LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM PEMBUATAN LARUTAN STANDAR, MENGHITUNG KONSENTRASI DAN PENGENCERAN SERTA LARUTAN INDIKAT IN DIKATOR OR Percobaan 1 PEMBUATAN LARUTAN STANDAR, MENGHITUNG KONSENTRASI DAN PENGENCERAN PENGENCERA N SERTA SERTA LARUTAN LARUTAN INDIKATOR
I. TUJUAN PERCOBAAN 1. Menya!"an a#a$ %an ba&an 'n$'" (e(b'a$ #ar'$an. ). Me(b'a$ #ar'$an %en*an berba*a +a$'an "on+en$ra+. . Me#a"'"an"an !en*enceran ar'$an %ar "on+en$ra+ yan* $n** "e ren%a&.
II. LANDASAN TEORI Lar'$an a%a#a& ca(!'ran &o(o*en an$ara -a$ $er#ar'$ %an !e#ar'$. Pe#ar'$ yan* '('( %*'na"an a%a#a& ar. Un$'" (enya$a"an banya"nya -a$ $er#ar'$ %an !e#ar'$, %"ena# a%a#a& "on+en$ra+. a$ $er#ar'$ (er'!a"an "o(!onen yan* /'(#a&nya +e%"$, +e%an*"an !e#ar'$ a%a#a& "o(!onen yan* $er%a!a$ %a#a( /'(#a& yan* banya". S'a$' #ar'$an %en*an /'(#a& (a"+('( -a$ $er#ar'$ !a%a $e(!era$'r $er$en$' %+eb'$ #ar'$an /en'&. Sebe#'( (enca!a $$" /en'&, #ar'$an $%a" /en'& Ka%an*0"a%an* %/'(!a +'a$' "ea%aan %en*an -a$ $er#ar'$ %a#a( #ar'$an #eb& banya" %ar!a%a -a$ $er#ar'$ yan* +e&ar'+nya %a!a$ (e#ar'$ !a%a $e(!era$'r $er+eb'$. Lar'$an yan* %e("an %+eb'$ #ar'$an #ea$ /en'&. Pa%a #ar'$an a+a( %an ba+a !e"a$, !a%a #abe#nya $%a" %ber"an n2or(a+ (en*ena "on+en$ra+ #ar'$an $er+eb'$, $e$a! &anya %ber"an bebera!a n2or(a+ !en$n* +e!er$ (a++a (o#e"'# re#a$2 3Mr43*5(o#4, "on+en$ra+ %a#a( +a$'an !er+en 3b5b4 %an (a++a /en+ 3K*5L4. Banya"nya -a$ $er#ar'$ yan* %a!a$ (en*&a (en*&a+# +#"an "an #ar'$an #ar'$an /en'& /en'& %a#a( %a#a( /'(#a& /'(#a& $er$en$ $er$en$' ' !e#ar' !e#ar'$$ !a%a !a%a $e(!era$ $e(!era$'r 'r "on+$an %+eb'$ "e#ar'$an. Ke#ar'$an +'a$' -a$ ber*an$'n* !a%a +2a$ -a$ $', (o#e"'# !e#ar'$, $e(!era$'r, %an $e"anan. Me+"!'n #ar'$an %a!a$ (en*an%'n* banya" "o(!onen, $e$a! !a%a
"e+e(!a$an n &anya %ba&an #ar'$an yan* (en*an%'n* %'a "o(!onen, $e$a! ya$' #ar'$an bner. Ko(!onen %ar #ar'$an bner ya$' -a$ $er#ar'$ %an !e#ar'$. Con$o& #ar'$an bner6 a$ $er#ar'$
a4
Pe#ar'$
Con$o&
Ga+
Ga+
U%ara,+e('a ca(!'ran *a+
Ga+
Car
Karbon %o"+%a %a#a( ar
Ga+
Pa%a$
H%ro*en %a#a( !#a$na
Car
Car
A#"o&o# A#"o&o# %a#a( ar
Car
Pa%a$
Ra"+a %a#a( $e(ba*a
Per+en bera$ bera$ !er bera$ 37 8584 8584 (enya$a"an (enya$a"an banya"nya banya"nya *ra( -a$ -a$ $er#ar'$ $er#ar'$
%a#a( 199 *ra( #ar'$an.
