Lingkungan Sebagai Sumber (PKR)

CNKB@YKBMK ZILMBMN ZYALI\ LICMOM\

VIKBI\TNMK CNKB@YKBMK ZILMBMN ZYALI\ LICMOM\ Zilmbmn am`hcy` hndyv# mkm` zicmnk li|nkti|m`zn dikbmk e|mkb mtmy amkyznm cmnk oybm li|nkti|m`zn dikbmk zioyacmh am`hcy` hndyv cmnkk~m dmk likdm!likdm amtn+ Am`hcy` hndyv ti|zilyt mktm|m cmnk mdmcmh li|lmbmn tyalyhmk dmk hirmk# zidmkb`mk likdm!likdm amtn mktm|m cmnk ydm|m# mn|# dmk tmkmh+ Amkyznm ai|yvm`mk zmcmh zmty mkbbetm dn dmcma cnkb`ykbmk hndyv ~mkb li|vi|mk viktnkb dmcma `icmkbzykbmk omcnkmk hylykbmk ~mkb ti|dmvmt dmcma znztia ti|zilyt+ Dmcma @mayz Yaya Lmhmzm Nkdekiznm (@YLN. cnkb`ykbmk dnm|tn`mk zilmbmn lycmtmk ~mkb aicnkb`ykbn (aicnkb`m|n.+ Vikbi|tnmk cmnkk~m ~mnty zi`mcnmk ~mkb ti|cnkb`ykb dn zymty dmi|mh+ Dmcma `mayz Lmhmzm Nkbb|nz vi|nztncmhmk cnkb`ykbmk nkn jy`yv li|mbma dnmktm|mk~m mdm nztncmh jn|jci# m|im# zy||eykdnkbz# zvhi|i# deamnk# |mkbi# dmk ikwn|ekaikt # ~mkb m|tnk~m `y|mkb cilnh li|`mntmk dikbmk `imdmmk mtmy zibmcm zizymty ~mkb mdm dn zi`ntm| mtmy zi`icncnkb+ Dmcma cnti|mty| cmnk dnzilyt`mk lmhrm cnkb`ykbmk nty ai|yvm`mk `izmtymk |ymkb dikbmk ziaym likdm dmk `imdmmk am`hcy` hndyv ti|amzy` dn dmcmak~m amkyznm dmk vi|ncm`yk~m zi|tm am`hcy` hndyv cmnkk~m+ Cnkb`ykbmk nty ti|dn|n dm|n ykzy|!ykzy| lnetn` (am`hcy`  hndyv.# mlnetn` (likdm amtn. dmk lydm~m amkyznm+

KNCMN!KNCMN CNKB@YKBMK ZILMBMN ZYALI\ LICMOM\ Cnkb`ykbmk ~mkb mdm dn zi`ntm| mkm` ai|yvm`mk zmcmh zmty zyali| licmom| ~mkb dmvmt dnevtnamc`mk ykty` vikjmvmnmk v|eziz dmk hmznc vikdndn`mk ~mkb li|`ymcntmz lmbn mkm` yznm dnkn# `m|ikm ? =+ Cnkb`ykbmk aik~idnm`mk li|lmbmn hmc ~mkb dmvmt dnvicmom|n mkm`+ Oyacmh zyali| licmom| ~mkb ti|zidnm dn cnkb`ykbmk nkn tndm`cmh ti|lmtmz# zi`mcnvyk vmdm yayak~m tndm`  dn|mkjmkb zijm|m zikbmom ykty` `iviktnkbmk vikdndn`mk+

<+ Vikbbykmmk cnkb`ykbmk aiaykb`nk`mk ti|omdnk~m v|eziz licmom| ~mkb cilnh li|am`km (aimknkbgycc cim|knkb. zilml mkm` dnhmdmv`mk dikbmk `imdmmk dmk zntymzn ~mkb zilikm|k~m+ :+ Vikbbykmmk cnkb`ykbmk zilmbmn zyali| licmom| m`mk aikde|ekb vmdm vikbhm~mtmk kncmn!kncmn mtmy mzvi`!mzvi` `ihndyvmk ~mkb mdm dn cnkb`ykbmkk~m+ 4+ Vikbbykmmk cnkb`ykbmk dmvmt aikm|n` lmbn mkm`+ @ibnmtmk licmom| dnaykb`nk`mk m`mk cilnh aikm|n` lmbn mkm` zilml cnkb`ykbmk aik~idnm`mk zyali| licmom| ~mkb zmkbmt li|mbma dmk lmk~m` vncnhmk+ 9+ Viamkgmmtmk cnkb`ykbmk aikyalyh`mk m`tnwntmz licmom| mkm` ( cim|knkb mjtnwntniz. ~mkb cilnh aiknkb`mt+ Vikbbykmmk jm|m mtmy aitedi ~mkb li|wm|nmzn nkn ai|yvm`mk tyktytmk dmk `ilytyhmk ~mkb hm|yz dnvikyhn dmcma vikdndn`mk ykty` mkm` yznm dnkn+ Aiamkgmmt`mk cnkb`ykbmk zi`ntm| dikbmk aialmrm mkm`!mkm` ykty` aikbmamtn cnkb`ykbmk m`mk aikmalmh `izinalmkbmk dmcma `ibnmtmk licmom|+ M|tnk~m licmom| tndm`  hmk~m ti|omdn dn |ymkbmk `icmz kmayk oybm dn cym| |ymkbmk `icmz dmcma hmc nkn cnkb`ykbmk zilmbmn zyali| licmom| ~mkb zmkbmt li|vikbm|yh ti|hmdmv vi|`ialmkbmk gnzn`# `iti|mavncmk zeznmc# dmk lydm~m# vi|`ialmkbmk iaeznekmc zi|tm nktici`tymc+ 

Vi|`ialmkbmk Gnzn`

Cnkb`ykbmk zmkbmt li|vi|mk dmcma ai|mkbzmkb vi|tyalyhmk gnzn` mkm`# ykty`  aikbialmkb`mk etet!etetk~m+ Mkm` aiancn`n `iziavmtmk ~mkb mcman ykty` li|cm|n!cm|n# aiceavmt# li|`iom|!`iom|mk dikbmk tiamkk~m dmk aikbbi|m``mk tylyhk~m dikbkm jm|m! jm|m ~mkb tndm` ti|lmtmz+ 

Vi|`ialmkbmk mzvi` `iti|mavncmk zejnmc

Cnkb`ykbmk zijm|m mcman aikde|ekb mkm` ykty` li|nkti|m`zn dikbmk mkm`!mkm` ~mkb cmnk lmh`mk dikbmk e|mkb!e|mkb dirmzm+ Vmdm zmmt mkm` aikbmamtn eloi`!eloi` ti|tikty ~mkb mdm dn cnkb`ykbmk vmztn dnm nkbnk aikj|ntm`mk hmznc vikiaymkk~m dikbmk ~mkb cmnk 

Vi|`ialmkbmk mzvi` iaezn

Cnkb`ykbmk vmdm yayak~m aiali|n`mk tmktmkbmk ykty` dncmcyn ecih mkm`!mkm`+ Viamkgmmtmkk~m m`mk aiaykb`nk`mk mkm` ykty` aikbialmkb`mk |mzm vi|jm~m dn|n ~mkb vezntng+

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Vi|`ialmkbmk nktici`tymc

Mkm`!mkm` licmom| aicmcyn nkti|m`zn cmkbzykb dikbmk likdm!likdm mtmy ndi!ndi+ Cnkb`ykbmk aikmrm|`mk `ivmdm by|y `iziavmtmk ykty` aikbymt`mk `ialmcn `ekziv! `ekziv zivi|tn rm|km# mkb`m# likty` dmk y`y|mk+

