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Ejcor df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jd Forj f tjepjrfturf feiojgtj.
Ejcor dfs d`gnotucjs cj `gcf cj ugf `gcf cj s`goc`.
BZGCFEJGS@ SJ@YOL@
\@GOC@; Jd s`goc`, jg båsolf, js lufdquojr bjgüejg` quj ogv`dulrj df pr`pfnfloüg jg b`ref cj `gcfs jdæstolfs (sjfg fucoidjs ` g`), njgjrfdejgtj f trfvïs cj ug bduoc` (u `tr` ejco` jdæstol`) quj jstï njgjrfgc` jd e`voeojgt` voirft`ro` cj ug lujrp`. Jd s`goc` auefgfejgtj fucoidj l`gsostj jg `gcfs s`g`rfs quj sj pr`culjg lufgc` dfs `slodflo`gjs cj df prjsoüg cjd forj, s`g l`gvjrtocfs jg `gcfs ejlægolfs jg jd `åc` auefg` y pjrloiocfs p`r jd ljrjir`. Df pr`pfnfloüg cjd s`goc` js soeodfr jg d`s bduoc`s, c`gcj jd s`goc` t`ef df b`ref cj bdultuflo`gjs cj prjsoüg. RJD@LOCFC CJD \@GOC@; Df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` js df cogæeolf cj pr`pfnfloüg cj dfs `gcfs s`g`rfs.
Jg df fteüsbjrf tjrrjstrj js cj <3< e/s (f 9= ½L cj tjepjrfturf, l`g :=% cj auejcfc y f govjd cjd efr). Df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` vfråf jg bugloüg cjd ejco` jg jd quj sj trfseotj. Cfc` quj df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` vfråf sjnûg jd ejco`, sj utodozf jd gûejr` Efla 5 6 pfrf ogcolfrdf. Fså ug lujrp` quj sj eujvj jg jd forj f Efla 9 fvfgzf f c`s vjljs df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jsfs l`gcolo`gjs, ogcjpjgcojgtjejgtj cj df prjsoüg cjd forj ` su tjepjrfturf. Df vjd`locfc ` cogæeolf cj pr`pfnfloüg cj df `gcf s`g`rf cjpjgcj cj dfs lfrfltjråstolfs cjd ejco` jg jd quj sj rjfdozf colaf pr`pfnfloüg y g` cj dfs lfrfltjråstolfs cj df `gcf ` cj df bujrzf quj df njgjrf. \u pr`pfnfloüg jg ug ejco` pujcj sjrvor pfrf jstucofr fdnugfs pr`pojcfcjs cj cola` ejco` cj trfgseosoüg. Jg njgjrfd, df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` js efy`r jg d`s südoc`s quj jg d`s dåquoc`s y jg d`s dåquoc`s js efy`r quj jg d`s nfsjs. Jst` sj cjij fd efy`r nrfc` cj l`ajsoüg quj tojgjg d`s jgdfljs ftüeol`s ` e`djludfrjs l`gb`rej eæs südocf js df eftjrof.
Df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jd forj (f ugf tjepjrfturf cj 9= ½L) js cj <3< e/s. \o cjsjfe`s `itjgjr df jquovfdjglof jg hodüejtr`s p`r a`rf p`cje`s cjtjreogfrdf ejcofgtj df sonuojgtj l`gvjrsoüg båsolf;
Rjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jd forj jg he/a 5 (<3< e / 6 s) ¾ (<2== s / 6 a) ¾ (6 he / 6=== e) 5 69<3,1 he/a.
Jg jd forj, f = ½L, jd s`goc` vofkf f ugf vjd`locfc cj <<6,: e/s (p`r lfcf nrfc` ljgtånrfc` quj suij df tjepjrfturf, df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` fuejgtf jg =,2 e/s) Jg jd fnuf (f 9: ½L) js cj 6:?< e/s. Jg df efcjrf js cj <>== e/s. Jg jd a`reonüg js cj 3=== e/s. Jg jd fljr` js cj 26== e/s. Jg jd fdueogo` js cj 23== e/s.
Bjgüejg`s båsol`s quj fbjltfg f df pr`pfnfloüg cjd s`goc`;
Fis`rloüg. Df lfpflocfc cj fis`rloüg cjd s`goc` cj ug eftjrofd js df rjdfloüg
jgtrj df jgjrnåf fis`riocf p`r jd eftjrofd y df jgjrnåf rjbdjkfcf p`r jd eose`, lufgc` jd s`goc` oglocj s`irj jd eftjrofd. \u vfd`r vfråf jgtrj = (t`cf df jgjrnåf sj rjbdjkf) y 6 (t`cf df jgjrnåf js fis`riocf).
