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La violencia latente en toda forma de representación oficial ha estado presente hace ya tiempo en el trabajo de Voluspa Jarpa. Desde 1995 varias obras en diferentes soportes –principalmente pinturas– han tenido que ver con sitios eriazos, “a un paso de ser basurales”: todo aquello que se opone a los paisajes de tarjeta postal, a la pintura chilena tradicional de escenas campestres, a lo monumental. Luego, en otra serie de obras ha abordado la tensión entre historia, como narrativa oficial, e histeria, como experiencia inexpresable, sin otra narrativa que los síntomas corporales. Algunas de esas obras crean enormes volúmenes irregulares –enjambres– de pequeñísimas figuras. Son las pacientes histéricas de Charcot,7A8 cuyas fotografías, recortadas sobre mica transparente, inundan espacios arquitectónicos simétricos. Los de grandes galerías de arte, por supuesto, pero también los de edificios públicos monumentales, entre ellos bibliotecas. Generar incomodidad en el espacio público; interferir los hábitos de percepción; crear una difícil sensación de que la tersura de las superficies (o de las versiones) se logra solo tras un complejo proceso de supresión; hacer sentir la inminente amenaza de lo informe... El trabajo producido para Dislocación comparte estos rasgos de la obra anterior de Voluspa Jarpa. Sin embargo, su materialidad es totalmente diferente. Ha hecho 608 libros (y uno más en acrílico), numerados y firmados. No se trata de “libros de artista”, sino de otra cosa. Fueron expuestos en tres diferentes librerías, situadas en sectores distintos de la ciudad. El visitante podía llevarse un libro, siempre que llenara un formulario del proyecto, que preguntaba dónde lo colocaría. Hasta cinco libros podían retirarse cada día. El término de la muestra se condicionaba al retiro del último libro. En una de las librerías, los ejemplares estaban en estantes accesibles al público, iluminados desde atrás con luz blanca, destacando su oscuridad. En otra, se presentaban ediciones de bolsillo, dispuestas en un mueble de liquidación con carteles publicitarios; en otra más, había en la vitrina del local un solo libro transparente, en una caja de luz. ¿Qué hay, en realidad, en los libros? Material de archivo. Difícil de leer; desteñido a veces, borroneado otras, pero siempre tachado, en gran parte, por las gruesas líneas negras de la censura. Los documentos vienen de archivos de “inteligencia”; los del gobierno de los Estados Unidos acerca de Chile, durante el período que siguió a la elección de Allende y hasta bien entrado el mandato del primer presidente elegido democráticamente tras el golpe militar de 1973. Fueron desclasificados a partir de 1999, pero no sin antes ser revisados para encontrar y eliminar cualquier referencia que pudiera afectar al gobierno de los Estados Unidos o a sus colaboradores. Distorsionan y ocultan tanto como lo que muestran. En esta obra de Voluspa Jarpa, la información que contienen no es finalmente lo que cuenta, a pesar de producir –y frustrar, casi siempre– un interés casi lascivo. La obra mueve a pensar en las desconcertantes huellas físicas y materiales de una información que se destruye a sí misma; la artista la presenta como imagen de la imposibilidad de su propia transmisión. Los libros son a la vez legibles e ilegibles. La caja de Pandora, dice en uno de los documentos; abrir los archivos de Pinochet sería como abrir la caja de Pandora; debería sacudir la historia. La historia se escribe seleccionando qué debe formar parte del cuento, y qué no. La historia se confunde ante un exceso de información; como los seres humanos que la escriben, “no soporta tanta realidad”. La historia se crea mediante la represión de algunos de los datos inmanejables, de algunos de los sentimientos y las experiencias inmanejables, de algunas de las contradicciones insoportables; la historia es siempre una versión. Y el material de archivo tiene la capacidad de alterarla y sacudirla... ¿La tiene, en realidad? ¿Acaso este material ha sacudido la historia de Chile tal como se cuenta ahora, tal como hoy se escribe? ¿Acaso estas páginas tan censuradas han dejado su impronta en la historia? Parece que no, o tal vez no todavía. El material de archivo pertenece sin duda al pasado, pero es también el enigmático guardián de las versiones y las interpretaciones futuras. Salvo, por supuesto, que el material sea {j
suprimido, tachado, borrado, o simplemente olvidado, por ser insoportable, o por no haber en la actualidad una forma aceptable de leerlo. ¿Cómo lo hace una artista, no una historiadora, para abordar temas como estos? Voluspa Jarpa no trata directamente los temas implícitos en los textos dañados que presenta. Más bien, crea una forma de circulación simbólica para el material de archivo. También crea formas de exhibición que transforman los textos en imágenes de su propia negación y de su propia borradura. Visibiliza un material que, en sí mismo, pone en cuestión su propia visibilidad. Pone así en escena una imagen compleja y paradójica. En sí mismas, las imágenes no son ni verdaderas ni falsas; en sí mismas, no mienten (los montajes, los pies de foto, los contextos sí pueden mentir). Y algo de ellas resiste siempre su traducción en palabras.7B8 La artista ha tomado su material de las palabras; de textos palabreros y censurados, que a la vez ocultan y revelan. Al transformarlos en imagen, los pone en el tembloroso territorio que media entre realidad y ficción, y crea una extrañeza que apela a una historia aún no escrita. Y que tal vez siga así por largo tiempo, o quizás no se escriba nunca.Biblioteca de la No-Historia / Chile 1968-1991 es una obra cuyo desafío excede los límites del cerrado mundo del arte.
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Stamps on canvas 5400 figurines of hysteric positions—printed mylar with black ink 500 nylon threads and 500-5 grams lead weights Dimensions variable Museo de Artes Visuales, Santiago, Chile, 2006
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30.000 figuras de mujeres histéricas en mica transparente 1800 hilos de nailon y plomos Timbres sobre muro Dimensiones variables Sala Gasco, Santiago de Chile, 2008
30,000 figures of women on hysterical positions printed on mylar 1800 nylon threads and lead weights Rubber stamps on the wall Dimensions variable Sala Gasco, Santiago, Chile, 2008
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Volumen conformado por hilos y mujeres histéricas Vitrina de vidrio y 2 libros Lámpara con figuras histéricas y luces 55 pinturas al óleo, diversos formatos Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago de Chile, 2009
Volume consisting of threads and printed images of women on positions of hysteria attacks Glass showcase and 2 books Lamp with printed figures and lights 55 oil paintings of different formats Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago, Chile, 2009
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Volumen construido a partir de hilos siliconados y figuras histéricas Volumen construido a partir de libros apilados Impresión láser Dimensiones variables Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, Lima, Perú, 2010
Volume made out of silicon-coated thread and printed figures of women having hysteria attacks Volume made out of piled up books Laser printout Dimensions variable Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, Lima, Peru, 2010
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Hilo siliconado con figuras de mujeres histéricas conformando volúmenes paraboloidales Dimensiones variables Museo de Arte Contemporáneo, Valdivia, Chile, 2010
Silicon-coated threads Printed figures of women having a hysteria attack forming paraboloid volumes Dimensions variable Museo de Arte Contemporáneo, Valdivia, Chile, 2010
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30.000 figuras de mujeres histéricas Timbres sobre muro Dimensiones variables Maison de l’Amérique Latine, París, Francia, 2010
30,000 printed figures of hysterical women Rubber stamps on the wall Dimensions variable Maison de l’Amérique Latine, Paris, France, 2010
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Q&M0&"$%,+ '% 0+ R"ST&*$")&+ 6P% R"#ST&*$")@\* <&M)+)@ PROYECTO DISLOCACIÓN
DISLOCATION PROJECT
608 libros, 5 tipos y formatos distintos 608 fichas impresas en español 1 libro conformado por material transparente Intervención en 3 librerías (Providencia, Lastarria y Parque Arauco) Anaqueles retroiluminados, display para libro de bolsillos y caja de luz Dimensiones variables Librerías Ulises, Santiago de Chile, 2010
608 books, 5 types and different formats 608 printed posters in Spanish 1 book made of translucent plastic material Intervention in 3 bookshops in Santiago (in Providencia, Lastarria and Las Condes neighbourhoods) Back-lit shelves, display for pocket editions and light box Dimensions variable Ulises bookshops, Santiago, Chile, 2010
"7 .12O2U- %-'*$*.+ +' 72 %-'W-1K2%$&' #+ 3'2 O$O7$-.+%2 #+ 7$O1-* #+ =$*.-1$2 #+ F=$7+ 5+'+12#2 2 621.$1 #+ 7-* 21%=$>-* #+*%72*$W$%2#-* 6-1 72 F9R y1+W+1$#-* 27 6+1M-#- =$*.&1$%- k3+ %-K61+'#+ 7-* 2,-* !j}o =2*.2 !jj!y #+ 2%-'.+%$K$+'.-* #+ 1+7+>2'%$2 '2%$-'27 6212 7-* %=$7+'-* N +7 K3'#-P "*.-* #-%3K+'.-* W3+1-' # +*%72*$W$%2#-* 6-1 72 F9R N -.1-* -152'$*K-* #+ $'.+7$5+'%$2 '-1.+2K+1$%2'-*P
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600 libros, 5 tipos y formatos distintos Muro falso con 3 anaqueles retroiluminados 600 fichas impresas en inglés y alemán Kunstmuseum, Berna, Suiza, 2011
600 books, 5 types and different formats Fake wall with 3 back-lit bookshelves 600 posters printed in English and German Kunstmuseum, Bern, Switzerland, 2011
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(ISTANBUL)
600 libros, 5 tipos y formatos distintos 600 fichas impresas en inglés y turco Anaquel de 10 m x 35 cm Bienal de Estambul, Estambul, Turquía, 2011
600 books, 5 types and different formats 600 posters printed in English and Turkish 10 m x 35 cm bookshelf Istanbul Biennial, Istanbul, Turkey, 2011
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(PORTO ALEGRE)
(PORTO ALEGRE)
500 libros de 17 x 23,5 cm, de 400 páginas en papel Bond 120 g 500 libros de 13,5 x 20 cm cerrados, de 400 páginas en papel Bond 120 g Display retroiluminado de 70 cm de altura en su lado mayor y 15 cm en su lado menor; de 5,90 m de largo por 1,95 cm en el ancho, dividido en 12 módulos de dimensiones variables Bienal del Mercosur, Porto Alegre, Brasil, 2011
500 books of 17 x 23.5 cm, 400 pages of 120 g Bond paper 500 books of 13.5 x 20 cm closed, 400 pages of 120 g Bond paper Back-lit display: height 70 cm at its highest and 15 cm at its lowest; length 5.90 m; width 1.95 cm. Divided into 12 modules of variable dimensions Mercosur Biennial, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 2011
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INSTALACIÓN
INSTALLATION
40 cartones de 80 x 45 cm con alquitrán, recortados láser 80 piezas de acrílico de 2 mm de espesor, de 2 x 40 cm 15 papeles de fibra de algodón, fragmentos de archivos desclasificados en papel Bond 90 g, fragmentos de billetes chilenos de las décadas de 1980 y 1990 destruidos por el Banco Central de Chile, impresos láser y almidón de arroz, 64 x 58 cm cada uno Dimensión total: 1,92 x 2,90 m Instalación libros Biblioteca de la No-Historia y La No-Historia, 2010-2011 Caja de 50 x 150 x 90 cm, lacada negra, iluminación LED, cubierta de vidrio de 6 mm 200 libros impresos, 50 al interior y 150 en el exterior de la caja Sección SoloProject Feria Arco, Madrid, España, 2011-2012
40 laser cut tar sheets of 80 x 45 cm 80 pieces of acrylic 2 mm thick and 2 x 40 cm 15 sheets of cotton fibre paper, fragments of declassified archives on 90 g Bond paper, fragments of shredded Chilean paper money dated from 1980s and 1990s and destroyed by the Central Bank of Chile, laser and rice starch printouts each 64 x 58 cm Total dimension: 1 m 92 cm x 2 m 90 cm Installation of the books of The Non-History’s Library and The Non-History , 2010-2011 Box 50 x 150 x 90 cm, black lacquer, LED lighting and covered by 6 mm thick glass 200 printed books, 50 inside and 150 outside the box Solo Projects: Focus Latin America, Arco, Madrid, Spain, 2012
J2 -O12 *+ %-K6-'+ #+ .1+* 621.+* k3+ %-'.$'i2' K$ .12O2U- #+ 0=+ 6$+%+ $* %-K6-*+# ON .=1++ 621.* `=$%= %-'.$'3+* KN $'>+*.$52%$&' +' .-1'- 2 7-* 21%=$>-* #+*%72*$W$%2# -* 6-1 "*.2#-* 1+*+21%= `-1b -' .=+ #+%72**$W$+# 21%=$>+ K2.+1$27 -W .=+ X: X'$#-*L *-O1+ F=$7+ N 7-* 62M*+* #+7 F-'- :31P X'2 #+ 72* 621.+* %-'%+1'$'5 F=$7+ 2'# .=+ :-3.=+1' F-'+ %-3'.1$+* -W J2.$' #+ 72 -O12 %-11+*6-'#+ 2 7-* 21%=$>-* %-'W-1K2#-* 6-1 W$+7.1- RK+1$%2P E'+ 621. -W .=+ 6 $+%+ %-'*$*.* -W .=+ 21%=$>+ #-%3K +'.* 6212 .+%=- #+ K+#$2532 $K61+5'2#- %-' 27k3$.1V' N %-1.2#-* K2#+ -W 1--W$'5 W+7. $K61+5' 2.+# `$.= .21 2'# %3. ON 72*+1 5$>$'5 7V*+1L k3+ #21V' W-1K2 2 3' >-73K+' *3*6+'#$#- +' +7 %+'.1- #+7 *=26+ .- 2 >-73K+ .=2. `2* =3'5 $' .=+ %+'.1+ -W .=+ +/=$O$.$-' +*62%$- #+ +/=$O$%$&'P R7 K$*K- .$+K6- *+ 61-#3%+ 3'2 .2%=2 *62%+P R. .=+ *2K+ .$K+ 2 5+'+127 O7+K$*= $* 61-#3%+# $' .=+ 5+'+127 +' +7 +*62%$-L N2 k3+ 72* V1+2* O72' %2* #+ 7-* #-%3K+'.-* *62%+ 2* .=+ `=$.+ 621.* -W .=+ #-%3K+'.* =2>+ O++' +7$K$'2.+# =2' *$#- %272#2* %-' 7V*+1 N +7$K$'2#2*L k3+#2'#- *-72K+'.+ 72 ON 72*+1L 7+2>$'5 -'7N .=+ $'W-1K2.$-' -W .=+ $'bQ61$'. -W .=+ $'W-1K2%$&' #+ 72 .$'.2 $K61+*2 #+ 7-* #-%3K+'.-* -1$5$'27+*P -1$5$'27 #-%3K+'.*P J2 -.12 621.+ #+7 .12O2U- +* 3'2 512' K2'%=2 k3+ %-'.$+'+ 3'2 #+512#2%$&' #+ 7-* +7+K+'.-* >$*327+*L .+/.327+* N 51VW$%-* k3+ %-K6-'+' 7-* 21%=$>-* N k3+ +*.V 1+27$l2#2 2 621.$1 #+ 72 #+*.13%%$&' #+ +*.-* #-%3K+'.-* N *3 1+%-K6-*$%$&' +' 626+7+* 21.+*2'27+* k3+ #+*-152'$l2' N W125K+'.2' 72 $'W-1K2%$&'P
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Voluspa Jarpa From very early on (1991), ever since I returned
to Chile in 1989, my art work has revolved around a question about history and I think that has to do with the biographical fact of having lived my childhood and adolescence as a foreigner in Brazil and Paraguay. When I came back to Chile to study art in the university I found a city and a landscape that belong to me not from experience but only from family conversations. I think that the misfit between my experience and the discourses that I keep trying to assimilate have meant that my artistic concern has centered on questioning the relationship between individual experience and public discourses that narrate collective events in which my participation as a foreigner has been anomalous, but with which I share a common origin.