ZI@ECMH DMK BY\Y CMNK ZILMBMN ZYALI\ Zilmbmnamkm mkdm vicmom|n dmcma aedyc =# lmhrm zmcmh zmty v|nkznv V@\ mdmcmh aiamkgmmt`mk zyali| licmom| zijm|m evtnamc+ Ecih `m|ikm zyali| licmom| ~mkb ti|zidnm zmkbmt ti|lmtmz# am`m mkdm zilmbmn by|y dntyktyt ykty` zicmcy `|imtng `|imtng –aikjnvtm`mk‑ li|lmbmn zyali|# zihnkbbm dmvmt dnamkgmmt`mk vmdm vialicmom|mk+ =+ @i|omzmam Aikjnvtm`mk zyali| licmom|# dmk zyali| dm~m ai|yvm`mk gm`te| viktnkb lmbn zi`ecmh!zi`ecmh dn dmi|mh ti|vikjnc ~mkb aikbhmdmvn li|lmbmn `izycntmk dmk `iti|lmtmzmk+ Ecih `m|ikm nty# `i|omzmam ti|zilyt dnm|mh`mk `ivmdm ? m+ @i|omzmam mktm|m by|y dmk `ivmcm zi`ecmh ti|vyzmt vmdm vialmbnmk tybmz aikbmom| dmk `i|omzmam mdanknzt|mzn# anzmck~m ? =. Aikbmty| vialmbnmk tybmz aikbmom|# `i|omzmam mdanknzt|mzn# dmk omdrmc vicmom|mk+ <. Vikbmdmmk# vikbbykmmk# dmk viaicnhm|mmk mcmt dmk zyali| licmom|+ :. Li|dnz`yzn dmk zmcnkb ty`m| nkge|amzn dmk vikbmcmamk+ l+ @i|omzmam zi`ecmh dnm|mh`mk ykty` aialmkbyk Vyzmt Zyali| Licmom| (VZL.+ VZL nkn dmvmt dnlmkbyk dm|n aycmn ~mkb zidi|hmkm zmavmn dikbmk ~mkb cilnh tnkbbn+ j+ @i|omzmam dikbmk e|mkb tym dmk amz~m|m`mt dnm|mh`mk ykty` aikjnvtm`mk n`cna dnamkm zi`ecmh mdmcmh ancn` li|zmam# ecih `m|ikmk~m vik~icikbbm|mmk vikdndn`mk aikomdn tmkbbykb omrml li|zmam mktm|m zi`ecmh dmk amz~m|m`mt+ d+ @i|omzmam dikbmk Vikncn`# @m @mkjma Divdn`lyd# dmk @m Jmlmkb Dnkmz Dn`lyd zitiavmt zilmbmn Vialnkm+ Vnhm` ti|`mnt cmnkk~m dncym| zi`ecmh ly`mk cmbn zilmbmn e|mkb ~mkb hmk~ m –aikbmtmzn‑ mkdm dmcma aicm`y`mk `ibnmtmk zihm|n!hm|n# titmvn zilmbmn vm|tki| (ant|m. Mkdm dmcma aikdndn` ay|nd!ay|nd dn zi`ecmh+

<+ Aialmkbyk n`cna `i|omzmam Li|n`yt nkn mdmcmh lili|mvm hmc ~mkb dmvmt dnbykm`mk ykty` aialmkbyk `i|omzmam dikbmk vnhm` cmnk ~mkb ti|`mnt+ m+ Aikbyavyc`mk dmtm ztmtnztn` dmk zyali| nkge|amzn Mkdm vi|cy aiancn`n dmtm ztmtnztnj zidi|hmkm# ti|ytmam dmtm zi`ecmh ~mkb aicnvytn  oyacmh ay|nd# oyacmh ay|nd aikbycmkb `icmz# oyacmh ay|nd vytyz zi`ecmh# dmk oyacmh ay|nd ~mkb aicmkoyt`mk `i ZAV+ l+ Aicm`y`mk kibeznmzn (vi|ykdnkbmk. Mkdm dmk `ivmcm zi`ecmh vi|cy aikbmty| cmkb`mh!cmkb`mh ykty` aicm`y`mk kibeznmzn mbm| aikdmvmt`mk dy`ykbmk+ Dmcma aicm`y`mk kibeznmzn nty tyalyh`mk `izmk lmhrm ai|i`m ly`mk hmk~m aialmkty `ntm# titmvn ai|i`m ai|yvm`mk ykzy| viktnkb# tmkvm `ihmdn|mk ai|i`m am`m zi`ecmh tndm` m`mk li|omcmk dikbmk lmn`+ j+ Aiali|n`mk vi|mkmk k~mtm Amz~m|m`mt vi|cy dnli|n`mk vi|mkmk k~mtm# anzmck~m aikomdn tyte|# dmk km|m zyali| dnli|lmbmn lndmkb mktm|m cmnk ? `iziknmk# ecmh|mbm# `izihmtmk# `i|monkmk# dmk vi|tmknmk+ d+ Aicmve|`mk `imdmmk zi`ecmh Vmdm zmmt!zmmt ti|tikty Mkdm mtmy zi`ecmh dmvmt aiali|n`mk cmve|mk `ivmdm `ivmcm dizm mtmy amz~m|m`mt tiktmkb `imdmmk zi`ecmhk~m+ i+ Aiali|n`mk tmkdm vikbhm|bmmk Zi`ecmh dmvmt aiali|n`mk vikbhm|bmmk ti|hmdmv amz~m|m`mt ~mkb li|omzm ti|hmdmv zi`ecmh+ Vikbhm|bmmk zivi|tn nkn dmvmt li|likty` vnmbma mtmy vnmcm# mtmy cilnh zidi|hmkm cmbn anzmck~m aikbyaya`mk `ivmdm amz~m|m`mt `itn`m |mvmt zi`ecmh# `ikmn`mk `icmz mtmy vmdm zmmt |mvmt dizm+ :+ Aicm`y`mk `i|omzmam dikbmk zi`ecmh dmk by|y cmnk Mkdm zilmbmn zie|mkb by|y tikty aiamhman lityc `ekdnzn dmk `imdmmk zi`ecmh Mkdm ~mkb aiky|yt Mkdm zikdn|n zi|lm `i`y|mkbmk+ Gikeaikm (biomcm. nkn zmkbmt aiavikbm|yhn Mkdm zihnkbbm aikbbmkby v|eziz licmom| aikbmom|+ @izi|lm`i`y|mkbmk ti|zilyt mktm|m cmnk ? dn zi`ecmh Mkdm `i`y|mkbmk tikmbm by|y zihnkbbm Mkdm hm|yz aikbmom| ai|mkb`mv lili|mvm `icmz zi`mcnbyz# znzrm Mkdm tndm` aiancn`n ly`y zyali|# Mkdm zikdn|n tndm`  aiavyk~mn ly`y videamk by|y zijm|m cikb`mv# zi|tm mkdm ~mkb li|nomzmh ZBE mtmy VBM

titmvn li|tybmz zilmbmn by|y `icmz ai|mzm `irmcmhmk dmcma aikbmom|# Mkdm tndm` aikbymzmn amti|n amtiamtn`m dmk NVM `m|ikm Mkdm dycy tndm` vi|kmh aikdmvmt`mk vicmom|mk ti|zilyt+ Mkdm oybm ai|mzm lmhrm zi`ecmh Mkdm ti|tnkbbmc omyh dm|n zi`ecmh cmnk ~mkb `ekdnznk~m zi|lm li|`ijy`yvmk+ @itnkbbmcmk ti|zilyt Mkdm |mzm`mk zilmbmn m`nlmt mktm|m cmnk hmc li|n`yt ? amtm vicmom|mk ~mkb dmvmt Mkdm li|n`mk vmdm zitnmv hm|nk~m zmkbmt ti|lmtmz vmcnkb hmk~m < amtm vicmom|mk zmom# zidmkb`mk amtm vicmom|mk cmnk zivi|tn `izihmtmk# `iziknmk dmk V@@ `y|mkb aikdmvmt vi|hmtnmk+ Dnzi`ntm| Mkdm oybm lmk~m` zi`mcn `i`m~mmk mcma ~mkb tm` ti|kncmn hm|bmk~m dmk dmvmt Mkdm amkgmmt`mk zilmbmn zyali| licmom|+ Kmh# zi`m|mkb lmbmnamkm jm|mk~m aiamkgmmt`mk zyali|!zyali| licmom| ti|zilyt ykty` aikbmtmzn gikeaikm zivi|tn ti|zilyt dnmtmz5 Ykty` aikomrml vi|tmk~mmk ti|zilyt# n`ytncmh y|mnmk li|n`yt nkn+ m+ Lmbmnamkm jm|m aiamkgmmt`mk zizmam by|y dm|n zmty zi`ecmh zilmbmn zyali| licmom|5

