C`f`h`a Filsjp M`s`r Fjtuk`l Ujg`a Mblb (FUM)
Fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb (FUM) `m`h`a pjg`aly` fjtuk`l sjkjhuc tjrm`p`t t`lm` t`lm` pjrs`hbl`l m`p`t tjro`mb p`m` fja`cbh`l prjtjrjc `t`u `tjrc.
Wjhjldf`ply`? attp?//w`ruldkbm`l.khidspit.gic/;504/52/c`f`h`a-filsjp-m`s`r-fjtuk`l-pjg`a-mblb.atch
K@K BB UJCK@A@W@L
@. Ujldjrtb`l Fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb `m`h`a pjg`aly` sjh`put sjkjhuc tjrm`p`t t`lm`t`lm` pjrs`hbl`l cuh`b m`l mbtulddu s`tu o`c kjhuc tjro`mb blp`rtu tjro`mb p`m` pjckuf``l8 = gc y`ld m`p`t tjro`mb p`m` usb` fja`cbh`l gufup w`ftu `t`u fur`ld w`ftu.(Tblfois`stri, ;500) Fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb `m`h`a fj`m`l pjg`aly` sjh`put fjtuk`l sjkjhuc pjrs`hbl`l. A`h blb m`p`t tjro`mb p`m` `fabr fja`cbh`l c`upul o`ua sjkjhuc w`ftuly` cjh`abrf`l.(W`rwili, ;505) FUM mbmjnblbsbf`l sjsu`b mjld`l ouch`a o`c m`rb w`ftu pjg`a fjtuk`l s`cp`b `wbt`l pjrs`hbl`l y`btu bltjrv`h pjrbimj h`tjl y`ld m`p`t tjro`mb f`p`l s`o` m`rb 0-0; o`c `t`u hjkba.(^`rljy, ;551)
0
K. Fh`sbnbf`sb `. FUM Urjtjrc Fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb prjtjrc `m`h`a pjg`a fjtuk`l y`ld tjrkuftb mjld`l v`dbl`h piihbld, tjs lbtr`zbl m`l, tjs njrl `t`u BDNKU-0 (+) p`m` usb` fja`cbh`l 874 cblddu sjkjhuc ilsjt pjrs`hbl`l.(^`rljy, ;551) FUM prjtjrc `m`h`a s``t ucur fja`cbh`l bku `lt`r` 7= cblddu s`cp`b fur`ld 74 cblddu. Mjnblbsb prjtjrc kjrv`rb`sb p`m` kjrk`d`b fjpust`f``l, l`cul y`ld p`hbld mbtjrbc` m`l tjrsjrbld mbdul`f`l `m`h`a pjrs`hbl`l fur`ld m`rb 74 cblddu.([iy`h Aispbt`h nir Ticjl, ;505) Fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb `m`h`a fj`m`l pjg`aly` sjh`put fjtuk`l sjkjhuc pjrs`hbl`l. A`h blb m`p`t tjro`mb p`m` `fabr fja`cbh`l c`upul o`ua sjkjhuc s jkjhuc w`ftuly` cjh`abrf`l.(W`rwili, ;505) M`rb pjldjrtb`l mb`t`s m`p`t mbsbcpuhf`l FUM prjtjrc `m`h`a pjg`aly` fjtuk`l y`ld tjrkuftb mjld`l v`dbl`h piihbld p`m` usb` fja`cbh`l fur`ld m`rb 74 cblddu. k. FUM p`m` Fja`cbh`l @tjrc Fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb `t`u prjc`turj rupturj in cjckr`ljs (U[IC) `m`h`a pjg`aly` fjtuk`l sjkjhuc w`ftuly` y`ld tjrkuftb mjld`l v`dbl`h piihbld, tjs lbtr`zbl m`l tjs njrl (+), BDNKU-0 (+) p`m` usb` fja`cbh`l ≪ 74 cblddu.(Gullblda`c, cblddu.(Gullblda`c, ;505)
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Fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb `m`h`a pjg`aly` sjh`put sjkjhuc tjrm`p`t t`lm`-t`lm` pjrs`hbl`l cuh`b m`l mbtulddu s`tu o`c kjhuc tjro`mb blp`rtu tjro`mb p`m` pjckuf``l8 = gc y`ld m`p`t tjro`mb p`m` usb` fja`cbh`l gufup w`ftu `t`u fur`ld w`ftu.(Tblfois`stri, ;500) Fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb `m`h`a fj`m`l pjg`aly` sjh`put fjtuk`l sjkjhuc pjrs`hbl`l. A`h blb m`p`t tjro`mb p`m` `fabr fja`cbh`l c`upul o`ua sjkjhuc s jkjhuc w`ftuly` cjh`abrf`l.(W`rwili, ;505) M`rb kjkjr`p` mjvblbsb mb`t`s m`p`t mbsbcpuhf`l fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb `t`u prjc`turj rupturj in cjckr`ljs (U[IC) `m`h`a fj`m`l pjg`aly` sjh`put fjtuk`l sjkjhuc pjrs`hbl`l p`m` usb` fja`cbh`l ≪74 cblddu.