Kon+en$ra+ %%e2n+"an +eba*a /'(#a& -a$ $er#ar'$ %a#a( +e$a! +a$'an #ar'$an a$a' !e#ar'$. Pa%a '('(nya "on+en$ra+ %nya$a"an %a#a( +a$'an 2+", (+a#nya +a$'an bera$ a$a' +a$'an :o#'(ea$a' %a#a( +a$'an "(a, (+a#nya (o#, (a++a r'('+, %an e":a#en. b4
Per+en bera$ !er :o#'( 37 85;4, ba+anya %*'na"an #ar'$an %a#a( ar yan*
+an*a$ encer %ar -a$ !a%a$. M+a#nya, 'n$'" (e(b'a$ <7 385;4, A*NO , < *ra( A*NO %#ar'$"an %a#a( ar "e('%an %encer"an +a(!a $e!a$ 199 (L. Lar'$an NaOH 197 385;4, (en*an%'n* (en*an%'n* 19 *ra( NaOH %a#a( 199 (L (L #ar'$an.
Per+en
bera$ +an*a$ ber(an2aa$ %an +ern* %*'na"an "arena $%a" $er*an$'n* !a%a $e(!era$'r. Kon+en$ra+ #ar'$an yan* ba+anya %/'(!a %a#a( !er%a*an*an +ern* %nya$a"an %a#a( !er+en bera$.
c4
Per+en
:o#'(e 37 :5:4 (enya$a"an (L -a$ $er#ar'$ %a#a( 199 (L !e#ar'$.
%4 Par$+ Per M##on %an Par$+ Per B##on Par$+ Per M##on 3!!(4 (enya$a"an (* -a$ $er#ar'$ %a#a( 1 "* a$a' 1 #$er #ar'$an. J"a #ar'$an +an*a$ encer %*'na"an +a$'an "on+en$ra+ Par$+ Per M##on, !!( 3ba*an !er +e/'$a4, %an Par$+ Per B##on, !!b 3ba*an !er (##ar%4. Sa$' !!( e":a#en %en*an 1 (* -a$ $er#ar'$ %a#a( 1 L #ar'$an. Sa$' !!b 1 (* -a$ $er#ar'$ !er 1 #ar'$an.
Par$+ Per M##on, !!(, !ar$ !er b##on, !!b, a%a#a& +a$'an yan* (r! !er+en bera<$. J"a !er+en bera$ *ra( -a$ $er#ar'$ !er 199 *ra( #ar'$an, !!( *ra( -a$ $er#ar'$ !er +e/'$a *ra( #ar'$an %an !!b -a$ $er#ar'$ !er (##ar% *ra( #ar'$an.
e4
Ke(o#aran 3M4 (enya$a"an (o# -a$< $er#ar'$ %a#a( 1 #$er #ar'$an a$a'
/'(#a& (#(o# %a#a( 1 (L #ar'$an.
J"a (a++a M a%a#a& (a++a (o#ar 3*
(o#014, (a"a=
24
>ra"+ Mo# 3?4
nenya$a"an (o# -a$ $er#ar'$ !er (o# $o$a#.