Dnzi`ecmh Mkdm hmk~m mdm : e|mkb by|y# ~mnty Mkdm zikdn|n (Ly dihiz. cycyzmk ZBE titmvn aikbmom| zilmbmn by|y `icmz# tiamk Mkdm Vm` zily cycyzmk ZVB ai|mkb`mv @ivmcm Zi`ecmh# dmk zie|mkb by|y lm|y Vm` Mtin cycyzmk ZVB+ Ecih @ivmcm Zi`ecmh Mkdm dnzi|mhn tybmz ykty` aikbmom| dn `icmz NNN dmk `icmz NW# Vm`  Mtin dn `icmz W dmk `icmz WN# zidmkb`mk dn `icmz N dmk `icmz NN dnmom| ecih Vm` Zily @ivmcm Zi`ecmh+ Dm|n hm|n `ihm|n Mkdm ziam`nk ai|mzm aiavi|ecih `izycntmk dmcma lili|mvm amti|n vicmom|mk amtiamtn`m# anzmck~m dn `icmz NNN Mkdm `y|mkb aikbymzmn aikbymzmn tiktmkb+ –cymz `y|wm li|dmzm|`mk cymz yknt lyoy| zmkb`m|‑+ Mvm ~mkb hm|yz Mkdm cm`y`mk 5 Mkdm tndm` hm|yz –aikbmlmn`mk‑ amti|n vicmom|mk ti|zilyt zihnkbbm tndm` Mkdm mom|`mk+ ^mkb hm|yz Mkdm cm`y`mk mdmcmh aikjelm aikbmtmzn `izycntmk Mkdm dikbmk jm|m aianktm lmktymk Vm` Mtin mtmy Vm`  Zily+

Vmdm zmmt nztn|mhmt# mtmy zilicya vicmom|mk dnaycmn# mtmy ze|i hm|n `itn`m Mkdm zidmkb zmktmn# Mkdm vi|bn `i Vm` Mtin mtmy Vm` Zily ykty` aikdnz`yzn`mk amzmcmh Mkdm+ Cmkb`mh ~mkb dmvmt Mkdm cm`y`mk mdmcmh zivi|tn li|n`yt ?

=. @iay`m`mk amzmcmh ~mkb Mkdm hmdmvn+ <. Aikikty`mk mcti|kmtnwi viaijmhmk vi|amzmcmhmk li|yvm ? 

Aialmhmz li|zmam amti|n ti|zilyt

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Aiankoma ly`y zyali|# lmhmk# dmk mcmt vi|mbm

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Aianktm tiamk Mkdm aikbbmktn`mk aikbmom|# ziaiktm|m Mkdm aikbmom| dn `icmz tiamk Mkdm

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Aialmrm ay|nd Mkdm ykty` licmom| amtiamtn`m dn `icmz tiamk Mkdm+

l+ Aiancnh mcti|kmtng ~mkb vmcnkb tivmt dikbmk aiavi|tnalmkb`mk `ilytyhmk# rm`ty# omdrmc# dmk lmhmk ~mkb ti|zidnm+

@izycntmk mvmvyk dmvmt dnmtmzn mzmc mdm `iti|ly`mmk

dmk zmcnkb vikbi|tnmk

mktm|m zizmam by|y+ @i|omzmam mktm|m zizmam by|y dmcma zmty zi`ecmh nty zmkbmt viktnkb `m|ikm dmvmt aiaijmh`mk li|lmbmn `izycntmk ti|ytmam `izycntmk dmcma aicm`zmkm`mk tybmz aikbmom|+ Zitnmv e|mkb aiavyk~mn `i`y|mkbmk# dmk `i`y|mkbmk ti|zilyt dmvmt dnmtmzn mvmlncm `ntm li`i|omzmam dmk zmcnkb aikecekb+

j+ Lmbmnamkm jm|m aiamkgmmt`mk by|y dm|n zi`ecmh ~mkb cmnk5

@i|omzmam mktm| zi`ecmh ai|yvm`mk gm`te| ~mkb zmkbmt viktnkb# anzmck~m ykty`  `iviktnkbmk li|n`yt ? =. Li|dnz`yzn dmk ty`m| vikbmcmamk ykty` aikbmtmzn li|lmbmn `izycntmk aikbmom|# anzmck~m tndm` aiavyk~mn ly`y zyali| dmk mcmt vi|mbm vicmom|mk# mtmy `y|mkb aikbymzmn amti|n ~mkb hm|yz dnmom|`mk0 <. Aialmkbyk Vyzmt Zyali| Licmom| (VZL.# anzmck~m aikbialmkb`mk mcmt vicmom|mk# vi|vyztm`mmk li|zmam# dmk cmle|mte|nya ~mkb zidi|hmkm0 :. Aikbmdm`mk `ibnmtmk li|zmam# anzmck~m aikbmdm`mk `ykoykbmk dmk `m|~mrnzmtm li|zmam0 4. Zmcnkb aialmkty dmcma aikbmom|# anzmck~m by|y dm|n ZD ~mkb zmty dmvmt aialmkty aikbmom| by|y!by|y dn ZD cmnkk~m ~mkb li|di`mtmk+ Dmcma aikomcnk `i|omzmam mktm| zi`ecmh nkn# Mkdm tndm` m`mk ti|civmz dm|n li|lmbmn hmalmtmk# zilmbmn jekteh dmvmt dnn`ytn dmcma y|mnmk li|n`yt+

Zi`ecmh Mkdm mdmcmh ZD Bm|nkb Tm|nkbbyc = (BT=.# ai|yvm`mk ZD dn dmi|mh ti|vikjnc# citm`k~m zmty `eavci` dikbmk ZD Bm|nkb tm|nkbbyc < (BT<.+ Dn ZD mkdm hmk~m mdm < e|mkb by|y# ~mnty Mkdm (Ly Dihiz. aikbmom| dn `icmz W dmk WN# zidmkb`mk Vm` Zily zilmbmn @ivmcm Zi`ecmh oybm zilmbmn by|y `icmz ~mkb ai|mkb`mv aikbmom| dn `icmz N# NN# NNN# dmk Nw+ Aiky|yt Vm` Zily# lnm| Ly Dihiz aikbmom| < `icmz zmom# `m|ikm `icmz WN m`mk aikbhmdmvn ILTMKMZ zihnkbbm vi|cy cilnh aikdmvmt vi|hmtnmk+ Ecih `m|ikm Mkdm hmk~m li|dym dn ZD BT=# Mkdm zmkbmt |ivet `m|ikm hm|yz aialmktnkb tycmkb aikbmom| dn lili|mvm `icmz# zihnkbbm Mkdm tndm` vi|kmh aiali|n`mk vicmom|mk ecmh|mbm `ivmdm ay|nd!ay|nd+ Nkn dnzilml`mk Mkdm `i`y|mkbmk rm`ty# ti|cmcy cicmh ykty` aikbmom| ecmh|mbm# dmk Mkdm oybm `y|mkb aikbymzmn vicmom|mk ecmh|mbm+ Zihnkbbm vmdm vicmom|mk ecmh|mbm Mkdm tndm` vi|kmh aiali|n`mk vicmom|mk# mtmy ay|nd!ay|nd dncivmz dn hmcmamk ykty` ecmh|mbm zikdn|n+ Dn vnhm` cmnk# tiamk Mkdm dn ZD BT< jy`yv zmktmn `m|ikm dn ZD ti|zilyt 7 e|mkb by|y# dn cym| by|y ecmh|mbm+ Kmavm`k~m Ly Dihiz aicnhmt lmhrm li`i|omzmam dikbmk by|y!by|y dn ZD BT< ai|yvm`mk jm|m ykty` aikmkbbycmkbn `izycntmkk~m+