(both semantic and political) that I’m interested in working with and also because I consider them to be appropriate and exactly right for the development of my artistic language. Fundamentally I’m interested in working with the problematization of historical events seen through art, and I think that the language of art provides an opportunity to confront these historical experiences through symbolic questionings, those that correspond to the images contained in these experiences and not necessarily directly to their historiographic content, since that is a matter for other disciplines like history or political science. My experience of getting trapped in the blocked-out sections of the archives, relegating the information in the text, is the aesthetic equivalent of the following observation by Derrida: “A lot of ink and paper for nothing, in the end a whole volume of typography, a disproportionate material support for ‘telling’ stories that in the end everyone knows.” So, my first approximation to this set of documents is to treat them as visual material, to exacerbate their materiality and thereby make that look of refusal appear, trapped in the material and swamped by it, giving an account of subjectivity faced by the macro scale of history which can only mean being overwhelmed and without any possibility of retaining the information saved, the data one is faced with and what they mean. Going back to what has remained pending in my work on the declassified documents, papers that contain: symbols, letters, typefaces, hand-written words, crossings-out and reproduction marks, I ask myself: what are these documents as working material for the visual arts and subject to the parameters of visuality? I could speculate that they start out being texts (documents), that being the origin of their production; yet, I might think that once declassified and reproduced they come under the regime of the image, or at least have ended up in an intermediate zone between the two. One sees a fragmented text and its erasure, but the erasure is at the same time a black and abstract figure. 46 R1%=$>+* 21+ 672%+* .- p+'%-3'.+1L 3'#+1*.2'# 2'# #+73%$#2.+ =$*.-1NLq N+. N-31 `-1b* <- 3= >% ,/ -" 7F, ?% 9" 6" 7 2'# <- 3= >% ,/ -" 7
\.=2. N-3 `$77 +/=$O$. $' .=+ '+/. ^+1%-*31 ;$+''$27] -6+12.+ $' .=+ -66-*$.+ *+'*+P 0=+ 21%=$>+* 21+ W377 -W +12*31+* .=2. K2b+ 46 a=N #$# N-31 1++'%-3'.+1 `$.= F=$7+ .1$55+1 .=$* #++6 $'.+1+*. $. $K6-**$O7+ .- 61-%+** 621. -W .=+ $'W-1K2.$-' *- .=2. .=+N 21+ $' *=-`$'5 $'>$*$O7+ *62%+* -W F=$7+2' *-%$+.NL 7$b+ *%126* -W '- =+76 $' %721$WN$'5 `=2. $* $K6-1.2'. 2O-3. .=$* =$*.-1N .=2. `2*.+72'# 2'# 2';%6I16, \2 %=+26 W-1K -W 6-63721 =-3*$'5]n a=2. =2* O++' =$##+' W-1 *- K2'N N+21*P 0=3* .=+ $K6-1.2'%+ -W N-31 `2* .=+ %1$.$%27 O2%b51-3'# W-1 .=$*n `-1b .- K+ $* .=2. .=+ 61+*+'%+ -W .=+*+ #-%3K+'.* %-'W$1K* 2'# 3'#+17$'+* k3+*.$-'* -W 1+61+*.*$-' 2'# %-'*6$12%N -W .=+ %+'.+1* VJ The first thing that drew my attention was the urban -W 6-`+1 .-`21# J2.$' RK+1$%2 $' .=-*+ .$K+* -W #$%.2.-1*=$6L landscape, and in my paintings I work with the landscape of O3. '-. .= 1-35 = 1+ 61 +* +' .2 .$-' O3. 12 .= +1 ON $' >$*$ O$7$.NL -1 12 .= +1 demolitions that I found in the city of Santiago. There are huge $77+5$O$7$. NP a-37# N-3 251++ $' *2N$ '5 .=2. $' *-K+ `2N N-31 `-1b* vacant lots in the center of the city and they turn into symbols K2b+ >$*$O7+ `=2. =2* 1+K2$'+# $'>$*$O7+n
of my wanting to know what happened in that place and that I later observe as mute symptoms of all that is repressed in the telling of Chile’s recent history. I sense later that people in Chile experience difficulty in narrating and symbolizing the traumatic events of the past and in recent history. There is a lack of trust and agreement about the “truth,” understood as a consensus based on the study and organization of the data documenting what occurred, but rather a clash of rival versions and myths, a way of talking that has more to do with rumour than an ethical public voice, combined with the material destruction of documentary evidence, whether for ideological reasons or due to Chile’s telluric characteristics.
46 :-L W1-K !jjo N-3 O+52' .- `-1b `$.= .=+ #+%72**$W$+# F9R
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I’d have to give an ambiguous, slightly hysterical answer and say yes, in the conceptual sense, and no, in that my work with the archives began with an actual experience. When I propose the archive documents as material for a work it’s because I see in them conceptual and visual qualities VJ
VJ In 1999 the United States government announced the
declassification of documents from its secret services about the recent history of Chile. I remember the excitement and anticipation I felt on hearing this news and of thinking that this would have a huge national impact. However, that didn’t happen— until now, only a few books that have collected together this information have been published, two in Chile, and one in the United States—but for me it turned into a symbolic question mark. The declassified archives were available to the public on an official website. After downloading some of the files, my first impression was related directly to the very fact that the documents had been declassified , and then I was struck that many of these documents were censored, whole paragraphs and pages struck out with thick black lines and blocks. I was moved by this wiping out of information and at the same time for the History of Chile which seemed small and insignificant alongside this blotting out and I thought of the abyss there was between what had happened in Chile and these erasures. When I saw them something strange, so to speak, happened to me. I was no longer interested in the information they contained but by the latent image they presented. As an artist, what could I do with that? Perhaps nothing, or perhaps it was unnecessary, but I could no longer drive the images of those blotted out sections from my visual memory nor could I help being moved by them. !!h
Moreover, the material characteristics of the declassified documents have another implicit message: erasure. The right is not complete and it’s curious how it is publicly presented as the right to know one’s history , and the right to erase it (once more). Or, to put it differently, the right to keep these documents secret and on bringing them into the open, to strike them out and censor them all over again. In the negotiations to persuade [President Bill] Clinton to declassify the archives, some influential people were saying, as a former intelligence agent told The New York Times, “to try Pinochet would be like opening the Pandora’s Box of history.” These documents should at least teach us to look at and construct our history remembering that we cannot symbolize or write our history without first considering: what and who are we?
9'.+1>$+`I A-73*62 B2162 99 46 9 W++7 `+ *=-37# 5- O2%b .- B2'321N ST!! `=+' 9 $'>$.+# N-3 .-
.2b+ 621. $' .=+ o.= ^+1%-*31 ;$+''$27P R. .=2. .$K+ N-3 `+1+ 61+621$'5 N-31 6$+%+ W-1 .=+ 9*.2'O37 ;$+''$27L d$' <-3=>%,/-"7F, ?%9"6"7 \#+%72**$W$+# 21%=$>+ #-%3K+'.* 2O-3. F=$7+ W1-K .=+ F9R]P a+ =2# 2 7-'5 %-'>+1*2.$-' 2O-3. .=+ +/$*.+'%+ -W #-%3K+'.* `=$%= `+1+ 2O-3. .- O+ #+%72**$W$+#L $' ;12l$7$2' 2'# J2.$' RK+1$%2' 21%=$>+*P _$>+' .=+ '2.31+ -W .=+ ^+1%-*31 ;$+''$27 `+ #+%$#+# .=2. N-31 6$+%+ `-37# O+ + /62 '#+ # W 1-K $.* -1$5$ '27 *6+%$W $%2 77N F=$7+ 2' W-% 3* . - +' %-K 62* * .=+ %-3'.1$+* $'%73#+# $' .=+ ^+1%-*31 .1+2.NP J2.+1 -'L #31$'5 N-31 1+*+21%= 6+1$-#L N-3 .-7# K+ .=2. `-1b$'5 .=1-35= .=$* $'W-1K2.$-' =2# W+7. 7$b+ 5-$'5 $'.- .=+ O-`+7* -W .=+ %-'.$'+'. 2'# .=2. .=+ $'W-1K2. $-' N-3 `+1+ 3'>+$7$'5 `2* +/.1+K+7N =21# .- .2b+ $'P @-` =2* N-31 6+1%+6.$-' %=2'5+# 2'# $' `=2. *+'*+ =2* $. #++6+'+#n )-+* $. K2b+ .=+ 6-`+1 *N*.+K* $'%1+2*$'57N #$WW$%37. .- 2%%+6.L '-. -'7N 2* 2' 21.$*. O3. 27*- 2* 2 =3K2' O+$'5 .2b$'5 $' 277 -W .=$* +/.1+K+7N #+.2$7+# 2'# *=-%b$'5 $'W-1K2.$-'n VJ Firstly, expanding the research from Chilean declassified
archives to all of the Southern Cone countries was a clear choice—in many ways an obvious one—given that the information contained in the archives revealed a geopolitical vision from a block of countries, applied by the USA to a region of countries and not only one individual nation. When I started working on The Non-History’s Library , focused on Chile, I did so knowing that one of its principal characteristics was that Chile was the foreign country about which the USA had, between 1998 and 2000, declassified the largest number of documents that, at the same time, had the most number of sentences blacked-out. When I looked into it more, I discovered that Brazil is one of the Latin American countries about which the least number of archives have been declassified. The historical reason for this is well known and is attributed to the fact that the military coup in Brazil took place before the Chilean one (1964 and 1973 respectively) and that Brazil was used as a base for operations by the CIA and other intelligence organisations working within and controlling Latin America. 46 9 1+K+KO+1 .=2. `+ .27b+ # 2 7-. 2O-3. .=+ %-'%+6. -W '2.$-'=--#
2'# =-` W1-'.$+1* \5+-6-7$.$%27 7$K$.*] `+1+ O1-b+' 2'# 1+277N *=-37#'[. +/$*. 2. 277P E'+ .=+' O+5$'* .- 7--b 2. .=+ :-3.=+1' F-'+ %-3'.1$+* 2* 2 `=-7+L '-. 2* 2 %-'57-K+12.$-' -W '2.$-'* `$.= $'#$>$#327 =$*.-1$+* O3. 2* %-3'.1$+* `=-*+ *=21+# =$*.-1N $* #++67N $'.+1%-''+%.+#L K-1+ .=2' `+ %2' 6-**$O7N $K25$'+L 2'# W-1 `=-K .=+ O-1#+1 W1-'.$+1 $* .=+1+W-1+ 2 %-'%+6. .=2. -'7N +/$*.* -' .=+ K26P @-` #- .=+ #-%3K+'.* N-3 21+ `-1b$'5 `$.= 1+>+27 .=$*n
When you look at the archive material you can see that the sovereign frontiers are broken between countries: if the authorities are looking for someone in Argentina they could end up arresting him/her in Uruguay, and that person could be killed in the south of Brazil. What I mean is that the network of operations traces a history that is continental in scope and goes beyond national borders. What is challenging is that normally we are taught history using a fictional structure of national sovereignty, or rather, the narrative of South American history is based on the fiction of supposed individual entities of national autonomy, yet these documents clearly reveal a codependent interaction which doesn’t recognise these borders. The Non-History’s Library , exhibited at the Mercosur Biennial, was conceived out of this information, where the archives referring to the Southern Cone countries—Argentina, Brazil, VJ
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Paraguay, Uruguay and Chile—were transformed into two volumes arranged in a back-lit book case lying on the ground. To me it is important to symbolically expose and reclaim a historical narrative that has this regional characteristic. We can’t pretend to understand what’s happening in Chile without taking into account what was happening in Brazil or Argentina. These documents force us to look at ourselves as a regional entity and to accept that we were affected by the same phenomenon and live within the same context of an enforced power structure. In this sense, given the facts that the documents describe, the national narratives are shown up as being a hysterical manipulation. To create and disseminate national discourses is to eradicate the trauma of the illegal links between our countries in the recent past. That is the reason why the Mercosur Biennial seemed to me the appropriate context to bring this story to light; the irony is, of course, that while the Mercosur is the integration of the markets of the region, it has such a dark history of interaction between the secret police of the various states and of political operations associated with USA ideology. From what I have seen I’d say that these documents are a sort of “hard matter,” both symbolically and historically. Up until now I’ve imposed on myself the restriction of not manipulating the information contained in the archives. So my work has focused on compiling, selecting, editing and developing an appropriate process within which to bring the phenomenon to light. Making the phenomenon visible has been the central problematic of my work to date. It means that the detailed information contained within the archive, which I have been revising, is subject to the material decisions that I take. These archives aren’t books, they’re “loose-leaf,” basically virtual documents on a web page. The process of transforming them into books is my way of signalling that this information is still not available in book form, that it should one day be integrated into history books, and that it contains facts from our macro and micro history which we have to pay attention to. 46 J+.[* 5- O2%b .- .=+ +WW+%. .=+*+ #-%3K+'.*L `$.= .=+$1 K$%1-
2'# K2%1- =$*.-1$+*L =2>+ -' N-3PPP
VJ The effect this information has on me—not so much in terms
of the volume, the quantity of material and the countries it covers—is linked to how these documents expose the huge and generic operational systems of power, their way of functioning, their banality and then their contrast with the documents concerning the individuals directly affected by these super-structures, whom we see in their letters, in their notes and their thoughts. What I mean is that it clearly demonstrates how power objectifies, and how in that process of objectification, subjectivity is affected and reacts. This is the most complicated dimension for me to develop in my work, and I intend in future pieces to move in this direction. 46 0=2. `2* ->+1 2 N+21 2'# 2 =27W 25-L 2'# N-31 `-1b b++6*
K->$'5 -' 2'# $* =2>$'5 $K6-1.2'. 1+6+1%3**$-'*L 6+1=26* K-1+ *2. 2' $'.+1'2.$-'27 7+>+7 .=2' 2. 2 '2.$-'27 -'+P a+1+ N-3 2`21+ -W .=+ #+>+7-6K+'. 2* 2 512#327 61-%+** -1 `2* $. 2 12.=+1 3'+/6+%.+# *.25+ .- W$'# N-31*+7W $'n VJ Emotionally it has been quite unexpected, but rationally
it’s actually quite logical, given current events in this globalised world in crisis.
I’ve realised that local Chilean narratives—cultural and historical—are slow to re-think themselves in terms of their relation to others. I’d even go so far as to say that the methods of study haven’t even been invented yet to think of the construction of a country’s history, for example Chile, in terms of its neighbouring countries. The nationalist discourses permeating the methods of perceiving historical narratives are blind to the detailed and daily incursion of other entities within their borders. I think that’s what makes this information so shocking. The declassified documents of the CIA relating to Chile, because of their immense volume and the sustained and detailed level of intervention— from 1960 to 1991, the period of time which the declassified documents cover—, as well as for the level of censorship of the documents, is as impressive as the fact that there is
such little declassified information about Brazil, but which is nevertheless enough to reveal Brazil as the centre of CIA operations in the region. Either option is both traumatic and shameful, as both presuppose an elite which collaborated, they were fully aware of what was happening and indeed took part, just as a huge number of people had no idea of what was happening and whose lives were changed by this context which they were never able to imagine nor to accept. I think these documents reveal something very simple, which we can extrapolate to what we call today’s globalised world: national borders, identity and historical narratives do not belong only to specific locations or peoples, but rather to larger contexts and interests, to huge blocks of power in conflict with other blocks of power. This is hard to conceive symbolically speaking, it’s hard to imagine an identity that isn’t content with localism. I consider it important to highlight this and to change it. As Naomi Klein says: “A state of shock is not just what happens to us when something bad happens; it’s what happens to us when we lose our narrative, when we lose our story, when we become disoriented. What keeps us oriented and alert and out of shock is our history.” But one’s history is the history one lives in relation to other people. My itinerant upbringing meant that I was aware of this from an early age (as I’ve already mentioned in your previous interview for the Mercosur Biennial). In this sense the reticence that my work could produce in the local Chilean context is complet ely understandable, given that it transgresses the local framework used to construct the national identity and its artistic and cultural symbolisation. For the same reasons, the work might have a more enthusiastic reception from, or a more efficient communication with, a more multicultural community. I said earlier that I was emotionally unprepared for the reception the work would have because I was expecting reticence more than acceptance, but I would also add that in Chile my experience has been that we artists are used to a lack of discussion and a rejection of our work. In this sense my work allows me to establish vital dialogues with people from diverse places. I relish and need the discussions I’ve had with people in Chile and those I’m beginning to have with people outside the country in which I live. 46 9 1+K+KO+1 .=2. `=+' N-3 `+1+ 61+*+'.+# `$.= .=+ 977N 2`21#
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Well, to tell you the truth, two days before arriving in Arco I’d read in the Spanish press about Judge Garzón’s disqualification and it had a strong impact on me, so in a way I knew what would happen. What I wasn’t expecting was the public reaction to my work in this situation. I experienced collectively something which I’ve always felt to be an inevitable reaction in myself, which I’ve questioned whether it is an exaggerated reaction, but which I was here able to see in others, and that is the pain of history. The suffering that our history causes us when we realise that history isn’t something belonging to the past, but rather something that is happening to us every day. I think that in the context of Spain at that moment, the economic crisis made Spaniards stop and think about their history: What happened to us? What did we do? What’s happening to us now and what does the future hold? An economic crisis brings questions like this to the foreground, which is why the disqualification of Judge Garzón at this precise moment makes it even more intolerable than if it had happened at another moment. VJ
46 a-37# N-3 *2N .=2. =$*.-1N 266+21* $' $.* K-*. 2%3.+ *NKO-7
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VJ Absolutely, it’s a question of group psychology—events
occur not when they occur but when we are ready and need to confront them, when we want to understand history as a series of truths which form us and not merely as a story; in other words, history is our ethical tabula rasa which we resort to when all our more incredible beliefs fail. In this sense the experience I had with the Solo Project in Arco 2012 was the most nourishing and reassuring experience I’ve had in terms of the importance of working with history. I spoke to many people and recorded the conversations. For example I spoke to a lawyer who was angry that Judge Garzón had made a mistake in the judicial process, which had lead to his disqualification. We argued for a long time and I said that I felt it was necessary for laws and judicial procedures to adapt to the real needs of societies, and not the other way around. I also spoke to a friend of Baltasar Garzón who asked me if she could take one of the books from The Non-History’s Library to give to him, and I ended up writing a letter to him thanking him for his work on Chile and South America. In this sense the work that I presented at Arco, entitled Minimal Secret, which was a floating volume of interspersed archive documents reflecting their shadows against the walls, created a ghostly image of the resistance of these documents. At the end of the day it doesn’t matter how long it takes for the hard information to emerge from history, the documents are available to be examined—what’s important is our need to examine them. They will remain hidden for the time it takes to have them released and for us to rewrite the historical facts, breaking the homogeneity imposed by official versions. 46 <-` .= 2. N-3[1+ `-1 b$ '5 -' N-3 1 '+/. 6$+ %+ `= $%= `$ 77 O+ 61 +* +' .+ # 2. .= + ST!S H1 $' .+ K6* #+ :+ 6.+K O1 +L 2' # `=$% = .= + %312.-1 H237 R1#+''+ 52>+ .=+ .$.7+ >% ,/ -" 7 %, 2% 3' C 2'# `=$%= .=+ 21.$*. 6-*$.$-' $* 2* .=+ '2112.-1L 1+Q`1$.+1 -1 %1+2.-1 -W =$*.-1N W1-K .=+$1 -`' >$+` 6-$'. 7$'b$'5 $. .- .=+$1 -`' 6+1*-'27 +/6+1$+'%+*L `$77 N-3 W-77-` 2 #$WW+1+'. %-'%+6.327 `2N -W `-1b$'5n
This new piece is a development of The Non-History’s Library in the fact that I’ll be working on a different aspect of its creation. In 2010, when I first thought about transforming the declassified archives into books, I did so from the starting point of a question which I asked myself in 1998 when I first came across these archives on the internet. My question was: “Faced with this, what can I do?” After several years of working on different projects, and following my work about hysteria, I decided to turn the documents into books and that people could take them in return for a symbolic gesture: the exchange of one book for each reply on a slip of paper to the question “Where will I put this book?” and then in later editions of the same piece, the question was “What are you going to do with this?” VJ
I’ve exhibited three versions of The Non-History’s Library on three different occasions: as an installation in three bookshops in three different neighbourhoods of Santiago, Chile; on a back-lit shelf in a room at the Kunstmuseum in Berne; and on a 10 m-long shelf for the Istanbul Biennial. Which means that I have a huge number of different subjective answers to my questions, answers from people who wanted to take a book and who left the answer to my question, so that over time the piece turned into the literal process of the emptying out of the information and the books. In Toulouse I’ll combine the books with the answers I’ve received over the years. For me, rethinking the archives as questions has to do with the scale at which a normal person confronts the historical information that is either hidden or circulating in society. The answers that I’ve been receiving give a value to that subjective relationship that we establish with history. My next work will establish the linking form of that relationship.