A!ab#a #ar'$an yan* #eb& !e"a$, %+e+'a"an
%en*an +a$'an "on+en$ra+ #ar'$an yan* %"e$a&' %en*an +a$'an %n*n"an. J'(#a& -a$ $er#ar'$ +ebe#'( %an +e+'%a& !en*enceran a%a#a& +a(a %an (e(en'& !er+a(aan = ;1. M1 @ ;). M) D(ana = ;1 @ :o#'(e #ar'$an a$a' (a++a +ebe#'( %encer"an ;) @ :o#'(e #ar'$an a$a' (a++a +e$e#a& %encer"an M1 @ "on+en$ra+ #ar'$an +ebe#'( %encer"an M) @ "on+en$ra+ #ar'$an +e$e#a& %encer"an *4
Kenor(a#an 3N4
&4 E":a#en 3E4 1 E @ 1 (o# ('a$an 3 a$a' 04. O#e& "arena "on+en$ra+
on %a#a( %ara& +an*a$ encer, (a"a ba+anya %*'na"an (#e":a#en 3( E4. 1 E @ 1999 (E III. ALAT DAN BAHAN A. A#a$ A#a$ yan* %*'na"an !a%a !ra"$"'( n a%a#a& #ab' Er#en(eyer )<9 (L, *e#a+ "(a, #ab' $a"ar, !!e$ :o#'( a$a' !!e$ *on%o" %an "are$ !en*&+a!, neraca ana#$", !en*a%'", %an coron*. B. Ba&an
Ba&an yan* %*'na"an !a%a !a"$"'( n a%a#a& NaOH, HCL, H )SO, n%"a$or !&eno!&$a#en, n%"a$or Me$&y# Re%. E$ano#, a'a%e+, %an #an0#an. I;. PROSEDUR KERJA Lar'$an 1 NaOH 0
0 0 0
%$(ban* +ebanya" 1 *ra( %en*an neraca ana#$"
%(a+'""an "e *e#a+ "(a %$a(ba&"an a'a%e+ +ec'"'!nya %a%'" Ge#a+ "(a %!n%a&"an "e %a#a( #ab' $a"ar 199 (L
0
0 0
D$(ba&"an a'a%e+ +a(!a $an%a $era5 ba$a+ Lab' $a"ar %$'$'! Lab'
$a"ar
199 (L %&$'n* "on+en$ra+nya %a#a( +a$'an Mo#ar$a+, !er+en bera$ !er
bera$
378584 %an !er+en bera$ !er :o#'(e 3785;4. Lar'$an ) 0
HCL !e"a$ %$a"ar !er'ba&an yan* $er/a%
0
D(a+'""an "e %a#a( #ab' $a"ar 1 (L yan* $e#a& $er+ a'a%e+ nya.
0 0 0 0
Lab' $a"ar %a(a$ !er'ba&an yan* $er/a% %$a(ba&"an a'a%e+ +a(!a $an%a $era5ba$a+ %"oco" "e a$a+ %an "e baa& %&$'n* "on+en$ra+nya %a#a( +a$'an nor(a#$a+ 3N4 %an !er+en bera$ !er :o#'( 37 85;4. Pen*enceran
HCL %ar !ro+e%'r II %(a+'""an "e %a#a( #ab' $a"ar 199 (L
0
0 0
%$a(ba&"an a'a%e+ +a(!a $an%a $era5ba$a+ %"oco" "e a$a+ %an "e baa&. Lab' $a"ar 0
199 (L %&$'n* "on+en$ra+nya %a#a( +a$'an nor(a#$a+ 3N4. Pe(b'a$an #ar'$an +$an%ar H)SO Lab' $a"ar
0
0 0
0
0 0 0 0 0
199 (L %$(ban*
%+ a'a%e+ nya %$(ban* #a* H)SO !e"a$ %(a+'""an "e %a#a( #ab' $a"ar 199 (L yan* +'%a& %+ a'a%e+.
%$(ban* %a(a$ !er'ba&an yan* $er/a% %$a(ba& a'a%e+ +a(!a $an%a $era5ba$a+ %"oco" &n**a &o(o*en %$(ban* Lab' $a"ar 199 (L
0 0
a'a%e+ %$en$'"an +2a$ !e#ar'$an H)SO %&$'n* "on+en$ra+ %a#a( +a$'an Mo#ar$a+ 3M4, (o#a#$a+ 3(4, !!(, !er+en bera$ !er bera$ 37 54, !er+en bera$ !er :o#'( 37 5:4, %an 2ra"+ (o# 3?4. Pe(b'a$an In%"a$or )< 7 e$ano# )< 7 ar "+aran arna co#or#e++ F !n"
0
In%"a$or P&eno!&$a#e n 9, 91 7 !er'ba&an yan* $er/a%, arna #ar'$an benn* %an +'&'nya !ana+.