Ykty` aikbmtmzn `izycntmk nkn# Mkdm aikjelm aikomcnk `i|omzmam dikbmk by|y dn ZD BT<# mkdm aikjelm aikiayn Vm` Cmlihy (by|y ecmh|mbm ZD BT<. dmk aikbiay`m`mk `izycntmk Mkdm+ Dikbmk zikmkb hmtn Vm` Cmlihy aiali|n`mk vitykoy`  `ivmdm Mkdm (Ly Dihiz. tiktmkb jm|m aikbmom|`mk ecmh|mbm ti|zilyt# mcmt vi|mbm mvm ~mkb dnbykm`mk dmk lmbmnamkm jm|m aikbbykm`mkk~m+ Li|dmzm|`mk `mzyz ti|zilyt dnmtmz# ti|k~mtm jm|m `i|om zmam ~mkb dncm`y`mk ecih Ly Dihiz `y|mkb li|hmznc# nm hmk~m li|hmznc dmcma aianktm Vm` Cmlihy ykyt`  aikoicmz`mk amti|n ~mkb Ly Dihiz tndm` `ymzmn+ Zimkdmnk~m Ly Dihiz titmv tndm`  aikbymzmn amti|n ti|zilyt mtmy `m|ikm hmc cmnk# li|m|tn amzmcmhk~m titmv tndm`  ti|vijmh`mk+ Ykty` aikbmtmzn amzmcmh ti|zilyt# am`m vi|cy dncm`y`mk vikdi`mtmk dikbmk li|lmbmn vnhm`# dmk ai|yvm`mk `i|omzmam zi`ecmh ly`mk `i|omzmam Ly Dihiz+ Vikdi`mtmk ~mkb vi|cy dncm`y`mk ecih ZD BT= mdmcmh ?

=. Aicm`y`mk `ekzyctmzn dikbmk viomlmt Dn`lyd tnkb`mt `ijmamtmk ykty` aikbmtmzn `i`y|mkbmk by|y dn ZD BT= dikbmk aiamkgmmt`mk `icilnhmk by|y dn ZD BT<+ <. Aicm`y`mk vikdi`mtmk dikbmk ZD BT< ykty` aikbmty| viamkgmmtmk `icilnhmk by|y dn ZD BT<+ :. Aikbmty| vikomdrmcmk aikbmom| mvmlncm zydmh dnzivm`mtn ykty` zmcnkb aialmkty dmcma aikbmom|+ Ykty` aikbmtmzn `izycntmk zi|yvm# lnmz zmom `i|omzmam ti|zilyt dnbykm`mk ykty`  zmcnkb aiankoma`mk mcmt!mcmt v|m`tn`# ly`y vibmkbmk# mtmy mcmt vi|mbm cmnkk~m+ Hmc nkn zmkbmt ti|bmktykb vmdm omyh di`mtk~m zi`ecmh ti|zilyt+

d+ Lmbmnamkm jm|m aiamkgmmt`mk tiamk by|y dmcma @@B5

Zitnmv by|y tiktyk~m zydmh aiavyk~mn vikbmcmamk ~mkb jy`yv tiktmkb aikbmom|# zihnkbbm nm aikbitmhyn dnamkm mtmy vmdm amti|n mvm nm aikdmvmt`mk `izycntmk zilmbmn jekteh+ Zmcmh zmty `izycntmk m`mk aykjyc `itn`m mdm ay|nd mtmy by|y cmnk ~mkb li|tmk~m tiktmkb amti|n ti|tikty# dmk Mkdm tndm` dmvmt aikoicmz`mkk~m+ Mvmlncm Mkdm aikomdn mkbbetm @@B tiktyk~m `izycntmk ti|zilyt dikbmk aydmh dmvmt dnmtmzn+ Mkdm `iay`m`mk amzmcmh ti|zilyt# `iaykb`nkmk mdm by|y cmnk ~mkb aiavyk~mn amzmcmh ~mkb zmam dikbmk Mkdm+ @izycntmk ti|zilyt aykjyc `m|ikm Mkdm `y|mkb aikbymzmn amti|n# tndm` aiavyk~mn ly`y# tndm` aiavyk~mn mcmt vi|mbm# mtmy mdm hmc cmnk ~mkb aikdizm` zihnkbbm hm|yz zijivmtk~m dnmtmzn# anzmck~m aialymt v|eb|ma mtmy vi|znmvmk vialicmom|mk+ @@B mdmcmh ge|ya ~mkb dmvmt dnomdn`mk ykty`  zmcnkb ty`m| nkge|amzn# ty`m| vikbmcmamk# li|dnz`yzn ykty` aiaijmh`mk li|lmbmn `izycntmk aikbmom|# dmk aikbi|om`mk zizymty zijm|m li|zmam+ Hmc ~mkb vi|cy Mkdm vi|hmtn`mk dmcma aiamkgmmt`mk tiamk by|y mkbbetm @@B dmcma aikbmtmzn `izycntmk Mkdm mktm|m cmnk mdmcmh ? =. Mkdm hm|yz zydmh aikbitmhyn vi|amzmcmhmk dmk `izycntmk Mkdm ti|zilyt omyh zilicyak~m# zihnkbbm Mkdm

zydmh znmv ykty` li|dnz`yzn mtmy li|dnmceb dmcma

ge|ya @@B+ <. Mkdm tndm` vi|cy `hmrmtn| mtmy amcy ecih tiamk lmhrm Mkdm by|y ~mkb tndm`  amavy+

ZI@ECMH DMK CNKB@YKBMK ZILMBMN ZYALI\ LICMOM\ Dmcma tie|nk~m tiktmkb – amzti|~ cim|knkb‑# mkbbmvmk mdmk~m ay|nd ~mkb vnktm| dmk ledeh+ Ay|nd hmk~m dmvmt dnlidm`mk dm|n ~mkb jivmt dikbmk ~mkb cmalmt+ Aiky|yt tie|n Amzti|~ Cim|knkb ti|zilyt lmhrm –ziaym ~mkb dmvmt dnvicmom|n ecih e|mkb cmnk# lnzm dnvicmom|n ecih znmvmvyk„+ V|nkznv amzti|~ cim|knkb nkn aicmhn|`mk li|lmbmn likty` licmom| amkdn|n# zmcmh zmtyk~m mdmcmh znztia licmom| om|m` omyh (ZLOO. ~mkb zidmkb dnn`ytn ecih by|y!by|y ZD aicmcyn v|eb|ma Vik~iti|mmk D!< VBZD+ Amcjeca @kerciz (=>29# h+ =86. aikbbmalm|`mk lmhrm licmom| amkdn|n aiki`mk`mk vikdndn`mk vmdm –nknznmtng nkdnwndy dmcma licmom|‑+ L|yji Ancci|  aikoicmz`mk lmhrm –licmom| amkdn|n amkdn|n mdmcmh jm|m licmom| ~mkb zivikyhk~m mtmy zilmbnmk lizm| dn lmrmh `ikdmcn ay|nd!ay|nd nty zikdn|n+ =+ Aikjnvtm`mk cnkb`ykbmk zi`ecmh zilmbmn zyali| licmom|

Ykty` aikykomkb v|eziz licmom| amkdn|n# vi|cy mdmk~m zymty zymzmkm ~mkb aikde|ekb ay|nd dmk by|y ykty` aiamgmmt`mk lmhmk dmk vi|cikb`mvmk ~mkb mdm+ Zymzmkm ti|zilyt mdmcmh mdmk~m vi|znmvmk mcmt%lmhmk zilmbmn zyali| licmom| dmk ti|jnvtmk~m cnkb`ykbmk licmom| ykty` aikykomkb v|eziz licmom| amkdn|n+ @mzyz = @itn`m zm~m li|`ykoykb `i ZD dmi|mh ti|vikjnc ~mkb by|yk~m aikbmom| ai|mkb`mv `icmz dnzitnmv dnkdnkb |ymkb `icmz dn hnmzn dikbmk |ymz lmaly ~mkb dn nzn dikbmk li|lmbmn   oiknz dmyk rm|km!rm|kn (dn dmi|mh nkn zycnt dntiayn lykbm. ~mkb dnvi|ecih dm|n zi`ntm| zi`ecmh+ Dmyk!dmyk nkn dn`yavyc`mk ecih ay|nd!ay|nd dmk by|y# `iaydnmk dn vmzmkb zilmbmn hnmzmk `icmz+ Oyacmh hnmzmk ti|zilyt tndm` `y|mkb dm|n > lymh dmcma zmty |ymkb `icmz+ Zm~m tndm` aikbitmhyn zijm|m vmztn mvm`mh hnmzmk ti|zilyt mdm zitnmv hm|n mtmy hmk~m `m|ikm m`mk dn `ykoykbn + `itn`m zm~m li|tmk~m vmdm zmcmh zie|mkb ay|nd mvm`mh hnmzmk ti|zilyt dnbykm`mk ykty` licmom|# ai|i`m aikomrml –tndm`„+