Yjbdjxoüg. Bjgüejg` p`r jd lufd ugf `gcf sj fis`rij ` rjnrjsf.
Jd jl` sj pr`culj lufgc` jstj s`goc` js fdtjrfc` p`r ugf l`gstfgtj quj cf l`e` rjsudtfc` eugcofd ug s`goc` quj sj rjbdjkf jg ug ejco` eæs cjgs` y ddjnf fd `åc` cj ugf pjrs`gf l`g ugf cobjrjglof cj tojep` onufd ` supjro`r f =,6 sjnugc`s, rjspjlt` cjd s`goc` quj rjloij corjltfejgtj cj df bujgtj s`g`rf.
Srfgseosoüg. Df vjd`locfc l`g quj sj trfgseotj jd s`goc` cjpjgcj,
proglopfdejgtj, cj df jdfstolocfc cjd ejco`, js cjlor, cj su lfpflocfc pfrf rjlupjrfr su b`ref ogolofd. Jd fljr` js ug ejco` euy jdæstol`, jg l`gtrfstj l`g df pdfstologf, quj g` d` js. @tr`s bflt`rjs quj ogbduyjg s`g df tjepjrfturf y df cjgsocfc.
Yjbrflloüg. Lufgc` ug s`goc` pfsf cj ug ejco` f `tr`, sj pr`culj rjbrflloüg.
Df cjsvofloüg cj df `gcf sj rjdflo`gf l`g df rfpocjz cj pr`pfnfloüg jg jd ejco`. Jd s`goc` sj pr`pfnf eæs ræpocfejgtj jg jd forj lfdojgtj quj jg jd forj brå`. Js df cjsvofloüg quj subrjg dfs `gcfs jg df corjlloüg cj su pr`pfnfloüg, lufgc` jd s`goc` pfsf cj ug ejco` f `tr` cobjrjgtj. Df rjbrflloüg sj cjij f quj fd lfeiofr cj ejco`, lfeiof df vjd`locfc cj pr`pfnfloüg cjd s`goc`.
Cobrflloüg ` cospjrsoüg. \o jd s`goc` jglujgtrf ug `istælud` jg su corjlloüg cj
pr`pfnfloüg, js lfpfz cj r`cjfrd` y sjnuor pr`pfnægc`sj. Df pjrs`gf I pujcj jslulafr f df pjrs`gf F, jg vortuc cj quj dfs `gcfs s`g`rfs jeotocfs p`r F r`cjfg jd eur` y ddjnfg fd `åc` cj I.
Cobusoüg. \o df supjrboloj c`gcj sj pr`culj df rjbdjxoüg prjsjgtf fdnugf
run`socfc, df `gcf rjbdjkfcf g` süd` sonuj ugf corjlloüg sog` quj sj cjsl`ep`gj jg eûdtopdjs `gcfs. Rjd`locfc cjd s`go c` jg jd for j .
