.
Jfsusug Hnml? I M NHCTH NHCTHI I 0
1. 0. ;. :.
Fra Eftrfa Em`rfaga Ousfia A Javfmj Oagagth Emrnfga Jwfga J
(04150144=<) (0415014454) (041501445=) (0415014422)
[MIHNAL ZFGBBF FNC] MIHGHCF TMP@AGA[ []PA@AVA ON. Gbfgjmg [mchnh ;: - ;5 [ura`aya 5411<
JAEZAP F[F Jaetar Fsf ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ....................... 1 @a` F Tmgjalunuag ............................................................. ................................................................................... ............................................. .................................. ........... ; 1.1
Natar @mnaiagb ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ......................................... ................... ;
1.0
Pucusag Casanal ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ...................................... ................ ;
1.;
Zuouag.................................... Zuouag.......................................................... ............................................. ............................................. ......................................... ................... :
@a` Ff Tmc`alasag ....................................... ............................................................. ............................................ ............................................. .................................. ........... = 0.1
Tmgbmrtfag [tratmbf Hpmrasf ............................................ ................................................................... ......................................... .................. =
0.0
Tmgbmrtfag [tratmbf Hpmrasf Cmgurut Tara Alnf .......................................... ...................................................... ............ =
0.;
Tagjagbag Bnh`an Zmgtagb [tratmbf Hpmrasf ........................................... ........................................................... ................ 5
0.:
Kara Cmgbmc`agbiag Cfsf Jag [tratmbf ............................................ ............................................................... ................... 5
0.=
Cakac ‛ Cakac ‛ Cakac Cakac Imputusag [tratmbf Hpmrasf Janac Jana c Nfgbiugbag Bnh`an ............ 2
0.5
Jacpai Thsftfe Jag Gmbatfe Janac [tratmbf Hpmrasf ............................................. ............................................. <
0.2
Fsu Janac Cagaomcmg Hpmrasf ......................................... ............................................................... ...................................... ................ <
0.<
Fcpnmcmgtasf [tratmbf Janac [uatu Tmrusalaag @aragb Atau Oasa ........................ ........................ 6
0.6
Fcpnmcmgtasf Lac`atag Janac Fcpnmcmgtasf [tratmbf Tmrusalaag ....................... ....................... 6
0.14
Iasus Larj Phki Phki Iaem ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................... ..... 6
@a` Fff Tmgutup ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 10 ;.1
Imsfcpunag .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ....................................... ................. 1;
;.0
[arag ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................. ......................... .. 1;
@a` Fv Jaetar Fsf.............................................. Fsf..................................................................... ............................................. ............................................ ............................ ...... 1;
@A@ F TMGJAL]N]AG
1.1 Natar @mnaiagb
[aat fgf ugtui cmgkapaf imsuismsag janac suatu pmrusalaag `mrsafgb cmrupaiag sanal satu iugkf utaca, janac `mrsafgb larus cmcpugyaf sm`ual stratmbf `abf jarf `fjagb imuagbag, pmcasarag, caupug caupug Hpmrsfhgan. Abar japat japat tmrkapafgya stratmbf jmgbag `afi cagaomr larus japat cmcfcpfg janac suatu pmrusalaag jmgbag `afi abar tfba mnmcmg tmrsm`ut japat `mroanag jmgbag `afi janac imiuatag `mrsafgb. Gacug `agyai smianf strat mbf Hpmrsfhgan jfsmpmnmiag, aif`atgya, imcacpuag Hpmrsfhgan tfjai jfpaiaf ugtui ugtui imiuatag `mrsafgb janac `fsgfs. Taja talug fgf Fgjhgmsfa tmnal rmscf casui janac pmcimc`agbag CMA (Casyaraiat Mihghcf Asmag) cmrupaiag `uitf `alwa ajagya CMA `aragb s mcaifg cujal jf japat jarf gmbara nafg, apanabf tmighnhbf smcaifg sm caifg kagbbfl jag `aragb `agyai jfjapatiag. Hnml iarmga ftu pmgtfgbgya stratmbf stratm bf Hpmrsfhgan jmgbag cmgfgbbiatiag prhjui atau oasa jfpmrusalaag ugtui pmgfgbiatag imsatuag mihghcf mihghcf jag imtmrbagtugbag agtar gmbara bnh`anfsasf. [m`abaf rmsphggya smiaragb pmrusalaag -pmrusalaag larus cmgbmc`agbiag Hpmrsfhgangya smkara bnh`an jag stratmbf yagb fghvasf. Iarmga jacpai Bnh`anfsasf smkara ucuc cmrupaiag prhsms cmgjugfa sfapapug jag jfcagapug Fa, jfcaga tfjai ajagya `atasag-`atasag `atasag -`atasag nafg yagb cmgblanagbfgya ugtui cmguou imlfjupag jugfa yagb nm`fl nuas `afi janac `fjagb tmighnhbf, baya lfjup, ihcugfiasf, mihghcf, jag nafg sm`abafgya.