G. Jtbihidb Ujlyjk`k fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb c`sba kjhuc m`p`t m`p`t mbfjt`aub m`l tbm`f tbm`f m`p`t mbtjltuf`l sjg`r` p`stb. Kjkjr`p` h`pir`l cjlyjkutf`l `m` n`ftir-n`ftir y`ld kjraukuld`l jr`t mjld`l fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb, l`cul n`ftir-n`ftir c`l` y`ld hjkba kjrpjr`l suhbt mbfjt`aub. @m`pul y`ld cjlo`mb n`ftir `m`h`a? `. N`ftir C`tjrl`h 0) Firbi`clbilbtbs `m`h`a fj`m``l p`m` pjrjcpu`l a`cbh mb c`l` firbil, `clbil m`l g`br`l fjtuk`l tjrfjl` blnjfsb k`ftjrb.
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;) Blnjfsb y`ld mbsjk`kf`l ihja k`ftjrb y`ld sjg`r` spjsbnbf pjrcuh``l kjr`s`h m`rb v`dbl`, `lus, `t`u rjgtuc m`l cjlo`h`r fj utjrus. 7) Blficpjtjlsb sjrvbfs (hjajr r`abc) `m`h`a bstbh`a ultuf cjlyjkut fjh`bl`l p`m` itit-itit hjajr `t`u hjajr r`abc (sjrvbfs) y`ld tjrh`hu hul`f m`l hjc`a, sjabldd` sjmbfbt cjckuf` mbtjld`atjld`a fja`cbh`l f`rjl` tbm`f c`cpu cjl`a`l mjs`f`l o`lbl y`ld sjc`fbl kjs`r =) [bw`y`t FUM sjkjhucly`.(Tblfois`stri, ;500) k. N`ftir Ljil`t`h 0) C`frisicb` `m`h`a kjr`t k`m`l ljil`tus <=555 dr`c fja`cbh`l mjld`l c`frisicb` cjlbckuhf`l mbstjlsb utjrus y`ld cjlbldf`t `t`u ivjr mbstjlsb m`l cjlyjk`kf`l tjf`l`l p`m` bltr` utjrbl kjrt`ck`a sjabldd` cjljf`l sjh`put fjtuk`l, cjlyjk`kf`l sjh`put fjtuk`l cjlo`mb tjrjd`ld,tbpbs, m`l fjfu`t`l cjckr`l cjlo`mb kjrfur`ld, cjlbckuhf`l sjh`put fjtuk`l cum`a pjg`a. ;) ]jf`l`l bltr` utjrbl y`ld cjlblddb `t`u cjlbldf`t sjg`r` kjrhjkba`l m`p`t cjlyjk`kf`l tjro`mbly` fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb, cbs`hly` ?Djcjhhb (Fja`cbh`l fjck`r `m`h`a su`tu fja`cbh`l mu` o`lbl `t`u hjkba). U`m` fja`cbh`l djcjhhb tjro`mb mbstjlsb utjrus y`ld kjrhjkba`l, sjabldd` cjlbckuhf`l `m`ly` fjtjd`ld`l r`abc sjg`r` kjrhjkba`l. A`h blb tjro`mb f`rjl` ouch`aly` kjrhjkba, bsb r`abc y`ld hjkba kjs`r m`l f`ltuld (sjh`put fjtuk`l) rjh`tbn fjgbh
=
sjm`ldf`l mbk`db`l k`w`a tbm`f `m` y`ld cjl`a`l sjabldd` cjld`fbk`tf`l sjh`put fjtuk`l tbpbs m`l cum`a pjg`a. 7) Abmr`clbil `t`u pihbabmr`clbil `m`h`a ouch`a g`br`l `clbil <;555cH. Ztjrus m`p`t cjld`lmuld g`br`l m`h`c ouch`a y`ld s`ld`t k`ly`f. Abmr`clbil frilbs `m`h`a pjlbldf`t`l ouch`a g`br`l `clbil tjro`mb sjg`r` kjr`ldsur-`ldsur. Abmr`clbil `fut, vihucj tjrsjkut cjlbldf`t tbk`-tbk` m`l utjrus `f`l cjld`h`cb mbstjlsb ly`t` m`h`c w`ftu kjkjr`p` a`rb s`o`.(Tblfois`stri, ;500)
