%a' !a' k"a!aa' #a!a%( #"'&aruh #H !ala #"'&")a'&a' #r*!uk( %"#"ra%urDau%*kla-( !a' "aluasi = "'&")a'&ka' /ara #"'"'%ua' ya'& s#"si-ik !a' kua'%i%a%i- u'%uk )aha' *)a% !a' hasil uraia''ya !"'&a' "'&&u'aka' "%*!" HPL< =Hi&h Pr"ssur" Liui! . ). K"laru%a' a%au S*lu)ili%as M"'ya'&ku% *)a% ya'& !i)"rika' s"/ara *ral harus laru% !ala /aira' salura' #"'/"r'aa'. 13
/. K"/"#a%a' is*lusi a%a k"/"#a%a' !is*lusi !i&u'aka' u'%uk "#r"!iksi a)s*r)si !a' si-a% -isik*kiia. !. K*'s%a'%a is*siasi M"'ya'&ku% #r*s"s %ra's-"r "lalui s"l ")ra'( u'%uk #"'"li%ia' s%a)ili%as !a' s*lu)ili%as *)a% !ala laru%a' ". K*"-isi"' Par%isi M"'ya'&ku% i'!ikasi li#*-ili%as *)a%( u'%uk "'"li%i si-a% )i*l*&i !a' k"/"#a%a' s"r%a julah a)s*r)si *)a% !i salura' /"r'a. -. Kris%ali'i%as M"'ya'&ku% k")iasaa' kris%al !ia'a "'!"skri#sika' #"'a#ila' luar kris%al !a' s%ruk%ur i'%"r'al. &. P*li*r-is" M"ru#aka' k"a#ua' sua%u s"'yaa "'&kris%alisasi !ala )"'%uk l")ih !ari 1 j"'is kris%ali' !"'&a' #"r)"!aa' kisi i'%"r'al ya'& !a#a% "'y")a)ka' #"ru)aha' s%a)ili%as kiia( si-a% #"'&*laha'( !a' k"%"rs"!iaa' haya%i. h. Hi&r*sk*#isi%as M"'ya'&ku% &ara ya'& laru% air "iliki k"/"'!"ru'&a' "'&a!s*r#si i.
k"l")a)a' u!ara. 6kura' Par%ik"l P"'uru'a' ukura' #ar%ik"l ?a% ak%i- sukar laru% air aka' "'y")a)ka' #"'i'&ka%a' luas #"rukaa' !a' k"/"#a%a' !is*lusi( aka' "'i'&ka%ka' a)s*r)si !i salura' /"r'a.
2.3. •
M*'*&ra-i T"*-ili' =Th"*#hylli'u> Naa s"'yaa : 1(3;!i"%ila'%i'a
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S%ruk%ur *l"kul :
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T"*-ili' "'&a'!u'& %i!ak kura'& !ari 9F( G !a' %i!ak l")ih !ari 101(0 G < BHF N42( !ihi%u'& %"rha!a# ?a% ya'& %"lah !ik"ri'&ka' =8arak*#" I'!*'"sia III>. T"*-ili' "'&a'!u'& sa%u *l"kul air hi!ra% a%au a'hi!ra%. M"'&a'!u'& %i!ak kura'& !ari 9B(0 G !a' %i!ak l")ih!ari 102(0 G < BHF N42( !ihi%u'& %"rha!a# ?a% ya'& %"lah !ik"ri'&ka' =8arak*#" I'!*'"siaI>.
•
"ra% *l"kul
: 19F.1F &D*l
14
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Naa lai'
: A//ur)r*'( A"r*la%"( Aua#hylli'( Asali( r*'k*!yl( Eli*i'( Eli*#hylli'(
La'*#hylli'( Li'*li( Pul*#hylli'"( Sl*#hylli' Syru#( Sy'*#hyla%"( Th "* /l "a r( Th"* la ir ( Th"* '( Th"*#hyl( Th"*s%a%. •
P""ria'
: S"r)uk ha)lur( #u%ih( %i!ak )"r)au( rasa #ahi%( s%a)il !i u!ara.
