MAKALAH DASAR-DASAR PEMISAHAN ANALITIK “ELEKTROGRAVIMETRI DAN COULOMETRI ”
DISUSUN OLEH WANGI WANGI NASELIA VILASTA VILA STA (A1C114019) DOSEN PENGAMPU: DrDr!MN"!#$r% MP& A'$" S"*+"% ST% MP&
PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN KIMIA ,URUSAN PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA DAN IPA AKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS ,AM.I /01
KATA PENGANTAR PENG ANTAR
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DAFTAR ISI
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.A. I PENDAHULUAN 11 "6"r ;"3"7 1/ 6''" 1> r'8'!" 8"!""5
.A. II PEM.AHASAN /1 D<$$!$ E36r*7r"+$86r$ // H'3'8 2"7 .r3"$6" &7" E36r*7r"+$86r$ /> M6*& A"$!$! E36r*7r"+$86r$ /4 r$!$ 36r*7r"+$86r$ / A$3"!$ E36r*7r"+$86r$ /= C*6*5 S*" E36r*7r"+$86r$
.A. III PENUTUP >1 3!$8'"
DATAR PUSTAKA
“ ELEKTROGRAVIMETRI”
BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 LATAR BELAKANG
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1.2
TUJUAN
1 / > 4
1. 3
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RUMUSAN MASALAH 1. / > 4
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BAB II PEMBAHASAN
/ 1 DEINISI ELEKTROGRAVIMETRI
E36r*7r"+$86r$ 8r'"3" !""5 !"6' 86*& 6'" 3"&"r $* "6"' '!'r 2"7 &"!"r r5$6'7" 3"&"r2" "&""5 5"!$ $8;"7" ;r"6 ?"6 2"7 “87&"” "&" !""5 !"6' 36r*&" "&" 36r*$!$! 6r5"&" "r'6" '$3" E36r*7r"+$86r$ '7" &""6 &$&<$$!$3" !;"7"$ 86*&" ""$!$! 3$8$" 2"7 ;r&"!"r3" 7'3'r" '8"5 $!6r$3 &7" 87'3'r ;r"6 &"" 2"7 6r"&$ "&" !""5 !"6' 36r*&" E36r*7r"+$86r$ 8r'"3" 86*&" 36r*"""$!$! ;r&"!"r3" *3!$&"!$@ r&'3!$% &$8"" 36r*$!$! ""$6 &$"3'3" &""8 r$*& 6r66'% '6'3 88"!6$3" r';"5" !"r" 3'"6$6"6$< 3"&"" *3!$&"!$ ;"r' ""$6
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/ P*6!$" O58$3 : 2"$6' '8"5 *6!$" 2"7 &$;'6'53" '6'3 87""53" 6"5"" 2"7 &$""8$ *5 $*-$* 2"7 ;r7r"3 8'' a#!da aa$ ka!da %B&'a(#)a* = IR. S5$77" *6!$" ! : E'&+ = Eka!da " Ea#!da " IR
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S5$77" E'&+ = %Eka!da " E!,&( ,!+a-& ka!da* " %Ea#!da" E!,&( ,!+a-& a#!da* " IR
I
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Ea = %Eka!da " E!,&( ,!+a-& ka!da* " %Ea#!da" E!,&( ,!+a-& a#!da* " IR
II
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III
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d6 = I d 7
6 = I % 28 1* = 4.