1.0 Pucusag Casanal
1. Cmcalacf pmgbmrtfag tmgtagb stratmbf hpmrasf jag `abafcaga pagjagbag smkara bnh`an tmgtagb stratmbf hpmrasf. 0. @abafcaga kara cmgbmc`agbiag cfsf jag stratmbf. ;. Cmcalacf cakac ‛ cakac ‛ cakac cakac imputusag stratmbf hpmrasf ugtui japat jf bugaiag janac nfgbiugbag bnh`an. :. Apa saoa jacpai phsftfe jag gmbatfe janac stratmbf hpmrasf. =. Apa saoa fsu janac cagaomcmg hpmrasf. 5. @abafcaga pmgbmc`agbag jag fcpnmcmgtasf stratmbf 8 2. Cmcalacf iasus Larj Phki Iaem, apa stratmbf yagb jfbugaiag, jag imputusag imputusag apa yagb jfbugaiag janac stratmbf bnh`an.
1.; Zuouag
1. ]gtui cmcalacf pmgbmrtfag tmgtagb stratmbf hpmrasf jag `abafcaga pagjagbag smkara bnh`an tmgtagb stratmbf hpmrasf 0. ]gtui cmcalacf `abafcaga kara cmgbmc`agbiag cfsf jag stratmbf ;. ]gtui cmcalacf cakac ‛ cakac ‛ cakac cakac imputusag stratmbf hpmrasf ugtui japat jf bugaiag janac nfgbiugbag bnh`an :. ]gtui cmcalacf apa saoa jacpai phsftfe jag gmbatfe janac stratmbf hpmrasf =. ]gtui cmcalacf apa saoa fsu stratmbf janac cagaomcmg hpmrasf 5. ]gtui cmcalacf `abafcaga pmgbmc`agbag jag fcpnmcmgtasf stratmbf8 2. ]gtui cmcalacf iasus Larj Phki Iaem, apa stratmbf yagb jfbugaiag, jag imputusag apa yagb jfbugaiag janac stratmbf bnh`an
@A@ FF TMC@ALA[AG
0.1 Tmgbmrtfag Tmgbmrtfag stratmbf hpmrasf
[tratmbf cmgugouiiag `abafcaga hrbagfsasf aiag `mimroa ugtui cmgkapaf cfsf jag tuouag-tuouaggya janac cmgmgtuiag aral janac pmgbac`fnag sm`ual imputusag yagb tmrfgtmbrasfiag `mrsaca stratmbf `fsgfs jag stratmbf hpmrasfhgan cmgcfptaiag phna janac pmgbac`fnag sm`ual imputusag smkara ihgsfstmg abara japat `mrsafgb `afi smkara gasfhgan caupug smkara bnh`an 0.0 Tmgbmrtfag Tmgbmrtfag stratmbf hpmrasf cmgurut para alnf
- Cmgurut [ifggmr (162<) [tratmbf cmrupaiag efnhshef yagb `mriaftag jmgbag anat ugtui cmgkapaf tuouag. - Cmgurut Layms jag Rlmmn Rrfblt (162<) [tratmbf cmgbagjugb artf smcua imbfatag yagb aja janac nfgbiup pmrusalaag, tmrcasui jf jfanacgya pmgbanhiasfag smcua suc`mr jaya yagb jfcfnfif pmrusalaag. - Cmgurut Lfnn (16<6) [tratmbf cmrupaiag suatu kara yagb cmgmiagiag lan-lan yagb `mriaftag, jmgbag imbfatag cagueaitur jag pmcasarag. [mcuagya `mrtuouag ugtui cmgbmc`agbiag pmrspmitfe ihrphrat cmnanuf abrmbasf. - Cmgurut Agjmrshg mt an. (16<:) [tartmbf hpmrasfhgan cmrupaiag vfsf oagbia pagoagb, tmrjfrf atas cfsf, tuouag, im`foaiag, jag jfstfgktfvm khcpmtmgkm suatu pmrusalaag. - Cmgurut Lmfzmr jag Pagjmr (0411) Cagaomcmg hpmrasf ajanal smragbiafag aitfvftas yagb cmgblasfniag gfnaf janac `mgtui `aragb jag oasa jmgbag cmgbu`al fgput cmgoajf hutput. - Cmgurut [tmvmgshg jag Kluhgb (041:) Cagaomcmg hpmrasf cmrupaiag cagaomcmg jarf `abfag hpmrasf yagb `mrtagbbugb oawa` ugtui cmgblasfniag `aragb atau oasa. - Cmgurut Lmroagth (044<) Cagaomcmg hpmrasf cmrupaiag suatu imbfatag imbfat ag yagb `mrlu`ugbag jmgbag pmc`uatag `aragb, oasa, atau ihc`fgasfgya, cmnanuf prhsms tragsehrcasf jarf suc`mrjaya prhjuisf cmgoajf imnuarag yagb jffgbfgiag. - Cmgurut Pussmn jag Zaynhr (0411) Cagaomcmg hpmrasf smrfgb jfjmefgfsfiag sm`abaf prhsms t ragsehrcasf Fgput (smpmrtf `alag, cmsfg, tmgaba imroa, cagaomcmg, jag chjan jfu`al cmgoajf hutput (`aragb jag oasa).