•
K"laru%a'
: Laru% !ala l")ih kura'& 1F0 )a&ia' air( l")ih u!ah laru% !ala air
#a'as( laru% !ala l")ih kura'& 120 )a&ia' "%a'*l =9G>( u!ah laru% !ala laru%a' alkali hi!r*ksi!a !a' !ala a*'ia "'/"r =8arak*#" I'!*'"sia III>. Sukar laru% !ala air( %"%a#i l")ih u!ah laru% !ala air #a'as(u!ah laru% !ala laru%a' alkali hi!r*ksi!a !a' !ala a*'iu hi!r*ki!a( a&ak sukar laru%!ala "%a'*l( !ala kl*r*-*r( !a' !ala "%"r =8arak*#" I'!*'"sia I>. •
arak l")ur
: A'%ara 2B0 !a' 2B4( r"'%a'& a'%ara aal !a' akhir #"l")ura' %i!ak l")ih !ari 310
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Susu% #"'&"ri'&a': " '% uk hi !r a % a '% a ra B( G !a ' 9( G ( )" '% uk a 'h i! r a% % i ! a k l " ) i h ! a r i 0 ( G ( l a k u k a ' #"'&"ri'&a' #a!a suhu 10 s"laa 4 ja.
•
Sisa #"ijara' : Ti!ak l")ih !ari 0(1 G
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$a!ah!a'#"'yi#a'a' : ala a!ah %"r%u%u# )aik. S"!iaa' *ral
: !isi#a' #a!a suhu rua'& 20*;2*< %"rli'!u'& /ahaya ya'& l")a).
S"!iaa' #ar"'%"ral : a#a% !ijaisi#a' #a!a suhu 1 *<;30*< %"rli'!u'& !ari /ahaya. Si#a'!ala kar!us sa#ai ak%u #a!a i'&i' !i&u'aka'. •
Khasia%!a'#"'&&u'aa': S#as*li%iku )r*'kial
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Klasi-ikasi
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Ka%"&*ri k"haila': <
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•
*sis
: r*'k*!ila%*r = i'hi)i%*r -*s-*!i"s%"ras">
1
A'ak;a'ak : *sis La?i 10 &Dk& =!i)a&i !ala 2;3 !*sis>. "asa : *sis La?i 200 & =1 #>( 00 & =1 h> *sis Maksiu 00 & =1 #>( 1 & =1 h> •
K"rja )a% a> M"'&ha)a% -*s-*!i"s%"ras"( "'&hasilka' #"'i'&ka%a' k*'s"'%rasi jari'&a' siklik a!"'*si' *'*-*s-a% =/AMP>. )> P"'i'&ka%a' ka!ar /AMP "'y")a)ka' )r*'k*!ila%asi( s%iulasi SSP !a' ja'%u'&(!iur"sis( s"kr"si asa la)u'&.
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E-"k %"ra#"u%ik : )r*'k*!ila%asi.