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/ = CONTOH SOAL 1 T8;"7" (C') &7" 3*!6r"!$ 0%01 M &$""$!$! !"r" 36r*7r"+$86r$ .r"" 5"r7" *6!$" 2"7 &$r'3" $3" &$5"r"3" 99%99 C' &""6 &$&"3" &$ 3"6*&" (A77" 6$&"3 "&" 67"7" 2"7 "$ &""8 !$!68) &" E C' /B@C' 0%>>F V ,"#"; : E" E C' /B@C' *7 0%>>F 0%09 *7 0%/FF999 V*6 / D""8 "r'6" !"8 87"&'7 $* C' /B &" N$/B 2"7 !"8" ;!"r2" 2"$6' 10 -> M .$" *6!$" r&'3!$ !6"&"r C' /B@C' 0%>>F V &" N$ /B@N$ 0%/> V*6 P"&" !""6 !$!68 36r*$!$! 87&"3" C' &$ 3"6*&" "" 2"7 6r"&$ &7" $* N$ /B ,"#"; :
P"&" !""6 87&"3" C' /B% ;!"r2" *6!$" 8$$8'8 2"7 &$;'6'53" "&""5 : E" E C'/B@C' *7 0%>>F- *7 0%>>F-0%0 0%/4 V*6 U6'3 87&"3" N$/B% &$3"6*&" &$r'3" *6!$": E" E N$/B@N$ *7 -0%/>0 - *7 - 0%>1 +*6 K"r" '6'3 87&"3" N$ /B 5"2" &$r'3" E -0%>1 V*6 A";$" "&" !""6 87&"3" C'/B 2"7 E 0%/4 V*6% 8"3" !8'" N$ /B &$"!6$3" !'&"5 87&" > S'"6' "r'6" !"8 !;"2"3 100 8 87"&'7 $* C' /B A";$" "r'6" 6r!;'6 &$36r*$!$! &7" E : > V*6 !"8" 1 "8 6r2"6" &$&""63" *7"8 68;"7" !;"2"3 >00 87 &7" 38'r$" 9 .r"" 3*!6r"!$ 68;"7" &""8 !"8 Ar C' =>% ,'8"5 C' 2"7 &$&"3" 0%9 0%> 7r"8 0%/94 7r ,'8"5 C'/B &""8 "r'6": ,'8"5 8* C'/B 4%=>10-> 8* K"r" +*'8 "r'6" !"8 100 8% 8"3" 3*!6r"!$ C' /B 4=>10-/ M 4 T8;"7" 6r&"3" &"r$ "r'6" 2"7 87"&'7 0%1 M C'SO 4 &" 0%1 M H /SO4 E"$3"!$ "#" 8$$8" 0%F V P*6!$" ;$5 7&"" *7"8-*7"8 '"3 "&" 3"6*&" !"7"6 3$% !&"73" "!" *3!$7 "&" "*&" P6 88r'3" *6!$" 6"8;"5" 0%4 V D$$7$3" ;"5#" "r'! 6r"7" "&" 0%/ A &" r!$!6"!$ r*r" "&""5 0%/ % IR &r* 6r"&$ "&" *6!$" 3!6r" 0%0 V E "$3"!$ 0%F B 0%4 B 0%0 1%>/ V T6'3" 3*!6r"!$ C'/B 2"7 6r6$77" &""8 "r'6" !""6 $* 5$&r*7 8'"$ 6r;6'3X ("6"6": *6!$" ;$5 5$&r*7 "&" &*!$!$ C' "&""5 0%4V) ,"#";: Pr6"8" 2"7 5"r'! &$$7"6 ;"5#" !'r'5 $* C' /B 6r&"3" !;'8 $* 5$&r*7 8'"$ 6r&'3!$ S'8"5 $* 5$&r*7 2"7 '7" 6r;6'3 "&" "*&"% !5$77" '8"5 $* 5$&r*7 6*6" "&""5 0%/ M B 0%/ M 0%4 M P*6!$" 2"7 &$r'3" '6'3 8r&'3!$ $* 5$&r*7 "&""5
+¿2 ¿ ¿ P ( H 2 ) ¿ H
EH E *6!$" ;$5 B E0HB%H/ -
0,0591 log ¿ 2 0,0591 1 log EH (-0%04) B 0 2 ( 0,4 )2 EH (-0%04) V r' &$"6"6 ;"5#" 3;r"&"" 67"7" ;$5 (*6!$" ;$5) "' 87"r"53" "7"r r*!! ;$!" ;r"7!'7 ;$5 !'$6 D""8 3"!'! $$ $* H B &$r&'3!$ &7" 8"73" 36r* &"r$ 36r*&" K"r" "&"2" 67"7" ;$5% 8"3" *6!$" 36r*&" 5"r'! 0%4 V ;$5 7"6$<% '6'3 8r&'3!$ H B "&" 68;"7" S5$77" E*6!$" ;$5 &$!"$3" &""8 6"&" 7"6$< T8;"7" ;r"&" &""8 3!6$8;"7" &7" 36r*&" 2"7 !"8" &" "&" *6!$" 2"7 !"8" '" K*!6r"!$ 68;"7" "&" 3"&"" $$ &$r*5 &"r$