Jgtrj df vjd`locfc cj pr`pfnfloüg v cj ugf `gcf, su d`gnotuc cj `gcf, y su brjlujglof b jxostj df rjdfloüg (6) R θb cj e`c` quj, so s`e`s lfpfljs cj ejcor y b , p`crje`s lfdludfr df vjd`locfc cj pr`pfnfloüg R . Dfs `gcfs s`g`rfs s`g `gcfs ejlægolfs d`gnotucogfdjs, quj pujcjg pr`pfnfrsj jg d`s ejco`s eftjrofdjs (südoc`s, dåquoc`s y nfsjs). \o jd ejco` jg quj sj pr`pfnf df `gcf s`g`rf js ug nfs, tfd l`e` jd forj, df vjd`locfc cj pr`pfnfloüg vojgj cfcf p`r sojgc` ι jd eücud` cj l`eprjsoiodocfc cjd ejco` y φ su cjgsocfc . R
ι φ
(9)
\o fceotoe`s quj dfs trfgsb`reflo`gjs quj fl`epföfg f df pr`pfnfloüg cjd s`goc` jg jd forj (js cjlor, dfs l`eprjso`gjs y jgrfrjloeojgt`s) tojgjg lfræltjr fcofiætol` (yf quj s`g euy ræpocfs) y quj jd forj sj l`ep`rtf l`e` ug nfs ocjfd, jgt`gljs p`crje`s jslroior (<) ι μ] c`gcj js jd ddfefc` l`jbolojgtj fcofiætol` y rjprjsjgtf jd l`lojgtj jgtrj d`s lfd`rjs e`dfrjs f prjsoüg y f v`duejg l`gstfgtj ( 5 L p/Lv) y ] js df prjsoüg cjd nfs (df prjsoüg fte`sbïrolf) \ustotuyjgc` df jxprjsoüg (<) jg df (9) y utodozfgc` df jlufloüg cj jstfc` cjd nfs ocjfd (pR 5 gYS) `itjgje`s R
μYS
E
(3)
c`gcj Y js df l`gstfgtj ugovjrsfd cj d`s nfsjs , E js df efsf e`djludfr cjd nfs (df efsf e`djludfr ejcof cjd forj js 91,? n/e`d) y S su tjepjrfturf fis`dutf. L`g`locf df vjd`locfc v cjd s`goc` jg jd forj f df tjepjrfturf feiojgtj S(H), p`cje`s lfdludfr jd vfd`r cj df vjd`locfc v` f = »L, utodozfgc` c`s vjljs df jxprjsoüg fgtjro`r y covocojgc` eojeir` f eojeir`. @itjgje`s jgt`gljs; R
R=
S= S
(:)
Rjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jd forj .
Jgtrj df vjd`locfc cj pr`pfnfloüg v cj ugf `gcf, su d`gnotuc cj `gcf, y su brjlujglof b jxostj df rjdfloüg (6) R θb cj e`c` quj, so s`e`s lfpfljs cj ejcor y b , p`crje`s lfdludfr df vjd`locfc cj pr`pfnfloüg R . Dfs `gcfs s`g`rfs s`g `gcfs ejlægolfs d`gnotucogfdjs, quj pujcjg pr`pfnfrsj jg d`s ejco`s eftjrofdjs (südoc`s, dåquoc`s y nfsjs). \o jd ejco` jg quj sj pr`pfnf df `gcf s`g`rf js ug nfs, tfd l`e` jd forj, df vjd`locfc cj pr`pfnfloüg vojgj cfcf p`r R
ι
φ sojgc` ι jd eücud` cj l`eprjsoiodocfc cjd ejco` y φ su cjgsocfc .
(9)
\o fceotoe`s quj dfs trfgsb`reflo`gjs quj fl`epföfg f df pr`pfnfloüg cjd s`goc` jg jd forj (js cjlor, dfs l`eprjso`gjs y jgrfrjloeojgt`s) tojgjg lfræltjr fcofiætol` (yf quj s`g euy ræpocfs) y quj jd forj sj l`ep`rtf l`e` ug nfs ocjfd, jgt`gljs p`crje`s jslroior (<) ι μ] c`gcj js jd ddfefc` l`jbolojgtj fcofiætol` y rjprjsjgtf jd l`lojgtj jgtrj d`s lfd`rjs e`dfrjs f prjsoüg y f v`duejg l`gstfgtj ( 5 L p/Lv) y ] js df prjsoüg cjd nfs (df prjsoüg fte`sbïrolf) \ustotuyjgc` df jxprjsoüg (<) jg df (9) y utodozfgc` df jlufloüg cj jstfc` cjd nfs ocjfd (pR 5 gYS) `itjgje`s R
μYS
E
(3)
c`gcj Y js df l`gstfgtj ugovjrsfd cj d`s nfsjs , E js df efsf e`djludfr cjd nfs (df efsf e`djludfr ejcof cjd forj js 91,? n/e`d) y S su tjepjrfturf fis`dutf.
L`g`locf df vjd`locfc v cjd s`goc` jg jd forj f df tjepjrfturf feiojgtj S(H), p`cje`s lfdludfr jd vfd`r cj df vjd`locfc v` f = »L, utodozfgc` c`s vjljs df jxprjsoüg fgtjro`r y covocojgc` eojeir` f eojeir`. @itjgje`s jgt`gljs; R
R=
S= S
(:)
Yjs`gfglof.