!!j
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aR909<_ 4EE^ The text below establishes relationships of meaning at a formal, visual and contextual level. It negotiates different settings and protagonists that have been summoned by semantic and syntactic instabilities, which in turn have been provoked by the art on such topics that we believe to be real, legal or true. In this discursive waiting room begins a course that will traverse various institutional spaces, works, images and their protagonists, those who have been 7B8 set into motion by itinerary, research and Voluspa Jarpa’s visual appropriationism, begun in 2005. We will see th how a social, scientific, political and cultural platform existed in the 19 Century, with pretensions of colonial imperialism, and which emerged from the heart of bourgeois customs, habits and beliefs. During the 19 th Century, scientific spirit was oriented toward the understanding of man and his world, in a search that fluctuated between religion, madness, Shamanism, Spiritism and science. Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species (1859) greatly impacted the century’s scientific thought and praxis. With the publication of The Descent of Man in 1871, Darwin directed his work toward the definition of man and how he was distinct from other species. In the middle of the century, eagerness existed to empirically differentiate the evolution of the species, making man the most highly evolved. Undoubtedly, this perspective, which alternated anthropocentrism with positivism, was translated into diverse ways of knowing and defining human eras, “soul” and gender. All of the theoretical and scientific instruments elaborated up until that point, were in the service of ratifying and confirming these theories. Thus the notion of “objectivity” was applied to all kinds of anatomical, neurological, physic and spiritual investigations. For this reason, it is not difficult to identify in the same case study an interrogative eagerness, based on concepts and practices originating in religion, magic, superstition, science, philosophy and metaphysics. Apparently, the survival of the species depended on the control of the world and its rules, and with this premise, any kind of doubt could become corrosive and dangerous. In order to establish the triumph over subjectivity and free will, instruments and methodologies were developed, oriented toward the regimentation, uniformity, repression, reduction, or simply the eradication of the “unhealthy” or “abnormal” behaviors and thoughts of subjects. At the same time that regulatory principles of taste and aesthetics were being determined by means of the fine arts; laws on social, moral and intellectual behavior were being established. Thus, museums, psychiatric clinics and prisons were governed by a desire for ideological, psychological and cultural control. Undoubtedly, the visual disciplines that allowed the separation of this subjectivity and emotional drive from the artist’s work would be instrumental in creating documentary records of new realities. Hence it is significant that each scientific expedition organized in those years included a crew of artists, cartographers or sketchers. In some way science needed to verify phenomena. If the dispute between photography and painting in the 19th Century had to do with the referent “real,” what was at stake was the level of intervention or authorship when making “visible” or “tangible” something that happened empirically under the conditions of a phenomenic laboratory. From its photochemical origins, photography was used for scientific purposes, and for this reason, it has been unconsciously considered to have the ability to “retain,” with the promise of being a documentary extension of reality. This function was used by criminology, medicine and psychiatry. Toward the end of the 19 th Century, the latter in particular allowed Jean-Martin Charcot to organize a visual record that would allow the classification of human behavior, and above all, to tackle a strange illness occurring in women: hysteria. In Charcot’s case, we know he alternated his studies of medicine with those of the fine arts, and so, his analytical approach toward the 5, 500 patients at the Salpêtrière asylum was mediated by an academic formation related to drawing and painting. In Chile, beginning in 1852, 7C8 the organization of medicine as a university subject was strongly tied to the evolutionist and positivist ideas popular in Europe. In the medical field these ideas were channeled mainly through the studies of anatomy, neuroanatomy, biology, psychology and physiology; and at the same time, institutions were founded that increasingly harbored “dangers to the system,” “mad men” or “lunatics” who walked freely down the streets of the incipient republic.
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Although the painter Alfredo Valenzuela Puelma (1856-1909) and the psychiatrist Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) never met on the streets of Paris, we can now see that after one hundred years it is possible to relate them thematically and chronologically. In fact, Jarpa’s explicit intent is to make them both appear on the museum and gallery wall. Both intellectuals are brought to an aesthetic theoretical trial so that, using a visual method, we might discuss and reflect critically upon the aspects of form and content that up until now no one had alluded to in their writings. Beginning with Jarpa’s research, a confluence laden with intellectually very productive meanings and directions is established. Due to her analytical insistence, the revision of records, and “objective chance” (in Jungian or surrealist jargon), her efforts reveal the mechanisms of physical, intellectual and emotional manipulation employed by both thinkers. This is made possible through the use of certain strategies: visual appropriations, photomechanical transfers, digital prints, pictorial elaboration, maquettes, crossing out, textual blurrings, and spatial interventions. The advent of a master narrative has brought about appropriations, transfers and technological translations, giving form to a scenario of argumental, metaphorical and visual uncertainties. Here, the narrative places particular attention on the fissures present in stagnant relationships, perverse affiliations, and articulations of meaning or nonsense that sustain the appearance and stability of present-day culture, as to warn us and emphasize the symbolic negligence and concealment that exist in these tales. Firstly, Valenzuela Puelma was an artist who moved between the studio, the academy, salons, the museum, and finally, tragically, the asylum for destitute lunatics, or psychiatric clinic. This territorial instability also translated to an at times extremely errant temperament and social conduct, which, nonetheless, did not impede him from developing a rigorously contained, affected, and academized corpus, almost as a way of domesticating the world, and the very whirlwind in which he lived emotionally and psychically. As for Charcot, he alternated the fine arts with medicine. It was in the asylum for the mentally ill in Paris’ Salpêtrière, where he was able to successfully bring together both vocations and develop them to the point of generating a school and thought on mental illness, and in particular, with regard to feminine neurology. The impact of Charcot’s research was such that the very year in which Valenzuela Puelma returned to Chile, Sigmund Freud went to work for two years at Salpêtrière, along with Charcot. For Freud this proximity was decisive, which he made the point of praising in an obituary from 1893: 0=3* =$* W$ 1*. $K61+**$-' 2'# .=+ 1+*-73.$-' $. 7+# =$K .-L `+1+ #+%$*$>+ W-1 .=+ `=-7+ -W =$* W31.=+1 #+>+7-6K+'.P @$* =2>$'5 2 51+2. '3KO+1 -W %=1-'$% '+1>-3* 62.$+'.* 2. =$* #$*6-*27 +'2O7+# =$K .- K2b+ 3*+ -W =$* -`' *6+ %$27 5$W.*P @+ `2* '-. 2 1+W 7+%.$>+ K2'L '-. 2 .=$'b+1I =+ =2# .=+ '2.31+ -W 2' 2 1.$*.Œ=+ `2*L 2* =+ =$K*+7W *2$#L 2 >$*3+7L[ 2 K2' `=- *++*P7E8
The premise of this research resides precisely in the discursive potential of images. Charcot was conscious of the matter, and Valenzuela Puelma used it to make images iconographic monuments. To understand in part the origin of the latter’s pictorial vision, we must refer to his admittance with scholarship to Santiago’s School of Fine Arts, under the direction of the Italian Giovanni Mochi, in 1875. Here he was to take up the academic principles that prevailed at the school. Let us recall these principles in the Italian Alejandro Cicarelli’s inaugural speech, where the reigning academic artist canons and Greco-Roman models fraught with 19 th Century idealisms appeared: 9. $* '+%+**21N .- -O*+1>+ .=2. 62$'.$'5 $* W1-K .=+ F=1$*.$2' +12L `=$7+ *%376.31+ `2* W1-K 6252' .$K+*P 0=+ 2'%$+'.* #$# '-. *++ K-1+ .=2' O+23.N $' W-1KL 2'# .=+N =2# .=+ -66-1.3'$.N .- *.3#N $. $' .=+$1 %3*.-K*P E' .=+ %-'.121NL $' -31 + 12 +>+1N.=$'5 $* *6$1$. 327$*K 2'# +/61+ **$-'L .=2. $* .- *2NL -31 1+7$5$-' $* '-. 7$K$.+# .- -'7N .=+ O+23.N -W W-1KP 42.=+1 $. 2*6$1+* .- 2#-1+ *+'.$K+'.L $. #-+* '-. 7$'5+1 $' 6=N*$%27 O+23.Nx $'*.+2# $. *++b* K-127 O+23.NP 9. $* %-11+%. .=+' .- %-'%31 .=2. 62$'.$'5 $* K-#+1' 2 '# F=1$*.$2'P :3%= $* .=+ 61-51+**$>+ K21%= -W %+'.31$+*L *3%= $* .=+ '2.31+ -W %1+2.+# .=$'5*x +>+1N.=$'5 51-`* .- 5$>+ W13$.L 2'# .- *+1>+ . =+ 6316-*+ .=2. =2* O++' 61-6-*+# ON 2' $' W$' $.+ 27 7Q #+ %$ #$ '5 "'.$.NL 2' # N+. `= $%= +* %2 6+ * -3 1 7$ K$.+ # 51 2* 6P7F8
With the arrival of Mochi, a third cycle of foreign direction at the School of Fine Arts began. Nonetheless, approaches to Chilean themes were formed. In Mochi’s work itself we see the gradual abandonment of historicist or mythological models and instead, a turn toward Chile’s landscape and rural life. Under the direction of this artist Valenzuela Puelma arrived on scholarship to study in Santiago. Mochi’s support would be fundamental to President Balmaceda awarding a fellowship to Valenzuela Puelma in 1881 to study fine arts in Paris. The academy’s control of subjectivity is analogous to the system of control and “visual” classification established by Charcot. This is a relationship of contexts that Jarpa insists on emphasizing: 9 .=$'b . =+ 6-$'. =+1+ $* .=2. `=2. .=+ 2 %2#+KN 2..+K6.* .- +*.2O7$*= 2* #-5K2 $* .=+ 1+61+**$-' -W *3OU+%.$>$.NL `=$%= $' A27+'l3+72 H3+7K2[* %2*+ $* $K6-**$O7+L W-1 O+..+1 -1 `-1*+P 0=3* 9 6-*$. .=+ $#+2 -W ?6 5' ": 6 ;' : 2' "# 6; '" 2* %-'W7$%. 2'# *NK6.-K -W A27+'l3+72 H3+7K2[* $K6-**$O$7$.N .- *3OK$. =$K*+7W .- .=-*+ %2'-'* 2'# O+ *3OK$..+# .- .=+KL O3. $' 1+27$.N .- .=+ $#+2 .=2. +>+1N $K25+ 61-#3%+# $* 2 %-#+P7G8 122
The disclosure and declassification of the artist’s legal, judicial and biographical documents allowed the public for the first time to recognize in the language, themes, and the painter’s letters and documents, elements that would allow for a critical revision of his work. This occurs beyond what is common in academic discourse, if it is understood as a symbolic encoding between biography and the era’s pictorial language. Thus it distances itself greatly from historiography and Chilean criticism. A display of this critical revision was, for example, Jarpa’s noting, with crossings out and highlighting on the records, the use of psychological notions used to characterize his wife pejoratively and disrespectfully in the divorce suit she brought against him in 1884. Valenzuela Puelma, in his 1901 plea to revoke the sentence, recover custody of his children and impede the divorce, used words like neurosis and mental illness to manipulate and discredit the suit: 9' 1+I ^1*P F217$'2 _211$#- +'.+1* $'.- #$>-1%+ 252$'*. =+1 =3*O2'# ^1P R7W1+# A27+'l3+72 H3+7K2L O2*+# -' K$*.1+2.K+'. $' `-1# 2'# #++#L #+612>$.N -W 2661-61$2.+ *3*.+'2'%+L 2'# K$*.1+2.K+'. -W =$* %=$7#1+'L 672%$'5 .=+$1 7$>+* $' #2'5+1P 9' 1+*6-'*+L .=+ #+W+'#2'. tA27+'l3+72 H3+7K2u 2O*-73.+7N #+'$+* .=+ 672$'.$WW[* W-3'#2.$-'* 2'# 2..1$O3.+* .=$* .- =$* `$W+[* '+31-.$% *.2.+L 2 K+1+ =2773%$'2.$-'L 2 K+'.27 $77'+**L 2'# 1+k3+*.* .=+ *3$. O+ 1+U+%.+#P 0=+ 621.$+* 1+'-3'%+# .=+ 61-%+#31+* -W 1+O3..27 2'# %-3'.+1*3$. 2'# .=+ %2*+ `2* 1+%+$>+# 61->$*$-'277NL 1+672%$'5 .=+ -'+ -' 1+%-1#P <-` =+21# .=+ H1-*+%3.-1L .=+ U3#5+ W2>-1* .=2. .=+ *3$. O+ 512'.+#L .2b$'5 $'.- 2 %%-3'. .=+ W$1*. -W .=+ 277+5+# 51-3'#*P 0=+ %-31. $* '-` 1+2#N .- 2''-3'%+ U3#5K+'.P7I8
After the disclosure and crossings out, we see how Valenzuela Puelma had an irregular artistic career, made up of contrasting periods of productivity and depression and silence, a situation that forced him to move about from studios and universities in Chile and later Europe. If we review his travels, on the one hand they correspond to scholarships, and on the other, they become good excuses for escaping some conflictive situation in the country. Personal differences with family members, authorities, politicians or artists of the era were quite well-known, and even more if we consider the conflict he had with his wife and children, a matter that culminated with the judgment of divorce (Law of 1884), requested by Carlina Garrido in 1885, after having recently returned from her stay in Paris. In his Valparaíso studio the unfolding of the first images in which woman wavers between model, muse, and saint begins, and all visual debauchery around her seems to be forbidden, nothing of “obscene sketches” remained. Of the scandals it provoked in his family, we have the testimony of his wife and the witnesses of the era: 9' 2' -7# =-3*+ =+ W-3'# 2 A$15$' .=2. K2 #+ k3$.+ 2' $K61+* *$-' -' =$KL `=$%= =+ 2..1 $O3.+# .- "7 )$>$'- ^-127+*P @+ 2%k3$1+# =+1L 2W.+ 1 K3%= 7+5`-1bL `$.= .=+ *3O*+k3+'. *2.$*W2%.$-' -W 2 %-77+%.-1 `=- #$*%->+1* `=2. -.=+1* =2>+ '-. *++' 2'# *+$l+* W-1 2 >$7+ 61$%+ 2 .1+2*3 1+ 3'#$*%->+1+# ON $.* 6-**+**-1* 2'# ON .=-3*2'#* -W 6+-67+ .=1-35=-3. .=+ N+21*P @$* 7$W+ 1+>-7>+# 21-3'# .=2. A$15$'I =+ `-37# O+ `27b$'5 `$.= 2 W1$+'# 2'# *3##+'7N O$# =$K W21+`+77 .- 5- .- =$* `-1b*=-6 2'# %-'.+K672.+ =+1x =+ `2'.+# .- 62$'. 2 J+#2I =+ *b+.%=+# =+1 $' %=21%-27 \.=+ `277* -W .=+ *.3#$-L .=+ #$'$'5 1--KL .=+ O+#1--KL O-2*.+# -O*%+'+ #12`$'5* .=2. =+ `-37# 72.+1 +12*+] 2'# *=+ +'#+# 36 2 631+L 61$K `-K2'L 7$b+ 277 -W A27+'l3+72[*P 0=+ %2'>2* $'W73+'%+# =$K `$.= .=+ $'*$*.+'%+ -W 2 >+'+12.+# `-K2'x *=+ *+1>+# 2* $'*6$12.$-' 2'# *-72%+I =+ '+>+1 *-7# =+1 2'# =+ #$+# `$.= =+1P7J8
Jarpa’s first formal “reparatory” gesture regarding the explicit or implicit censure of Valenzuela Puelma’s life and work consisted of restituting sym bolically and museographically the identification of La perla del mercader by writing the work’s original 1884 title Marchand d’Esclaves [Trader of Slave Women]. 7AK8 The painting was done during the most productive period of his artistic life, which occurred in Europe from 1881 to 1885. During those years he produced a great number of works, among them, 1883’s Lección de geografía [Geography Lesson], in which he used his son as a model. He used the same female model in Paris to paint Náyade cerca del agua [Naiad near the Water], and the following year Marchand de esclavas [Marchand of Slave Women], and La ninfa de las cerezas [The Nymph of the Cherry Trees]. The painting that marks the extreme of feminine idealization is La ciencia mostrando al genio que ella sola conduce a la inmortalidad del saber [Science Showing Genius that Only She Leads to the Immortality of Knowledge]. This last painting, recently restored at the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, can be appreciated as the artist’s manifest, since it shows a monumental woman changed to a goddess, in this case incarnating the allegory of science, making her attributes known to a naked youth, anywhere between 12 to 15 years of age, in the foreground and with his back turned, motionless before the great woman’s omnipresence. By contrast, in Náyade..., Marchand de Esclavas and the Ninfa..., we see the same nude model changed to a remote saint-muse, where her skin and sex have been carefully treated to distance the m from reality. In all these paintings, the desire to become established as a master of the hu man form and the representation of the (particularly feminine) body is seen, especially in the difficult pictorial control of the flesh color and the chromatic temperature, understood as a very academic way of controlling the suggestion of emotion and sensuality in the feminine flesh. Very distant from the flesh colors of Rembrant or Rubens, for example, here what prevails is the emotional, almost marmoreal distance of the slave woman-muse’s skin. It is the skin assumed as a symptom of a woman who holds herself back, restricted and retained by the ideals of a double standard: the saint and the slut. During that period, when returning to Chile through Spain, he painted La sevillana [Woman from Seville], and along with it, perhaps the painting that breaks with the sanctification of the feminine, Gitana de Sevilla [Gypsy Woman from Seville]. Here the woman, very distant from the virgin or mythological muse, smokes with ease while letting us see one of her breasts. !S?