EH EC' E0C'/B% C' -
- 0%4 0%>4 -
2 +¿ 0,0591 1 log 2 { Cu¿
2 +¿ 0,0591 1 log { Cu¿ 2
C'/B 10-/ M D"r$ 5$6'7" $$ 8"3"
BAB III PENUTUP
>1 KESIMPULAN
;r&"!"r3" 8"3""5 &$ "6"! &""6 &$ 6"r$3 3!$8'" ;"5#" : 1 E36r*7r"+$86r$ "&""5 !'"6' 86*&" ""$!$! 3'"6$6"6$< ;r&"!"r3" 7&"" "6"' &*!$6" *7"8 6r!;'6 "&" 36r*&" &7" ;"6'" "r'! $!6r$3% &""6 &$7'"3" '6'3 86'3" 3"&"r !'"6' *7"8 6r66' &""8 "r'6"2" / T7"7" &$ ;"7$ 8"&$ > 2"$6' : 67"7" r'r"$"% 67"7" *58$3 &" 67"7" *"r$!"!$ > 5'3'8 2"7 ;r3"$6" &7" 36r*7r"+$86r$ H'3'8 <"r"&2 = & 4 5F
# 8"!!" ?"6 2"7 &$&"3" 8"!!" 3$+" $ "r'! ("8r) 6 #"36' (&6$3) 66"" "r"&"2 9=4F C*'*8; 5'3'8 *58 E=IR
I "r'! (A8r) E 67"7" (V*6) R 6"5"" (O58)
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
W$&*&*% D$&$3 S6$2* &33 /009 Buku Ajar Analisis Kuantitatif S8"r"7: U$+r!$6"! D$*7*r* "r5" /011 E6r*7r"+$86r$ D$'&'5 "&": 1 N*+8;r /01/ '3' 1F>> (*$)566:@@<"r5"r$";*7!*6*8@/011@01@36r*7r"+$86r$Y/F568 A*$8 /011 E36r*7r"+$86r$ D$'&'5 "&" : 1 N*+8;r /01/ '3' 1/4@ (*$) 566:@@;*758$!6;*7!*6*8@/011@1/@36r*7r"+$86r$568
“;OULOMETRI”
DAFTAR ISI
JUDUL
.A. I PENDAHULUAN 11 "6"r ;"3"7 1/ 6''" 1> r'8'!" 8"!""5 .A. II PEM.AHASAN /1 &<$$!$ *'*86r$ // 86*& *'*86r$ /> Pr*!&'r '8'8 "&" 6$6r"!$ *'*86r$
/4 K'6'7" 6$6r"!$ *'*86r$ .A. III PENUTUP >1 3!$8'" DATAR PUSTAKA
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
1.1
LATAR BELAKANG
A$r" $!6r$3 8"'$ !'"6' 75"6"r *7"8 8$;"63" r$&"5" 36r* &"r$ *6!$" 7"6$< 2"7 6$77$ 3 *6!$" "$2" 2"7 ;$5 r&"5 P"&" 75"6"r 36r*$6$3% 2"7 8"3' "r'6" 36r*$6 &" 5" 7"r"8-7"r"8% 75"6"r" ;r"7!'7 8"'$ r$&"5" $*-$* ;"$3 *!$6$< 8"'' 7"6$< 8'' 36r*&"-36r*&" M$7r"!$ $$ 6$&"3 5"2" 8$;"63" r$&"5" $!6r$3 &"r$ !"6' 36r*&" 3 36r*&" "$ 66"$ '7" 8$;"63" "&"2" 6r"!*r6 8"6r$ &"r$ !"6' ;"7$" 3*&'36*r 3 ;"7$" "$2" A$r" $!6r$3 "&" 75"6"r 3r*$6$3 $$ !"' &$!r6"$ &7" r';"5" 3$8$" "&" 36r*&"36r*&"2" &" r"3!$2" ;r!$<"6 35"! &" 6r66' ;r7"6'7 "&" ?"6-?"6 2'!' 3*&'36*r 6r!;'6 &" '7" 36r*&"2" M3"$!8 75"6"r" 36r*$6$3 8r'"3" &"!"r ;"7$ *'*86r &""8 86'3" '8"5 $!6r$3 2"7 87"$r "&" !'"6' !