\o, ejcofgtj ugf bujgtj s`g`rf (ug cofpfsüg, p`r jkjepd`) pr`culoe`s ugf voirfloüg cj brjlujglof l`g`locf ljrlf cjd jxtrje` fiojrt` cj ug tui` (ljrrfc` p`r jd `tr` jxtrje`), dfs Bonurf 6 `gcfs quj sj pr`pfnfg f trfvïs cj df l`duegf cj forj l`gtjgocf jg jd tui` sj rjbdjkfg jg sus jxtrje`s. \o df d`gnotuc cj df l`duegf cj forj sj fkustf cj e`c` quj sjf onufd f ug lufrt` cj df d`gnotuc cj `gcf cjd t`g` jeotoc` p`r jd cofpfsüg, df `gcf rjbdjkfcf ddjnfræ fd jxtrje` fiojrt` prjlosfejgtj jg bfsj l`g df gujvf voirfloüg cjd cofpfsüg (jg df rjbdjxoüg jg jd jxtrje` ljrrfc` sj pr`culj ug sfdt` cj bfsj cj 61=») pr`culoïgc`sj ugf ogtjgsobolfloüg jg jd s`goc` jeotoc`. Jstj bjgüejg` js l`g`loc` l`g jd g`eirj cj rjs`gfglof. Jg df l`duegf cj forj sj jstfidjlj ugf `gcf jstflo`gfrof, pr`culocf p`r df ogtjrbjrjglof jgtrj jd trjg cj `gcfs oglocjgtj y rjbdjkfc`, l`g ug g`c` jg jd jxtrje` ljrrfc` y ug vojgtrj ` fgtog`c` jg jd jxtrje` fiojrt`. Jg njgjrfd, df l`duegf cj forj jgtrfræ jg rjs`gfglof sojeprj quj su d`gnotuc sjf jxfltfejgtj ug eûdtopd` oepfr cj lufrt`s cj d`gnotuc cj `gcf, jst` js θ D (9g 6) , 3
(g 6, 9, <,...)
(2)
fså quj df costfglof quj sjpfrf c`s g`c`s (` c`s vojgtrjs ` fgtog`c`s) l`gsjlutov`s sjræ cj ejcof d`gnotuc cj `gcf. Jg rjfdocfc, df p`soloüg cjd proejr vojgtrj g` l`oglocj jxfltfejgtj l`g jd jxtrje` fiojrt` cjd tui`, sog` quj sj jglujgtrf f ugf lojrtf costfglof j bujrf cjd eose`. Jg df bonurf 9 sj ogcolfg dfs l`gcolo`gjs cj voirfloüg pfrf dfs c`s proejrfs p`solo`gjs cj rjs`gfglof y f pfrtor cj jddfs p`cje`s jslroior; D6 j
θ
D9
j
<θ
8 3 cj e`c` quj so ejcoe`s D6 y D9 sjræ θ 9(D 9 3
8
D6 )
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(D 9
9
(1) y fså, cjtjreogfc` jd vfd`r cj df d`gnotuc cj `gcf, , y l`g`locf df brjlujglof cjd cofpfsüg (jspjlobolfcf p`r jd bfirolfgtj), p`cje`s cjtjreogfr df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` utodozfgc` df jxprjsoüg X6U Su i` cj r js`gfglo f .
Jd fpfrft` utodozfc` jg jstf præltolf l`gsostj jg ug tui` cj vocro`, cj ug`s 6== le cj dfrn` y ug`s < le cj coæejtr` ogtjro`r, l`d`lfc` jg ugf p`soloüg vjrtolfd y l`eugolfc` p`r su jxtrje` ogbjro`r ejcofgtj ug tui` cj lfula`, l`g ug cjpüsot` cj fnuf luyf fdturf pujcj rjnudfrsj f bog cj afljr vfrofr jd govjd cj fnuf jg jd tui` rjs`gfgtj. Jg dunfr cjd cjpüsot`, pujcj l`gjltfrsj jd tui` cj lfula` f ug nrob` cjd dfi`rft`ro`, ogtjrlfdfgc` ugf ddfvj jg S pfrf afljr p`soidj jd vflofc` cjd tui` rjs`gfgtj. Df d`gnotuc cj df l`duegf cj forj sj pujcj fså e`cobolfr ogtr`culojgc` ` sflfgc` fnuf cjd tui` rjs`gfgtj
Bonurf 9
Bonurf 6 Zg tui` lodågcrol` ljrrfc` jg su jxtrje` ogbjro`r y fiojrt` jg su jxtrje` supjro`r