- Cmgurut Klasm, Aqufnagh, jag Oakh`s (0445) cmgbataiag cagaomcmg hpmrasf jfjmefgfsfiag sm`abaf jmsafg, hpmrasf, jag pmr`afiag sfstmc yagb cmgkfptaiag prhjui jag nayagag utaca pmrusalaag. 0.; Tagjagbag bnh`an tmgtagb stratmbf hpmrasf
@mrfiut cmrupaiag anasag cmgbapa sm`ual hpmrasf `fsgfs jhcmstfi cmcutusiag ugtui `mrimc`agb cmgoajf fgtmrgasfhgan - Cmgburagbf `faya? Jmgbag kara cmnmcpatiag suartu nhiasf jf tmcpat nafg atau asfgb jmgbag upal pmimroa, paoai, cmrmirut pmimroa yagb nagout usfa jag tarfe yagb nm`fl rmgjal japat cmc`agtu cmgurugiag `faya. - Cmcpmr`afif ragtaf pashiag. Jmgbag kara cmcpmr`afif suatu sfstmc pmgouanag jf arma janac caupug nuar, cmgbbugaiag `mr`abaf stratmbf imnm`flag smrta pmrsafgbag larba janac prhjui jag ouba cmcujaliag cmcujaliag para abmg japat cmgbfiutf suatu rftmn tmrsm`ut - Cmgymjfaiag `aragb jag oasa nm`fl `afi. Jmgbag kara cmgymjfaiag apa s aoa prhjui atau oasa yagb smsuaf jmgbag im`utulag jf suatu `ujaya `ujaya smtmcpat pmcasarag smnafg ftu cmgymjfaiag prhjui jag oasa yagb japat cujal jfpaiaf atau ouba enmisf`mn - Cmgarfi pmnagbbag paja pasar `aru. Jmgbag kara cmgmrtapiag stratmbf h pmrasf `afi jarf fgtmraisf jmgbag pmnagbbag `aru, pmcashi,pmnayagag jag pmsafgb `fsgfs nafg. Lan fgf sagbat pmgtfgb `afi `abf stratmbf hpmrasf tfgbiat gasfhgan caupug bnh`an bnh`an - @mnaoar ugtui cmcpmr`afif hpmrasf. Jmgbag kara pmrusalaag larus japat cmgbbugaiag stratmbf smrta cmcpmr`afif cagaomcmg hpmrasfg ya jag pmrusalaag larus japat cmgoanfg ihcugfiasf agtar pmnagbbag jmgbag `afi. Jmgbag cmgoanfg ihcugfiasf jmgbag pmnagbbag pmrusalaag japat cmgbmtaluf fjm-fjm yagb larus jfpmr`afif janac suatu cagaomcmg hpmrasf suatu pmrusalaag. - Cmgjapatiag jag cmcpmrtalagiag `aiat bnh`an. Jmgbag kara `mrba`ugb janac suatu hrbagfsasf bnh`an lan fgf japat cmgjhrhgb suatu `fsgfs janac suatu pmrusaag abar cmgbmtaluf lan-lan tmgtagb prhjui yagb japat cmgoajf rmermgsf suatu pmrusalaag cmgkfptaiag prhjui `aru smrta cmgarfi jag japat cmgarfi / cmcpmrtalagiag iaryawag yagb `afi, jmgbag cmgawariag pmnuagb imroa yagb nm`fl `afi. 0.: Kara cmgbmc`agbiag cfsf jag stratmbf
Tmrnu ifta imtalu `alwa janac suatu pmrusalaag yagb `mrhpmrasf atau `mr jfrf pastf cmcpugyaf suatu cfsf smlfgbba `fas cmgbmtaluf aral tuouag yagb fgbfg jfkapaf, Cfsf japat jfartfiag sm`abaf anasag pmgjfrfag hrbagfsasf atau ata u pmrusalag jag stratmbf yagb fgbfg jfkapaf smrta cmragkagb phna `abafcaga kara cmgbatasf lac`atag jag cmgymnmsafiag lac`atag janac pmgkapafag tuouag [mnafg ftu cfsf yagb `uat jag jfbugaiag pmrusalaag jftmgtuiag smsuaf e aithr nfgbiugbag ihgsucmg, gfnaf jag efnhshef yagb `mrnaiu, pmrtuc`ulag pmrusalaag, kftra jf casyaraiat.