C*'*86r$ 8r'"3" !""5 !"6' 86*& 36r*""$!$!% 2"$6' ""$!" 3$8$" 2"7 8$;"63" 7'3'r" '8"5 "r'! $!6r$3 (&""8 *'*8;) 2"7 &$r'3" '6'3 87';"5 ""$6 !"r" 3'"6$6"6$< 3 6$73"6 *3!$&"!$ 2"7 ;r;&" T3$3 $$ ;r"3' '6'3 r"3!$ r&*3! R"3!$ &$3&"$3" &7" 87"6'r r7$ *6!$" $!6r$3 &" '8"5 $!6r$3 (8$!"2"% '8"5 36r*) 2"7 &$r'3" '6'3 873"$ r"3!$
M6*& *'*86r$ 88$$3$ 3;$5" &$8"" 3*!6r"!$ ""$6 2"7 !"7"6 3$ &""6 &$'3'r !"r" 6"6 S"$ $6' 86*& $$ ;$5 "3'r"6% "6 &" 8'&"5 '6'3 &$"3'3" &$;"&$73" &7" 86*& 7r"+$86r$
A&" &'" 3"67*r$ &"!"r 63$3 *'*86r$ 2"3$ coulometry potensiostat, 8$;"63" *6!$" $!6r$3 3*!6" !"8" r"3!$ 2"7 ;$5 &$3" &7" titrasi coulometri &" coulometetry amperostatic, 63$3 *'86r$ 2"7 "r'!2" (&""8 "8r) &$"7" 3*!6" !"8" r*!!
1.2
TUJUAN = U6'3 876"5'$ ""$!$! *'*86r$ &7" *6!$" 2"7 66" F U6'3 876"5'$ ""$!$! *'*86r$ &7" "r'! 66" U6'3 876"5'$ r$$" 3!r$8 &""8 6$6r"!$ *'*86r$ 2"7 35"! &"
6r3&"$ 9 U6'3 876"5'$ r;&"" ""$!$! *'*86r$ &7" *6!$" 2"7 66" &7" ""$!$! *'*86r$ &7" "r'! 66" 1.3
RUMUSAN MASALAH = A"3"5 ""$!$! *'*86r$ &7" *6!$" 66" F A"3"5 ""$!$! *'*86r$ &7" "r'! 66" A"3"5 r$$"" 3!r$8 &""8 6$6r"!$ *'*86r$ 2"7 35"! &" 66" 9 A"3"5 r;&"" ""$!$! *'*86r$ &7" *6!$" 2"7 66" &7" ""$!$! *'*86r$ &7" "r'! 66"
BAB II PEMBAHASAN
2.1 DEFINISI ;OULOMETRI
C*'*86r$ "&""5 !'"6' 86*& ""$!$! 2"7 &$&"!"r3" "&" r$!$ 3'"6$6"! 3$!6r$3" (7'3'r" *'*8;)% 2"7 88""r$ 5';'7" "6"r" 3*!6r"!$ &7" 8'"6" $!6r$3
C*'*8; 8r'"3" 3'"6$6"! 3$!6r$3" 2"7 8$;"63" '8"5 8'"6" 2"7 &$$&"53" &""8 1 &6$3 &" "r'! 66" 1 A D""8 3$8$" ""$!$!% 7'3'r" '**8; &$"3'3" "&" 3*&$!$ 6r66' !5$77" 3'"6$6"! 2"7 6r'3'r &""6 &$3"$63" &7" !'"6' r"3!$ 36r*3$8$" 6r66' !5$77" &""6 &$"3'3" r5$6'7" ""$!$!% ;r&"!"r3" 5'3'8 "r"&"2 2"7 r6"8" &$8"" '6'3 !6$" 3$+" r';"5" 3$8$" "&" !'"6' 36r*& &$r'3" 9=4F *'*8; $!6r$3 (66"" <"r"&"2) D""8 !'"6' ""$!$! *'*86r$ ;r"6
W
RM =
)-
""$6 2"7 !&"7 &$ 36r*$!$! &""6 &$ 5$6'7 ;r&"!"r3" r!"8"" &$8"" "&""5 ;$"7" 36r* 2"7 &$$&"53" &" "&""5 !"6'" "r"&"2 !;!"r 9=00 A";$" !'8"5 ?"6 6"5 &$36"5'$ ;"2"32" 8"3" '8"5 36r* ()2"7 6r$;"6 &""8 !'"6' r*!! 3$8$" ?"6 6r!;'6 &""6 &$5$6'7