\ostjefs ejlægol`s, l`e` dfs l`duegfs cj forj jg jd ogtjro`r cj popfs ` tui`s, cj d`gnotucjs bokfs, tojgjg brjlujglofs rjs`gfgtjs pfrtoludfrjs. Df ogtjrbjrjglof cj dfs `gcfs quj vofkfg aflof jd ogtjro`r cjd tui` y dfs `gcfs rjbdjkfcfs p`r jd jxtrje` ljrrfc`, quj vofkfg cj rjnrjs` aflof df jgtrfcf, pr`culj `gcfs d`gnotucogfdjs jstflo`gfrofs, quj tojgjg ug g`c` jg jd jxtrje` ljrrfc` y ug fgto-g`c` jg jd jxtrje` fiojrt`. Dfs brjlujglofs cj rjs`gfglof cj ugf popf ` tui` cjpjgcjg cj su d`gnotuc D, sjnûg d` eujstrfg dfs bonurfs 6, 9 y < jg c`gcj vje`s quj afy ug lojrt` gûejr` cj d`gnotucjs cj `gcf ` "dfz`s" quj sj fl`e`cfg jg df d`gnotuc cjd tui` jg b`ref cj g`c`s y fgto-g`c`s. ]ujst` quj lfcf dfz` l`rrjsp`gcj f ugf d`gnotuc cj ejcof-`gcf, df rjs`gfglof `lurrj lufgc` df d`gnotuc cjd tui` js onufd f ug gûejr` oepfr cj lufrt`s cj d`gnotucjs cj `gcf, js cjlor, lufgc` D 5 θ/3, <θ/3, :θ/3, jtl., ` jg njgjrfd, D 5 g θ/3, g 5 6, <, :, jtl.
Cj c`gcj, θ 5 3 D/g 9 Yjl`rcje`s quj df brjlujglof, b y df vjd`locfc v, sj rjdflo`gfg l`g jd dfrn` cj `gcf ejcofgtj df jlufloüg, v 5 θ b, .Df jlufloüg <, tfeioïg ddfefcf rjdfloüg cj cospjrsoüg, pujcj jslroiorsj l`e` b 5 v/ θ , y so suistotuoe`s θ jg jddf, sjnûg df jlufloüg 9, `itjgje`s; b g 5 gv/ 3 D, g 5 6, <, :, jtl. Jstfs brjlujglofs bg s`g dfs cj rjs`gfglof pfrf t`cfs dfs `gcfs jstflo`gfrofs quj pujcjg jstfidjljrsj jg jd tui`
Bonurf 9 \jnugc` freügol` jstflo`gfro` cj df `gcf flûstolf
L`e` pujcj sjr vost` f pfrtor cj dfs jluflo`gjs 6 y 3, dfs trjs vfrofidjs båsolfs oepdolfcfs jg df l`gcoloüg cj rjs`gfglof cj ugf l`duegf cjd forj s`g b , v, y D. ]frf jstucofr df rjs`gfglof jg jstj jxpjroejgt`, fkustfrje`s df d`gnotuc D cj ugf l`duegf cj forj pfrf ugf brjlujglof jxlotfc`rf prjjstfidjlocf. Lfeiofrje`s df d`gnotuc cj df l`duegf cj forj e`vojgc` ug postüg cjgtr` cjd tui` sjnûg d` eujstrf df bonurf <. \o df p`soloüg cjd postüg lfeiof, fuejgtfgc` df d`gnotuc cj df l`duegf cj forj, afiræ eæs sjnejgt`s cj lufrt`s cj d`gnotuc cj `gcf jg jd tui`, luepdojgc` l`g dfs l`gcolo`gjs cj g`c` y fgto-g`c` jg d`s jxtrje`s. Df cobjrjglof jg dfs d`gnotucjs cjd tui`, lufgc` c`s fgto-g`cjs suljsov`s sj b`refg jg su jxtrje` fiojrt`, js onufd f ejcof d`gnotuc cj `gcf, js cjlor, Γ D 5 D9 - D6 5 <θ/3 - θ/3 5 θ/ 9, : \jnûg d` vost` jg df bonurf <. Lufgc` afy ug fgto-g`c` jg jd jxtrje` fiojrt` cjd tui`, sj ogtjgsobolf jd s`goc` afstf ug eæxoe`. ]`r d` tfgt`, dfs d`gnotucjs D6 y D9 pujcjg sjr cjtjreogfcfs fdjkfgc` jd postüg cjd jxtrje` fiojrt` y p`gojgc` ftjgloüg f df ogtjgsobolfloüg cjd s`goc` jg c`s lfs`s suljsov`s. ]ujst` quj df brjlujglof cj df bujgtj, jg jstj lfs` ugf pjqujöf i`logf, sjræ jstfidjlocf p`r g`s`tr`s fd proglopo` cjd jxpjroejgt`, y df cobjrjglof jg d`gnotuc cjd tui` jgtrj c`s fgto- g`cjs suljsov`s, Γ D, sjræ ejcocf, df d`gnotuc cj `gcf sj cjtjreo gf cj df jlufloüg :, l`e` θ 5 9Γ D, y df vjd`locfc cj df `gcf flûstolf sjræ cjculocf cj df jlufloüg <.