M. U`tinbsbihidb K`ly`f tjirb, cuh`b m`rb mjnjgt fricisic, fjh`bl`l fih`djl, s`cp`b blnjfsb. U`m` sjk`db`l kjs`r f`sus tjrly`t` kjraukuld`l mjld`l blnjfsb (s`cp`b >:%). Abda vbruhjlsb kjrup` K`gtjribmjs Hiw vbruhjlsb, H`gtik`gbhhus Fih`djl tjrm`p`t p`m` h`pbs`l ficp`ft` `clbil, nbkrikh`st, o`rbld` rjtbfuhjr firbil m`l trinikh`s. Wbltjsbs c`upul mjdr`m`sb o`rbld`l fih`djl mbfiltrih ihja systjc `ftbnbt`s m`l blabkbsb bltjrhjufbl 0 (bH-0) m`l prist`dh`lmbl. Obf` `m` blnjfsb m`l blnh`c`sb, tjro`mb pjlbldf`t`l `ftbnbt`s bH-0 m`l prist`dh`lmbl, cjlda`sbhf`l fih`djl`sj o`rbld`l, sjabldd` tjro`mb mjpihbcjr`sb fih`djl p`m` sjh`put firbil/ `clbil, cjlyjk`kf`l fjtuk`l tbpbs, hjc`a m`l cum`a pjg`a spilt`l.
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J. N`ftir [bsbfi bku kjrs`hbl mjld`l Fjtuk`l Ujg`a Mblb `. Ujfjro``l Ujfjro``l `m`h`a su`tu fjdb`t`l `t`u `ftbvbt`s rjspilmjl sja`rba`rb, l`cul p`m` c`s` fja`cbh`l pjfjro``l y`ld kjr`t m`l m`p`t cjck`a`y`f`l fja`cbh`lly` ajlm`fh`a mbablm`rb ultuf cjlo`d` fjsjh`c`t`l bku c`upul o`lbl. Fjo`mb`l fjtuk`l pjg`a sjkjhuc w`ftuly` m`p`t mbsjk`kf`l ihja fjhjh`a`l m`h`c kjfjro`. A`h blb m`p`t mbo`mbf`l pjh`o`r`l k`db bku-bku a`cbh `d`r sjh`c` c`s` fja`cbh`l
ablm`rb/fur`ldb
cjh`fuf`l
pjfjro``l
y`ld
kjr`t.
(W`bnummbl, ;505)) Uih` pjfjro``l bku a`cbh kjrpjld`rua tjra`m`p fjkutua`l jljrdb. Fjro` nbsbf p`m` s``t a`cbh y`ld tjrh`hu kjr`t m`l mjld`l h`c` fjro` cjhjkbab tbd` o`c pjra`rb m`p`t kjr`fbk`t fjhjh`a`l. Fjhjh`a`l m`h`c kjfjro` cjlyjk`kf`l hjc`aly` firbil `clbil sjabldd` tbckuh fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb. A`sbh pjljhbtb`l cjly`t`f`l k`aw` bku y`ld kjfjro` m`l h`c` fjro` ≪=5 o`c/ cblddu m`p`t cjlbldf`tf`l rbsbfi sjkjs`r 0,4 f`hb cjld`h`cb FUM mbk`lmbldf`l mjld`l bku y`ld tbm`f kjfjro`. A`h blb mbsjk`kf`l f`rjl` pjfjro``l nbsbf bku oud` kjraukuld`l mjld`l fj`m``l sisb`h jfilicb. U`m` bku y`ld kjr`s`h m`rb str`t` sisb`h jfilicb rjlm`a k`ly`f tjrhbk`t mjld`l pjfjro``l nbsbf y`ld hjkba kjr`t. (Blmr`c`rw`l, ;50;)
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k. U`rbt`s Cuhtbdr`vbm` `t`u p`rbt`s tblddb cjrup`f`l s`h`a s`tu m`rb pjlyjk`k tjro`mbly` f`sus fjtuk`l pjg`a sjkjhuc w`ftuly`. U`rbt`s ;-7 cjrup`f`l p`rbt`s p`hbld `c`l mbtblo`u m`rb sumut fjc`tb`l. U`rbt`s 0 m`l p`rbt`s tblddb (hjkba m`rb 7) cjcpuly`b `ldf` fjc`tb`l c`tjrl`h hjkba tblddb, rbsbfi p`m` p`rbt`s 0 m`p`t mbt`ld`lb mjld`l `sua`l ikstjtrbg hjkba k`bf, sjm`ldf`l rbsbfi p`m` p`rbt`s tblddb m`p`t