0.= Cakac ‛ cakac cakac imputusag stratmbf hpmrasf ugtui japat jfbugaiag janac nfgbiugbag bnh`an
@mrfiut cmrupaiag smpunul stratmbf hpmrasf yagb japat jfbugaiag pmrusalaag janac nfgbiugbag bnh`an janac `mrsafgb, cmnfputf ? a. Iuanftas / cutu ? Larapag iuanftas ihgsucmg larus jftmcuiag jag im`foaiag smrta prhsmjur larus jftmtapiag ugtui cmgbfjmgtfefiasf cmgbfjmgtfefiasf jag cmgkapaf iuanftas tmrsm`ut. `. Jmsafg `aragb jag oasa? Tmragkagbag `aragb jag oasa aiag cmgmgtuiag prhsms tragsehrcasf. Imputusag `faya, iuanftas jag tmgaba imroa `mrlu`ugbag mrat jmgbag imputusag jmsafg. k. Jmsafg prhsms jag iapasftas? Tfnflag prhsms tmrsmjfa ugtui prhjui `aragb jag oasa. Imputusag prhsms `mriaftag jmgbag tmighnhbf, iuanftas , tmgaba imroa yagb jfbugaiag jag pmrawatag. j. Tmcfnflag nhiasf? Imputusag nhiasf easfnftas ugtui pmrusalaag cagueaitur caupug oasa aiag cmgmgtuiag im`mrlasfnag pmrusalaag. Imsanalag janac imputusag fgf aiag `mraif`at m. Jmsafg tata nmtai (na yhut)? Iapasftas, oucnal pmimroa, imputusag pmc`mnfag jag pmrsmjfaag cmcpmgbarulf tata nmtai. Jmcfifag ouba, prhsms jag `alag cmgtal cmgtal larus jfnmtaiiag janac lu`ugbag satu jmgbag jmgbag yagb nafg. e. Tmragkagbag imroa jag [JC? Cagusfa ajanal `abfag fgtmbran jag tm rcalan jarf imsmnurulag systmc, smlfgbba iuanftas imroa, `aiat jag imtmracpfnag yagb jfpmrnuiag smrta `fayagya larus jftmgtuiag. b. Cagaomcmg ragtaf pmgawarag ? Imputusag fgf tmgtagb catmrfa n apa yagb aiag jf`uat jag apa yagb aiag jf`mnf. Ouba tmgtagb iuanftas, pmgbfrfcag jag fghvasf paja larba yagb cmcuasiag. Imajaag sanfgb cmgblarbaf agtara pmc`mnf jag pmcashi ajanal pmgtfgb ugtui pmc`mnfag yagb yagb memitfe. l. Tmrsmjfaag? Imputusag pmrsmjfaag japat jfhptfcaniag ofia impuasag ihgsucmg, suppnfmr, simjun prhjuisf, jag pmrmgkagaag tmgaba imroagya jfpmrtfc`agbiag. f. Tmgoajwanag? [imjun prhjuisf yagb efsf`mn jag me fsfmg larus jfsusug, jag im`utulag tmgaba imroa smrta easfnftas larus jftmgtuiag jag ouba jfihgtrhn.
o. Tmrawatag? Imputusag-imputusag larus jf`uat paja tfgbiat rmnfa`fnftas jag sta`fnftas yagb jffgbfgiag jag sfstmc larus jftmtapiag ugtui pmcmnflaraag rmnfa`fnftas jag sta`fnftas tmrsm`ut. 0.5 Jacpai phsftfe jag gmbatfe janac stratmbf hpmrasf Jacpai Thsftfe stratmbf hpmrasf?
1. Japat `mrsafgb jmgbag pmrusalaag jfnfgbiugbag bnh`an 0. Japat cmgkapaf prheft yagb jf fgbfgiag ;. Japat cmgblasfniag prhjui `aru atau fghvasf :. Japat cmcaisfcaniag fncu smpmrtf tmighnhbf =. Japat cmgoajfiag pmrusalaag ugbbun `afi jarf pmnayagag ataupug prhjuisf Jacpai Gmbatfe stratmbf hpmrasf?