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The first sentence shows Charcot’s desire to highlight objectivity and universality, the promise of the reality of the photographic system. The photographic verisimilitude constructs a truth about the women who are affected by this “illness.” The doctor in this case, ceded to the photographer, a technical mediator, the com municator of a phenomenon that remained recorded in a moment, situation and place that mixed the theatrical, the clinical and the museal. In fact, Freud himself recognized that in Charcot existed a kind of classification and collectionism with his patients: “[...] The pupil who spent many hours with him going round the wards of the Salpêtrière—that museum of clinical facts, the names and peculiar characteristics of which were for the most part derived from him—would be reminded of Cuvier [...] that great comprehender and describer of the animal world...” 7AB8 In 1891, when Charcot presented his hysterical women in the Salpêtrière, medicine took a qualitative jump, for he was creating the theory of neuroses as a modern illness. He supposed that these hysterics, facing an external stimulus, were capable of self-suggesting symptoms as a consequence of the ego’s weakening. He often said when faced with hysterical paralysis that even though it had been caused by the imagination, it had not been imagined. Nonetheless, his insistence on hysteria’s hereditary causes and outward signs led him to change the clinical phenomenon into one of the fine arts in which the exhibition of hysterical women had priority. There is one more link between Charcot and Valenzuela Puelma. There tends to be a confluence in the way they conceive of women under the norms and rules of the era, in which the consolidation of the bourgeoisie determined, among other values, a “woman’s decency” based on the suppression of sexual desire. As a consequence, a “decent” man was “a family man” who had sex with his partner only to procreate. 7AC8 Instinctive or carnal sexual desire had to be directed toward the world of prostitution. And, of course, at that time it was easy to disqualify any woman by calling her hysterical if she claimed autonomy and self-determination. For this reason, visible symptoms of anxiety like frustration, rage or sadness could be recognized as illnesses of the soul and psyche. Women were denied any possibility of making their individuality explicit, and thus exercising their subjectivity. Upon reviewing the words of Valenzuela Puelma, we can only confirm this repressive, annulling dimension. It is also surprising that in the 1901 divorce plea, instead of showing respect and remorse, he continued to accuse his wife of being “neurotic or suffering from mental illness,” notions that had only been used in society for the past 15 years. Of course, if he had had a say, he would have sent Carlina for medical treatment, which is what he attempted constantly, in order to regain the custody of his children.
^R<9c":0E R0 0@" ^ <;R Jarpa’s intervention resists mere visuality or complacent aesthetics. One must read behind the images to become informed, since a new reading-gaze is conceived and proposed, one that has distanced itself from the indifference and semantic anesthesia that Chilean art’s historiography and monographs have lead to. What occurs is the reconstruction of proof that certifies the omission of documents, photography and even paintings, along with the ideological conditions and positivist context in which two systems of representation (painting and photography) and two authors living in Paris used women as a model of and prop for taboos, prejudices and idealizations. From the interpretive crossroads of biography, clinical records and art, as well as the affinity or distance between the postures of the hysterical 124
woman versus the painted odalisque, some questions are posed about the role of painter and photographer, the role of model, and the theatrical scenography that establishes the “definition” of feminine, which stimulate reflection on the restitution of the title and the search for the work’s original meaning. The contemporary intervention with the heritage painting reconstructs the textual and discursive conditions under which history has been conceived, and hence, a contortioned and indecipherable writing that has hidden the elements necessary for understanding the symptoms of history and hysteria. Jarpa states: 0=+ $#+2 -W .=$* $'.+1>+'.$-' $* .- +/62'# 2'# 61-O7+K2.$l+ .=+ 1+2#$'5* `+ %2' #- -W .=+ 6$%.-1$27 *.25$'5L $W `+ =2>+ 2%%+** .- .=-*+ *-31%+*L 3'#+1*.2'#$'5 .=2. ^3*+3K* 21+ #+6-*$.-1$+* -W $K25+*L `=+1+ .=+ %-'.+/. 2'# $'W-1K2.$-' -' .=+ *3OU+%.$>$.N -W .=+ 23.=-1 2'# =$* +12 21+ '-. 621. -W .=+ $'W-1K2.$-' 2>2$72O7+ .- .=+ 63O7$%P 0=+ W$1*. 2%.$-' %-'*$*.* -W 1+*.-1$'5 .=+ 62$'.$'5[* -1$5$'27 .$.7+L `=$%= $* E6 "# $6 3; ;F G, #: 6& ', 2'# '-. ?6 5' ": 6 ;' : 2' "# 6; '" H 0=+ *+%-'# 2%.$-' $* .- %-'.12*. .=+ $K25+ -W .=+ *%+'$% 2'# .=+K2.$% 1+61+*+'.2.$-' -W .=$* 62$'.$'5 W1-K !oo{L #-'+ $' H21$*L `$.= 2 6=-.-5126= -W 2 =N*.+1$%27 `-K2' .2b+' W1-K .=+ 6=-.-5126=$% 1+%-1#* -W .=+ 6*N%=$2.1$% =-*6$.27L .=+ :276Y.1$Z1+ $' H21$*L .2b+' $' .=+ *2K+ N+21*L -W 2 `-K2' $' 2 p%1$*$* -W =N*.+1$2qP 0=+ .=$1# 2%.$-' $* .- 2112'5+ 277 .=+ %1$.$%27 .+/.* .=2. =2>+ 1+W+11+# .- . =+ 62$'.$'5L %1-**$'5 -3. 2'# .=3* *+7+%.$-' -W $'W-1K2.$-' .- +K6=2*$l+ .=+ 52l+ .=2. *6+%$27$l+# *6+%.2.-1* =2>+ =2# -W .=+ `-1bP 0=+ W-31.= 2'# 72*. 2%.$-' $* .- +/=$O$. W2%*$K$7+* -W 1+%-1#* .=2. 61+*+'. A27+'l3+72 H3+7K2[* 63O7$% 2'# 61$>2.+ 7$W+P 0=+N *+1>+ .- *=+# 7$5=. -' .=+ $K25+ 61-#3%+# ON .=+ 21.$*.P 0=+ 1+%-1#* 21+ 2>2$72O7+ .- .=+ 62$'.$'5[* *6+%.2.-1* 2'# 21+ #$>$#+# $'.W$>+ #-**$+1*I .=+ W$1*. *=-` A27+'l3+72 H3+7K2[* 63O7$% 1+%-5'$.$-'*L *%=-721*=$6*L 2'# 61+*$#+'.$27 #+%1++* 2* 2 ' 21.$*.P 0=+ *+%-'# $* -W .=+ #-%3K+'.* W1-K .=+ <2.$-'27 2'# 9'.+1'2.$-'27 :27-'* $' `=$%= =+ 621.$%$62.+# 3'.$7 .=+ $'235312.$-' -W .=+ ^3*+ <2%$ -'27 #+ ;+ 772* R1 .+ * 2. .= + %+ 7+ O1 2. $-' -W .= + F+ '.+' '$ 27 P 0= + .= $1 # $* A27+' l3 +7 2 H3+7K2[* p6*N%=-7-5$%27q #-**$+1L `$.= 2'+%#-.+* -' =$* *3OU+%.$>$.NL $' 2##$.$-' .=$* `$W+ F217$'2 _211$#-[* #$>-1%+ 67+2L `1$..+' ON .=+ 62$'.+1 =$K*+7WL 2* `+77 2* .=+ U3#5+[* #+ %$ *$- '* P 0= + W-3 1. = #- ** $+ 1 $* -W =$* 6* N%=$2. 1$ % %1 $*$* $' H2 1$ * $' !jT oL =$ * %-'W$'+K+'. 2'# #+2.= 2'# .=+ 1+62.1$2.$-' -W =$* 1+K2$'* .- F=$7+ $' !j?oP 0=+ W$W.= %-11+*6-'#* .- 6=-.-5126=$% $K25+* .=2. `+1+ *$5'$W$%2'. W-1 A27+'l3+72 H3+7K2P7AD8
The artist’s process of inquiry finally allowed her to elaborate an analytical, poetic and critical script in connection with La perla del mercader and from there to establish a relationship with 19 th Century gender conflicts, in which the figure of woman enters into social crisis and is in the process of redefining her roles of mother, lover and professional. Toward the end of that century women began to reach the University, not before overcoming great difficulties and prejudices. The definition, accesses, tasks and rights of men and women were absolutely regulated. In the case of women, a series of unquestionable social norms, protocols and agreements existed that were oriented toward maintaining all those feelings, sensations or ideas that might suppose personal autonomy under watch, in a repressive and “punishing” way. In such a context, women were to be as the establishment defined them, and any kind of change or variation of these norms meant “expulsion” and social marginalization. This was a cost and demand that alternated mental illness with ignorance and the obsession with finding answers and explanations of any kind and at any price. A remarkable symptom of the era were psychiatric hospitals, that grew in number and space, so much that whoever did not fit in with the good norms and practices of so-called Victorian morality (1837-1901), 7AE8 was marginalized from society and admitted to be cured and later returned to his home. This illustrates a reductionism in which medicine uses and abuses women to establish its experiments, or in the case of the fine arts, in which woman is changed to a model of histories from other latitudes. The approach is based on prejudice and idealization, just as it happens with Valenzuela Puelma. Jarpa explains below: A27+'l3+72 H3+7K2[* 7$W+ $* +'>+7-6+# $' .=$* %-'W7$%.I F217$'2 _211$#- \=$* *6-3*+]L =$* #235=.+1 R'2 \#+2# 2. 2' +217N 25+]L .=+ 62$'.$'5 -W 2 >$15$' ON )$>$'- ^-127+* \2 62$'.$'5 .=2. A27+'l3+72 H3+7K2 `2* -O*+**+# `$.=]L E6 "B 6 E6 I; 6: '3 6 L 2 62$'.$'5 ON A27+' l3+72 H3 +7 K2 L ?6 26 ;" ' .' :% J \=$* 72*. `-1b O+W-1+ *3WW+1$'5 =$* 6*N%=$2.1$% %1$*$*] 2'# .=+ 5=-* . -W .=+ +>$7 `-K2' `=- W-77-`* =$K `=+' =+ *3WW+1* =$ * 72*. '+1 >-3* O1 +2 b#-`'L 27 7-` =$ K .- 5$>+ 6- +. $% W-1 K .- 2 52 77+1 N -W W+ K$ '$ '+L %- '. 12 #$%. -1 NL 3'+k327 $K25+* 277 %72*=$'5P 0=+N %-'*.$.3.+ .=+ 61$>2.+ *62%+ -W .=+ 62$'.+1L `=- .31'* .=+ *-%$27L K-127 2'# 6*N%=-7-5$%27 %-'W7$%. $' `=$%= .=+*+ W2K-3* =N*.+1$%27 `-K+' W1-K .=+ 72.+ !j .= F+'.31N 21+ +'>+7-6+# $'.- =$* `-1bP0=+N +KO-#N $.L .12'*W-1K$'5 $. $'.- 6=N*$%27 %-'>37*$-'*P 7AF8 !SC
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From a global perspective, the relationship between different cultures and social and political worlds has faced visions and languages that have often established irreconcilable boundaries with the national, social, sexual or ethnic other. This classification of subjects has had numerous ways of expression and/or mediation. In the majority of cases it has translated into marginalization, exclusion, dominion and manipulation. Out of ignorance, during the 19 th Century a zeal to classify and give a place to everything that might be outside the “norm” existed. Unknown continents became areas to exercise the rhetoric of domination through language, values, beliefs and customs. The imperialism of England, France and Germany can be explained thus. These countries tended to “appropriate” worlds that were beyond their borders and change them into territories to try out the imagination, and at times, the delirium of the characteristics of the geographic and human other. The vision of the woman from the Orient forms a part of this very effect, which alternated Puritanism with the loosening of the imagination and sexual instinct outside national limits. The compiling of records, images, and stories, and the search for related information allowed for the establishing of a methodological siege on the painting, which in turn permitted the search for images related to Marchand de Esclavas works by other artists that are linked to Valenzuela Puelma thematically, chronologically and formally. If we understand that 19 th Century western culture’s misogynistic double standard tended to prevent its women from being seen as anything other than mother, saint or muse, it is surprising that when referring to women of the Orient, an Orient constructed on the basis of myths and ignorance, we see that nudity and sexuality were changed to attributes of the Oriental woman. Valenzuela Puelma, influenced by other European artists, cultivated orientalism, a trend that emerged in the mid-19 th Century, in which Eastern men and women were capriciously idealized and deformed. Before the mistrust of the Arabic “other”, in literature and art we begin to see the desire to construct the Eastern world as exotic and sensual, where women are at the service of men, and in this case, for “sale” to the highest bidder. In Jean-Léon Gérôme’s painting, also from 1884, we see that the merchant inspects the teeth of the naked woman for sale. At its side, Fabio Fabbi also shows a merchant as he uncovers the veil hiding the woman’s nakedness at the moment she is offered for sale. And in the black-and-white postcard by Victor Giraud that the Louvre printed we once again see another scene of a marchand d’esclaves. The dynamic relationship of subjections and power plays between male and female has a biological base, established in the evolution of the species. 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W-1 5+. .= 2. =+ 1+ .= +1 + $* 2 *% +' + W-1 *2 7+L -W %- KK +1 %+ L -1 2* c1+3 # * 2$ # - W p*+/327 %-KK+1%+Lq +>+1N.=$'5 .=2. .=+ =N*.+1$%27 `-K2' 1+U+%.* *+#3%.$>+7N `$.= =+1 %-'>37*$-'* -W 2' 2O3*+# 5$17P H+1=26* .=+1+ $* .=+ *3*6$%$-' .=2. .=$* '2.3127 %-'.12%. =2# +'#+#P 9[K .=$'b$'5 -W .=+ +>-73.$-' -W .=+ *6+%$+*I .=+ %-'.12%. K27+QW+K27+ .=2. %-7726*+Œ.- -31 =-11-1Œ$' .=+ !j .= F+'.31N 2'# .=2. $* '- 7-'5+1 *3*.2$'2O7+L $* -'+ -W .=+ %-*.* -W .=+ $'#3*.1$27 25+P 9 .=$'b A27+'l3+72 H3+7K2 `2* -'+ -W .=+ W$1*. #$>-1%+# K+' $' F=$7+L *$'%+ .=+ 72` `2* W1-K !oo{ 2'# =$* #$>-1%+ O+5$'* $' !ooCP @+ 7$.+1277N +KO-#$+* .=+ #+27[* W2$731+ *$'%+ =$* `$W+ 1+O+7* 252$'*. =$K O+%23*+ -W =3'5+1 2'# K$*.1+ 2.K+'.I `=2. -.=+1 *%+ '+ %-37# =+ `2'. .- 62$'. 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In these two paintings we see a direct relationship with the work of Valenzuela Puelma. The women are presented as virginal and pure, the silk or cloth covering them is the analogy of “corporal and spiritual purity” and here resides the great price of this sale. The women remain absent from their simplicity, even though at some point they submissively warn that they are ashamed of their nakedness before the other’s gaze, before the gaze of whoever undresses them in order to acquire them. We then understand the gesture of the raised arm and the hiding of the face, a last refuge of identity. In Giraud’s postcard, the merchant offers various women to the buyer, and the idea of relating the naked body with the white cloak hiding and revealing them is maintained. 19th Century European imperialism established the supremacy of the “white civilized” culture over the society, politics and customs of the eastern world, considered “primitive and backwards.” A dimension of the power of submission is 126
of one culture over another, according to Eric Hobsbawm: “The age of empire was not only an economic and political phenomenon, but also cultural. The conquest of the world by the ‘developed’ minority transformed images, ideas and aspirations through force and institutions, using example and social transformation.” 7BK8 Orientalism fraught with exoticism was nothing more than a literary invention where writers of the 19 th Century became mediators of both cultures, between an unknown east and a west anxious to compare itself and show its superiority. Pierre Loti, Joseph Conrad, Louis Massignon and Rudyard Kipling integrated the exotic into everyday life, with imagined journeys to Africa, Asia and America: the savage west or the Islamic east. All these figures of unknown and foreign cultures, which were stereotyped by word and later image, installed a level of superiority in the men who dominated the world through force and intellect. On the other hand, ignorance and submission were reserved for women. This idealized, infantile model of woman prevailed in the construction of the eastern feminine, matter that painters quickly incorporated as a frequent theme of their works: “the innovation of the 19 th Century consisted of the fact that more and more and in a more general way, non-European peoples and their societies were considered to be inferior, undesireable, weak and backwards, even infantile.” 7BA8
@R<_9<_ c4E^ R 0@4"R )I @w:0"49FRJ aE^"< 9 < F@R 4FE0[: @EX:" Jarpa’s visual inquiry during the exposition in the Museum became an irreversible point of theoretical, critical and historiographic possibilities regarding the representation of women. From a semantic point of view, the distance and blurriness of the pigment, the texture or crossing out, became evident and unruly. Thus, upon once more observing Valenzuela Puelma’s painting, along with the silhouette, painted with a “pearl” effect, of one Charcot’s women, we see the similarities between both systems of representation: slaves of different conventionalisms, of science and the fine arts. And what’s more, let’s consider the existing formal relationship beginning with the gesture upon which identity hangs: in one case, the merchant’s hand lifting a pasty, pale veil to show the nakedness of the women for sale; while to one side, contained within a museum gold frame, is suspended one of Charcot’s hysterical women. A monumentalized hysteric, isolated from the series, out of frame and scale. In this case she is at the same scale as Valenzuela Puelma’s slave-woman, operating as metonymy, where one is in exchange for the other. Thus, before the indisposition provoked by Jarpa, both women, one in a workshop and the other in a Parisian psychiatric hospital, appear posing to confirm the story-truth of the other dominator. The representation of the body suspended reminds us of a 1993 work by Louise Bourgeois entitled Arco de histeria [Arch of Hysteria], in which the artist creates a volume originally in plaster and later bronze, which also hangs from a steel thread. But in this case, the feminine image, manipulated by Charcot, is replaced by a masculine body in a hysterical pose, a “hysterical man,” changing the sign and meaning of the contortion: “Using Jerry [the artist’s assistant] has nothing to do with the staging of Charcot’s theater of hysteria. Jerry is not ‘staged,’ he is part of a drama of two, even though he is not part of the theater. He is the psychodrama.” 7BB8 A man represents an extreme posture of strength and weakness at once and thus takes away drama from women, and instead locates man. Symbolically, it submits Charcot to his very representation. Perhaps this necessity to confront, dialogue, and understand how images that dwell inside us on a daily basis have formed and organized us with regard to values (taboo) as well as cognitively, has lead Jarpa to appropriate the iconographies of the masculine writers involved in this work. When she denounces the manipulation that the images of our culture imply, it is a way to reestablish a balance and do justice. Appropriation as a methodological model to critique representation and micro-political revindication, is another key element when approaching Jarpa’s work. Anna María Guasch sheds light on this when she reveals the context from which artist Sherrie Levine elaborates her visual criticism, letting us glimpse her affinity with Jarpa: “Already in works from the 1980s, Levine proposes for the first time themes that modernity had absolutely dismissed/cursed: copy, parody, quotation, plagiarism, ‘second-hand’ contraband, repetition.” 7BC8 In this way, the idea of traditional artistic work is inverted, and instead of progressing toward aesthetics and fine arts, it becomes an ethical and political action. Images then cease to have an auratic, cult value, and are forced, as Walter Benjamin says, to exchange their “cult value” for their “exhibition value.” To that end, the action of multiplying Charcot’s images is the emptying out of meaning, it is the veil looming over his photogra phic and clinical work. In the Maison de l’Amérique Latine, the house where Charcot lived in Paris, we see volumes of poses of hundreds of hysterical women, made by using clear plastic figures, barely five centimeters high, and instead of creating an enclosed space like is the case of Santiago’s MNBA, what Jarpa follows is the logic of the addition of the hysterics and their overflowing from the frame, the frame being the totality of the home/museum. The construction of a mobile veil is displaced by space, as if it were a swarm threatening 19 th and 20 th centuries’ convention. In April and May of this year [2010], Jarpa reconstructed the shadow of the captive women who together move through the rooms of Charcot’s old home in Paris, provoking an invasive effect of visual profundity among transparencies, shadows and stamps impressed on the walls. Once again it is Charcot, the masculine ghost of domination, but this time in his own home. The hysterical women now fly and impress themselves against the clinical wall of the art gallery. The ink stain is just as ominous a reminder of his medical research and the effect it brought about in Western culture. With El efecto Charcot [The Charcot Effect], Jarpa was able to reconcile the burden, both literal and symbolic, of the other places where the volume of hysterical women had hung, been projected and stamped. What appears now in !Sh