@mzyz < Vmdm tmhyk =>76!mk mdm Zd dn`mavykb vikycnz ~mkb ti|hntykb amoy# ZD ti|zilyt lm|y dndn|n`mk zicmam :!4 tmhyk# omdn ti|amzy` ZD lm|y+ @ivmcm Zi`ecmhk~m ti|amzy`  li|vn`n|mk aedi|k# zihnkbbm dmcma rm`ty |icmtnwi znkb`mt ZD ti|zilyt zydmh aiancn`n `ilyk zi`ecmh# `ecma n`mk# dmk viti|km`mk `malnkb+ Ziaym nkn dn`icecm ecih ay|nd!ay|nd dikbmk lnalnkbmk by|y+ Zitnmv lycmk ay|nd!ay|nd dm|n zicy|yh `icmz dnlmbn tybmz vn`it zijm|m li|bncn|mk# anzmck~m lycmk vi|tmam ~mkb aikby|yz `ecma mdmcmh `icmz WN dmk `icmz N# `icmz W dmk `icmz NN aikby|yz `ilyk# dmk `icmz NNN dmk `icmz NW aikby|yz viti|km`mk `malnkb+ Zitnmv hm|nk~m oybm dnmty| vn`it vi| `icmz# |mtm!|mtm : e|mkb ay|nd ~mkb hm|yz aikby|yz `i`m~mmk zi`ecmh nty# mktm|m cmnk aiali|n am`mk ti|km` dmk n`mk# aiali|znh`mk `mkdmkb dmk `ecma# zi|tm aiaicnhm|m `ilyk+ Dm|n znkn ay|nd!ay|nd licmom| li|`ilyk# liti|km`# dmk aiaicnhm|m n`mk+ Dikbmk dian`nmk ZD ti|zilyt aikomdn cilnh ti|`ikmc zihnkbbm hmavn| tnmv ankbby dn `ykoykbn ecih nkztmkzn dmk viomlmt dm|n `etm# anzmck~m @mkrnc Divdn`lyd# YKNJIV dmk YKNIZJE+ Ay|nd!ay|ndk~m lmkbbm aikomdn ay|nd ZD ti|zilyt# mvmcmbn `mcmy zidmkb vn`it# ai|i`m aiam`mn vm`mnmk ~mkb lmbyz dmk aiam`mn ziciavmkb+ Ai|i`m zikmkb licmom| `m|ikm tndm` hmk~m dydy` dn dmcma `icmzk~m# titmvn oybm zi|nkb `i `ilyk# `i `ecma mtmy `i `mkdmkb `malnkb+

@mzyz!`mzyz ti|zilyt aikykoy``mk `ivmdm `ntm lmhrm zizykbbyhk~m zi`ecmh aiavyk~mn vetikzn dmk `inkbnkmk ~mkb lizm| ykty` aiknkb`mt`mk `ymcntmz cnkb`ykbmk zi`ecmhk~m zilmbmn zyali| licmom| (`mzyz = dmk <.+ Vmdm `mzyz =# ay|nd!ay|nd dncnlmt`mk hmk~m vmdm zmmt aikbyavyc`mk dmyk!dmyk dmk aicitm``mkk~m vmdm lyalykb lmaly+ Nkn dnzilml`mk by|y licya aiavyk~mn v|eb|ma ~mkb   oicmz ykty` aiaikgmmt`mk dmyk!dmyk ti|zilyt lmbn `iviktnkbmk licmom| ay|nd!ay|nd+ Zilicya zm~m cmkoyt`mk# omrmlcmh vi|tmk~mmk li|n`yt nkn+ Ykty` hmc mvm zmom dmyk ti|zilyt dmvmt dnamkgmmt`mk5 ‧tivmt zi`mcn+ Zizykbbyh Zizykbbyhk~m k~m dmyk ti|zilyt dmvmt dnamkgmmt`mk ykty`  `iviktnkbmk vialicmom|mk# ~mnty zilmbmn mcmt vi|mbm# mtmy mcmt lmkty vicmom|mk+ Jekteh# ykty` 

rm|kn dmvmt dnomdn`mk vi|mbm ykty` amti|n –vikbbecekbmk NVM dmyk ~mkb li|rm|km! li|rm|km!rm|kn tyalyhmk‑ dmk zilmbmnk~m+ Amznh lmk~m` ` ibykmmkk~m ibykmmkk~m ly`mk 5 Vmdm `mzyz < ay|nd zydmh lmk~m` ti|cnlmt dmcma licmom| ~mnty licmom| jm|m liti|km`# li|`ilyk# dmk jm|m aiaicnhm|m n`mk# titmvn amznh licya lmk~m` dnamkgmmt`mk ykty`  `iviktnkbmk vialicmom|mk# anzmck~m mcmt vi|mbm vicmom|mk dmcma vicmom|mk NVM# amtiamtn`m# dmk amtm vicmom|mk ~mkb cmnkk~m+ Jekteh# dmcma amtm vicmom|mk NVM ~mnty amti|n tiktmkb –hi|lnwe|i‑ lnmz aikbbykm`mk `malnkb zilmbmn lmhmk vikbmamtmk# amti|n cnkb`ykbmk hndyv dmvmt aikbbykm`mk `malnkb zilmbmn lmhmk vikbmamtmk# amti|n cnkb`ykbmkl hndyv dmvmt aikbbykm`mk `ecma zilmbmn zyali| vikbmamtmk# dmk amti|n –`cmzngn`mzn tyalyhmk‑# ay|nd! ay|nd! ay|nd dmvmt dn lmrm `i `ilyk ykty` aikbmamtn oiknz!oiknz tyalyhmk+

<+ Aicikb`mvn zi`ecmh dikbmk zyali| licmom|

m+ Aikbyavyc`mk li|lmbmn oiknz tyalyhmk# dmyk!dmyk mtmy lykbm!lykbm# `iaydnmk dn `i|nkb`mk dmk dnzyzyk li|dmzm|`mk oiknzk~m+ l+ Aikbyavyc`mk li|lmbmn oiknz lnkmtmkb (zi|mkbbm.# lmn` lnkmtmkb dm|mt amyvyk lnkmtmkb mn|# `iaydnmk dn`i|nkb`mk dmk dnzyzyk dmcma zmty cialm| `i|tmz amkncm dmk dnli|n ndiktntmz zivi|tn vmdm lytn| m+ j+ Aikbyavyc`mk li|lmbmn oiknz lnon!lnonmk# `iaydnmk dn`yavyc`mk vmdm bicmz vcmztnj li`mz m}ym zizymn dikbmk oiknzk~m dmk dnznavmk dmcma ciam|n+ d+ Aikbyavyc`mk li|lmbmn oiknz lmty!lmtymk zivi|tn lmty vmdmz# lmty zykbmn# lmty vmzn|# dmk lmty!lmtymk cmnk+ i+ Aikbyavyc`mk lm|mkb!lm|mkb li`mz mktm|m cmnk lm|mkb dm|n cebma# vcmztnj# `m~y# |etmk# `mjm# ileknti# `mlic# `i|tmz# `m|it dmk cmnk!cmnk+ g+