0
9 7 e$ano# )9 7 ar
0
arna "+aran !n" 0 ye##o
In%"a$or (e$&y# re% 9, 0
9) 7 Per'ba&an yan* $er/a%, arnanya (en/a% (era& %an +'&'nya $e$a!.
;. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN A. Ha+# A.1. Ha+# !en*a(a$an Lar'$an 1 No
Pro+e%'r "er/a
Ha+# !en*a(a$an
1.
Men(ban* +ebanya" 1 *ra( NaOH NaOH $er+eb'$ berben$'" !a%a$, %en*an neraca ana#$", "e('%an arnanya berarna benn*, %an (e(a+'""an NaOH "e %a#a( *e#a+
#ar'$an $er+eb'$ $era+a &an*a$ !a%a
"(a, #a#' (ena(ba&"an a'a%e+
+aa$ %!e*an*, /'*a a%a ba' !a%a
+ec'"'!nya
#ar'$an NaOH.
+e&n**a
%an NaOH
(en*a%'"nya #ar'$
%a#a(
a'a%e+. ).
Me(n%a&"an #ar'$an NaOH "e
Se$e#a&
%a#a( #ab' $a"ar 199 (L %en*an
%$a(ba&"an
(ena(ba&"an a'a%e+ +a(!a $an%a
+a(!a $an%a ba$a+, #ar'$an NaOH
ba$a+
$er+eb'$ $e$a! berarna benn*,
%an
"e('%an cara
(en'$'!
#ab'
(en*oco"nya
$a"ar, %en*an
(e(ba#"0ba#"an
na('n
#ar'$an
#ar'$an
NaOH
%en*an
a'a%e+
NaOH (en/a%
%en*an ber#en%r %an #ar'$annya $era+a
"e%'a ara& ya$' "e a$a+ %an" "e
%n*n
baa&.
Lar'$an ) No 1.
Pro+e%'r "er/a Men*a(b# 1
M#
(en**'na"an
!!e$,
HCL
!e"a$
Ha+# !en*a(a$an HCL $er+eb'$ ber'/'%
car,
"e('%an berarna benn* %an #ar'$annya
(e(a+'""annya "e %a#a( #ab' $a"ar $era+a %n*n. 199 (L +e$e#a& $er+ a'a%e+ nya. ).
Me(n%a&"an %a#a(
#ab'
#ar'$an
HCL
$a"ar,
"e
HCL
"e('%an benn*,
$er+eb'$
#ar'$annya
(ena(ba&"an a'a%e+ +a(!a $an%a ber'/'% car. ba$a+,
#a#'
"e('%an
(en'$'!
#ab'
(en*oco"nya
$a"ar %en*an
cara (e(ba#"0ba#"an #ab' $a"ar $er+eb'$ "e%'a ara& ya$' "e a$a+ %an
arnanya %n*n
$e$a! %an
"e baa&.
Pen*enceran No 1.
Pro+e%'r "er/a Men*a(b# 19 (L #ar'$an HCL %ar
Ha+# !en*a(a$an Lar'$annya berarna benn*
!ro+e%'r II, "e('%an (e(a+'""annya "e %a#a( #ab' $a"ar 199 (L %an (ena(ba&"an a'a%e+ +a(!a $an%a ba$a+, #a#' (en*oco"nya %en*an (e(ba#"0 ba#""an #ab' $a"ar %en*an "e%'a ara& ya$' "e a$a+ %an "e baa&.
Lar'$an S$an%ar H)SO N
Pro+e%'r "er/a
Ha+# !en*a(a$an
o 1.
Men(ban* #ab' $a"ar 199 (L
Ma++anya @ <, < *ra(
).
%a#a( "ea%aan "o+on*. Men*+ #ab' $a"ar 199 (L %en*an
Ma++anya @ 191, < *ra(
a'a%e+ +a(!a 5< nya, #a#' .
