Lutyen’s Delhi
Why change in Capital…? •
Political turmoil in Bengal against aga inst the proposal of Partition of Bengal by lord Curzon in 1905.
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This prompted the Government to shift its seat of power from Calcutta to Delhi.
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Coz Delhi was surrounded by amicable amicabl e native states and they will be away from the rigorous criticism of the Bengali press.
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symbolize the permanence Delhi Delhi was was chos chosen en as the the sui suita tabl ble e capit capital… al…to to symbolize of British rule in India…to lay claim to India’s past.
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Hence came the City of New Delhi. “Constructive and geometric qualities to manifest the law, order and governance.”
The Site….parameters The Site was chosen to the South of Existing City of Shahjahanabad Parameters: •
Health
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Questions of Sanitation
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Sentiments and Costs
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Commercial, Civil and Military requirements
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Room for Expansion Expansion
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Facilities Facilities for internal and external Communications
• Adequate Adequate Water W ater supply
Planning • Axiality •
Orientation
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Symmetry
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Vantage Point
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Highlighted Intersections
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Classicist Baroque Layout
Lord Harding, the then Viceroy of India wanted a BLEND OF INDIAN SENTIMENTS in the building of New Delhi…along with the
“simple forms, mathematical restraint, noble ideas from Greek art.”
INSPIRATIONS
E l y s e es , P ar i s C h a m p s
W as h i n g t o n D .C . London
STAGES IN THE DESIGN •Lutyens basic idea while designing the city was to relate past with the present. •He tried to get the best possible view of the monuments of the city like Jama Masjid.
1 enlarged circus at the end of main avenue
2 introduction of a cross-axial plaza with two Secretariat blocks curved streets similar to Regent street in London
3 enlarged circus at the end of main avenue
4 6
Three avenues radiating from Government House ,one towards Jama Masjid, a second towards Indrapat and a third towards Delhi gate
7 9 main avenue northwest to southeast
8 the main avenue in a northeast to southwest direction
Large triangular and hexagonal pattern with a square in front of Raisina Hill.
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Government House moved back in order to allow for sufficient space for the two Secretariats
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THE SITE
At first the assumption was that the capital would be built north rather than south of Shahjahanabad, making use of the infrastructure already there.
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In the end, however, the south was preferred for its cheaper land, more space and greater healthiness, being further form swamps.
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His selection was the low hill near the village of Raisina.
IMPERIAL AXIS
The
KING‟S WAY
defining factor for new Delhi was the neo classical imperial axis known as king’s way (now Rajpath) with viceroy’s house on one end and India on other with obelisk in between. This Imperial Axis gives it a geometrical character. The geometry lies in its concept also all the buildings are an outcome of Geometrical forms.
VARIOUS BUILDINGS
Parliament bungalows
The site planning is done in such a way that the city occupies the central part of Delhi. It have spacious avenues connecting the centers of administrative power, commerce and public services.
Rashtrapati bhawan
India Gate
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FAULTS IN THE DESIGN: Bakers insistence that the Secretariats should be share the summits of Raisina, which was originally to be reserved for Viceroys House alone. In consequence to make space for the Secretariats, viceroys House was pushed back from the crest of the hill and so, although it is visible from a distance and from the summit, it is invisible to anyone standing at the foot of the hill.
GEOMETRICAL INFLUENCES
No city in the world has derived its plan structure from the geometric shapes of the equilateral triangle and the hexagram or hexagon as consistently as New Delhi. These forms apply as much to the town plan as to the individual buildings
Lutyens’ use of triangle, hexagon and hexagram, might be explained by membership in a freemason’s lodge, or by Jewish descent Lutyens was familiar with Hindu symbolism and geometry was not totally resistant to the Viceroys desire for Mughal elements
INDIAN INFLUENCES • At the outset Viceroy wanted the buildings to have a generally Indian appearance, in order to symbolize the increasing role of Indians in government; but mindful of the strong dislike for Indian traditions among British in India, he proposed a compromise style which would include Indian motifs. •
chattri
Indian architectural elements were taken
chajja
Indian columns Sanchi stupa
MATERIAL USED- red sandstone stone was used in most of the buildings of lutyen’s as it was locally available.