Aikbyavyc`mk ymkb cebma ~mkb zydmh tndm` ti|vm`mn dm|n tmhyk!tmhyk cmam zmavmn tmhyk ti|m`hn|+

b+ By|y li|zmam!zmam ay|nd aialymt zikdn|n li|lmbmn oiknz mcmt vi|mbm vicmom|mk ~mkb dmvmt dnbykm`mk dmcma v|eziz vialicmom|mk# mktm|m cmnk bceli# dmk mcmt vi|mbm ti|omdnk~m bi|hmkm+

:+ Lmbmnamkm jm|m aikbialmkb`mk v|eb|ma `ilyk# `ecma# dmk viti|km`mk zi`ecmh5

Mkdm aykb`nk li|vikdmvmt lmhrm ykty` aikbialmkb`mk zm|mkm licmom| zivi|tn nty# aiai|cy`mk lnm~m ~mkb jy`yv lizm| dmk vi|cy aiancn`n `imhcnmk `hyzyz# ly`mk5 tndm`# ~mkb dnvi|cy`mk dm|n mkdm mdmcmh `m|zm dmk `m|~m (nknznmtng dmk `|imtngntmz.+ Ykty` nkn mkdm tndm`  vi|cy aikbbykm`mk ziaym zm|mkm licmom| ti|zilyt# mkdm jy`yv aiancnh zmcmh zmty zmom anzmck~m ~mkb vmcnkb zidi|hmkm# aydmh dmk dmvmt dncm`zmkm`mk dnamkm zmom zivi|tn `ilyk zi`ecmh+

4+ Aikbialmkb`mk Vyzmt Zyali| Licmom| (VZL.

VZL ai|yvm`mk tiavmt `ibnmtmk licmom|# am`m VZL hm|yz dncikb`mvn dikbmk vi|cikb`mvmk zyali| licmom|# zivi|tn li|n`yt? m+ Mcmt vi|cikb`mvmk Mcmt vi|cikb`mvmk licmom| dmvmt li|yvm mcmt vi|mbm# mcmt lmkty licmom|# mcmt v|m`tn`# dmk li|lmbmn likdm mtmy lm|mkb zivi|tn byktnkb# `m|tek# `i|tmz vcmztnj# dmk zilmbmnk~m+ l+ Zyali| licmom| Zyali| licmom| dnznkn li|yvm ly`y!ly`y vicmom|mk# amomcmh# `e|mk# hi|lm|nya# nkzi`tm|nya# m`ym|nya# tyalyhmk dmcma vet# lnkmtmkb ~mkb dnvicnhm|m# dmk zilmbmnk~m+ j+ Aidnm ici`t|ekn`  Zyali| nkn dmvmt li|yvm `mzit mydne# `mzit wndie# |mdne# dmk TW+

Likdm mtmy lm|mkb ti|zilyt dntiavmt`mk dmk dntmtm vmdm tiavmt ~mkb dnzidnm`mk+ Vikiavmtmk nkn dmvmt dncm`y`mk dikbmk lili|mvm jm|m# mktm|m cmnk? m+ Aiky|yt oiknzk~m Vikiavmtmk dncm`y`mk li|dmzm|`mk oiknz dm|n ziaym `eci`zn mtmy likdm%lm|mkb ~mkb mdm dn VZL ti|zilyt+ Oiknz ti|zilyt dn`cmzngn`mzn`mk aiky|yt mcmt v|m`tn`ya# ly`y# tmkmamk# hirmk# dmk tyalyhmk ~mkb dnmrit`mk# lnon!lnonmk# lmty!lmtymk dmk cmnk!cmnk+ l+ Aiky|yt amtm vicmom|mk+ Vikiavmtmk dmvmt oybm dncm`y`mk li|dmzm|`mk amtm vicmom|mk# ~mnty mcmt dmk zyali| ykty` NVM dntiavmt`mk vmdm zmty zydyt mtmy zmty ciam|n+ Zidmkb`mk ykty` amtm vicmom|mk cmnkk~m anzmck~m Lmhmzm Nkdekiznm# NVZ# Amtiamtn`# E|`iz# VV@K dmk zilmbmnk~m dntiavmt`mk vmdm zydyt mtmy ciam|n ~mkb cmnk+

CNKB@YKBMK ZILMBMN ZYALI\ LICMOM\ Oiknz!Oiknz Cnkb`ykbmk Zilmbmn Zyali| Licmom|

Vmdm dmzm|k~m ziaym oiknz cnkb`ykbmk ~mkb mdm dn zi`ntm| mkm` dmvmt dnamkgmmt`mk ykty` aikbevtnamc`mk `ibnmtmk vikdndn`mk ykty` mkm` yznm dnkn zivmkomkb |iciwmk dikbmk `eavtikzn dmzm| dmk hmznc licmom| ~mkb lnzm li|yvm cnkb`ykbmk mcma mtmy cnkb`ykbmk gnzn`# cnkb`ykbmk zeznmc dmk cnkb`ykbmk lydm~m mtmy lymtmk+ =+ Cnkb`ykbmk mcma

Cnkb`ykbmk mcma mtmy cnkb`ykbmk gnzn` mdmcmh zibmcm zizymty ~mkb zngmtk~m mcmanmh# zivi|tn zyali| dm~m mcma (mn|# hytmk# tmkmh# lmty!lmtymk.# tyalyh!tyalyhmk dmk hirmk (gce|m dmk gmykm.# zykbmn# n`cna# zyhy# dmk zilmbmnk~m+ <+ Cnkb`ykbmk zeznmc

Hmc!hmc ~mkb lnzm dnvicmom|n ecih mkm` yznm dnkn dmcma `mntmkk~m dikbmk viamkgmmtmk cnkb`ykbmk zeznmc zilmbmn zyali| licmom| nkn anzmck~m? =+ aikbikmc mdmt nztnmdmt dmk `ilnmzmmk vikdydy` zitiavmt dn amkm mkm` tnkbbmc+ <+ aikbikmc oiknz!oiknz amtm vikjmhm|nmk vikdydy` dn zi`tnm| tiavmt tnkbbmc dmk zi`ecmh+ :+ Aikbikmc e|bmknzmzn!e|bmknzmzn zeznmc ~mkb mdm dn amz~m|m`mt zi`ntm| tiavmt tnkbbmc dmk zi`ecmh+ 4+ Aikbikmc `ihndyvmk li|mbmam ~mkb dnmkyt ecih vikdydy` zi`ntm| tiavmt tnkbbmc dmk zi`ecmh+ 9+ Aikbikmc `ilydm~mmk ti|amzy` `iziknmk ~mkb mdm dn zi`ntm| tiavmt tnkbbmc dmk zi`ecmh+ 7+ Aikbikmc zt|y`ty| viai|ktmhmk zitiavmt zivi|tn \T# \R# dizm mtmy `icy|mhmk dmk `ijmamtmk+ Viamkgmmtmk cnkb`ykbmk zeznmc zilmbmn zyali| licmom| dmcma `ibnmtmk vikdndn`mk ykty` mkm` yznm dnkn zilmn`k~m dnaycmn dm|n cnkb`ykbmk ~mkb ti|`ijnc mtmy vmcnkb di`mt dikbmk mkm`+ :+ Cnkb`ykbmk Lydm~m