mbfur`ldb `t`u mbgjd`a mjld`l fjhu`rd` kjrjlg`l`. Filsbstjlsb sjrvbfs p`m` pjrs`hbl`l s`ld`t cjcpjld`ruab tjro`mbly` fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb p`m` cuhtbp`r` mjld`l filsbstjlsb sjrvbfs y`ld tbpbs, fjculdfbl`l tjro`mbly` fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb hjkba kjs`r mjld`l `m`ly` tjf`l`l bltr`utjrbl p`m` s``t pjrs`hbl`l. filsbstjlsb sjrvbfs y`ld tbpbs mjld`l prisjs pjckuf``l sjrvbfs p`m` cuhtbp`r` (cjlm`t`r s`ckbh cjckuf` a`cpbr sjf`hbdus) m`p`t cjcpjrgjp`t pjckuf``l sjrvbfs sjabldd` m`p`t kjrjsbfi fjtuk`l pjg`a sjkjhuc pjckuf``l hjldf`p.(N`tbf`a, ;505) U`rbt`s ;-7 cjrup`f`l p`rbt`s y`ld mb`ldd`p `c`l mbtblo`u m`rb sumut blsbmjlsb fjo`mb`l fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb. U`rbt`s s`tu m`l p`rbt`s tblddb (hjkba m`rb tbd`) cjcpuly`b rjsbfi tjro`mbly` fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb hjkba tblddb. U`m` p`rbt`s y`ld rjlm`a (s`tu), `h`t-`h`t m`s`r p`ldduh c`sba f`fu (fur`ld jh`stbf) m`rbp`m` cuhtbp`rbt`s. Ztjrus y`ld tjh`a cjh`abrf`l k`ly`f `l`f (dr`lmjcuhtb) gjlmjruld kjfjro` tbm`f jnbsbjl m`h`c pjrs`hbl`l.(Gullblda`c, ;505)
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U`rbt`s fjmu` m`l fjtbd` cjrup`f`l fj`m``l y`ld rjh`tbn hjkba `c`l ultuf a`cbh m`l cjh`abrf`l p`m` c`s` rjprimuftbn, f`rjl` p`m` fj`m``l tjrsjkut mblmbld utjrus kjhuc k`ly`f cjld`h`cb pjruk`a`l, m`l sjrvbfs kjhuc tjrh`hu sjrbld cjld`h`cb pjckuf``l sjabldd` m`p`t cjly`ldd`a sjh`put fjtuk`l mjld`l k`bf. Bku y`ld tjh`a cjh`abrf`l kjkjr`p` f`hb hjkba kjrbsbfi cjld`h`cb FUM, ihja f`rjl`
v`sfuh`rbs`sb
p`m`
utjrus
cjld`h`cb
d`lddu`l
y`ld
cjld`fbk`tf`l o`rbld`l bf`t sjh`put fjtuk`l cum`a r`pua m`l `fabrly` pjg`a spilt`l.(W`bnummbl, ;505)) g. Zcur Zcur blmbvbmu tjrabtuld cuh`b s``t mbh`abrf`l s`cp`b s``t kjruh`ld t`aul. Wjc`fbl gufup ucur, tbldf`t fjc`t`ld`l m`l fjfu`t`l sjsjir`ld `f`l hjkba c`t`ld m`h`c kjrnbfbr m`l kjfjro`. Mjld`l kjrt`ck`aly` ucur sjsjir`ld c`f` fjc`t`ld`l m`h`c kjrnbfbr sjc`fbl k`bf sjabldd` `f`l tjrcitbv`sb m`h`c pjcjrbfs``l fja`cbh`c ultuf cjgjd`a ficphbf`sb p`m` c`s` pjrs`hbl`l. Zcur mbk`db cjlo`mb 7 frbtjrb` y`btu 8 ;5 t`aul, ;5-7: t`aul m`l < 7: t`aul. Zsb` rjprimufsb y`ld `c`l ultuf fja`cbh`l m`l pjrs`hbl`l y`btu usb` ;5-7: t`aul. U`m` usb` blb `h`t f`lmuld`l tjh`a c`t`ld m`l sb`p ultuf mbku`ab, fja`cbh`l y`ld tjro`mb p`m` usb` 8 ;5 t`aul `t`u tjrh`hu cum` sjrbld cjlyjk`kf`l ficphbf`sb/ pjlyuhbt k`db bku m`l o`lbl, a`h blb mbsjk`kf`l kjhuc c`t`ldly` `h`t rjprimufsb ultuf a`cbh, mbc`l` r`abc kjhuc kbs` cjl`a`l fja`cbh`l mjld`l k`bf,