Axial Planning of the City was composed in Hexagonal Grids, to integrate the Palace Complex with the existing monuments in order to take references from the remnants of the empires of the past. North Jama Masjid
River Yamuna
Connaught Place
East
West
Viceroy’s Palace
Rajpath
Janpath
(King’s Way)
(Queen’s Way)
Processional Path
South
The Axes of Power
Purana Qila
India Gate
Social Stratification in the placement of Bungalows Shahjahanabad North
Residences of Members of Council, Secretaries, Officials.
C.P
East
Rajpath
Janpath
(King’s Way)
(Queen’s Way)
Viceroy’s South Block Palace
Upper Grade White Sahibs
River Yamuna
Fat Indians’ Bungalows
North Block West
Brown Sahibs
Purana Qila
India Gate
South
Upper Grade White Sahibs
“The Social Stratification got reflected in City Fabric” •
City was conceived as a segregated zone: - positional reference with existing indigenous city of Shahjahanabad. - hierarchial space making within its own periphery.
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Compartmentalized zoning of various cross-sections.
• Apparent control on the Social Structure , according to their political, social and economic standing.
Indicators of the Status of an Accommodation in NEW DELHI • • • • • • • • • •
Distance from the Government Complex Elevation Size of the Bungaow Compound Size of Dwelling Width of front road Name of road Name of area Name and Index of House Type Type and Quantity of Vegetation Presence and Absence of Various facilities.
•Capital of –India shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911 •Decision was taken in the Delhi Durbar in 1911 •Announced by king George-V on 12th December 1911. •Enormous scale and prominent position for Governor-General‟s residence. •British Architect Edwin Landseer Lutyens- key member in the planning process.
Sketches…
Sketches…
People involved: Chief Architect - Edwin Landseer Lutyens
Architect – Herbert Baker Chief Engineer – Hugh Keeling
Muslim Contractor – Haroun Al Rashid (main building) Sujan Singh and his son Sobha Singh (forecourt)
Viceroy’s Palace
( Rashtrapati Bhawan )
Indian Designs • Several Circular Stone basins on top of the palace, as water features are an important part of Indian Architecture. •Traditional Indian Chajja, which took the place of the frieze. it was a sharp, thin, protruding element which extended 8 feet from the building, and created deep shadows. It stopped harsh sunlight from getting to the windows, and also stopped rain during a monsoon season. •On the roofline were several chattris, which helped to break up the look of the flat part of the roofline not covered by the dome. Uncomplicated Design elements.
Indian Designs •Statues of elephants and fountain sculptures of cobras in the gardens. • Grilles made from red sandstone, called jalis or jaalis. Inspired by Indian design, but used only in small areas. •The front of the palace, on the east side, has twelve unevenly spaced columns with the Delhi order capitals. •The columns are made in the original „Delhi‟ order which combines vertical lines with the motif of a bell. •These capitals have a fusion of acanthus leaves with the four pendant Indian bells.
Indian Designs •
The Indian temple bells are a part of the culture of Indian religions , such as Hindu and Buddhist, the idea coming from a Jain temple at Moodabidri in Karnataka.
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One bell is on each corner at the top of the column.
Viceroyal Lodge was largely completed by 1929, and (along with the rest of New Delhi) •
Officially inaugurated in 1931.
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The dome, though claimed by Lutyens to be inspired by the Pantheon of Rome, is primarily derived from the Sanchi Stupa built during the Mauryan times.
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Mughal and European colonial architectural elements.
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RASHTRAPATI BHAWAN has 340 decorated rooms Floor area of 200,000 square feet (19,000 m²),
Built by using 700 million bricks 3 million cubic feet (85,000 m³) of stone, The usage of steel is very minimal.
Secretariat Building Houses the following ministries: • Ministry of Defence (MoD) • Ministry of Finance (MoF) • Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) • Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) • Prime Minister's Office (PMO) •
The Secretariat Building consists of two buildings: the North Block and the South Block. Both the buildings flank the Rashtrapati Bhavan.
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The South Block houses the Prime Minister Office, Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of External Affairs
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The North Block primarily houses the Ministry of Finance and the Home Ministry
Rajpath NORTH BLOCK
SOUTH BLOCK