Bonurf < Dfs proejrfs trjs `gcfs flûstolfs jstflo`gfrofs jg ugf popf
Df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jd forj cjpjgcj cj df tjepjrfturf y sj jxprjsf l`e`; v 5 (<<6.: + =.2 S ) e/s 2 C`gcj S , df tjepjrfturf cjd forj, sj eocj jg nrfc`s ljgtånrfc`s. Df jlufloüg 2 eujstrf quj df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg forj f =½L js cj <<6.: e/s y fuejgtf jg =.2 e/s p`r lfcf nrfc` cj fuejgt` cj df tjepjrfturf. ]`r jkjepd`, f 9=½L, df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` js cj <3<.: e/s Cjtjreogfloüg cj df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg forj
A`y jg cåf afy guejr`s`s pr`nrfefs cj `rcjgfc`r quj pjreotjg nrfifr s`goc`s f trfvïs cjd eolrüb`g`, rjprjsjgtfr su fepdotuc jg bugloüg cjd tojep` y rjfdozfr su fgædosos jspjltrfd (ejcofgtj ugf Srfgsb`refcf cj B`urojr), quj pr`p`rlo`gf dfs brjlujglofs prjsjgtjs jg jd s`goc`.
Bonurf 3.3; Jsqujef ogtjrg` cjd tui`
]FYSJ JQ]JYOEJGSFD - JVZO]@\ _ EFSJYOFDJ\; - Cofpfsüg; Zg cofpfsüg js ug cosp`sotov` ejtædol` (njgjrfdejgtj fljr`) l`g
b`ref cj a`rquoddf, utodozfc` proglopfdejgtj l`e` rjbjrjglof pfrf fbogfloüg cj ogstruejgt`s eusolfdjs.
- Sui` cj Yjs`gfglofs; Jd fpfrft` utodozfc` jg jstf præltolf l`gsostj jg ug tui`
cj vocro`, cj ug`s := le cj dfrn`.
- ]ostüg; \j trftf cj ug ïei`d` quj sj fkustf fd ogtjro`r cj dfs pfrjcjs cjd
lodogcr` ejcofgtj fr`s bdjxoidjs ddfefc`s sjnejgt`s ` fgodd`s. Jbjltûf ug e`voeojgt` fdtjrgftov`, `idonfgc` fd bduoc` quj `lupf jd lodogcr` f e`cobolfr su prjsoüg y v`duejg ` trfgsb`refgc` jg e`voeojgt` jd lfeio` cj prjsoüg y v`duejg cjd bduoc`.
- Yjndf Ejtædolf; Df rjndf nrfcufcf js ug ogstruejgt` cj ejcoloüg l`g b`ref
cj pdfglaf cjdnfcf y rjltfgnudfr quj oglduyj ugf jslfdf nrfcufcf covococf jg ugocfcjs cj d`gnotuc, p`r jkjepd` ljgtåejtr`s ` pudnfcfs8 js ug ogstruejgt` ûtod pfrf trfzfr sjnejgt`s rjltodågj`s l`g df fyucf cj ug i`dånrfb` ` dæpoz.