Charcot’s room is the shadow of slave-women, of Plaga [Plague] in the Sala Gasco, the hysterical omission from the history of national art with regard to the drama of Marchand de esclavas, the illegible, crossed-out shadow of the CIA declassifications, the shadow of the “booty” of books stolen by Chile during the War of the Pacific in 1881 and returned in 2007, hysterical and contortioned episodes from history in Chile’s and Peru’s National Libraries. It is a theater of shadows, victims of science and convention, that have caused Jarpa to appropriate the iconography of authors and their different systems of representation-manipulation, through a transparent veil that insists on annulling its very materiality, on not being an absolute image, on not being a painting or an aestheticized surface for visual staging, for pretense, delaying representation. Criticism of representation operates throughout each one of the displacings of shadows and hysterics, organized by the artist’s roaming visual record: an ethical position where image, its blurriness, instability, and crossing out is at the service of accusation, declassification, deconcealing of individual, family and national histories/ hysterias. This kind of artist is, as Anna María Guasch clarifies: “A subject who, dissatisfied and contrary to the public or corporate manipulation of information, uses the power of images from the global world (some of her own, others not, appropriated from media like television, film or the internet) to collect, interpret and distribute information to the community.” 7BD8 Jarpa places a displaced, amorphous, inorganic veil over historical bodies, events, national records and monuments. For that reason, a noteworthy tale about her recent trip to Paris should not surprise us. While walking around the outside of Salpêtrière, she found a monument in honor of one of the pioneering psychiatrists in the field of feminine behavior. What she saw could not be more eloquent: Philippe Pinel (1745-1826), erected on a pedestal, elevated above his condition as man, scientist and intellectual, together with a woman at his feet, which he has “liberated”, because he holds in his hands the chains of her psychic and moral oppression. The man rises upon the woman to demonstrate his mastery and thus exhibit her to the public as a merchant with his slave before being offered to the highest bidder. A bronze monument violently returns us to all those cut-out, modeled, printed, painted and photographed figures that indispose and reveal the slave-woman who remains exposed on the walls of Chile’s Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes. :2'.$25-L ^2N ST!TP
128
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Voluspa Jarpa’s latest work, the tetralogy Esclavas [Slaves], Síntomas de la Historia [Symptoms of History], Construcción imaginaria [Imaginary Construction] and Salpêtrière (2009-2010), is singular in its visual aesthetics as well as its ability to inquire into and reflect upon post-democratic Chile’s contem porary individual and collective subjectivities. The conceptual weakening of ideological and historical discourses that came with the rise of the market, the media’s privatization of intimacy, and the subsequent administration of the public-political space by the neoliberal state, along with the national-global state’s further responses of takeover, have greatly impacted the artist’s reflection on the dialectical tension history-hysteria as a means of denouncing a specific way of exercising power. Jarpa, suspicious of the subjective positions introduced by la Avanzada and la Escuela de Santiago , with which she had once negotiated her inscription of gender on Chilean memory’s culture of epicness, now opposes the primal scene of feminine symbolic precariousness, carried out in Charcot’s and his disciples’ etiology and archives on hysteria. She does so with a new purpose. Her historical project concerns pictorial and political reflections on representation and its ideological, technical and linguistic quandaries. At another level of interpretation, the project addresses certain subjectivities’ lack of emancipatory potential as a response to a determined kind of social organization. Additionally, it speaks to the historical contradictions naturalized by the institutional imaginary discourses of a state and society based on triumphalist military and transitional developmentalism. Named the belle indifference in 1929 by the French psychiatrist Pierre Janet (1859-1947), hysteria made its historic appearance in the Americas toward the end of the 17 th Century. It was use d in the Salem Witch Trials, as a collective diagnosis of a group of young wo men between the ages of 7 and 16, who suffered from body aches, spasm s and convulsions. Afterward, in the work of Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), the illness of reminiscences , as one of his disciples, Joseph Babinski (1857-1932) would later call it, would pave the way for treatment via linguistic recollection as Freudian psychoanalysis method. It is useful to mention these incidents in order to emphasize hysteria’s perception, its symbolic narration and inscription as a fruitful discursive field. Here, it is possible to observe the different actors in a staging where the script is an offering to patients of symptoms made by clinical, religious or legal examination. These subjects of a precarious life mimic the learned signs for the normalizing agents, who in turn exercise a juridical-scientific control over the results. This closes off all means of liberation to the subjects, while providing them with a failed place of inscription and minimizing their civic legitimacy. As we ask ourselves what is the radical impossibility that Jarpa takes on when she questions the ways in which culture interrogates its own fiction of functional stability (discourses of memory, history, state), we also wonder how these symptoms are organized, what gaps they provide an account of for the subject and the social, and how it is ethically possible to create a political option for subjects who can find a kind of recognition that is typically impossible for them. With these four pieces Jarpa proposes an alternative narrative to the socio-imaginary institutionality still commo n in Chilean neo-liberal modernity. Here, the artist takes up once more the ideal of the previous era’s subject-artist: to further the modernization of the aesthetic field by means of a critique of its political counterpart. As opposed to the era of military authoritarianism, when this critical equation was widely accepted, in the present, the aesthetic revolution in no way finds its complement in the he gemonic social world. On the contrary, what is observed is a series of agreements between the state, politics, the market and aesthetics. As a consequence of the state’s action toward these discourses and practices, their translation to the field of public politics produced a national-pop ulist effect. The tropes carnival and circus clearly express the tone they achieved in the transition’s intellectual arena. It is at this stage when Jarpa’s work reconfigures itself, expressing its radical discomfort with neo-liberal development’s authoritarianism and the transformation of homogeneity into a privileged signifier for contingent history. This essay began by stating that hysteria’s discourse was read in the past as a denouncement of a specific way of exercising po wer. <=> This discourse has infiltrated Voluspa Jarpa’s visual work since she began as an individual artist in 1995. Attentive to the political crisis in her country, her work reflects the unresolved contradictions between one mode of production and another, between one mode of domination and another. In the Chilean social and cultural world, capital’s hegemony reshaped the state’s contours and politics. After the transition’s success in managing consensus, the possibility of subjective interpellation became devoid of meaning for citizens. The mediatized public sphere gave way to a virtual agora of connections, where the solidarity necessary for mutual recognition of subjects and their imaginary institutionality could not be filled by the old hegemonic-ideological discourses. Only relationships of faith, in particular those of extremely conservative protestant churches, continued to provide subjects with solid narratives that enabled them to join in social life. More and more Chileans saw ourselves being pushed toward territories located beyond the reach of the mediatization of signs. !"!
In the midst of these changes, art appeared as an alternative moral medium in the literary figure of Pedro Lemebel and in the interventions of the Colectivo Muro Sur, anticipating in a certain way the subsequent unease of the eighties generation when faced with what discursive inflation offered them. These open roads would be co-opted in order to solicit new ways of ad ministrating politics via the recognition of culture as state politics. Given the concertationist government’s scarce political capabilities of assembly, it appealed to the task of constructing a cultural citizenship that might revert the social differences left behind by the successful neoliberal experiment, based on the repositioning of pacifying moral nourishment. Certain that this was the path to develop ment, “grow with equality” became a moral-populist invitation whose objective was to reconstruct social bonds through the revitalization of a national cultural discourse where everyone had a place. The idea of building solidarity in the face of two moral catastrophes, firstly communism, and later dictatorship, was particularly effective. No one could avoid said logic. Both contingencies, reevaluated in economically and legally-sanctioned agreements, returned the lost faith in the state and its institutions’ capacity for moral agency. Now that the state had reestablished a historical continuity that was liberated from sovereignty’s past, different versions of history began to dangerously appear. Capital’s hegemony arrived hand-in-hand with the private secularization of subjects. Alongside this trend, two new modes of behavior appeared: civility and responsibility. Both contemporary processes can be understood as new subjective configurations of domination, as the sociology of the individual does, as well as two types of distance between the social and the individual. *** During the first phase of Jarpa’s work with Pintura mural: El Sitio de Rancagua [Mural Painting: The Seige of Rancagua] (1994) and later on with El jardín de las delicias [Garden of Earthly Delights] (1995), the denouncement of official history’s fictional backing coincides with the reflection on the problems and limits that realist convention faces as a method of painting. In the first piece, the pictorial narrative intervention of the emancipatory Chilean epic superimposes the registers of both the urban and peasant proletariat. The painting corrodes the epic aura of founding rhetorics when it juxtaposes the wage labor of workers-peasants with the narrative of a military feat. National-epic and national-global projects merge, as do those of illustrated patriarchal modernity and modernization in the re-composition of both histories. In these pieces the poetics obey the macro-objective of unveiling the manual and mechanical procedures that sustain the artifice of genre and technique, as well as those of historical discourse’s imaginary dimension. At the same time, for the intellectual, these works impose the labor of archiving and documenting a reified violence erased by the architectural, statuary and ideological anniversary consecrated by military intervention. In the 1995 piece, the figure of a hand-painted hysterical conversion intervenes more radically in the rhetorical eloquence of the country’s history. This small gesture destabilizes the narrative grammar and anticipates that the female subject’s ideals act, still in search of a real identification whose imaginary support in the piece’s present constitutes a subsequent historical consciousness, even if it is the impossibility of accessing history’s complete narration. It is only in the second stage of her work, with the series Soma, Paisaje somático [Somatic Landscape] and Plaga [Plague] (2006-2008) that the orientation of the I’s ideals accounts for the fictionality of the discourses that constitute ideological interpellation. The pieces do this by making evident the lack of discursive consistency for subjects’ desire. In this phase of Jarpa’s artistic production, it is precisely the de-eroticization of the hysterical woman’s feminine body-sign that makes the avant-garde artist-intellectual female subject decline this ideal position in order to go on to form a part of reality’s effect, latent behind the plastic formation of her installations. Jarpa no longer finds herself at the point of ideology’s interpellation, where the social real is mediated by the counter epic-pictorial and directly interpellates critical individuals and their circumstances, but rather in the phantasmal distance that all fiction sustains with its concealment. Under these circumstances, the change that occurs in Jarpa’s poetics, beginning in 2004, reveals that the criticism of the military authoritarian state is identical to the one that could be made of the global liberal state. National narratives have been reedited and homogenized based on multicultural reconciliation, the country’s emblems and symbols revitalized by the border disputes with Peru and Bolivia, rightist and leftist populist nationalisms revive the destiny of Chile’s singular exceptionalism among the continent’s nations, minorities acquire statistical representation, even the imagination has become a privatized space due to the process of global communication. All this is maintained by the economic stability provided by a liberal discourse devoid of subjectivity. These conditions and others are what make it necessary to observe how a symptom from the past like the social figure of hysteria, with a highly disruptive charge in its cultural reception, allows us to revisit contemporaneity, given that it appears in Jarpa’s work. This urgent presence demands a re-demarcation of its interpretive potential. 132
*** The last three expositions have as a common denominator the figure of the “hysterical woman,” and a fundamental change in the declination of the intellectual-artist subject to position itself as a reaction to the so-called Foucauldian “biopolitical” subject. 7B8 When I say figure I refer concretely to the visual materialization of the illness through a trans-montage, used to provide a fierce reflection on women’s human condition or lack thereof. For the first time, the female subject does not feel intellectually responsible, questioned in her structural position as an organic intellectual. Rather she is impelled to go against the grain of instrumental reason, as a gendered subject. Jarpa underscores the structural and material determinants that affect the production of feminine subjectivity, and minimizes the identification of the figure of the hysterical woman as pathological. The artist posits the dissolution of the borders between functional (normal) neurosis and other pathological manifestations of contemporary affectivity associated historically in psychiatry with the feminine condition. She understands the condition of gender as a construction that responds to the socio-economic variables implicated in the modern paradigm of the need for women’s rights. Feminine passion is perceived as a threatening excess that political liberalism has dismantled or repressed in its abstract conception of the individual. Women, as a subaltern culture excluded from the pleasure of full citizenship, are precisely those who have played a leading role in their stigmatization within the psychologicalist register of 19 th Century social pathology, which Jarpa’s work researches, observes and re-inaugurates. Jarpa appeals to this dimension of subjectivity, pulled from the sites of subjectivation traditionally assigned to women by patriarchal culture. Upon using the figure of the hysterical woman, she reveals to us the perverse repressive organization of women’s vital energies, oriented by the ideals of the authoritarian state’s modernity. It is the very materiality of these plastic discoveries, the hysterical conversion, the convulsing body of scientific will’s patient in Charcot’s photographs, and Jarpa’s exploratory eagerness for the possibilities of painting as muteness, which catapult her to visually conceptualize the horror that consumes her (subjectively) when confronted with the organic repression of interpellation’s capacity and the subjective and historical acknowledgement of feminine subjects. This ascertainment leads her to realign the aesthetics-ethics of her work from her prior political intellectual commitment with the historical revolutionary avant-garde, in order to reconsider the logic of her montages. The ideal of the biopolitical intellectual subject today is one that reflects upon the ways in which the species survives in the face of liberal inconsistency searching for a common good that the majority of the time provokes the material and symbolic annihilation of individuals. Jarpa’s work with the spatialization of the spastic shoal of thousands of tiny figures made up of hysterical women also coincides with, or sums up, the main principles of the contemporary discussion on social and individual action. 7C8 *** I will now focus on Jarpa’s production in 2009-2010. The artist has made a definitive transition from painting to pieces with volumes and space. The last four expositions have had as a common denominator the volumetric figure of the “hysterical woman,” spatialized in the emblematic territories of the regulatory institutionality of the nationstate’s social, political, and cultural life, and thus, produce a borderline interruption between the word and its phantasm .7D8 The Museum, the Library and the Hospital are all linked by the symbolic value attributed to the exceptional lives of those who shape their capital, in their double meaning of phenomena, documented in artistic, cultural and psychiatric archives. With Jarpa’s humanizing intervention, both moral and intellectual heritage’s spaces of sepulturecustody become spectral dwellings. These installations reveal hallucinating constellations of gaunt feminine specters situated in a new mathematical arrangement to inhabit the interstices of embellished history in the imaginary nation’s epic-scientific discourses. A good example of the difference in the artist’s subjective approach in this second phase is Esclavas [Slave Women] (2009). It is an exploratory work that results in the intervention of Valenzuela Puelma’s painting, known as La perla del mercader (1884). Following the symbolic restitution of the original name Marchand d’Esclaves is the exhibition of a series of omissions and substitutions that the dominant culture commits in order to sustain the symbolic viability of the 1910 painting, the year in which Chile celebrated its centennial. The archive of national cultural capital welcomes the censured version of the representation of a certain idea of the feminine circulating during that time. From the ceiling hangs the image of one of the hysterical poses from Charcot’s records, aligned dialectally with the painting in the gallery. The condition of both women’s extreme fragility is re-ciphered in the visual document, its value in accordance with the dominant episteme interpreted. Psychiatric and taxonomic in one case, woman is thus a sign of the illness she bears, and in the other, commercial and of the state, where she is a sign of the market value of the commission she has been an object of. !??