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M"ka'is" aksi a> N*'s"l"/%i" k*#"%i%i- -*s-*!i"s%"ras" i'hi)i%*r(ya'& "'i'&ka%ka' i'%ras"lular /AMP( "'&ak%i-ka' PKA( "'&ha)a% TN8;al#ha!a' "'&ha)a% si'%"sis l"uk*%ri"'"( !a' "'&ura'&i #"ra!a'&a' !a' k"k")ala' )aaa'. )> N*'s"l"/%i" a!"'*si'" r"/"#%*r a'%a&*'is% ( )"rlaa'a' !"'&a' A1( A2( !a' A3 r"s"#% ya'& "'j"laska' )a'yak !ari "-"k ja'%u'& !a' )")"ra#a !ari "-"k a'%i;asa. /> T " * - i l i ' % " l a h % " r ) u k % i ! a # a % " ' & h a ) a % T78;)"%a;!i"!iasi k*'"rsi #aruy*-i)r*)las%s -i)r*)las k" !ala PPK !a' asa "lalui jalur /AMP;PKA !a' "'"ka' /*l1 RNA( k*!" u'%uk #r*%"i' k*la&"'.T"lah %"r)uk%i )aha %"*-ili' !a#a% ")alikka' #"'&aa%a' kli'is k"%i!ak#"kaa's %"r*i! #a!a #asi"' !"'&a' PPK !a' #"'!"ri%a asa ya'& #"r*k*k ak%i- =sua%u k*'!isi ya'& "'&aki)a%ka' s%r"s *ksi!a%i-> "lalui "ka'is" ya'& j"las %"r#isah. T"*-ili' i' i% r*!a#a% "'&")alika' k"a!aa' )"rkura'&'ya HA< =his%*' !"a/"%ylas"> k"&ia%a' ya'& !is")a)ka' *l"h s%r"s *ksi!a%i- =isal'ya( #a!a #"r*k*k>( r"s#*'si- %"rha!a# s%"r*i! k")ali '*ral. L")ih jauh la&i( %"*-ili' !a#a% la'&su'& "'&ak%i-ka' HA<2. =K*r%ik*s%"r*i! "'*'ak%i-ka' r"s#*' i'-laasi !"'&a' "'&hala'&i "ks#r"si "!ia%*r i'-laasi "lalui !"a/"%yla%i*' !ari his%*'(sua%u "-"k ya'& !i%"'&ahi "lalui his%*' 15
!"a/"%ylas";2 =HA<2>. S"kali !"a/"%yla%"!( NA !i k" a s ul a'& s" hi'& &a !a"rah #r**%*r &"' #"ra!a'&a' %i!ak %"rs"!ia u'%uk "'&ika% %ra'skri#si -ak%*r;-ak%*r s"#"r%i N8;K ya'& )"r%i'!ak u'%uk " ' & a k % i - k a ' k " & i a % a ' #"ra!a'&a'. Hal i'i )aru;)aru i'i "'u'jukka' )aha s%r"s *ksi!a%i- ya'& )"rhu)u'&a' !" '&a ' asa# r*k *k !a #a % "'&ha)a% ak%ii%as HA<2( s"hi'&&a "'&hala'&i a'%i;"-"k i'-laasi k*r%ik*s%"r*i!.> a!i %"*-ili' )isa ")uk%ika' k"#a!a "'ja!i s")uah '*"l )"'%uk %"ra#i %a)aha' !ala "'i'&ka%ka' r"s#*'s kli'is u'%uk #"'!"ri%a asa s%"r*i! !ala "r*k*k. •
8arak*ki'"%ik a> A)s*r)si: !ia)s*r)si !"'&a' )aik !ari )"'%uk !*sis *ral. A)s*r)si !*sis l"#as la)a% )"rla'&su'& la)a% 'au' s"#ur'a. )> is%ri)usi: ! i ! i s % r i ) u s i k a ' s " / a r a l u a s . T " * - i l i ' ! i ! i s % r i ) u s i k a ' ! a l a / a i r a ' " ks % ra s "l ul a r( ! i ! al a # la s "' %a ( !a la su su i) u !a ' !a la si s% " sa ra - #u sa %. K*'s"'%rasi !ala ASI B0 G !ari ka!ar #lasa. *lu" !is%ri)usi a!alah 0( L D k&. M"'&ika% #r*%"i' s")"sar 40G. *lu" !is%ri)usi "'i'&ka% #a!a #"'!"ri%a '"*'a%us!a' "r"ka ya'& "'!"ri%a sir*sis a%au k"kura'&a' &i?i( s"!a'&ka' *lu" !is%ri)usi"'uru' #a!a #"'!"ri%a *)"si%as. /> M"%a)*lis" !a' "kskr"si: s")a&ia' )"sar !i"kskr"si *l"h ha%i "'ja!i ka-"i' ya'&!a#a% %"rakuulasi #a!a '"*'a%us. M"%a)*li%'ya k"u!ia' !i"kskr"si *l"h &i'jal. !> $ak%u #aruh: 3;13 ja. M"'i'&ka% #a!a la'sia =50 %h'>( '"*'a%us !a' #asi"' !"'&a' #"'yaki% &a&al ja'%u'& k*'&"s%i- a%au ha%i( s"aki' si'&ka% #a!a #"r*k*k si&ar"% !a' a'ak;a'ak.