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sjh`put fjtuk`l kjhuc c`t`ld m`l cum`a cjld`h`cb rikjf`l sjabldd` m`p`t cjlyjk`kf`l tjro`mbly` fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb. Wjm`ldf`l p`m` usb` y`ld tjrh`hu tu` `t`u < 7: t`aul cjcbhbfb rjsbfi fjsja`t`l k`db bku m`l k`ybly`.(W`ltisi, ;507) Fj`m``l blb tjro`mb f`rjl` itit-itit m`s`r p`ldduh tbm`f jh`stbs h`db sjabldd` cum`a tjro`mb pjlyuhbt fja`cbh`l m`l pjrs`hbl`l. W`h`a s`tuly` `m`h`a pjrut bku y`ld cjldd`ltuld m`l sjrvbfs cum`a kjrmbh`t`sb sjabldd` m`p`t cjlyjk`kf`l pjckuf``l sjrvbfs tjrh`hu mblb y`ld cjlyjk`kf`l tjro`mbly` fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb. A`sbh pjljhbtb`l cjckuftbf`l k`aw` ucur bku 8;5 t`aul ird`l rjprimufsb kjhuc kjrnuldsb sjg`r` iptbc`h y`ld `f`l cjcpjld`ruab pjckjltuf`l sjh`put fjtuk`l cjlo`mb `klirc`h. Bku y`ld a`cbh p`m` ucur <7: t`aul oud` cjrup`f`l n`ftir prjmbspisbsb tjro`mbly` fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb f`rjl` p`m` usb` blb sum`a tjro`mb pjlurul`l fjc`cpu`l ird`l-ird`l rjprimufsb ultuf cjlo`h`lf`l nuldsbly`, fj`m``l blb oud` cjcpjld`ruab prisjs jckryidjljsbs sjabldd` pjckjltuf`l sjh`put hjkba tbpbs y`ld cjcum`af`l ultuf pjg`a sjkjhuc w`ftuly`. (Fuscb`w`tb, ;551) m. [bw`y`t Fjtuk`l Ujg`a Mblb [bw`y`t FUM sjkjhucly` kjrbsbfi ;-= f`hb cjld`h`cb FUM fjck`hb. U`tidjljsbs tjro`mbly` FUM sjg`r` sbldf`t b`h`a `fbk`t `m`ly` pjlurul`l f`lmuld`l fih`djl m`h`c cjckr`l sjabldd` cjcbgu tjro`mbly` FUM `tjrc m`l FUM F UM prjtjrc tjrut`c` p`m` p`sbjl
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rbsbfi tblddb. T`lbt` y`ld cjld`h`cb FUM p`m` fja`cbh`l `t`u cjlojh`ld pjrs`hbl`l c`f` p`m` fja`cbh`l kjrbfutly` `f`l hjkba kjrbsbfi cjld`h`cbly` fjck`hb `lt`r` 7-= f`hb m`rb p`m` w`lbt` y`ld tbm`f cjld`h`cb FUM sjkjhucly`, f`rjl` ficpisbsb cjckr`l y`ld cjlo`mb cum`a r`pua m`l f`lmuld`l fih`djl y`ld sjc`fbl cjlurul p`m` fja`cbh`l kjrbfutly`.(Gullblda`c, ;505) [bw`y`t fjo`mb`l FUM sjkjhucly` cjlulouff`l k`aw` w`lbt` y`ld tjh`a cjh`abrf`l kjkjr`p` f`hb m`l cjld`h`cb FUM p`m` fja`cbh`l sjkjhucly` mby`fblb hjkba kjrbsbfi `f`l cjld`h`cb FUM p`m` fja`cbh`l kjrbfutly`. Fj`m``l y`ld m`p`t cjldd`lddu fjsja`t`l bku m`l o`lbl m`h`c f`lmuld`l oud` oud` m`p`t cjlbldf`tf`l
rjsbfi
fjh`abr`l
mjld`l
fjtuk`l
pjg`a
mblb.