Jarpa has chosen shameful episodes from national history to interrogate the celebratory bicentennial rhetoric, denouncing the frauds of republican-state and military-national glory. This history is sheltered in basements, metros, arcades, shelves and tunnels, and the artist agrees to its flaws through an alpha-numeric series of bibliographic cards, from which she chooses incriminating documents of the felony com mitted by the Chilean army when it stole library books in its attack on the city of Lima during the War of the Pacific. *** In the exhibitions Síntomas de la Historia [Symptoms of History] and Una Construccion Imaginaria [An Imaginary Construction] (Santiago, Chile, 2009, and Lima, Peru, 2010) Jarpa’s work once again interpellates the state’s narrative fraud. The archived scene that is “declassified” is that of the pillaging of the Biblioteca Nacional del Perú in 1881, after Chilean troops used it as barracks during the War of the Pacific, as it is described in the letter sent to the American ambassador Isaac P. Christiancy by then director Manuel de Odriozola. 7E8 For this border-crossing 7F8 double installation, the artist recuperates facsimile editions of historiographic documents published in 1881 in Chile’s Diario Oficial, where, on August 22-24 appeared 16 pages of the inventoried catalog of the library’s spoils by Ignacio Domeyko (then president of the Universidad de Chile, 1867-1883) and Diego Barros Arana (historiographer and later president of the same university, 1893-1897), who were com missioned by the government to do so. Jarpa assembles this legal-confessional tale of a prestigious state official like Domeyko at the magnetic center of a pictorial series made up of fifty small and medium-sized paintings in which the books return to their violated depository. Painted, they hang from the walls mimicking, in the oil painting’s phantasmatic materiality, the funeral gesture of memory that the piece summons. The books are divided up into four categories. The first, those of document and patrimony, placed orderly on shelves. The second and third, books like spoils of war, disappeared from their organic site—the nature of reading replaced with the painting’s black background—to pass through weapons to become objects, disappeared from victorious cruelty. The fourth, books piled up and open, yet deprived, separated from social life, living letters annulled in the citizen’s eye by the inquisitorial revenge of a history inferior to the Viceroyalty’s glories. The books’ removal from one nation to another, from one library to another, speaks of the political reason behind the pillaging. To sustain and re-legitimate a state by hoarding the achievements of another place. As if the metonymy of the book, with its abduction and from its prison, could nurture a wasted, infantile memory and liberate its vital energy for a nation shocked by violence. The third element is made up of two books whose weightless bodies are nourished by kinetic illusion and imaginary reflection, provoked by the visual density of 10,000 tiny figures stamped with women in hysterical convulsion, hanging from strings. As a whole, the piece creates a peculiar experience. The books refract the discourses of history documented by archives, as they shift reflection from the reading of the texts toward the contemplation of multi-faceted books, joined together by the unarchived images of hysteria’s feminine catalog. Just as light is dispersed or breaks when passing from one means of propagation to another, or when temperatures vary, Jarpa’s cognitive model resolves the tension between form and content in the metaphoric synthesis of the image in movement by using the recourse of the mirage in optics or the ghost in psychoanalysis. Each minute signifier put into play in her pieces, and this one in particular, is arranged transitorily in its spatial interweaving with its agent’s gaze. The discourses of history and hysteria in close proximity, on the same syntagmatic axis, are disaffirmed, making it impossible to choose only one, definitive meaning. As Jarpa says, “I seek to devise a representation that addresses these historical events, making information and representation, in a reflexive and non-literal way, refer to the impact of this conflict on the history of both countries, working with the traumatic effect they generated.” 7G8 I use the metaphor of the laws of refraction to stage the changes in signification that Saussure would anticipate and that Lacan would return to when considering that the unconscious functions like language. Although work with discourses has not been explicitly noted in Jarpa, her pieces are always mediated by a word, a word that does not inhabit texts but rather the interstitial spaces of the visual exercise. A word whose representative core always references ultimately an impossibility. What great, im measurable violence does Jarpa’s work speak of? What inhabitability does her reflection receive nourishment from? Not only Heideggerian existentialism’s ungraspable experience of being, but also the certainty that language itself is an image and thus matter of pictorial reflection and visual quandary. Jarpa’s work with declassification recuperates the contours of psychiatric patients’ voices, women diagnosed as hysterical in their medical-legal photographic records. Their signs are residues of medical-pedagogical montages that make their lack of symbolic inscription and their appearance as docu mented subjects in the 19 th Century masculine world visible. They document, in Charcot’s study, precisely the lack of passion they constitute. Some years earlier, the attempt to classify human passions, begun by Guillaume Duchenne (1806-1875), had allowed the mapping of the facial134
muscular response to certain electric stimuli. Charcot’s thesis was that hysterical patients did not physiologically respond to said stimuli. They had been abandoned by the Greek orgiastic spasm of the Bacchantes, whose impassioned social ideal had already been shown in Lysistrata. The photographs of hysterical women, however, show the scientific hollowing out of anxiety that surrounded the coming of the liberal feminine subject, just as La perla... unveils modern masculinity, offering us its anxious reading of the entrance of woman into the public sphere, stripping her of reason. The modern female subject then declines this new ideal formation, gathering the subject’s ideals offered by the discourse of feminine illness. It will come to be perceived as part of a collective, violent in its ethical passion from the very roots of language. Upon elaborating the consistency of her subjective position, the artist demonstrates to us how hysterical women follow a process in which they should represent themselves as victims of symbolic precarity. Let it be understood, the figure of the hysterical woman represents an entity that gets rid of all that favors its way toward a social legitimacy in which the discourses of technology, science, faith and politics respond to instrumental masculine reason. Rehumanized by the narrative precariousness in which she is immersed, the female subject refuses the liberal feminine gender in favor of a bioethic of collective terror. Terror that will remain imprinted on the photographs of La Salpêtrière, for since they are not recognized as subjects of experience they will experience the muteness of the visual document, as anomalous subtypes. *** Jarpa’s work has consisted of bringing about the rehumanization of these female subjects, in which the subject can establish a link as she appeals to the basic memory of a threatened species, the fiction of being a collective body. Biology becomes thus the only ethics possible for these subjects abandoned to a destiny without letters. We live in a society where the threat of illness lies in wait for subjects with a powerful, self-defining appeal. It is here where hysteria calls for the reinterpretation of its symptoms. The swarm replaces the multitude, the stain the masses, the mere gesture the proletariat, making them secular victims of subaltern subjects’ signic precariousness. The hysterical female subjects appear in Jarpa’s work to mark culture’s ill-ease when faced with symbols’ extreme fragility. These are the figures that will show us the lack of collective resources we have to confront the subjective desolation we inhabit. The problem Jarpa illustrates, in the words of Martuccelli, is one that “concerns rather the unstable relationship in a profound state of redefinition in which we live among social injustices, subjective experiences and political languages” (2009: 60). 7I8 Even more ominous for this absolute crisis is the artist’s observation. The work that reflects upon the collectively terrorized gendered subject culminates in 2010, the commemoration of the Chilean Republic’s birth.
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Plaga [Plague] by Voluspa Jarpa is a complex visual metaphor. Like poetry, it works on “the subtle in a barbaric world,” and beyond seducing at first sight, it requires reflection on the play of meanings it proposes.
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This text offers information about the work and also proposes one possible way of reading it, in the hope of generating other readings. In relation to art, of course, but also to other dimensions of social life. *** What do we see, at first? An enormous swarm of insects, an indistinct cloud, surpassing the gallery’s architectural limits, flowing from one room to another, playing at not being solid, composed of thousands of miniscule shapes hanging from imperceptible threads, casting capricious shadows on the walls? *** A closer look: the tiny figures are photographs of hysterical women; the clinical iconography of hysterical women shown by Charcot to his students. 7C8 Their contortions were produced by this celebrated doctor and teacher, and reproduced during his classes at La Salpêtrière. Twelve figures, repeated countless times, a sum or a synthesis of his7D8 medical practice, which sought to contain “feminine excess,” “stubborn female sorrow,” “women’s dark wrath.” The expressions just cited do not originally refer to Charcot’s late 19 th Century hysterical women; they come from a study on Greek women of classic antiquity, whose excessive suffering over the consequences of war was perceived as a threat to the polis, to civil order. In a previous work, Voluspa Jarpa intersected the words “hysteria” and “history” at vertical and horizontal axes, as part of a larger project, named Histeria privada, historia pública .7E8 Charcot’s hysteria, like Greek women’s sorrow, is perhaps found in “the ungovernable region of a distress resistant to that knowledge,” in a political blind spot, on the edges of politics, 7F8 in a place beyond the reach of society. *** Some historical reference. Extreme, paroxystic suffering, exceeding the boundaries imposed by society, has been a plague from the very beginning of Western civilization. The name “hysteria,” often used to designate it, comes from the Greek word hysteros or uterus. The association between women and hysteria, then, comes from the very origin of the word. Extreme manifestations of mental suffering, expressed in different bodily symptoms, supposedly come from that organ, imagined as a species of living animal within women. An animal with its own demands, among them, giving birth (according to the Greeks), or unmercifully and tirelessly absorbing man’s bodily fluids (this according to the inquisitors who wrote the Malleus Maleficarum , at the end of the 15 th Century).7G8 In any case, hysteros was imagined as dangerous, capable of producing the most7I8 extreme behaviors. (Even Kant, faithful to his time, spoke of hysterical “vapors” that, according to him, consumed women). The hysterical body is entirely inscribed on and by Western history at different moments; a history of the production of hysteria exists. Consecutive descriptions not only depict a pathos or pathology, but also the ways in which this kind of floating disorder has been named and defined. It becomes paroxysm, seems characteristic of the human species, and settles into the accounts of a given time. 7J8 (It often settles in distinguishing between genders. A curious observation from Charcot’s time attributes hysteria to women, whose attacks are manifest through physical symptoms, while men during that era channel their madness through trips and fugues). 7AK8 *** In this work, we find an enormous volume composed of photographic images that served to characterize hysteria according to late 19 th Century accounts. Distancing themselves from the interpretations of inquisitors or priests, and also far from the pretensions of gynecologists, at that moment neurologists and psychiatrists appropriated the illness, with all the instruments within the reaches of their positivist imagination, plus a novel ally: photography. Charcot and7AA8his disciples photographed in order to typify their diagnosis, and thus made hysteria something visual. Voluspa Jarpa, in a move based on Charcot’s figures, uses them to give visual form to reflect upon the edges of politics, a topic that is certainly not limited to hysteria alone. *** Uncontainable. Thus is hysteria. It cannot be contained physically (paroxysmal movements led to the use of the straight jacket, isolation cells, cold baths, electric shock). The use of the word “contain” acquires meanings that exceed the physical. Today, “contain” is also to receive and alleviate anguish that is not our own. Hysteria is also uncontainable in this sense: hysteria’s disorder resists relief. At some7AB8 distant point of its history, hysteria was described as “protean,” in the sense of being capable of taking many forms. !?h
Leaving the private sphere, the doctor-patient relationship, one can conceive of a similar relationship in the public or social sphere. One can think of a disorder, an uncontainable anguish, a kind of drive toward what does not fit within the existing order nor has a language in which it can be formulated. I believe the metaphor proposed here has to do precisely with this. *** Protean is what changes shape when we believe we have captured it. Like the god Proteus, like the nymph Thetis, who to escape Peleus’ embrace, transformed consecutively into a lioness, serpent, wind and flame. 7AC8 Hysteria, in its successive descriptions throughout history, is also transformed into multiple diagnoses, and makes obvious the fallibility of discourses of knowledge. Its decline as a diagnosis comes about between 1895 and 1910. It “vanished into a hundred places in medical textbooks,” 7AD8 among them Freud’s anguish neurosis, for example, which isn’t limited to women. In this regard, any term that might apply to this kind of disorder would be (in the surprising words of Nietzsche) “an interpretation [...] of a collection of phenomena that cannot be exactly 7AE8 formulated [...] a fat word standing in place of a skinny question mark.” *** Hysteria like that question mark. Upon describing it words like “riddle” are used, one thinks of the sphinx. Its symptoms are mute (the body generates symptoms like language, it expresses the inexpressible through symptoms, it is transformed into a kind of puzzle). What cannot be verbalized becomes physical symptoms. Soma and Paisaje somático [Soma and Somatic Landscape] (both from 2006) are the names of two of the most recent works by Voluspa Jarpa. The alarming, “florid” symptoms of hysteria have been described as mute and yet they demand and produce the speech coming from another, the doctor or the wise man, who must provide explanation and relief. Yet, hysteria constantly displaces its symptoms, and so, along with provoking another’s speech, it thwarts it, showing how it falls short. It is pertinent to quote here the Lacanian model of the master and the hysterical woman, which shows the “agony” of the therapist, the tragic sense of therapy: “You know how the hysteric confronts the master and says: ‘The truth speaks through my tongue, I am there, and you, who know do tell me who I am.’ And you surmise that whatever wisdom and subtleties lie in the master’s reply, the hysteric will let him know it is not as yet that, that her ‘there’ evades the catch, that all should be resumed, and7AF8a lot of effort is required to please her. She thereby takes command over the master and becomes maîtresse du maître.” Hysteria provokes, and at the same time thwarts established knowledge, codes and orders. It is found in a zone that they are unable to reach. Hysteria, in Voluspa Jarpa’s work, is a metaphor for floating misery, the blind spot of the social orders we construct. *** In Plaga, countless small, flat figures of plastic mica seem to float in the air, each hanging from a clear thread. They form a denser volume in the center, opening up toward the edges. Flock, shoal, swarm, horde, the volume of uncertain contours evokes groups of living beings in movement. It also reminds us of the strange non-verbal communication among birds, fish and insects, moving as a whole, forming figures, attracting and imitating one another. On the other hand, by forming three-dimensional volumes with flat figures, consciously using shadows, creating stamps with the same images to print on the walls, the work gives into a repetitive drive that imitates hysterical symptoms. The need to move around the volume, to overcome frontality, to appreciate the many effects produced and transmitted by hysterical anguish, without any of them acquiring permanence or preeminence over the other: there is suspension of thought just as there is suspension of figures, and the effect is profoundly disturbing. In this work it is not possible to think of hysteria in 19 th Century terms, from doctor to patient, from individual with authority to individual subdued. These tiny figures, fascinating in their repetitive mutability, in their multiplied fragility, maintain ambivalence, de-subjection, and do not submit themselves (as the epigraph says) to any classification. They bring with them a known history (Charcot’s), which is ambiguous and suspicious, to say the least. And in their fluctuating, fragile, and yet massive presence, they keep in suspense a meaning that is there, imminent and ominous, yet neither explicit nor explicitable. Angels or demons, birds or insects, victims or criminals, past or present, the tiny figures communicate an enormous plastic and emotional strength around the topic of a collective suffering that exceeds individual situations. The suffering they convene is that of society’s leftovers. In the second room, the tiny figures no longer hang: they are heaped in ominous piles, as if they had been left aside, as if they were scraps. They are literally at the very bottom. I imagine them, in their paroxysmal gestures, like a remainder of the operations of the social (I think of remainders of mathematical operations, the quantities that are discarded as insignificant). *** Each of the tiny figures is hyper-formed, since their gestures are taken to the maximum excess. Nonetheless, as piles, they create apparently unpredictable volumes. If they are contrasted with the angles and measurements of the room, for example, the room becomes a preexisting design, affected by the work. The architecture evokes imposing, warlike verticality, man as an “erect creature,” the constitution of societies, “authority figure, privileged metaphor of the metaphysical.” The contrast is established with an intervention that denies these forms. It then appears, provisionally like the7AG8 shapelessness Bataille refuses to define, except for as a word that serves to declassify ( déclasser), as a radical break. (Architecture would be monumental; before it, Voluspa Jarpa’s installation becomes nonumental, a nonument, 7AI8 instead of a monument). 138