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I'!ikasi : r*'k*!ila%*r #a!a *)s%ruksi jala' 'a-as r""rsi)"l s"hu)u'&a' !"'&a' asa a%au PPM.P"'/"&aha' !a' #"'&*)a%a' asa )r*'kial( asa )r*'ki%is( asa kar!ial( "-is"a #aru. =IS8arak*%"ra#i hal 45>.
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P"'&&u'aa' %i!ak r"si : S%iula' #"r'a-asa' !a' i*kar!ial #a!aa#'"a )ayi.
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K*'%rai'!ikasi !a' #"rha%ia' 1B
a> ik*'%rai'!ikasika' #a!a: Ar i% i a %i !a k %" rk "' !a li ( hi #" r% ir *i !i s "( !ik"%ahuii'%*l"ra'si alk*h*l =)")"ra#a /aira' *ral>. Hi#"rs"'si%ii%as( %ukak la)u'&( !ia)"%"s(&as%ri%is( &a'&&ua' ha%i !a' &i'jal. )> P"rha%ia' &u' aka ' s"/ ara ha%i ;ha %i #a !a : #as i" ' la' sia 50 %h ' =!ia'jurka' u'%uk "'&ura'&i !*sis( 7K( k*r #ul*'al" a%au #"'yaki% ha%i =!i#"rluka' #"'uru'a' !*sis>( #"r*k*k si&ar"% =!a#a% !i)u%uhka' !*sis ya'& l")ih )"sar>( k"haila' =%"lah !i&u'aka' s"/ara aa'>( a'ak;a'ak 5 %ahu' =hi'!ari #r"#ara% sus%ai'"! r"l"as">( Pasi"' *)"si%as =!*sis harus !i%"'%uka' )"r!asarka' )"ra% )a!a' i!"al>. /> a'&a' "'&&u'aka' "l")ihi !*sis ya'& !ia'jurka'J )ila !ala 1 ja &"jala %"%a#a%au )"r%a)ah )uruk( s"&"ra hu)u'&i !*k%"rJ ja'&a' !i&u'aka' %"rus; "'"rus. •
R"aksi "ru&ika' !a' "-"k sa#i'& a> SSP : &u&u#( a'si"%as( saki% k"#ala( i's*'ia( !a' k"ja'&. )> K : %akikar!ia( #al#i%asi( ari%ia( a'&i'a #"k%*ris. /> 7I : ual( u'%ah( a'*r"ksia( k"ra !> N " u r * : % r " * r "> iar"( saki% k"#ala( i's*'ia( #al#i%asi( %akikar!ia( ari%ia "'%ikular( rua kuli%.
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I'%"raksi )a%;*)a%: a> E-"k sa#i'& K !a' SSP )"r%a)ah )ila !i&u'aka' )"rsaa a&"'s a!r"'"r&ik =si#a%*i"%ik>. )> a#a% "'&ura'&i "-"k %"ra#"u%ik !ari li%iu. /> M"r*k*k( -"'*)ar)i%al( ri-a#i'( -"'i%*i'( !a' k"%*k*'a?*l "'i'&ka%ka' "%a)*lis"!a' "'&ura'&i "-"k%i-i%as'ya. !> E r i % r * is i ' ( ) l * k " r a ' " r& i k ) " % a ( a ks i ' a s i i ' - l u "' ? a ( s i " % i ! i '( k * ' % r a s " # s i * r a l ( &luk*k*r%ik*i!( !isul-ira( i'%"r-"r*'( "ksil"%i'(
1F
-lu*r*ui'*l*'( %ia)"'!a?*l( %akri'!a' !*sis )"sar al*#uri'*l "'uru'ka' "%a)*lis" !a' "'&aki)a%ka' %*ksisi%as. "> M"'i'&ka%ka' r"sik* ari%ia )ila !i&u'aka' )"rsaa hal*%"'. -> Is*'ia?i!( kar)aa?"#i' a%au !iur"%ik l**# !a#a% "'i'&ka%ka' a%au "'&ura'&i ka!ar %"*-ili'. )a% !a' aka'a': a> R"aksi "ru&ika' )"r%a)ah !i&u'aka' )"rsaa i'&"s%i )"rl")iha' aka'a' a%aui'ua' ya'& "'&a'!u'& sa'%i' =ka-"i'>. )> K*'susi )"rl")iha' !a&i'& ya'& !#a'&&a'& !"'&a' ara'& !a#a% "'&ura'&i"-"k%ii%as'ya.