2.2 METODE ;OULOMETRI
Tr&""6 &'" 63$3 *'*86r$ 2"7 ;r;&" 2"$6' ""$!$! *'*86r$ &7" *6!$" 66" &" ""$!$! *'*86r$ &7" "r'! 66" 2.1.1
P!'4a+ T&a
M6*& *'*86r$ 2"7 8$;"63" 7"6'r" *6!$" $!6r$3 36r*&" 2"7 ;3r" (36r*&" 2"7 82;";3" 6r"&$2" r"3!$ ""$!$!) "&" 6$73"6 2"7 66" !5$77" 82;";3" ""$6 ;r"3!$ !"r" 3'"6$6"6$< &7" "r'! 6"" 8$;"63" 3*8* "$ &$ &""8 '$3"
P7"6'r" *6!$" "&" ""$!$! *'*86r$ 82;";3" "r'! "3" ;r3'r"7 !"r" 3!*!$" &7" #"36'% ;r&"!"r3" r!"8"" : I6 * -36 I6 *36
D$8"" I* "&""5 "r'! "#"% I6 "&""5"r'! "&" !""6 6 &" 3 "6"' 3-1 "&""5 !'"6' 66"" 2"$6' !;!"r : 3 25,8 DA δ V
D$8"" D "&""5 3*<$!$ &$<'!$ &"r$ ?"6 2"7 6r&'3!$% A "&""5 '"! 36r*&% δ "&""5 6;" "$! &$<'!$ &" V "&""5 +*'8 6*6" &"r$ "r'6" &7" 3*!6r"!$ C K'"6$6"! $!6r$3 (*'*8;) 2"7 87"$r &"r$ "#" "&" !""6 #"36' 0 5$77" #"36' 6 &""6 &$5$6'7 ;r&"!"r3" r!"8"" :
I67r" &$"6"! !"r" 7r"<$3 8r'"3" '"! &"r"5 &$ ;"#"5 3'r+" "r'! #"36' A"$!$! $$ 88'2"$ !8'" 3'6'7" 2"7 &$8$$3$ *5 86*& 36r*7r"+$86r$ &" 6$&"3 6r;"6"! "&" 5"!$ 2"7 &$6$8;"7 Pr""6" 2"7 &$r'3" "&" ""$!$! !"r" *'*86r$ 6r;"7$ 8"&$ > 2"$6' ! 36r*$!$!% *'*86r ('6'3 86"3" 3'"6$6"! $!6r$3) &" !'8;r "r'! 6r3&"$
a.
Sel Elektolisis
P"&" *'*86r$ *6!$" 66" %6r&""6 &'" $! ! 2"7 &$7'"3"% 2"$6': ,$! r6"8" 6r&$r$ &"r$ 36r*&" 3r" (3"!""6$") &" 36r*&" "!"7" (3"#"6 "6$")% 2"7 &$$!"53" &"r$ "r'6" *5 6";'7 ;r*r$ 2"7 87"&'7 36r*$6 36r*&" &'3'7 2"7 !"8" !r6$ &$ &""8 "r'6" 2"7 &$ '$ P8$!"5" 36r*&" &$"!"7 '6'3 87"5 5"!$ r"3!$ &"r$ 7"77'" &$ &""8 ""$!$! E36r*&" 8;"&$7 3**8 '5 &$5';'73" &7" "r'6" 2"7 &$ '$ &7" ;"6'" 8;"6" 7"r"8,$! 3&'" "&""5 ;"" ;r$!$ r"3!" 2"7 &$7'"3" '6'3 88$!"53" '!'r-'!'r 2"7 8'&"5 &$r&'3!$ !;"7"$ "73"5 &"5''" &""8 ""$!$! C*6*5 :68;"7"% $3% 3*;"6% !7r" &$$!"53" &7" $* "'8$$'8% *7"8 "3"$% &" *!"6
b.
Coulometer
C*'*86r 2"7 !!'"$ '6'3 87'3'r 3'"6$6"! $!6r$3 6r&$r$ &"r$ *'*86r r"3% *'*86r $*&% *'*86r 5$&r*7-*3!$7% &" *'*86r 5$&r*7-$6r*7 &$8""
&""8 77'""2" 8"!$7-8"!$7 36r*&" &$5';'73" !"r" !r$ &7" ! 36r*$!$!