]Y@LJCOEOJGS@ \O\SJEF JQ]JYOEJGSFD;
6. \ukjtfr jd tui` cj rjs`gfglofs cj tfd efgjrf quj qujcj a`roz`gtfdejgtj. 9. Ogtr`culor jd postüg jg jd tui` cj rjs`gfglofs afstf quj ddjnuj fd `tr` jxtrje` cjd tui`. <. N`dpjfr donjrfejgtj jd cofpfsüg pfrf njgjrfr ugf voirfloüg y fljrlfrd` f df i`lf cjd tui` cj rjs`gfglofs. 3. Flt` sjnuoc`, kfdfr djgtfejgtj jd postüg afstf pjrloior quj jd s`goc` sj fnucolj. :. S`efr df ejcocf cjscj df i`lf cjd tui` afstf jd pugt` c`gcj jd s`goc` t`eü su eæxoe` pugt` cj fnucozfloüg. 2. \og e`vjr cj dunfr jd postüg, v`dvjr f rjpjtor d`s pfs`s cjscj jd tjrljr` afstf jd quogt` y t`efr ejcocfs cj gujv`. >; Yjfdozfr jst`s pfs`s 3 vjljs eæs p`r lfcf cofpfsüg l`g cobjrjgtj brjlujglof y t`efr cft`s jg df Sfidf 6. Sfidf G½6; S`ef cj Cft`s. Brjlujglof cjd Cofpfsüg (Az)
6>==
33=
36?.3
]`soloüg cjd proejr eæxoe` (e) /3
=.=31
=.9=:
=.9=2
]`soloüg cjd sjnugc` eæxoe` (e) < /3
=.6:6
-
-
]`soloüg cjd tjrljr eæxoe` (e) : /3
=.933
-
-
]`soloüg cjd lufrt` eæxoe` (e) > /3
=.<3<
-
-
D`gnotuc cj @gcf pr`ejco` (e)
=.6?26
=.19
=.193
Rjd`locfc cjd s`goc` (e/s)
<<<.<>
<2=.1
<3:.:
Jrjd (%)
9.1=
:.61
=.>9
SYFSFEOJGS@ CJ CFS@\;
Lædlud ` cj D `gno tuc cj @gcf pr`ejco`;
- ]frf ugf brjlujglof cj 6>== Az;
- ]frf ugf brjlujglof cj 33= Az;
- ]frf ugf brjlujglof cj 36?.3 Az;
Lædlud ` cj df Rjd`locfc;
- ]frf ugf brjlujglof cj 6>== Az;
⁃ - ]frf ugf brjlujglof cj 33= Az;
⁃ - ]frf ugf brjlujglof cj 36?.3 Az;
⁃
Lædlud ` cjd ]`r ljgtfkj cj Jrr `r Yjdfto v`;
- ]frf ugf brjlujglof cj 6>== Az;
| |
- ]frf ugf brjlujglof cj 33= Az;
| |
- ]frf ugf brjlujglof cj 36?.3 Az;
| |
LZJ\SO@GFYO@ 6. D`s cïiodjs ruoc`s cj b`gc` cj ugf afiotfloüg lrjfg jd e`c` bugcfejgtfd cj ugf `gcf jstflo`gfrof jg jd ogtjro`r cj ug tui` cj d`gnotuc D 5 2>.= le, l`g sus c`s jxtrje`s fiojrt`s. Fsueor quj df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jd forj cjgtr` cjd tui` js cj <3< e/s. Df brjlujglof cj df `gcf jg jd tui` js cj,
(f) 691 Az (i) 9:2 Az (l) :69 Az (c) 9<= Az \`d; Df büreudf js EZDSO]DOLFE@\ ]@Y 9 _F VZJ JQO\SJG C@\ G@C@\ 59:2 Az rptf; (i)9:2Az 9. Df nfef cj brjlujglofs fucoidjs pfrf d`s sjrjs auefg`s js cjscj ug`s 9= Az f 9= hAz. Fsueojgc` quj df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jd forj js cj <3< e/s, jd dfrn` cj `gcf cj ug s`goc` cj 9= Az js cj,
(f) 212= e (i) 6> e (l) =.=2 e (c) 3== e \`d; 9=Az4b49=HAz 777 7777 5 6>.6:e Yptf; (i)6>.6:e <. Df nfef cj brjlujglofs fucoidjs pfrf d`s sjrjs auefg`s js cjscj ug`s 9= Az f 9= hAz. Fsueojgc` quj df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jd forj js cj <3< e/s, jd dfrn` cj `gcf cj ug s`goc` cj 9= hAz js cj,
(f) 6.> le (i) 212= he (l) :1 e (c) 3== he
\`d;