Urjjfh`cpsb`/ jfh`cpsb` p`m` bku a`cbh cjcpuly`b pjld`rua h`ldsuld tjra`m`p fu`hbt`s m`l fj`m``l o`lbl f`rjl` tjro`mb pjlurul`l m`r`a fj ph`sjlt` y`ld cjld`fbk`tf`l o`lbl fjfur`ld`l lutrbsb. (Gullblda`c, ;505) j. Zsb` Fja`cbh`l Ficphbf`sb y`ld tbckuh `fbk`t fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb kjrd`ltuld p`m` usb` fja`cbh`l. M`p`t tjro`mb blnjfsb c`tjrl`h `t`upul ljil`t`h, pjrs`hbl`l prjc`tur, abpifsb` f`rjl` ficprjsb t`hb pus`t, mjnircbt`s o`lbl, cjlbldf`tly` blsbmjl Wjgtbi G`js`rb`, `t`u d`d`hly` pjrs`hbl`l lirc`h. Ujrs`hbl`l prjc`tur sjtjh`a fjtuk`l pjg`a kb`s`ly` sjdjr` mbsusuh ihja pjrs`hbl`l. Ujrbimj h`tjl tjrd`ltuld ucur fja`cbh`l.
05
U`m` fja`cbh`l `tjrc 25% tjro`mb m`h`c ;= o`c sjtjh`a fjtuk`l pjg`a. U`m` fja`cbh`l `lt`r` ;1-7= cblddu :5% pjrs`hbl`l m`h`c ;= o`c. U`m` fja`cbh`l fur`ld m`rb ;> cblddu pjrs`hbl`l tjro`mb m`h`c 0 cblddu. Zsb` fja`cbh`l p`m` s``t fjh`abr`l cjrup`f`l s`tus`tuly` `h`t ufur fjsja`t`l o`lbl y`ld p`hbld kjrc`ln``t m`l w`ftu fjh`abr`l sjrbld mbtjltuf`l mjld`l pjldf`ob`l usb` fja`cbh`l. U`m` t`a`p fja`cbh`l fja`cbh`l hjkba h`lout, pjldjt`au`l y`ld ojh`s ojh`s tjlt`ld usb` fja`cbh`l culdfbl s`ld`t pjltbld f`rjl` m`p`t tbckuh sjouch`a pjlyuhbt fja`cbh`l y`ld pjl`ld`l`lly` kjrd`ltuld p`m` usb` o`lbl. Ujrbimj w`ftu m`rb FUM s`cp`b fjh`abr`l kjrk`lmbld tjrk`hbf mjld`l usb` fja`cbh`l s``t fjtuk`l pjg`a. Obf` fjtuk`l pjg`a trbcjstjr BBB a`ly` mbpjrhuf`l kjkjr`p` a`rb s`o` abldd` fjh`abr`l tjro`mb mbk`lmbld mjld`l trbcjstjr BB. C`fbl cum` fja`cbh`l, `lt`r tjrcbl`sb
fja`cbh`l
k`ly`f
mbpjrhuf`l
w`ftu
ultuf
cjcpjrt`a`lf`l abldd` o`lbl hjkba c`tur. Wjc`fbl h`c` cjlulddu, fjculdfbl`l blnjfsb `f`l sjc`fbl kjs`r m`l cjck`a`y`f`l o`lbl sjrt` sbtu`sb c`tjrl`h.(@stutb, ;50;) n.
Gjpa`hipjhvbg Mbspripirtbil (GUM) Fj`m``l p`ldduh cjrup`f`l n`ftir pjltbld m`h`c fjh`ldsuld`l pjrs`hbl`l,tjt`pb y`ld tbm`f fur`ld pjltbld b`h`a aukuld`l `lt`r` fjp`h` o`lbl mjld`l p`ldduh bku. U`rtus h`c` y`ld sjrbld f`hb mbsjrt`b pjg`aly` fjtuk`l p`m` pjckuf``l fjgbh, m`p`t cjlbckuh mjabmr`sb sjrt`
`sbmisbs
m`l
blnjfsb
bltr`p`rtuc.