Dn zmavnkb cnkb`ykbmk lydm~m dmk cnkb`ykbmk mcma ~mkb zngmtk~m mcman# mdm   oybm ~mkb dnzilyt cnkb`ykbmk lydm~m mtmy lymtmk ~m`kn cnkb`ykbmk ~mkb zikbmom dnjnvtm`mk mtmy dnlmkbyk amkyznm ykty` tyoymk!tyoymk ti|tikty ~mkb li|amkgmmt lmbn `ihndyvmk amkyznm+ Mkm` dmvmt aiavicmom|n cnkb`ykbmk lymtmk dm|n li|lmbmn mzvi`  zivi|tn v|ezizk~m# viamkgmmtmkk~m# gykbznk~m# viaicnhm|mmkk~m# dm~m dy`ykbk~m# zi|tm mzvi` cmnk ~mkb li|`ikmk dikbmk vialmkbykmk dmk `iviktnkbmk amkyznm dmk amz~m|m`mt vmdm yayak~m+ Cnkb`ykbmk mcma zi`ntm| lmn` cnkb`ykbmk mcma amyvyk cnkb`ykbmk zeznmc lydm~m zivi|tn zyali| jekteh!jekteh jekteh! jekteh dnmtmz mdmcmh –cmle|mte|nya |m`zmzm‑# ~mkb dmvmt dnbykm`mk zilmbmn zyali| licmom| ecih ay|nd!ay|nd+ Cialm| @i|om Ay|nd (C@A. ai|yvm`mk mcmt vialicmom|mk ~mkb li|bykm ykty`  aiamkgmmt`mk zyali| cnkb`ykbmk zijm|m am`znamc+ Cialm| @i|om Ay|nd (C@A. ai|yvm`mk mcmt mtmy zm|mkm yty` aikbm`tng`mk ay|nd!ay|nd licmom| zijm|m amkdn|n+ Li|n`yt nkn mdmcmh jekteh C@A ~mkb li|nzn vmkdymk ykty` aikbbykm`mk cnkb`ykbmk zilmbmn zyali|+

CIALM\ @I\OM AY\ND

Kmam%`iceave` 

? ‧‧‧‧++

Ve`e` Lmhmzmk

? Vikbbecekbmk am`hcy` hndyv

Zyl Ve`e` Lmhmzmk

? Hirmk li|ly`y!ly`y (zi|mkbbm.

@icmz

? W (cnam.

=+ Mcmt%lmhmk

? m+ < lymh teciz l+ `mvmz j+ < vetekb |etn % am`mkmk cmnk d+ cmcmt lymh (d|ezevhncm aicmkeb|mtnm. i+ cmcmt |yamh

<+ Tyoymk

? Aicm`y`mk vi|jelmmk ykty` ? m+ Aikbitmhyn jm|m vi|`ialmkblnm`mk cmcmt l+ Aialmkdnkb`mk jm|m vi|`ialmkblnm`mk cmcmt |yamh dmk cmcmt lymh

l+ Jm|m vikbmamtmk

4+ Hmznc



Mamtn dmk jmtmt zitnmv hm|n vi|`ialmkbmk aycmn li|ticy|0



Jmtmt vmdm hm|n `i li|mvm ticy| aikitmz#



Jmtmt hm|n `i li|mvm cmcmt ti|zilyt aycmn dirmzm#

? m+ Y|mn`mk jm|m vi|`ialmkblnm`mk vi|`ialmkblnm`mk cmcmt!cmcmt ti|zilyt dm|n aycmn Dntiavmt`mk zmavmn dikbmk li|ticy| dmk dirmzml+ Lmkdnkb`mk vi|`ialmkblnm`mk cmcmt |yamh dikbmk cmcmt lymh+

9+ @iznavycmk

? m+ Amkm ~mkb lmk~m` li|ticy|k~m5 l+ Amkm ~mkb cilnh jivmt li|ticy|k~m5 j+ Amkm ~mkb cilnh jivmt aikitmz5 d+ Amkm ~mkb cilnh jivmt dirmzm5 Mvm jn|nk~m5

=+ Aiamkgmmt`mk Vyzmt Zyali| Licmom|

Jekteh dmcma aiamkgmmt`mk VZL# C@A dnm|mh`mk ykty` `ibnmtmk li|n`yt ? m+ Aikbialmkb`mk `iti|mavnmcmk mtmy `ekziv =. @iji|amtmk

?

aikbbyktnkb#

ai|i`mt#

aiamzmkb`mk#

aialymt

vi|jelmmk

(aikbmamtn# aialymt dnmb|ma.# dmk aikbmdm`mk znaycmzn# <. Viki|mvmk `ekziv ? aiamzy``mk# aikby|yt`mk# aikbyavyc`mk# aianzmh`mk# aikdmgtm|# aikbiceave``mk# aiamzmkb`mk# aikycnz`mk# aikiavmt`mk# mtmy aiali|n

kmam#

aialmkdnkb`mk#

aikbialmkb`mk#

aikicntn#

ai|i`ekt|y`zn#

aikiay`mk# dmk aiaytyz`mk+ l+ Aikiavmt`mk zymty cialm| `i|om# vi|amnkmk# dnmb|ma# hmznc v|m`tn`ya# cmve|mk# dmk hmznc `m|~m cmnkk~m dn zymty tiavmt dn amkm ay|nd cmnk dmvmt licmom| dikbmk jm|m licmom| amkdn|n+ j+ Aikbialmkb`mk lili|mvm ykty` vik~navmkmk# zihnkbbm lmn` by|y amyvyk ay|nd dmvmt aikbhmlnz`mk rm`tyk~m ykty` licmom| dn VZL+

C@A ai|yvm`mk mcmt ~mkb vmcnkb igi``tng ykty` aiam`znamc`mk vikbbykmmk VZL+ Li|n`yt nkn lili|mvm jekteh `ibnmtmk vialicmom|mk ~mkb dmvmt dncm`y`mk dikbmk aikbbykm`mk C@A# mktm|m cmnk ? m+ Ay|nd!ay|nd aicm`y`mk v|m`tn`ya tiktmkb vikbm|yh znkm| amtmhm|n ti|hmdmv tyalyhmk+ Jekteh ? =. Ay|nd!ay|nd aikiavmt`mk tyalyhmk dmcma `etm` ~mkb dntytyv |mvmt+ Vmdm dnkdnkb `etm` ti|zilyt dnli|n cylmkb ykty` amzy` znkm|+ Ziticmh lili|mvm hm|n m`mk dnn`itmhyn lmhrm tyalyhmk ti|zilyt ai|m~mv aicmcyn cylmkb tmdn+ <. Ay|nd!ay|nd aikbmamtn < lymh vet ~mkb zydmh dntmkman lykbm dm|n oiknz ~mkb zmam# ~mkb zmty dntiavmt`mk dntiavmt ti|mkb dmk zmtyk~m cmbn dntiavmt`mk vmdm tiavmt bicmv+ Ziticmh zmty ankbby ay|nd!ay|nd dmvmt aialmkdnkb`mk vi|tyalyhmk `idym ay|nd ti|zilyt+ l+ Li|lmbmn vetekbmk lmale ~mkb ai|yvm`mk jekteh likty` cnkb`m|mk dm|n li|lmbmn y`y|mk+ Zitnmv ay|nd aikby`y| cnkb`m|mk ti|zilyt dikbmk aikbbykm`mk likmkb+ Li|dmzm|`mk vikby`y|mk nkn# ay|nd dn lmrmh lnalnkbmk by|y m`mk aikbitmhyn |yayz vi|hntykbmk likdm!likdm lycmt zivi|tn lecm+ j+ Li|lmbmn tmkdm |maly!|maly cmcy cntmz ~mkb dn lymt zikdn|n# dntiavmt`mk li|oioi|+ Ay|nd! ay|nd hm|yz aikykoy``mk `i amkm m|mh li|omcmk zizymn dikbmk |maly ti|zilyt+

<+ Cnkb`ykbmk Zi`ntm| Zilmbmn Zyali| Licmom|

Cnkb`ykbmk mcma li|`mntmk dikbmk zyali|!zyali| mcman mktm|m cmnk cmyt# bykykb# zykbmn# zmrmh# `ecma# hytmk# cialmh# dmkmy# dmk zyali| mcma cmnkk~m+ Zidmkb`mk cnkb`ykbmk zeznmc lydm~m li|`mntmk mktm|m cmnk dikbmk `ihndyvmk `iamz~m|m`mtmk# `imbmammk# `ikibm|mmk# `ilydm~mmk# mdmt nztnmdmt# vecntn`# i`ekean dmk cmnk!cmnk+ @i dmcma cnkb`ykbmk zejnmc lydm~m nkn dnamzy``mk vycm tiktmkb cialmbm!cialmbmk~m zivi|tn cialmbm mdmt# viai|nktmhmk# lydm~m dmk ziti|yzk~m+ Amkgmmt ~mkb dmvmt dnvi|ecih dmcma aikbbykm`mk cnkb`ykbmk zilmbmn zyali| mdmcmh ? Ay|nd!ay|nd dmvmt aicnhmt zijm|m cmkbzykb likdm!likdm ~mkb li|`mntmk dikbmk amtm vicmom|mk dn zi`ecmhk~m0