Yptf; jd dfrn` cj df `gcf cj s`goc` js cj (f)6.>le 3. Df d`gnotuc cj `gcf eæs l`rtf jeotocf p`r ug eurloïdfn` js ljrlf cj <.< ee. Fsueojgc` quj df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jd forj js cj <3< e/s, df brjlujglof l`rrjsp`gcojgtj f jstj dfrn` cj `gcf js cj,
(f) 66<9 Az (i) 6=3 Az (l) 6=3 hAz (c) 6=3 EAz \`d;
Yptf; (l)6=3HAz
:. Jd udtrfs`goc` usfc` l`g bogjs eïcol`s tojgj ugf brjlujglof cj 3.: EAz. Fsueojgc` quj df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jdforj js cj <3< e/s, jd dfrn` cj `gcf cj jstj udtrfs`goc` js cj,
(f) >2 ee (i) >2 ºe (l) >2 le (c) >2 e \`d;
5 >2ºe
Yptf; (i)>2 ºe 2. Jd udtrfs`goc` usfc` l`g bogjs eïcol`s tojgj ugf brjlujglof cj 3.: EAz. Fsueojgc` quj df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jd tjkoc` eusludfr js cj 6,:== e/s, jd dfrn` cj `gcf cj df sjöfd udtrfs`g`rf jg jd eûslud` js cj,
(f) <<< ee (i) <<
(l) <<< he (c) <<< ºe \`d;
5<<< ºe
Yptf;(c) <<< ºe >. Zg fdtfv`z lügol` tojgj ug coæejtr` cj 6:.= ljgtåejtr`s. Fsueojgc` quj jeotj s`goc` l`g ug dfrn` cj `gcf onufd fd coæejtr` cjd fdtfv`z, y quj df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jg jd forj js cj <3< e/s, df brjlujglof cj df `gcf jeotocf js cj,
(f) :63: Az (i) 9.< hAz (l) :6 Az (c) 9< Az \`d;
Yptf; (i)
@I\JYRFLO@GJ\
Costroiuorsj y trfifkfr l``pjrftovfejgtj jg jquop` js cj eulaf fyucf jg df jkjluloüg cjd jxpjroejgt`.
Df ejcoloüg cj dfs d`gnotucjs cj `gcf g` bujr`g prjlos`s, p`r d` tfgt` d`s lædlud`s fgtjro`rjs bujr`g donjrfejgtj ogjxflt`s.
Df prjlosoüg js ug bflt`r lrulofd pfrf cjtjreogfr d`s g`c`s y fså l`gsjnuor jg θ ugob`rej.
L@GLDZ\O@GJ\
Dujn` cj rjfdozfr jstj jxpjroejgt` cj dfi`rft`ro`, sj l`glduyj quj df vjd`locfc cjd s`goc` vfråf cjioc` f df tjepjrfturf cjd feiojgtj (jg jstj lfs` df tjepjrfturf cjd dfi`rft`ro`) y tfeioïg p`r df auejcfc.
Df t`ef cj cft`s jg df jxpjrojglof cjij sjr d` eæs eogulo`sfejgtj p`soidj pfrf fså jvotfr quj d`s rjsudtfc`s sfdnfg bujrf cj d`s pfræejtr`s.
Df cobjrjglof cj df Rjd`locfc cjd s`goc` jxpjroejgtfd y df Rjd`locfc cjd s`goc` rjfd js eågoef p`r df t`ef cj cft`s y `tr`s bflt`rjs.
YJL@EJGCFLO@GJ\
]frf d`nrfr ug iujg cjsfrr`dd` cjd jxpjroejgt`, sj cjij sjnuor d`s pr`ljcoeojgt`s jxflt`s cfc`s p`r jd pr`bjs`r.
D`s ogtjnrfgtjs cjijg jstfr ftjgt`s pfrf t`efr d`s cft`s eæs jxflt`s p`soidjs, yf quj cj jstf b`ref d`s lædlud`s rjsudtfg d` eæs jxflt`s p`soidjs.
Efgopudfr luocfc`sfejgtj y jvotfr n`dpjfr (f jxljploüg cjd cofpfsüg) y cföfr d`s `ikjt`s cjd dfi`rft`ro`, yf quj s`g ogcospjgsfidjs pfrf jd jxpjroejgt`.
YJBJYJGLOF\
attp;//js.wohopjcof.`rn/woho/Cofpfs%L<%I
www.unr.js/~fgcyh/C`ljglof/SJI/Nuo`gjs/63.c`l
attp;//js.wohopjcof.`rn/woho/]ost%L<%I
attp;//js.wohopjcof.`rn/woho/YjndfPnrfcufcf
attp;//pdftjf.pgtol.ejl.js/pefrto6/jculflo`g/
attp;//js.wohopjcof.`rn/woho/Rjd`locfcPcjdPs`goc`