2.4.
a%a Pr"-*rulasi Ta)l"% T"*-ili' 2.4.1.
T"*-ili' =aha' Ak%i->
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Ruus M*l"kul : < BHF N42.H2
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"ra% M*l"kul : 19F(1F
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S%ruk%ur Kiia:
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P""ria' : s"r)uk )"rs"ra% a%au &ra'ul( )"ar'a #u%ih( sus#"'si !ala air )"r"aksi '"%ral %"rha!a# lakus P( "'&")a'& !ala air !a' ")"'%uk sus#"'sii ya'& j"r'ih hi'&&a *#al"s"' k"'%al(k*l*i!al
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K"laru%a' : sukar laru% !ala air %"%a#i u!ah laru% !ala laru%a' alkali hi!r*ksi!a !a' !ala a*'iu hi!r*ksi!a a&ak sukar laru% !ala "%a'*l. 19
•
S%a)ili%as : !a#a% !isi#a' #a!a suhu kaar( !i)aah /ahaya -l*r*s"'si %"rus "'"rus s"laa s"kura'& + kura'&'ya 1F0 hari %a'#a #"ru)aha' k*'s"'%rasi ya'& si&'i-ika' !ala )"'%uk laru%a' s")aik'ya !ili'!u'&i /ahaya(s%a)il !i u!ara.
•
Khasia% : *)a% asa( s%iulasi SSP !a' #"r'a-asa'( s%iulasi ja'%u'& )"k"rja s")a&ai !iur"%ik l"ah.
•
TT : Ta'i'
•
P"'yi#a'a' : !ala a!ah %"r%u%u# )aik
•
*sis : u'%uk s"!iaa' l"#as la)a% !"asa !a' a'ak;a'ak aial 400&Dhr. 3;4 !! 12;20 &
2.4.2.
Ai/"l PH 102 =aha' P"'&isi>
•
P""ria' : s"r)uk #u%ih( %i!ak )"r)au
•
Ruus M*l"kul : =<5H10>'
•
*)*% M*l"kul : 3100
•
K"laru%a' : #rak%is %i!ak laru% !ala air( laru%a' asa( #"laru% *r&a'ik !a' NaH G
•
K"&u'aa' : #"'&isi !a' #"'&ika% = 8ill"r + i'!"r>
•
K*'s"'%rasi : 20;90G
•
S%a)ili%as : hi&r*sk*#ik
•
P"'yi#a'a' : !ala a!ah %"r%u%u# )aik( !i%"#a% s"juk !a' k"ri'&.
20
•
Ai/"l "ru#aka' #"'&isi ya'& )aik u'%uk /"%ak la'&su'& !a' &ra'ulasi k"ri'&. Ai/"l !a#a% "'y"ra# u!ara s"hi'&&a k"l")a#a''ya %i'&&i. K"a#ua' "'&ika% =h*l!i'& /a#a/i%y > 0G
•
ala ?a% ak%i- 100 &( aka i'ial ai/"l ya'& !i)u%uhka' 0G 100D 0 100 & 200 &
2.4.3.
Aylu May!is =aha' P"'&ha'/ur>
•
P""ria' : %i!ak )"r)au !a' %i!ak )"rasa( s"r)uk halus !a' #u%ih
•
K"laru%a' : #rak%is %i!ak laru% !ala "%a'*l !i'&i' 9G !a' air !i'&i'.
•
ruah : 0(452 &raD/ 3
•
a#a% : 0(5F &raD/ 3
•
TT : a%"rial )"rsi-a% i'"r%
•
K*'s"'%rasi : 3 + 1 G
•
P"'yi#a'a' : !ala a!ah %"r%u%u# )aik( !i%"#a% s"juk !a' k"ri'&
2.4.4.