.
(en(ban*nya. Men*a(b# /'(#a& $er$en$' H)SO
Ma++anya @ 19, 9 *ra(.
!e"a$, "e('%an (e(a+'""anya "e
Lar'$annya berarna benn*,
%a#a( #ab' $a"ar %an
&an*a$, %an berba'.
(en(ban*nya. Men(ban* #ar'$an yan* $erben$'",
Ma++anya @ 1<, *ra(.
+e$e#a& $e!a$ :o#'(e !a%a #ab' $a"ar
%en*an
a'a%e+
+a(!a
$an%a
$era5ba$a+, #a#' (en*oco"nya +a(!a &o(o*en. Pe(b'a$an In%"a$or N
Pro+e%'r "er/a
Ha+# !en*a(a$an
o 1.
In%"a$or P&eno!&$a#en 39.91 *ra(
Per'ba&an rea"+, ba', &an*a$, %an
).
%a#a( )< (L e$ano#)< (L ar4. berarna benn*. In%"a$or Me$&y# Re% "+aran arna Per'ba&an rea"+, berarna (era& !n"0ye##o 39,9) *ra( %a#a( 9 (L e$ano#)9 (L ar4.
A.). Per&$'n*an Larutan 1
D"e$a&'
= (a++a NaOH @ 1 *ra( Mr NaOH @ 9 *ra(5(o# ; NaOH @ 199 (L @ 9,1 L
D$anya
= a. M @ b.
..
c.
...
Jaab = a.
Ja%,
@ 9, )< (o#5#
%an a%a ba'.
b.
1997
199 7
199 7
c.
1 7 858
199
1997
1 7 85;
Larutan 2
D"e$a&' = Mr HC# @ ,< *5(o# @ ,< *5e" @ 1,1 "*5# @ 1,1 *5(# "e('rnan HC# @ 7 ; HC# !e"a$ @ 1 (L ; HC# encer @ 199 (L @ 9,1 L D$anya = a. N @ .. b. 7 ;5; @ . Jaab = a.
(a++a HC# !e"a$ @ ; @ 1. 1 *5(# 1 (# @ 1, 1 * 1, 1 *
@ 9, 9 *
@ 9, 91) e" Ja%, 199 7
199 7
@ 1 7 ;5; Pengenceran paa HCL Ke!1
N1 ;1 @ N) ;) 9, 1) N 1 (# @ N ) 199 (# 9, 1) N @ N) 199 N)
N
9, 991) N
Pengenceran Pengenceran paa HCL "e! 2
D"e$a&' =
N1 @ 9, 991)
;1 @ 19 (# ;) @ 199 (# D$anya
=
Jaab
=
N) @ .
N1 ;1 @ N) ;) 9, 991) N 19 (# @ N ) 199 (# 9,91) @ N) ? 199 N)
N
9, 9991) N
Pe#$uatan %tanar H 2SO&
a.
D"e$a&' =
Ma++a H)SO @ 1, 1 *ra( Mr H)SO @ *5(o# ; #ar'$an @ 199 (# @ 9,1 #$er
D$anya = M @ .
Jaab =
Ja%,
9, 11 (o#5#
b. D"e$a&' = Ma++a H)SO @ 1, 11 *ra( Mr H)SO @ *5(o# Ma++a H)O @ <, * D$anya
= (o#a#$a+ @ .
Jaab =
(o#a#$a+
9, )< (o#5"* c.
D"e$a&' = ( H)SO @ 1, 11 *ra( ( #ar'$an @ 199,)1 *ra( ; #ar'$an @ 199 (# @ 19 01 #$er D$anya =
!!( @.