1. [uc`mr jaya cagusfa iuragb prhjuitfe aiag cmgbaif`atiag lac`atag janac stratmbf hpmrasf 0. @agyaigya pmsafgb-pmsafgb yagb cmgblasfniag prhjui `aru ;. @agyaigya pmsafgb cmgbbugaiag `mr`abaf cakac cmjfa :. @agyaigya pmsafgb yagb cmgbugbbuniag smbf pmnayagag jag cmnf`atiag tmighnhbf 0.2
Fsu janac cagaomcmg hpmrasf
1. Tmgmrapag tuouag talugag. 0. Tmc`uatag im`foaiag. ;. Anhiasf suc`mr jaya. :. Tmru`alag struitur hrbagfsasf yagb aja. =. Pmstruiturfsasf jag rmiayasa unagb. 5. Tmr`afiag prhbrac pmgblarbaag jag fgsmgtfe. 2. Cfgfcanfsasf pmghnaiag tmrlajap pmru`alag. <. Tmgbmganag cagaomr paja stratmbf. 6. Tmgbmc`agbag `ujaya yagb cmgjuiugb stratmbf. 14. Ajaptasf prhsms prhjuisf/hpmrasf. 11. Tmgbmc`agbag eugbsf suc`mr jaya cagusfa yagb memitfe. 10. Tmgburagbag iaryawag.
0.< Fcpnmcmgtasf Fcpnmcmgtasf stratmbf janac suatu pmrusalaag `aragb atau oasa
@mrfiut cmrupaiag fcpnmcmgtasf stratmbf yagb jfnaiuiag suatu pmrusalaag janac `mrsafgb `afi janac prhjui `aragb ataupug oasa
1. [fgmrbf Tmcasarag? Tmcasarag?
[fgmrbf fgf japat tmrkfpta cmnanuf imroasaca agtara jfstrf`usf, wfragfaba, jag atau bujagb pmgyfcpagag. Cfsangya, sm`ual nfgf prhjui yagb nmgbiap jarf prhjui-prhjui yagb tmriaft satu saca nafg japat cmgkfptaiag sfgmrbf yagb cmgfgbiatiag cmgfgbiatiag prhjuitfvftas wfragfaba. [fgmrbf cmnanuf prhbrac prhchsf `mrsaca japat cmnfpatbagjaiag imugtugbag jmgbag `faya yagb rmnatfe nm`fl imkfn. 0. [fgmrbf Hpmrasfhgan?
[fgmrbf fgf japat jfpmrhnml cmnanuf pmgbbugaag tmgaba imroa jag easfnftas `mrsaca atau cmnanuf pmc`mnfag im`utulag hpmrasfhgan `mrsaca janac oucnal `msar. Janac lan fgf `mrartf aja pmc`abfag `faya hvmrlmaj `mrsaca . ;. [fgmrbf Fgvmstasf?
[fgmrbf fgvmstasf japat tmrkfpta cmnanuf pmgbbugaag easfnftas prhjuisf janac pa`rfi smkara `mrsaca, pmc`mnfag pmrsmjfaag `alag `aiu smkara `mrsaca, pmgbbugaag pmranatag jag cmsfg-cmsfg pmgbhnal smkara `mrsaca, jag sm`abafgya.. 0.6 Fcpnmcmgtasf Fcpnmcmgtasf Lac`atag janac fcpnmcmgtasf stratmbf pmrusalaag `aragb atau oasa
@mrfiut ajanal imsmpunul prh`nmc tmrsm`ut yagb jfsusug `mrjasariag tfgbiat ermiumgsf imoajfag. - Fcpnmcmgtasf `mroanag nm`fl nac`at jf`agjfgb jmgbag pmrmgkagaag awangya - Cugkungya `mr`abaf casanal yagb tfjai tmrjuba - Ihhrjfgasf Ihhrjfgasf janac fcpnmcmgtasf fcpnmcmgtasf tmrsm`ut tfjai memitfe - Tmrusalaag cmc`mrf pmrlatfag yagb `mrnm`flag tmrlajap aitfvftas pmrsafgbag jag pmgagbagag irfsfs smlfgbba iuragb cmcpmrlatfiag fcpnmcmgtasf yagb larus jfoanagiag - Imcacpuag [JC yagb tmrnf`at janac fcpnmcmgtasf stratm bf iuragb - Tmgjfjfiag jag pmnatflag [JC jf tfgbiat `awal iuragb cmcajaf - Zfjai tmrimgjanfgya eaithr-eaithr nfgbiugbag mistmrgan - Iuanftas impmcfcpfgag jag pmgbaralag jarf para cagaomr jmpartmcmg iuragb cmcajaf - Zfjai omnasgya fcpnmcmgtasf paja tubas jag aitfvftas iugkf - Tmcagtauag aitfvftas hnml sfstmc fgehrcasf f gehrcasf yagb jfcfnfif pmrusalaag iuragb cmcajaf 0.14 Iasus Larj Phki Iaem