P"&" *'*86r r"3 3"6*&" "6$'8 ;r<'7!$ !;"7"$ 3"6*&" '6'3 36r*$!$! r"3 $6r"6 10 r! ;r!"8" !;'"5 ;"6"7 "*&" r"3 K"$3" ;r"6 &"r$ *7"8 r"3 2"7 6r&*!$6 88;r$3" '3'r" 3'"6$6"! $!6r$3 2"7 6"5 #"6 C*'*86r $*& 88'2"$ !"!"7 36r*&" "6$'8 2"7 6r&"8 &""8 "r'6" 3"$'8 $*&$&" P"&" 6"" "35$r% $*& 2"7 &$;;"!3" &$6$6r"!$ &7" "r'6" 6$*!'<"6 !6"&"r !5$77" 3'"6$6"! $!6r$3 2"7 #"6 &""6 &$ 5$6'7 C*'*86r 5$&r*7-*3!$7 8$;"63" r*!! 36r*$!$! "r'6" 3"$'8 !'<"6 "6"r" / 36r*&" "6$'8 P"&" "$r "*&" "3" 6r*3!$&"!$ 8"&$ *3!$7 &$8"" 7"! 5$&r*7 6r;6'3 "&" 3"6*&" G"! 2"7 6r;6'3 "3" &$3'8'3" "&" !'"6' 6";'7 6r6'6' &" +*'82" "3" &$'3'r "&" 68r"6'r &" 63"" 6r66' &" &$3*r3!$ "&" 3"&"" STP !5$77" 3'"6$6"! $!6r$3 &""6 &$5$6'7 C*'*86r 5$&r*7-$6r*7 8r'"3" *'*86r 2"7 "$7 &$!'3"$ &7" "r'6" 5$&r?$$'8 !'<"6 !;"7"$ "r'6" 36r*$62" &$8"" 7"! $6r*7 "3" 6r;6'3 "&" "*&"
c.
Sumber Arus terkendali
S'8;r "r'! '6'3 36r*$!$! ;r'" ;"6r"$ "3$ ;!"r "6"' !;'"5 2'"$ 6"7" $!6r$3 2"7 &$*r"!$3" &"r$ !"'r" $!6r$3 '!"6 ;r!"8"-!"8" !;'"5 r!$!6*r ;!"r !"r" !r$ M6*& *'*86r$ *6!$*!6"6$3 6"5 &$7'"3" "&" 6'" '!'r &""8 !2"#" "*r7"$3 C"r" 3r" *'*86r$ *6!$*!6"6$3 '7" 88'73$3" 6'" !"r" 36r*$!$! ( &" !$6!$! ) !2"#" *r7"$3 P7'3'r" *'*86r$ 88'2"$ 3!""5" 2"7 r"6$+ r&"5 &""8 ""$!$!2"
Ar'! 2"7 &""6 ;r';"5 &""8 86*& *'*86r$ ;"2"3 &$7'"3" '6'3 88"6"' 33"6" 3*8*-3*8* &""8 ;6'3 7"! &" "$r" !"r" 6r'!-8r'! &" *6*8"6$!% 8$!!" '6'3 86'3" 3*!6r"!$ *3!$7 2"7 !"7"6 r&"5
K"6*&" r"3 ;r*r$ ;r<'7!$ '6'3 82;"r3" 7"! 2"7 8"!'3 8"&$ 78;'778;'7 3$% r&'3!$ "*3!$7 6r"&$ !"r" 3'"6$6"6$< &$ &""8 *r$-*r$ 2"$6' : O/(7) B /H/O B 4 Z 4 OH A*&" "&""5 87" 3"&8$'8 r"3!$ !67"5 !2" "&""5
C&(!)B /OH- Z C&(OH) B /
D""8 r*!!2" "3" 6r"&$ !'"6' ! 7"+"$ !5$77" 6"7" $!6$3 &"r$ '"r%
'7"
*6!$*!6"6 6$&"3 &$r'3"% 3"r" *6!$" "*&" 2"7 ;3r" '6'3 87*3!$&"!$ ?"6-?"6 "$ 6$&"3 '3' ;!"r Ar'! $!6r$3 2"7 &$5"!$3" &$"$r3" 8"'$ 6"5"" !6"&"r&% !r6" 'r'" *6!$" &$ "6"6 K3"6" (3*!6r"!$) *3!$7 !;"&$7 &7" *6!$"
2.2.2
T4(a'4 ;!$+!9&(4 % ;!$+!9&(4 d-a# A9&( T&a *
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