Jaab= 190
190 9,911 19 0 @ 1,1 19 0 !!( 199 7
199 7
199 7
199 7
2.
n H)SO n H)O
/a%,
B . Pe(ba&a+an Percobaan #ar'$an 1, !a%a +aa$ (en(ban* 1 *ra( NaOH %en*an neraca ana#$", &a+# !en*a(a$annya NaOH berben$'" !a%a$, berarna benn* %an +'&' #ar'$annya &an*a$ n $er/a%, "arena &anya (e(a+'""an NaOH "e %a#a( *e#a+ "(a %an (ena(ba&"an a'a%e+ +ec'"'!nya #a#' (en*a%'"nya, +e&n**a a'a%e+ #ar'$ %a#a( ar, !a%a !ercobaan n $%a" a%a !er'ba&an yan* $er/a%, na('n +e$e#a& $' (e(n%a&"an #ar'$an NaOH "e %a#a( #ab' $a"ar. Ha+# !en*a(a$an yan* $er/a% a%a#a& #ar'$an NaOH (en/a% ber#en%r %an +'&'nya %n*n, n %"arena"an (ena(ba&"an a'a%e+ #a* +a(!a $an%a $era5ba$a+, (en'$'! #ab' $a"ar %an (en*oco"nya %en*an cara (e(ba#"0ba#""annya "e%'a ara& ya$' "e "r %an "e "anan. R'('+ "(anya = NaOH Na OH0 .
Percobaan #ar'$an ), !a%a +aa$ (en*a(b# 1 (L HC# !e"a$ (en**'na"an !!e$, &a+# !en*a(a$annya HC# ber'/'% car, arnanya benn*, %an +'&' #ar'$annya %n*n. D +n $%a" $er/a% !er'ba&an, "arena &anya (e(a+'""annya "e %a#a( #ab' $a"ar 199 (# +e$e#a& $er+ a'a%e+ nya. La#' (e(n%a&"an #ar'$an HC# "e %a#a( #ab' $a"ar, &a+# !en*a(a$annya #ar'$an HC# $e$a! arnanya benn*, %an +'&' #ar'$annya %n*n, $%a" a%anya !er'ba&an yan* $er/a% %"arena"an &anya (ena(ba&"an a'a%e+ +a(!a $an%a ba$a+ %an (en'$'! #ab' $a"ar, (en*oco"nya %en*an cara (e(ba#"0ba#""an #ab' $a"ar $er+eb'$ "e%'a ara& ya$' "e a$a+ %an "e baa&. R'('+ "(anya = HC# H C#0. Percobaan !a%a !en*enceran, +aa$ (en*a(b# #ar'$an HC# %ar !ro+e%'r II, &a+# !en*a(a$annya $%a" a%a !er'ba&an yan* $er/a% #ar'$annya $e$a! berarna benn* %an (e(a+'""annya "e %a#a( #ab' $a"ar 199 (L /'*a (ena(ba&"an a'a%e+ +a(!a $an%a ba$a+, (en*oco"nya %en*an cara (e(ba#"0ba#""an #ab' $a"ar $er+eb'$ "e%'a ara& ya$' "e a$a+ %an "e baa&. Percobaan #ar'$an +$an%ar H)SO, !a%a +aa$ (en(ban* #ab' $a"ar %a#a( 199 (L %a#a( "ea%aan "o+on* &a+# !en*a(a$an (a++anya ya$' <,< *ra(. La#' (en*+ #ab' $a"ar $er+eb'$ +ebanya" 199 (# %en*an a'a%e+ +a(!a nya, %an +aa$ %$(ban* &a+# !en*a(a$an (a++anya ya$' 191,< *ra(. Se$e#a& $' (en*a(b# /'(#a& $er$en$' %ar H)SO !e"a$ (e(a+'""annya "e %a#a( #ab' $a"ar no.), &a+# !en*a(a$an !a%a +aa$ (en(ban*nya (a++anya ya$' 19,9 *ra( %an $er/a% !er'ba&annya, #ar'$an benn*, +'&' #ar'$annya &an*a$, %an a%a ba', !er'ba&an $er/a% %"arena"an +e$e#a& $e!a$ :o#'(e !a%a #ab' $a"ar %en*an a'a%e+ +a(!a $an%a ba$a+, (en*oco"nya &n**a &o(o*en %an (en(ban* #ar'$an yan* $erben$'" (a++anya (en/a% 1<, *ra(. R'('+ "(anya = H)SO H SO)0 Percobaan !e(b'a$an n%"a$or, !a%a n%"a$or P&eno!&$a#en 9,91 ' %a#a( )< (# e$ano# )< (# ar, &a+# !en*a(a$an !er'ba&an yan* $er/a% a%a#a& a%a rea"+ ba', +'&' #ar'$annya &an*a$, %an berarna benn*. Se%an*"an, !a%a n%"a$or Me$&y# Re% yan* "+aran arnanya !n" F ye##o 39,9) 7 %a#a( 9 (# e$ano# )9 (# ar, !er'ba&an yan* $er/a% rea"+ berarna (era& %an a%anya ba'. ;I. PENUTUP A. Ke+(!'#an
Pa%a &a+# !ercobaan %a!a$ %a(b# "e+(!'#an %ar $'/'an !ra"$"'( $er+eb'$ ya$' = 1.