Larj Phki Kaem ajanal oarfgbag rmsthrag `mrtmca yagb jfjfrfiag paja talug 1621 hnml warba Acmrfia [mrfiat Fsaak Zfbrmtt jag Tmtmr Chrthg jf Nhgjhg. Taja 1626, iaem tmrsm`ut jf lfasf hnml `mr`abaf ihnmisf jf jfgjfgb-jfgjfgbgya jmgbag cmchra`fnfa rhki agj rhnn, lfasag jfgjfgb Larj Phki Kaem jfjapatiag jarf suc`agbag atau
ouba cmc`mnf jarf lasfn nmnagb jf smnurul jugfa, tmrcasui bftar bftar yagb `mrtagjatagbag, ihstuc jarf tur cusfsf jugfa jag ehth-ehth nagbial. [aat fgf sujal tmriuc`un nm`fl jarf 24.444 ftmc9 trajfsf yagb imcujfag cmnuas im iaem-iaem Larj Phki nafggya jf smn urul jugfa. Taja 166=, Larj Phki cmcpmrnuas oarfgbaggya jmgbag cmgbmc`agbiag oarfgbag lhtmn, jfcunaf jmgbag jfjfrfiaggya Larj Phki Lhtmn pmrtaca jf Nas Umbas [trfp, Nas Umbas, Gmvaja, jag paja talug-talug smnagoutgya smnagoutgya ouba cmrac`al im oarfgbag iasfgh jag tacag lf`urag. Taja talug 0442, Larj Phki jf`mnf hnml [mcfghnm Zrf`m he Enhrfja, jag iagthr pusatgya jfpfgjaliag jarf Nhgjhg im Hrnagjh, Enhrfja. [aat fgf, tmrjapat 12= Larj Phki yagb tmrsm`ar jf =; gmbara, yagb tmr`msar `mraja jf Hrnagjh. [mnafg ftu Larj Phki Kaem jfjfrfiag jf fgjhgmsfa tmpatgya jf @anf, Iuta , tmpatgya jf jmpag pagtaf iuta smnafg ftu Larj Phki Kaem ouba jfjfrfiag jf Oaiarta, M\ Tnaza, On. Zlacrfg Oaiarta. - [tratmbf Vagb jfbugaiag Larj Phki Kaem
[tratmbf fgf cmgbbugaiag pmgbanacag ugfi janac cmgoanagiag hpmrasfgya. Fghvasf fgf abai saca janac hpmras `msar `msarag `msar ag janac pa`rfi. Taja larj rhki kaeæ ihgsmp pmgbanacaggya `uiag lagya jmgbag cmgymjfaiag cmgymjfaiag caiagag smsuaf jmgbag pmsagag smpmrtf janac cmgu, cmnafiag ouba sm`ual akara `mrsagtap jmgbag cmcasuiiag suasaga vfsuan jag pmgbanacag suara yagb tfjai japat jftfru jf tmcpat cagapug cagapug jf smnurul jugfa. Larj Phki Kaem cmgmrapiag ihgsmp Mihghcf Tmgbanacag jfcaga c mgbba`ugbiag ihgsmp aihchjasf yagb gyacag jmgbag easfnftas fgtmrgasfhgan jag ihgsmp mgtmrtafgcmgt, smrta cmc`uat easfnftas jag nayagag yagb nmgbiap smpmrtf, ihnac rmgagb, Larj rmgagb, Larj Phki Cmba [thrm, rmstauragt jag `ar, rhhc smrvfkm 0: oac, nayagag naugjry jag naugjry jag jry knmagfgb , `usfgmss kmgtmr , ihgmisf fgtmrgmt jag casfl `agyai nabf. Iarmga oucnal pmnagbbaggya tai lmgtf `mrtac`al, Larj Phki pug tai lmgtf cmcpmr`afif sfstmc pmnayagag pmnagbbaggya (KPC), [mnafg ftu, Larj Phki ouba kuiup pfawaf cmcageaatiag jugfa hgnfgm jag hgnfgm jag omoarfgb shsfan shsf an Eakm`hhi, Zwfttmr, ataupug VhuZu`m ugtui im`utulag prhchsfgya.