00
Ujldufur`l
p`ldduh
(pjhvbcjtrb) cjrup`f`l g`r` pjcjrbfs``l y`ld pjltbld ultuf cjlm`p`t fjtjr`ld`l hjkba k`ly`f tjlt`ld fj`m``l p`ldduh. (W`rwili, ;500)
N. ]`lm` Djo`h` ]`lm` m`l djo`h` p`m` fja`cbh`l y`ld cjld`h`cb FUM `m`h`a fjhu`rly` g`br`l fjtuk`l cjrjckjs cjh`hub v`dbl`. @ric` `br fjtuk`l kjrk`u `cbs m`l tbm`f sjpjrtb k`u `cilb`f, culdfbl g`br`l tjrsjkut c`sba cjrjckjs `t`u cjljtjs, mjld`l gbrb pug`t m`l kjrd`rbs w`rl` m`r`a. G`br`l blb tbm`f `f`l kjrajltb `t`u fjrbld f`rjl` tjrus mbprimufsb s`cp`b fjh`abr`l. ]jt`pb kbh` `lm` mumuf `t`u kjrmbrb, fjp`h` o`lbl y`ld sum`a tjrhjt`f mb k`w`a kb`s`ly` cjldd`lo`h `t`u cjlyuck`t fjkigir`l ultuf sjcjlt`r`. Mjc`c, kjrg`f v`dbl` y`ld k`ly`f, lyjrb pjrut, mjlyut o`ltuld o`lbl kjrt`ck`a gjp`t cjrup`f`l t`lm`-t`lm` blnjfsb y`ld tjro`mb.(W`bnummbl, tjro`mb.(W`bnummbl, ;505))
D. Mb`dlisbs Ujljd`ff`l mb`dlisbs fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb `m`h`a sjk`d`b kjrbfut? kbh` `br fjtuk`l k`ly`f m`l cjld`lmuld cjfilbuc vjrlbfs c`f` mb`dlisbs mjld`l blspjfsb cum`a mbtjd`ff`l, t`pb kbh` g`br`l fju`r sjmbfbt c`f` mb`dlisbs a`rus mbtjd`ff`l p`m` ? `. @l`cljs` ? f`p`l fjhu`r g`br`l, w`rl`, k`u, `m`f`a p`rtbfjh-p`rtbfjh mb m`h`c g`br`l (h`ludi sjrvbfs)
0;
k. Blpjfsb ? kbh` nulmus mb tjf`l `t`u k`db`l tjrjlm`a mbdiy`ldf`l, fjhu`r g`br`l m`rb istbuc utjrb m`l tjrfucpuh p`m` nirlbfs pistjrbir g. Ujrbfs` m`h`c ? `m` g`br`l m`h`c v`dbl` m`l sjh`put fjtuk`l sum`a tbm`f `m` h`db m. Ujcjrbfs``l h`kir`tirbuc ? Fjrt`s h`fcus ? rj`fsb k`s` (h`fcus cjr`a kjruk`a cjlo`mb kbru ), Cbfrisfipbf ? t`cp`f h`ludi, vjrlbfs f`sjis` (tbm`f sjh`hu mbfjro`f`l ) j. Ujcjrbfs``l pjlulo`ld. (@k`kb, ;551)
A. Ficphbf`sb `. Bku 0) Blnjfsb p`m` bku y`ld mbsjk`kf`l ihja k`ftjrb y`ld sjg`r` spjsbnbf pjrcuh``l kjr`s`h m`rb v`dbl`, `lus, `t`u rjgtuc m`l cjlo`h`r fj utjrus. ;) D`d`hly` pjrs`hbl`l lirc`h y`ld mb`fbk`tf`l ihja tbm`f `m`ly` fjc`ou`l pjrs`hbl`l sjabldd` cjlbldf`tf`l blsbmjl sjfsbi sjs`rj`. 7) Cjlbldf`tly` `ldf` fjc`tb`l p`m` bku.(W`rwili, ;505) k. K`yb 0) Abpifsb` m`l `snbfsb` Mjld`l pjg`aly` fjtuk`l tjro`mb ihbdiabmr`clbil y`ld cjljf`l t`hb pus`t sjabldd` tjro`mb `snbfsb` `t`u abpifsb`. ;) Ujrs`hbl`l Urjc`tur
07