The tiny figures are left, finally, either hanging or at the very bottom. The hysteria they show lacks a place in the social hierarchy, it is outside the interpretive 7AJ8 grid of the possibilities of interpretation, and hints at what “goes beyond and is more significant than meaning...” It eludes existing knowledge, with regard to it, its fundamental operation is slippage. And thus we return, in another turn of the spiral, to “protean” hysteria, as metaphor for an experience not our own still resisting meaning. *** Hysteria and history imply one another in Voluspa Jarpa’s visual metaphor. Plaga is the first in a series of works the artist has programmed until 2010. Yet it is also the culmination—up until now—of a ten-year long reflection. Looking at Voluspa Jarpa’s previous work, since 1995, we perceive a movement that returns again and again to edges: the edges of the civil, jeopardized by an operation over wastelands, that contrasts with monuments; the edges of habitability, recorded in a piece filled with variations on shacks, the works titled Un miedo inconcebible a la pobreza [An Inconceivable Fear of Poverty] the attention paid to uninhabited and uninhabitable places. Before becoming interested in hysteria, the artist also considered other blind spots at the edges of politics, in Ranciere’s “irreducible region of a distress resistant to that knowledge,” which seems to have been written to define her work, since it corresponds so well to it. The metaphors were others, namely the wastelands and shacks, yet the imaginary zone they address seems to prefigure the space currently occupied by hysteria. In Plaga and the projects that follow it, the opposition between architecture and shapelessness reappears, as do images of hysteria and suspension. Visual elements related to it are added, like crossed-out books, an allusion to inaccessible, censored codes and languages, replaced in hysterical women by ever-changing physical symptoms, constantly slippery yet unwilling to be trapped by order or knowledge. The historical-hysterical dialectic staged by the artist is explored in other facets. If here, in Plaga, in an art gallery, the volumes can unfold, meaningful in and of themselves (as in Paisaje somático, 2006), in the following works the relationship with history is reinforced by the appearance of installations in real historical places, in Chile and in bordering Peru. The institutional architecture of those places, closer to the War of the Pacific than the present day, is intervened by the images of hysteria proposed by the artist. *** Thus, Voluspa Jarpa’s work has been dedicated to a delicate poetics of edges, junctures, borders that are not really borders; those that separate or unite hysteria and history, great stories and petites histoires, obverses and reverses, authorized discourses and mute sym ptoms. It is dedicated to posing and observing the infinite permutation of the one in the other, the pulse and slippage that at each moment exceed the imaginary lines of demarcation. In No ha lugar [There is No Place], from 1997, the elaborate traditional frames are difficultly superimposed upon the continuum of images; in Plaga and works that follow, the tiny, paroxysmal figures invade, with their irregular volumes, architectonic spaces. In both cases, apparently opposites, the limits between what is manifest and what is latent are blurred and revealed to be fragile or arbitrary. I fall into temptation and extend this poetics toward a quest to exceed the traditional limits of art. Only to suggest and spark curiosity: to blur borders, imagine the exclusion they imply, create some breathing room and spaces of play, reconstruct “the relationship between places and identities, spectacles and gazes, proximities and distances.” 7BK8 Doesn’t it perhaps sound like a political practice of dissent, of resistance, applicable to art as well as to the life we participate in as citizens? R_6LW
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Voluspa Jarpa’s work has long concerned itself with the violence latent in every form of official representation. In her earlier periods, for instance (1995 on), she produced several different works, including paintings, which featured vacant lots, “a step away from garbage dumps”—as opposed to postcard city landscapes, to Chilean traditional paintings from the natural countryside, and to monuments. She has later produced major works on the tension between history, as official narrative, and hysteria, as inexpressible experience that translates not into words but into somatic symptoms. Among these works, enormous irregular volumes—swarms—of very small figures of Charcot’s hysterical women patients, cutouts of their photographs on transparent mica, overflow into symmetrical architectural spaces. In large art galleries, certainly, but also in monumental public buildings, libraries among them. Discomfiture in the public space; interference with habits of perception; an edgy sense that smooth surfaces (or versions) appear only after a complex process of suppression of what is unsightly; the looming threat of the formless... The work created for Dislocation shares these traits. Materially, however, it is something else. She has made 608 signed and numbered books (not “artist’s books”, quite the contrary) and displayed them differently in three bookstores in three sections of the city. Up to five daily can be removed from each location by members of the public, on one condition: that they fill in a form indicating the space in which they are to be placed. The exhibition finishes when the last book is given away. In one, they are displayed on shelves accessible to the public, lit from behind, and their darkness stands out against the white light. In another, pocket-sized books are placed in a stall for publications on sale, with advertising material; in yet another, there is only one transparent book, within a light box, in the store window. What is actually in the books? Archival material. It is difficult to read; sometimes faded, others smudged, but always, always obliterated in large part by the dark lines associated with censorship. The documents come from “intelligence” files; from U.S. Government files on Chile during the period following Allende’s election and well into the mandate of the country’s first freely elected president after the military coup in 1973. They were declassified in 1999, but not before being screened to find and eliminate any disclosures that might affect the U.S. or its collaborators. They distort and hide as much or more than they actually show. In this work by Voluspa Jarpa, the information contained in the documents is not what, finally, counts, despite provoking—and generally frustrating—an interest that is almost prurient. The work is thought-provoking inasmuch as it presents the bewildering physical, material traces of information that destroys itself; the artist presents it as an image of the impossibility of its own transmission. The books are at the same time readable and unreadable. Pandora’s box, says one of the documents; opening up the Pinochet files is like opening Pandora’s box; it should unsettle history. History is written by selecting what is to become part of a story. History is befuddled by the excess of information; history, like the human beings who write it, “can only bear so much reality.” History is created through repression of some unmanageable facts, of some unmanageable feelings and experiences, some unbearable contradictions; history is always a version. And archival material has the power to unsettle it... or does it? Has this material really unsettled Chilean history as it is now told, as it is now written? Have these heavily censored pages left a mark on history? Apparently not, or maybe not yet. Archival material is undoubtedly from the past; yet it is also the enigmatic keeper of future versions, of future interpretations. Unless, of course, the material is suppressed, obliterated, deleted—or simply forgotten, because it is unbearable, or because there is at present no acceptable way of reading it. How does an artist, not a historian, go about tackling problems like these? Not by directly addressing the issues implied in whatever maimed texts are presented. Rather, the artist has created a symbolic form of circulation for the archival material. She has also created forms of display that turn the texts into images of their own denial and obliteration. She makes visible material that puts visibility itself into question, and sets the scene for a paradoxical and complex image. Images are neither true nor false; of themselves, they cannot lie (montage, captions and contexts do that for them). And something in them always resists translation into words. 7A8 The artist has taken words as her material: verbose censored texts, which reveal and conceal at the same time. By turning them into an image, she places them in the wobbly territory between fact and fiction, and creates a strangeness which appeals to a history as yet unwritten. And which may remain unwritten for a long time, maybe forever. Biblioteca de la No-Historia / Chile 1968-1991 is a challenging work, and it reaches beyond the realm of self-absorbed art.
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Comienzo mis estudios de artista visual entre los años 1989 y 1992, cursando en la Universidad de Chile la carrera de Licenciatura en Artes, mención en Artes Plásticas. Posteriormente, en los años 1994 y 1995, curso en la Escuela de Posgrado de la misma universidad el Magíster en Artes Visuales. Realizo el programa completo, egresando en 1995. Luego, entre 2009 y 2010, decido retomar los estudios en la Universidad Católica de Chile, en el Magíster en Artes con especialidad en Artes Visuales, con la presentación de la obra y de la memoria titulada “La No-Historia”, que forma parte de mis investigaciones.
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:$'%+ .=+ N+21 !jjCL 9[>+ O++' 2 61-W+**-1 $' K2'N 3'$>+1*$.$+* 2'# %-31*+*L O-.= .=+-1+.$%27 \21. =$*.-1N] 2'# *.3#$- O2*+#P 9' .=+ 72*. N+21* .=+ K2$' %-31*+* .=2. 9[>+ #$%.2.+# 21+I ST.= %+'.31N R1. @$*.-1N \!jjCQSTTC]x H72%+ ;2*+# H2$'.$'5L H2$'.$'5 :.3#$- 9L 2'# Desde 1995 soy docente en distintas universidades de J2'#*%26+ H2$'.$'5 \STT{QSTT}]x "/6+1$K+'.27 H2$'.$'5 :.3#$- 2'# diversos cursos, tanto teóricos (historia del arte) H1-#3%.$-' :.3#$- 9 \STThQSTTj] $' .=+ X'$>+1*$#2# F2.&7$%2 #+ F=$7+[* R1. :%=--7P como de taller para artistas. En los últimos años, los
principales cursos que he dictado son: Historia Hist oria del Arte del siglo XX (1995-2005); Taller de Pintura Noción de c1-K STTo 3'.$7 .-#2NL 9 2K 61-W+**-1 -W .=+ .=+*$* *+K$'21* Lugar, Taller de Pintura I, Taller de Pintura de Paisaje 2'# `-1b*=-6* 1+k3$1+# W-1 2%k3$1$'5 .=+ ;2%=+7-1* #+51++ $' (2004-2006); Taller de Pintura Experimental y Taller de A$*327 R1.*L O-.= $' .=+ X'$>+1*$#2# F2.&7$%2 #+ F=$7+L 2'# $' .=+ X'$>+1*$#2# <2%$-'27 R'#1g* ;+77-P Producción de Obra I (2007-2009), en la Escuela de Arte de la Universidad Católica de Chile. A partir de 2008 soy profesora del Seminario de Tesis para alumnos que optan al grado de licenciados en la Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello y profesora del Taller y Memoria de Grado 1 y 2 de la Universidad Católica de Chile, para los procesos de titulación en Licenciatura de dicha casa de estudios. Las principales exposiciones colectivas que he integrado en los últimos años son: Arte Contemporáneo Chileno: Desde el Otro Sitio/Lugar, Sitio/Lugar, del proyecto Travesías Chile Asia Pacífico, Pacífico, en el National Museum of Contemporary Art (Seúl, Corea, 2005) y en el Museo de Arte Contemporáneo (Santiago de Chile, 2006); Escenario Escenario en la galería Pancho Fierro (Lima, Perú, 2006); Táctica Táctica,, en la Sala de Arte CCU (Santiago de Chile, 2008); Sin Título, Título, en el Centro Cultural Matucana 100 (Santiago de Chile, 2009), y Dislocación Dislocación,, con la obra Biblioteca de la No-Historia, No-Historia, en tres sedes de las librerías Ulises (Santiago de Chile, 2010) y en el Kunstmuseum (Berna, Suiza, 2011).
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instalación de la obra Santiago-La Habana / Serie de Eriazos; la III Bienal del Mercosur (Porto Alegre, Brasil, 2001), con la obra Emblemas histéricos; la V Bienal de Shanghai (China, 2004), con la obra Desclasificados; la VIII Bienal del Mercosur (Porto Alegre, Brasil, 2011) con la obra La No-Historia; la XII Bienal de Estambul (Turquía, 2011), con la obra Biblioteca de la No-Historia, y la sección Solo Project: Focus Latinoamérica, en la Feria ARCO Madrid (España, 2012), con la obra Minimal Secret. Además, en 2012 participaré de la exposición ¡La historia es mía!, curada por Paul Ardenne, en el Printemps de Toulouse, Francia.
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Las exposiciones individuales más importantes que he presentado en los últimos años son: Desclasificados, en la Universidad Católica de Temuco (Chile, 2006); Plaga, en la Sala Gasco (Santiago de Chile, 2008) –que fue distinguida como la mejor exposición del año por el Círculo de Críticos de Arte de Chile–; la intervención a la colección permanente del Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, con el proyecto Esclavas, y la intervención de la Biblioteca Nacional de Chile, con la obra Síntomas de la Historia, ambas parte del proyecto de investigación y creación titulado “Historia e Histeria”, ganador del Fondart Bicentenario a la Creación de Excelencia, del Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes (Santiago F-'%+1'$'5 .=+ 2`21#* 2'# 1+%-5'$.$-'* .=2. 9[>+ O++' 5$>+' de Chile, 2009). Este último proyecto continuó durante 1+521#$'5 KN `-1bL 9[>+ O++' 2`21#+#I .=+ c$1*. H1$l+ -W H2$'.$'5 2010 con la presentación de Construcción imaginaria, en $' .=+ S'# 42'%2532 ;$+''$27 \F=$7+L !jjS]x .=+ @-'-12O7+ ^+'.$-' la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú, y Salpêtrière, en el \_3'.+1 H1$l+] $' .=+ ? 1# ;$+''27+ -W .=+ ^3*+- <2%$-'27 #+ ;+772* Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Valdivia, Chile. También R1.+* \:2'.$25- #+ F=$7+L !jjC]x .=+ *+%-'# 672%+ -W .=+ €3'*.42$ durante 2010 presenté la exposición L’Effet Charcot, en H1$l+L `$.= .=+ +/=$O$.$-' )%", / V'",-3 V:1"6: \RK*.+1#2KL @-772'#L la Maison de l’Amérique Latine y la exhibición Historia STTT]x .=+ W$1*. 61$l+ $' .=+ ;$%+'.+'21N w-3'5 R1. R`21#*L =-*.+# e Histeria en la Feria Show Off Solo, ambas en París, ON .=+ ^3*+- #+ R1.+* A$*327+*L `$.= .=+ 6$+%+ V6%,6h' Y-2`/ %#Francia. En 2012 presentaré una exposición individual \:-K2.$% J2'#*%26+] \:2'.$25- #+ F=$7+L STT}]x W$1*. 61$l+ -W .=+ en la galería Mor-Charpentier de París, con las obras R**-%$2.$-' -W R1. F1$.$%* $' F=$7+L `$.= .=+ *-7- *=-` V:6I 6L Biblioteca de la No-Historia: Preguntas y respuestas y #$*.$'53$*=+# 2* .=+ K-*. 1+7+>2'. +/=$O$.$-' -W .=+ N+21 \:2'.$25Secret, unclassified: Outing message. #+ F=$7+L STTo]L 2'# 977N :3*.2$'R1. 2`21#L 2* .=+ O+*. +/=$O$.$-' -W En cuanto a los premios y las distinciones recibidas por mi trabajo figuran: Primer Premio de Pintura de la II Bienal de Rancagua (Chile, 1992); Mención Honrosa, III Bienal Premio Günter, Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Santiago de Chile, 1995); segundo lugar del Gran Premio KunstRai, con la exposición First Person Plural (Ámsterdam, Holanda, 2000); Primer Premio del Concurso 146
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Bicentenario de Arte Joven Museo de Artes Visuales, con la obra Paisaje somático (Santiago de Chile, 2006); Premio Círculo de Críticos, con Plaga, distinguida como la mejor exposición del año (Santiago de Chile, 2008), y premio Illy SustainArt, a la mejor exposición de los Solo Project de ARCO Madrid, con la obra Minimal Secret (España, 2012).