Menya!"an a#a$ %an ba&an yan* +'%a& +a! 'n$'" (e(b'a$ #ar'$an +e!er$, #ab' er#en(eyer )<9 (L, *e#a+ "(a, #ab' $a"ar, !!e$ :o#'( a$a' !!e$ *on%o" %an "are$ !en*&+a!, neraca ana#$", !en*a%'", %an coron*, NaOH, HCL, H )SO,
n%"a$or !&eno!&$a#en, n%"a$or (e$&y# re%, e$ano#, %an a'a%e+. ). Me(b'a$ #ar'$an %en*an berba*a +a$'an "on+en$ra+. Sa$'an "on+en$ra+nya ya$' Mo#ar$a+ 3M4, (o#a#$a+ 3(4, !er+en bera$ !er bera$ 37 8584, !er+en bera$ !er :o#'( 37 85;4, !er+en :o#'( !er :o#'( 37 ;5;4, Nor(a#$a+ 3N4, !!(, %an 2ra"+ (o# 3?4. .
Pen*enceran #ar'$an %ar "on+en$ra+ yan* $n** "e
"on+en$ra+ yan* ren%a& a%a#a& a!ab#a #ar'$an yan* #eb& !e"a$, +e+'a %en*an +a$'an "on+en$ra+ #ar'$an yan* %"e$a&' %en*an +a$'an yan* %n*n"an %an /'(#a& -a$ $er#ar'$ +ebe#'( %an +e+'%a& !en*enceran a%a#a& +a(a, (e(en'& !er+a(aan 6 ;1 M1 @ ;) M1 B. Saran Pa%a +aa$ !ra"$"'( &en%a"nya a++$en b+a #eb& (e(ber"an !er&a$an, ara&an, %an b(bn*an "e!a%a !ra"$"an +'!aya !ra"$"'( %a!a$ ber/a#an %en*an ba" %an #ancar.
DA>TAR PUSTAKA
Ac&(a%, H+"a. 1. Penuntun Belajar Kimia Dasar Kimia Larutan. Ban%'n*= C$ra A%$ya Ba"$. C&ar#e+. 8 Keenan, %"". 1. Kimia untuk Universitas. Ja"ar$a= Er#an**a. Kare#'+, S. S, M. Sc, %"". )919. Penuntun Kimia Dasar II. Pa#an*"a Raya=
Pro*ra(
S$'% Pen%%"an K(a >a"'#$a+ Ke*'r'an %an I#(' Pen%%"an. O"$oby. 8 Da:%, %"". 1. Prinsip-Prinsip Kimia Modern. Ja"ar$a= Er#an**a. Ro+enber*. L Jero(e, P&. D. 1<. Teori dan Soal-Soal Kimia Dasar .
Ja"ar$a=
Er#an**a. S'narya, ayan. )99). Kimia Dasar II Berdasarkan Prinsip-Prinsip Kimia Terkini. Ban%'n*= A#"e( Gra2+n%o Pre++.
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