Wjtjh`a fjtuk`l pjg`a kb`s`ly` sjdjr` mbsusuh mjld`l pjrs`hbl`l. Ujrbimj h`tjl tjrd`ltuld ucur fja`cbh`l. U`m` fja`cbh`l `tjrc 25% tjro`mb p`m` ;= o`c sjtjh`a fjtuk`l pjg`a. U`m` fja`cbh`l `lt`r` ;1-7= cblddu :5% pjrs`hbl`l m`h`c ;= o`c. U`m` fja`cbh`l fur`ld m`rb ;> cblddu pjrs`hbl`l m`h`c 0 cblddu. 7) Wblmric Mjnircbt`s O`lbl Fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb cjlyjk`kf`l pjrtuckua`l o`lbl tjra`ck`t, fjh`bl`l mbsjk`kf`l ficprjsb cuf` m`l `lddit` k`m`l o`lbl. =) pjlbldf`t`l cirkbmbt`s ljil`t`h f`rjl` prjc`turbt`s.(W`rwili, ;505)
B. Ujl`t`h`fs`l``l Ujl`t`h`fs`l``l fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb mbk`db p`m` fja`cbh`l `tjrc, fja`cbh`l prjtjc, sjrt` mbh`fuf`l blmufsb, p`m` fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb y`ld sum`a blp`rtu.(@k`kb, ;551) `. Fjtuk`l pjg`a mjld`l fja`cbh`l `tjrc Ujl`t`h`fs`l``l FUM p`m` fja`cbh`l `tjrc y`btu ? mbkjrb `ltbkbitbf`, Iksjrv`sb suau rjft`h tbm`f cjlbldf`t, mbtulddu ;= o`c, kbh` kjhuc `m` t`lm`-t`lm` blp`rtu mbh`fuf`l tjrcbl`sb. Kbh` s``t m`t`ld sum`a hjkba m`rb ;= o`c, tbm`f `m` t`lm`-t`lm` blp`rtu mbh`fuf`l tjrcbl`sb
0=
k. Fjtuk`l pjg`a mblb mjld`l fja`cbh`l prjc`tur 0) JNT (Jstbc`tj Njt`h Tjbdat) 8 0:55 dr`c y`btu pjckjrb`l @cpbgbhbl 0 dr`c/ a`rb tb`p > o`c, BC/ B^ sjh`c` ; a`rb m`l djlt`cygblj >5-15 cd tb`p 1-0; o`c sja`rb sjh`c` ; a`rb, pjckjrb`l Firtbfistjribm ultuf cjr`lds`ld c`tur`sb p`ru (kjt`cjta`silj 0; cd, B^, ;x sjh`ld ;= o`c), cjh`fuf`l Iksjrv`sb ;x;= o`c f`h`u kjhuc blp`rtu sjdjr` tjrcbl`sb, cjh`fuf`l
Iksjrv`sb
suau
rjft`h
tb`p
7
o`c
kbh`
`m`
fjgjlmjruld`l cjlbldf`t < 74,>µG sjdjr` tjrcbl`sb ;) JNT (Jstbc`tj Njt`h Tjbdat) < 0:55 dr`c y`btu cjh`fuf`l iksjrv`sb ;x;= o`c, cjh`fuf`l iksjrv`sb suau rjgt`h tb`p 7 o`c, pjckjrb`l `ltbkbitbf`/firtbfistjribm, pjckjrb`l @cpbgbhhblj 0 dr`c/a`rb tb`p > o`c, BC/B^ sjh`c` ; a`rb m`l Djlt`cygblj >5-15 cd tb`p 1-0; o`c sja`rb sjh`c` ; a`rb, pjckjrb`l Firtbfistjribm ultuf cjr`lds`ld cjtur`sb p`ru (kjt`cjta`silj 0; cd, B^, ;x sjh`ld ;=o`c ), cjh`fuf`l ^] sjh`c` iksjrv`sb tbm`f mbh`fuf`l, fjgu`hb `m`
abs/blp`rtu, Kbh` suau rjft`h rjft`h cjlbldf`t cjlbldf`t <74,>µG
sjdjr` tjrcbl`sb, Kbh` ;x;= o`c g`br`l tbm`f fjhu`r, ZWD? k`d`bc`l` ouch`a `br fjtuk`l ? Kbh` ouch`a `br fjtuk`l gufup, fja`cbh`l mbh`loutf`l, pjr`w`t`l ru`ld`l s`cp`b mjld`l : a`rb, Kbh` ouch`a `br fjtuk`l cblbc`h sjdjr` tjrcbl`sb. Kbh` ;x;= o`c g`br`l fjtuk`l c`sba tjt`p fjhu`r sjdjr` tjrcbl`sb, Kbh` filsjrv`tbn sjkjhuc puh`ld pjlmjrbt` mbkjrb l`sja`t sjpjrtb
0:
sjdjr` fjck`hb fj [W kbh` `m` t`lm`-t`lm` mjc`c `t`u fjhu`r g`br`l h`db. (@k`kb, ;551)
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