Cagaomcmg Hpmrasf yagb - [tratmbf janac pmgbac`fnag imputusag Cagaomcmg
jfbugaiag Larj Phki Kaem Cagaomcmg Hpmrasf
Tmru`alag Pmsphg
1. Cmgymsuafiag cmgu jmgbag smnmra nhian jmgbag cmcpmrlatfiag ghrca shsfan jag jfemrmgsfasf cmgu jf tfap nhiasf 0. [uasaga kaeæ jmgbag easfnftas jag imbfatag (jafny mvmgt) yagb cmc`uat pmgbugougb jag pmnagbbag cmrasa gyacag jag `mtal, cmc`uat cmc`uat pmnagbbag cmcpugyaf imkmgjrugbag imkmgjrugbag cmgoajf Tmragkagbag prhjui jag oasa
nhyan khgsucmgt. ;. [tratmbf „cusfi Phki– yagb jf saofiag kaeæ fgf cmgoajfiaggya jf imgan `uiag iarmga cusfi rhki `mrimc`agb jf fgbbfrs tapf Larj Phki Kaeæ `mrimc`agb `mrsaca jmgbag cusfi Phki yagb cmgoajfiag kaeæ fgf sm`abaf Fkhg jag tmcpat para pmgbbmcar cusfi rhki `mriucpun. 1. Cmgoaba jag cmgfgbiatiag cutu smrta iuanftas cmgu yagb jf saofiag 0. Cmkfptaiag suasaga gyacag jag mvmgt yagb
Tmgbmnhnaag iuanftas
cmgarfi, ugfi smlfgbba pmnagbbag tfjai `hsag jag cmrasapmgasarag jag tmrtarfi ugtui tmrus `mriugougb. 1. Mispagsf im`mr`abaf jamral tuouag wfsata sm`abaf prfhrftas utaca jag cmgoajfiag jamral „`uiag tuouag wfsata– sm`abaf `mst stratmbfk janac cmgblajapf enuituasf mihghcf jf smithr
[tratmbf Nhiasf
parfwfsata. 0. Janac cmrmsphg pasar yagb 24% ihgsucmggya ajanal wfsatawag caia cmgmcpatiag kaeæ jfnhiasf wfsata cmcagb tmpat, fgf jfsm`ut sm`abaf „cmgomcput `hna–
yaftu cmgymjfaiag apa yagb jf`utuliag pasar Tmgoajwanag oagbia pagoagb
-
jag oagbia cmgmgbal Cagmomcmg ragtaf pashiag (suppnay-klafr)
Cmc`mrfiag lai warana`a paja smtmgbal kaemgya yagb tmrsm`ar jf smnurul jugfa.
-
Cmcpmrtfc`agbiag ragtaf pashiag ugtui rmshrag jag thih mkmrag pmgjacpfgbgya. pmgjacpfgbgya.
- [tratmbf Larj Phki Kaem janac cmcuasiag pmnagbbag
Cmc`agbug sfstmc jata`asm pmnagbbag. jata`asm pmnagbbag. Cmgbfcpnmcmgtasfiag shetwarm Cmgbfcpnmcmgtasfiag shetwarm M.pfplagy M.pfplagy ugtui im`utulag pmnayagag pmnagbbag pmn agbbag (jag iacpagym pmcasarag) yagb cmgbbagtfiag apnfiasf khgtakt kmgtmr trajfsfhgan. trajfsfhgan. Cmc`uat prhbrac nhyanftas pmnagbbag. pmnagbbag . Cmgymjfaiag jmpartmcmg/tfc ilusus `mrgaca Kusthcmr Karm Zmac. Zmac. Cmgbmc`agbiag sfstmc KPC `mrpnatehrc eracmwhri `mrpnatehrc eracmwhri .Gmt .Gmt jarf Cfkrhshet yagb tmrlu`ugb jmgbag sfstmc Heefkm Hutnhhi jag sfstmcjata`asm sfstmc jata`asm ugtui ugtui cmgbbagtfiag sfstmc KPC naca. Cmc`agbug sftus hgnfgm tmrcasui hgnfgm tmrcasui ugtui im`utulag m-khccmrkm smrta m-khccmrkm smrta cmcageaatiag cmjfa shsfan Eakm`hhi, Zwfttmr jag VhuZu`m. Cmgbfcpnmcmgtasfiag sfstmc ch`fnm-KPC jarf jarf Ifki`aki Ch`fnm ugtui im`utulag pmcmsagag, `afi caiagag-cfgucag caupug caupug rmsmrvasf tmcpat.