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de Rancagua (Santiago de Chile, 1994), y durante el mismo año y para el mismo proyecto de obra el Fondo Regional de Apoyo a Iniciativas Culturales Regionales, de la Secretaría General de Gobierno. En tres ocasiones (1996, 1998 y 2003) he recibido apoyo financiero de Fondart –dependiente del Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes de Chile–, para proyectos de creación en el área de Artes Visuales, ejecutados anualmente. En 2008 obtuve de este mismo fondo el beneficio de llevar a cabo un proyecto de creación e investigación titulado “Historia e Histeria”, para ser ejecutado en un plazo de dos años. Esta beca fomenta la Creación e Investigación de Excelencia, en el marco del Bicentenario de la República de Chile (2010).
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Entre las principales colecciones públicas e institucionales en las que se encuentra mi obra, destacan: Colección Galería Gabriela Mistral del Consejo Nacional de la Cultura y las Artes de Chile, adquisiciones en 1995 y 2000; Colección Canvas International Art, Ámsterdam, Holanda, en 1996, y la Colección de Haagse Hogeschool, La Haya, Holanda, adquirida en 1997. En 2000 mi trabajo es adquirido por la Colección de Rabobank en Endowe, Holanda. Durante 2003 y 2006, el Museo de Artes Visuales (MAVI) de Santiago de Chile, adquiere cuatro piezas de mi autoría. En 2004, el Blanton Museum of Art de Austin, Texas, adquiere una obra para su colección. Finalmente, en 2008, el Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de Santiago de Chile, adquiere una pieza para su colección permanente.
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4R^f< FR:09JJE Ramón Castillo nace en 1966. Entre 1984 y 1989 realiza estudios de Pedagogía en Artes Visuales en la Pontificia Universidad Católica (PUC), sede Temuco. Posteriormente en Santiago, en 1990 y 1991, obtiene el título de Licenciado en Estética en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Desde 1993 hasta 1999, es Profesor Instructor en el Instituto de Estética de la PUC. Entre 1994 y 2010, fue Asistente de Dirección y Curador de Arte Contemporáneo en el Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (MNBA) bajo la dirección de Milan Ivelic. En 1997 fue invitado oficial de la USIA (Agencia de Servicios Informativos de América) para conocer museos y proyectos artísticos de los Estados Unidos. Desde 1990 ha realizado numerosos textos críticos en catálogos y revistas especializadas de Chile y el extranjero. Ha sido becado por el Gobierno de Chile para realizar estudios de doctorado en Historia del Arte en Barcelona, España (2000-2003) y ganador del Concurso de Proyectos Artísticos en el Extranjero 2003, organizado por la Dirección de Asuntos Culturales del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile (DIRAC). Ha finalizado los cursos de doctorado, ha obtenido el DEA y prepara la tesis doctoral: “La crítica institucional como género expositivo: el caso MNBA, Santiago de Chile”. Es curador de las exposiciones de la artista Matilde Pérez Open Cube, presentada en la Feria PINTA en Londres (junio 2012), y Matilde x Matilde, que se realizará en la Fundación Telefónica (2012). Desde mayo de 2010 es Director de la Escuela de Arte de la Universidad Diego Portales. 148
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RJ"D9R 0RJR Curadora independiente. Fue co-curadora de la Primera Bienal de Performance Deformes (Chile, 2006); cocuradora de la muestra Museum Man: Historia de la desaparición (Franklin Furnace Archive, Nueva York Centro Cultural Palacio La Moneda, Santiago de Chile, 2007); curadora de Focus Brasil (Chile, 2010) y cocuradora de la 8a Bienal del Mercosur (Brasil, 2011). Escribe para publicaciones en América Latina y el Reino Unido y es autora de Installations and Experimental Printmaking (Londres, 2009). Actualmente es curadora general de LARA, directora artística de Plataforma Atacama y es co-curadora de Solo Projects: Focus Latin America de la feria ARCO (Madrid, 2013).
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F4e)90E: cE0E_4RcdR: 0"D0E: Página 8 G >% ,/ '" %6 V" %& 6; 6 = >% ,/ -" %6 VM 9: %# 6 Fotografía G A-73*62 B2162 Página 12 G ?` I" %2 6, $% ,/ K" %# 6, Fotografía G _3$77+1K- c+3+1=2%b+ Página 18 G G, #: 6& 6, Fotografía G A-73*62 B2162 Página 32 G Y%3 /B/1:Fotografía G 4-#1$5- ^+1$'Página 37 G ! ', #6 :6 Fotografía G A-73*62 B2162 Página 41 G >% ,/ '" %6 V" %& 6; 6 = >% ,/ -" %6 VM 9: %# 6 Fotografía G c+1'2'#- ;27K2%+#2 Página 42 G <- $6 :1 I6 " Fotografía G A-73*62 B2162 Página 48 G 8% 9: %- /' #6 ;' :6 <- => %, /- "% 6 Fotografía G 4-#1$5- ^+1$'Página 51 G :+1$+ 0' ,# :6 ,% . %# 6; -, Fotografía G 4-#1$5- ^+1$'Página 116 G >% ,/ '" %6 V" %& 6; 6 = >% ,/ -" %6 VM 9: %# 6 Fotografía G A-73*62 B2162 Página 120 G G, #: 6& 6, Fotografía G 4-#1$5- ^+1$'Página 130 G Y%3 /B/1:Fotografía G 4-#1$5- ^+1$'Página 136 G )+ 72 *+1$+ W3 ,% /1 Fotografía G 4-#1$5- ^+1$'F4e)90E: E;4R: Páginas 54-57 G V6% ,6 h' ,- 2` /% #Asistente de proyecto G R'5g7$%2 ^3,-l A277+U-* Diseño 3D G B2$K+ :2'.2 F13l Agradecimientos de producción G ">+7N' F2*.$l252L :$K&' F=26K2'L F1$*.&O27 F+2L _2O1$+72 _3M,+lL H2372 B2162L ~'5+7A$772>+%%=$2L 4-#1$5- ^+1$'-L J+$72 :V'%=+lL R7+U2'#12 a-7WWL B2$K+ :2'.2 F13lL H2O7-
Páginas 58-63 G V:6 I6 Asistente de proyecto G R'5g7$%2 ^3,-l A277+U-* Asistente de producción G J3$* _V7>+l Diseño 3D G B2$K+ :2'.2 F13l Agradecimientos de producción G B-*g H+#1- _-#-NL ">+7N' F2*.$l252L :2%=2 :+53+7L 0=-KV* ;1$'%bL F1$*.&O27 ;211M2L :$K&' 150
F=26K2'L c2O$-72 F+1#2L F-'*.2'l2 R721%&'L F723#$2 ;$.1V'L F1$*.&O27 F+2L _2O1$+72 _3M,+lL ;+1'21#$.2 B2162L H2372 B2162L R#1$V' _3+.L ;+7g' @$#275-L 4-#1$5- ^+1$'-L J3$*2 H1$+.-L J+$72 :V'%=+lL H2O7- 0+'=2KKL c12'%$*%- 0-7+#-L R7+U2'#12 a-7WWL "#321#- R1K$UAgradecimientos especiales G R#1$2'2 A27#g*L A$%+'.+ ^+1$'- B2162 Registro fotográfico G 4-#1$5- ^+1$'-
Páginas 64-69 G G, #: 6&6, Asistente de proyecto, producción y montaje G R'5g7$%2 ^3,-l A277+U-* Agradecimientos G 42K&' F2*.$ 77-L ^$72' 9>+7$%L "KK2 #+ 42K&'L R1%=$>- B3#$%$27L c12'%$*%- F-/L F+%$7$2 c+1'V'#+lL c2O$-72 F+1#2L 4-#1$5- ^+1$'-L A$%+'.+ ^+1$'- B2162 Patrocinadores G c-'#21. Q F-'*+U- <2%$-'27 #+ 72 F37.312 N 72* R1.+*L ^3*+- <2%$-'27 #+ ;+772* R1.+* Q )9;R^ Registro fotográfico G 42K&' F2*.$77-L 4-#1$5- ^+1$'-
Páginas 70-75 G YB3/-26, ;' :6 >%,/-"%6 Asistente de proyecto G R'5g7$%2 ^3,-l A277+U-* Asistentes de producción G J3$* _V7>+lL H2O7- 0+'=2KK Asistente producción pictórica G :2%=2 :+53+7 Diseño 3D G B2$K+ :2'.2 F13lL J3$* _V7>+l Montaje volúmenes G H2O7- 0+'=2K KL J3$* _V7>+lL :2%=2 :+53+7L 0-KV* ;1$'%b
Montaje pinturas G _+1KV' _212N 0+77Agradecimientos G F723#$- R53$7+12L F-'*.2'l2 R%3,2L 42K&' F2*.$77-L ^2%21+'2 A$-L c2O$-72 F+1#2L 4-#1$5- ^+1$'-L A$%+'.+ ^+1$'- B2162 Patrocinadores G c-'#21. Q F-'*+U- <2%$-'27 #+ 72 F37.312 N 72* R1.+*L ;$O7$-.+%2 <2%$-'27 #+ F=$7+ Q )9;R^ Registro fotográfico G 4-#1$5- ^+1$'-
Páginas 76-79 G YB3/-26, ;' :6 >%,/-"%6H +36 #-3,/"1##%S3 %26I%36"%6 Asistente de proyecto G R'5g7$%2 ^3,-l A277+U-* Asistentes de producción G J3$* _V7>+lL H2O7- 0+'=2KK Asistentes de montaje G 42i7 ^-'#125&'L H2.1$%$2 :23%+#Diseño 3D G B2$K+ :2'.2 F13lL J3$* _V7>+l Agradecimientos G R7W1+#- A2'$'$L R'#1g* ;21OgL "KO2U2#2 #+ F=$7+ +' J$K2L R7+/ ~'5+7+*L 4-#1$5- ^+1$'-L c2O$-72 F+1#2L A$%+'.+ ^+1$'- B2162 Patrocinadores G c-'#21. Q F-'*+U- <2%$-'27 #+ 72 F37.312 N 72* R1.+*L ;$O7$-.+%2 <2%$-'27 #+7 H+1iL "KO2U2#2 #+ F=$7+ +' J$K2 Registro fotográfico G H2.1$%$2 :23%+#-L B-15+ ^2.+-L R7W1+#- A2'$'$
Páginas 80-83 G Y6:5Z/"%["' Asistente de producción G J3$* _V7>+l Asistentes de montaje G H237$'2 A$#+72L _2O1$+7 ^21.M'+lL ^21M2 c12'%$*%2 H3+'.+* Agradecimientos G @+1'V' ^$12'#2L H237$'2 A$#+72L _2O1$+7 _-'lV7+lL ^21M2 c12'%$*%2 H3+'.+*L c2O$-72 F+1#2L A$%+'.+ ^+1$'- B2162 Patrocinadores G c-'#21. Q F-'*+U- <2%$-'27 #+ 72 F37.312 N 72* R1.+*L ^RF A27#$>$2 Registro fotográfico G ^21M2 c12'%$*%2 H3+'.+*
Páginas 84-89 G ?FG. .'/ 4$6" #-/ Asistente de proyecto G J3$* _V7>+l Asistente de producción G J3$* _V7>+lL H2O7- 0+'=2KK Asistente de diseño 3D G J3$* _V7>+l Asistente de montaje G ^2527$ :2'=+$12 Curatoría G R7O+1.$'+ #+ _27O+1. Agradecimientos G R7O+1.$'+ #+ _27O+1.L R''+ @3**-'L c12'‰-$* A$.12'$L ^21$+QR'5+ ^-37-'53+.L c1+#+1$% F=217+*Q;2..$'5+1L ">+7N'+ Jg>NL B-1$* "*%=+1L ^21M2 9'g* :$7>2L F=1$*.$2' ^%^2'3*L H2K+72 ;$g'l-O2*L c2O$-72 F+1#2L 4-#1$5- ^+1$'-L A$%+'.+ ^+1$'- B2162 Patrocinadores G )94RF Q ^$'$*.+1$- #+ 4+72%$-'+* "/.+1$-1+*L "KO2U2#2 #+ F=$7+ +' c12'%$2L ^2$*-' #+ 7ŠRKg1$k3+ J2.$'+L "*62%+ F37.31+7 J-3$* A3$..-' Registro fotográfico G F=1$*.$2' ^%^2'3*L ^2.=$7#+ #+ _27O+1.
Páginas 90-95 G 8%9:%-/'#6 ;' :6 <-=>%,/-"% 6 \:2'.$25- #+ F=$7+] Asistente de proyecto G H2O7- 0+'=2KK Diseñador de libros G _2O1$+72 _-'lV7+l Construcción de display e intervenciones G ^V/$K- F-1>27V'QH$'%=+$12 Impresión libro de lujo G :+O2*.$V' H27K2 Agradecimientos G ~'5+7- A$772>+%%=$2L F2K$7- wV,+lL 9'51$# a$7#$L R'5g7$%2 ^3,-lL 7$O1+1M2* X7$*+* H1->$#+'%$2L 7$O1+1M2 X7$*+* J2*.211$2L 7$O1+1M2 X7$*+* H21k3+ R123%-L R#1$2'2 A27#g* Patrocinadores G c-'#21. Q F-'*+U- <2%$-'27 #+ 72 F37.312 N 72* R1.+*L c3'#2%$&' RA9
Páginas 96-99 G 8%9:%-/' #6 ;' <-=> %, /- "% 6 \;+1'2L :3$l2] Asistentes de proyecto G J3$* _V7>+l Diseñador de libros G _2O1$+72 _-'lV7+lL J3$* _V7>+l Construcción y diseño de display G J3$* _V7>+lL 4+'g a-%='+1 Agradecimientos G €3'*.K3*+3K #+ ;+1'2L €2.=7++' ;‹=7+1L F2K$7- wV,+lL 9'51$# a$7#$L B-1$* "*%=+1L R#1$2'2 A27#g*
Patrocinadores G c-'#21. Q F-'*+U- <2%$-'27 #+ 72 F37.3 12L )94RF Q ^$'$*.+1$- #+ 4+72%$-'+* "/.+1$-1+* #+ F=$7+L €3'*.K3*+3K #+ ;+1'2 Registro fotográfico G )2'$+72 ^-'.2'gL B32' F2*.$77-
Páginas 100-103 G 8%9:%-/'#6 ;' :6 <-=>%,/-"%6 \"*.2KO37L 031k3M2] Asistente de proyecto G H2O7- 0+'=2KK Diseño G J3$* _V7>+lL _2O1$+72 _-'lV7+l Agradecimientos G R#1$2'- H+#1-*2L ;$5+ ‘1+1L F21-7$'2 F2*. 1-L 9*2O+7 R'$'2. Cortesía G _27+1M2 9*2O+7 R'$'2.
Páginas 104-107 G ?6 <-=> %, /-"% 6 \H-1.- R7+51+L ;12*$7] Asistentes de proyecto G F1$*.&O27 ;211M2L J3$* _V7>+l Diseñador de libros G J3$* _V7>+l Construcción de display G ^$53+7 "*'2-72 Agradecimientos G B-*g 4-%2L R7+/$2 0272L 4+5$'2 H$'=-L _+1K2 '2 €-'12.=L 9*2O+7 R'$'2. Cortesía G _27+1M2 9*2O+7 R'$'2. Colección G 4+5$'2 H$'=- #+ R7K+$#2 + 9*2O+7 R'$'2. Registro fotográfico G c7V>$2 #+ |32#1-*L F1$*$.2'- :2'.ŠR''2
Páginas 108-113 G E%3% 26: Y' #" '/ Asistente de proyecto G B32' H2O7- ^+UM2* Diseño programa Illustrator G )$+5- 4-#1M53+lL @g%.-1 A+15212 Asistente de montaje G 4-#1$5- F721Agradecimientos G 42K&' F2*.$77-L B2>$+12 _21%M2Q@3$#-O1-L 4-#1$5- F721-L )+1>N* 42KM1+lL "KO2U2#2 #+ F=$7+ +' "*62,2L R7W-'*- )M2lL R7+/$2 0272L B-*g 4-%2L F23Y R7>+* Patrocinadores G c2%37.2# #+ R1k3$.+%.312L R1.+ N )$*+,- Q X'$>+1*$#2# )$+5- H-1.27+*L )94RF Q ^$'$*.+1$- #+ 4+72%$-'+* "/.+1$-1+* #+ F=$7+ Registro fotográfico G R7W1+#- B221L 4-#1$5- ^+1$'Cortesía G _27+1M2 9*2O+7 R'$'2.
Voluspa Jarpa es representada por las siguientes galerías: Galería Isabel Aninat G :2'.$25- G Chile ```P527+1$2$*2O+72'$'2.P%7
Galería Mor-Charpentier
G
H21M*
G
Francia
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Contacto Voluspa Jarpa >-73*62U2162’5K2$7P%-K !C!