M& S%"ara% =Lu)rika'>
•
Ruus M*l"kul : < 15HB0M&4
•
P""ria' : s"r)uk halus li/i'( u!ah "l"ka% #a!a kuli% ( "#u'yai )au! a' rasa khas l"ah
•
K"laru%a' : #rak%is %i!ak laru% !ala air
21
•
S%a)ili%as : s%a)il !a' si#a' !i %"#a% k"ri'&
•
TT :!"'&a' asa kua%( &ara + &ara )"si !a' hi'!ari #"'/a#ura' !"'&a' *ksi!a%*r kua%
•
K*'s"'%rasi : 0(2 + (0 G
•
K"&u'aa' : lu)rika'D ?a% #"li/i'
•
P"'yi#a'a' : !ala a!ah %"r%u%# ra#a% !a' %"#a% s"juk
2.4..
Talk =7li!a'>
•
Ruus M*l"kul : M& 5=Si>=H>4
•
P""ria' : s"r)uk ha)lur sa'&a% halus #u%ih a%au #u%ih k"a)ua' ( )"rkila% ( u!ah "l"ka% #a!a kuli% !a' )")as !ari )u%ira'.
•
K"laru%a' : #rak%is %i!ak laru% !ala air( asa !a' )asa l"ah !a' #"laru% *r&a'ik.
•
S%a)ili%as : s%a)il !a' !a#a% !is%"rilka' !"'&a' #"a'asa' 150 !"raja% s"laa %i!ak kura'& s"laa 1 ja !"'&a' k*#*'"' a*'iu kuar%"r'"r
•
K*'s"'%rasi : 1 + 10 G
•
K"&u'aa' : &li!a'
•
P"'yi#a'a' : !ala a!ah %"r%u%u# )aik
22
BAB III PENUTUP
3.1.
K"si#ula' •
ari #")ahasa' #a!a )a) s")"lu'ya !a#a% !isi#ulka' )aha: Ta)l"% a!alah )"'%uk s"!iaa' #a!a% ya'& %"r!iri !ari sa%u a%au l")ih )aha' *)a% ya'&
•
!i)ua% !"'&a' #"a!a%a'( k"!ua #"rukaa''ya ra%a a%au /")u'&. K*#*'"' %a)l"% %"r!iri !ari ?a% ak%i- !a' )aha' %a)aha' ya'& )"ru#a )aha'
•
#"'&isi( )aha' #"'&ika%( )aha' #"'&ha'/ur( !a' )aha' #"li/i' Pr"-*rulasi a!alah %aha# aal !ala ra'&kaia' #r*s"s #")ua%a' s"!iaa' -arasi ya'& )"r#usa% #a!a si-a%;si-a% -isika kiia ?a% ak%i- !ia'a !a#a% "#"'&aruhi
•
#"'a#ila' *)a% !a' #"rk")a'&a' sua%u )"'%uk s"!iaa' -arasi. Ra'/a'&a' -*rulasi s"!iaa' %a)l"% %"*-ili' %"r!iri !ari %"*-ili' s")a&ai )aha' ak%i-( Ai/"l PH 102 s")a&ai )aha' #"'&isi( aylu ay!is s")a&ai )aha' #"'&ha'/ur( & s%r"ara% s")a&ai lu)rika' !a' %alk s")a&ai &li!a'.
3.2.
Sara'
23
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
"#ar%""' K"s"ha%a' R"#u)lik I'!*'"sia. 199. 8arak*#" I'!*'"sia E!isi I. akar%a: "#ar%""' K"s"ha%a' R"#u)lik I'!*'"sia R*"( R.<.( Sh"/k"y( P..( a'! Oui''( M.E. 200. Ha'!)**k *- Phara/"u%i/al E/i#i"'%s Si%h E!i%i*'. L*'!*': Phara/"u%i/al Pr"ss a'! A"ri/a' Phara/is%s Ass*/ia%i*'. S""%a'( S.<. 2009.Mar%i'!al" Th" <*#l"%" ru& R"-"r"'/" 35. L*'!*'
24