- [tratmbf yagb jfbugaiag ugtui cmgblajapf agkacag agkacag nfgbiugbag paja Larj Phki Kaem
1. Tmrcasanalag tmrlajap ghrca shsfan jag jfemrmgsfasf kunturm, jfpmkaliag jmgbag cmgbbugaiag pmgymsuafag smsuaf smnmra pasar jmgbag kara cmgbu`al cmgu yagb jfsaofiag smsuaf jmgbag tmcpat jag nhiasf yagb jf tuouiag. 0. Agkacag suatu usala yagb caou jag `mrimc`agb ajanal `agyaigya usala yagb aiag cmgfru jag cmgbbugaiag tmigfi, stratmbf, tata nmtai, chjmn, js`., smlfgbba japat cmgbagkac hrfsfganftas usala. Oajf jmgbag cmc`mrfiag lai warana`a paja smtmgbal jarf oucnal ugft kaem yagb cmrmia cfnfif cacpu cmgburagbf agkacag tmrsm`ut. ;. Larj Phki Kaem paja awangya cmcusatiag `fsgfs paja ihta tuouag wfsata smlfgbba jmgbag `mrimc`agbgya parfwfsata jugfa cmgym`a`iag usala fgf tmrimga fc`as enuituasf mihghcf jf `fjagb parfwfsata, shnusfgya ajanal jmgbag cmgbmc`agbia ugft kaem paja nhiasf ghgwfsata jmgbag prmsmgtasm pmnagbbag yagb saca jmgbag nhiasf wfsata abar cmgoajf sm khgj supphrt paja fgkhcm kaem.
@A@ FFF
TMG]Z]T
;.1 IM[FCT]NAG
[tratmbf hpmrasf sagbatnal pmgtfgb ilususgya jftmrapiag `mr`abaf `fsgfs `fjagb `afi prhjui ataupug oasa, sm`a` smcaifg talug pastfgya `agyaigya prhjui ataupug oasa yagb cmc`mrfiag fghvasf `aru jag ouba `mrstratmbf `afi stratmbf ugtui cagaomcmg, prhjuisf, pmcasarag, jag pmnagbbag. Impuasag pmnagbbag sagbatnal pmgtfgb `abf suatu `fsgfs `aragb ataupug oasa, sm`a` pmnagbbag ajanal pmgmgtu sm`ual `fsgfs apaial japat jf tmrfca atau tfjai, sm`a` stratmbf hpmrasf sagbatnal pmgtfgb ugtui cmgoajfiag lu`ugbag pmnagbbag jag `fsgfs cmgoajf iuat jag ouba aiag cmc`mrfiag jacpai `afi ugtui ugtui cmgbmc`agbiag fghvasf fghvasf `aru yagb jf fgbfgiag pmnagbbag saat fgf smsuaf jmgbag `mroanaggya waitu. ;.0 [APAG
@fsgfs `aragb ataupug oasa sm`afigya `mrehius ugtui nm`fl cmcpmriuat lu`ugbag pmnagbbag jmgbag cmc`mrfiag pmnayagag pmnayagag yagb `afi jag ouba cmc`mrfiag fghvasf fghvasf `uiag lagya cmcpmriuat prhchsfgya saoa.
@A@ FU
JAEZAP F[F
@h` [usagth. „14 pmgbmrtfag [tratmbf Cmgurut Tara Alnf–. 041=. Mia Gfklh. „[tratmbf Hpmrasfhgan–. 041=. Fjohmn. „Tmgbmrtfag [tratmbf Cmgurut Tara Alnf–. 041=. lttps?//www.akajmcfa.mju/12<21256/[ZPAZMBFXHTMPA[FHGANXJAGXNFGBI]GB lttps?//www.akajmcfa.mju/12<21256/[ZPAZMBFXHTMPA[FH GANXJAGXNFGBI]GBAG AG XBNH@AN lttps?//www.akajmcfa.mju/51616:;/CagaomcmgXhpmrasfXstujfXiasusXlarjXrhkiXkaem lttp?//www.agtaragmws.khc/`mrfta/;<:;41/larj-rhki-kaem-oaiarta-pfgjal-nhiasf lttp?//jmjmithruz.`nhbspht.kh.fj/041=/4=/fcpnmcmgtasf-stratmbf.ltcn lttps?//www.fjohmn.khc/pmgbmrtfag-stratmbf-cmgurut-para-alnf/ lttps?//fj.wfifpmjfa.hrb/wfif/LarjXPhkiXKaem lttp?//www.cagaomcmgmgmrbf.hrb/041;/4:/cmgmrapiag-stratmbf-fsu-fsu-cagaomcmg.ltcn lttp?//gfklhghtms.`nhbspht.sb/041=/4;/stratmbf-hpmrasfhgan.ltcn lttp?//www.smputarpmgbmtaluag.khc/041=/40/14-pmgbmrtfag-stratmbf-cmgurut-para-alnfnmgbiap.ltcn lttp?//smrfagfomssfka.`nhbspht.kh.fj/0411/4:/larj-rhki-kaem-cusfi-ugtui-arsftmitur.ltcn lttps?//swa.kh.fj/swa/trmgjs/tmklghnhby/oanag-pagoagb-larj-rhki-cmgymgagbiag-pmnagbbag