Ay|nd dmvmt aialy`tn`mk dmk aiki|mv`mk tie|n mtmy `ekziv ~mkb vi|kmh dndmvmt dn zi`ecmh `idmcma `ihndyvmk zihm|n!hm|n0 Aikmkma`mk zn`mv ykty` aik~m~mkbn cnkb`ykbmk zi`ntm|+

m+ Lmbmnamkm jm|m aikbndiktngn`mzn aikbndiktngn`mzn cnkb`ykbmk zilmbmn zyali| licmom|5 Ge|amt = Ndiktngn`mzn Zyali| Cnkb`ykbmk Zizymn Dikbmk Amti|n Vicmom|mk

Zyali| Mcma

= =+ Zyali| Mcma m+ Bykykb l+ Zykbmn j+ Zmrmh d+ Cialmh i+ Hytmk g+ @mrmh b+ N|nbmzn h+ Dmkmy%rmdy`  n+

Vi|tmalmkbmk

 o+

Amtm mn|

<+ Zeznmc m+ Oiknz zy`y lmkbzm l+ Zy`y ti|mznkb j+ @ihndyvmk mcmt d+ Yvmjm|m mdmt i+ \yamh mdmt g+ Yvmjm|m `imbmammk b+ Amtm vikjmhm|nmk vikdydy` 

@iti|zidnmmkk~m @iti|zidnmmkk ~m

Ykty` Amtm

Mdm

Tndm` 

Vicmom|mk

<

:

4

h+ Vm`mnmk mdmt n+

\mbma lmhmzm

:+ Cialmbm m+ @mkte| Dizm l+ Vyz`izamz j+ Vez~mkdy d+ Tiavmt nlmdmh i+ Cialmbm mdmt g+ Cialmbm lydm~m%zmkbbm| tm|n b+ Vi|vyztm`mmk h+ Ayziya n+

Cmle|mte|nya

 o+

Vml|n`%vi|yzmhmmk

Lili|mvm hmc ~mkb vi|cy Mkdm vi|tnalmkb`mk dmcma aikikty`mk cnkb`ykbmk zi`ntm| zilmbmn zyali| licmom|# mdmcmh ? =+ Zyali| ti|zilyt aydmh dnomkb`my (`iaydmhmk.# <+ Tndm` aiai|cy`mk lnm~m tnkbbn (`iay|mhmk.# :+ Tiavmt ti|zilyt jy`yv mamk ykty` dnbykm`mk zilmbmn zyali| licmom| (`imamkmk.# 4+ Li|`mntmk dikbmk amti|n ~mkb dnmom|`mk dnzi`ecmh (`izizymnmk+

l+ Lmbmnamkm aiamkgmmt`mk zyali| ti|zilyt ykty` `iviktnkbmk licmom| ay|nd! ay|nd5

Cmkb`mh!cmkb`mh ~mkb vi|cy dnamktmv`mk dmcma aikbbykm`mk cnkb`ykbmk zilmbmn zyali| dmvmt dncm`y`mk ziom` mrmc jmty|rycmk+ Ykty` nkn Mkdm dmvmt li|tntn`  tecm` dm|n BLVV mtmy ly`y vm`it# mtmy `idymk~m+ Ge|amt < li|n`yt aiali|n`mk bmalm|mk `ivmdm Mkdm zilmbmnamkm ziaiztnk~m Mkdm ai|ikjmkm`mk v|eb|ma nkn+

Ge|amt < Ndiktngn`mzn Amti|n Aiai|cy`mk Cnkb`ykbmk Zilmbmn Zyali| Licmom|

Zi`ecmh

? ‧‧‧‧‧+

Jmty|rycmk

? ‧‧‧‧‧+

@icmz

? ‧‧‧‧‧+ Amtm

Vicmom|mk%Tevn` 

Zyali| Licmom| ~mkb Dnvi|cy`mk Cnkb+ Gnzn`

Cnkb+ Zeznmc

Cialmbm

VZL (zi`ecmh.

=+ Amtiamtn`m ! ! <+ NVM ! ! :+ NVZ ! ! 4+ VAV ! ! 9+ L+ Nkdekiznm ! !

Dmcma aicm`zmkm`mk viamkgmmtmk zyali|!zyali| cnkb`ykbmk ti|zilyt# mdm lili|mvm cmkb`mh ~mkb hm|yz Mkdm cm`y`mk# ~mnty ? =. Mkdm aialy`m `ialmcn dmgtm| amti|n vmdm Ge|amt = dmk Ge|amt <# ykty` aicnhmt tevn` dmk amti|n ~mkb m`mk dnli|n`mk dikbmk aikbbykm`mk li|lmbmn zyali| cnkb`ykbmk# <. Aiavi|znmv`mk `ykoykbmk `i zyali| licmom| ti|zilyt# ~mnty0 

Aikikty`mk omdrmc (`mvmk dmk li|mvm cmam.



Aik~nmv`mk cialm| `i|om ay|nd (C@A.# ai|yvm`mk videamk mtmy vitykoy` lmbn ay|nd dmcma aicm`y`mk vikbmamtmk# dmk vikbyavycmk dmtm#



Aiavi|znmv`mk vi|li`mcmk# anzmck~m ? mcmt# lmhmk# dmk `ekzyazn+

:. Aiali|n`mk vitykoy` tiktmkb tmtm ti|tnl zicmam aicm`y`mk `ykoykbmk mtmy vikbyavycmk dmtm# 4. Aicm`y`mk lnalnkbmk dmk vialnkmmk zicmam dmcma `ykoykbmk# 9. Aiali|n`mk vikbmrmzmk vikyh `ivmdm ay|nd!ay|nd lmn` dn vi|omcmkmk amyvyk dntiavmt tyoymk# 7. Aiali|n`mk

vitykoy`

jm|m

aialymt

cmve|mk

hmznc

`ykoykbmk#

dmk

jm|m

aik~mavmn`mkk~m dmcma `icmz# 2. Aikmtm `iceave` licmom| ykty` aiav|iziktmzn`mk hmznc cmve|mk+

j+ Amz~m|m`mt zilmbmn zyali|

Amz~m|m`mt mdmcmh nkdnwndy zilmbmn vi|zekmc ~mkb ai|yvm`mk lmbnmk dm|n amz~m|m`mt+ Anzmck~m# vm|m ycmam# lydm~mrmk# zeznmrmk# vikb|monk# vitmkn# ziknamk# vm`m| cnkb`ykbmk hndyv dmk zilmbmnk~m+ Lmbmnamkm jm|mk~m aiamkgmmt`mk km|mzyali|+ Lili|mvm hmc ~mkb hm|yz dnvi|tnalmkb`mk mdmcmh ? =+ Amti|n mtmy nkge|amzn ~mkb dmvmt dnvi|ecih dm|n km|mzyali|# amti|n nkn tndm` dn`ymzmn ecih by|y# dmk zyali|k~m vyk tndm` mdm+ Ecih `m|ikm nty dnvi|cy`mk km|mzyali| ~mkb dmvmt aiali|n`mk nkge|amzn nkn zijm|m oicmz# anzmck~m tiktmkb lmhm~m km|`etn`# lmhm~m MNDZ dmk zilmbmnk~m+ Zi`ecmh mtmy by|y dmvmt aikbykdmkb @ivecnznmk mtmy dm|n Vyz`izamz ykty` aiali|n`mk ji|mamh dn zi`ecmh+ <+ Km|mzyali| ti|zilyt tivmt# m|tnk~m ~mkb dnomdn`mk km|mzyali| hm|yz e|mkb ~mkb likm|!likm| aiancn`n nkge|amzn ti|zilyt+ :+ Hnkdm|`mkcmh hmc ~mkb li|rm|km vecntn`# `m|ikm ay|nd ZD licya zmmtk~m dn li|n nkge|amzn vecntn` v|m`tnz+