GULMA PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI DAN CARA MENGATASINYA

EMGMJMN

@SJEM DMO AMRM VCO@CODMJHMOOXM VMDM TMOMEMO GCDCJMH

Ljcn ; MR@NXM OMRCODRM DHMOMQTXM .===3=636==63( .===3=636==63( .Emnmshswm Q%= Vcocrhem Bcmshswm So``ujmo V/Q M`rltcgoljl`h Imgujtms Vcrtmohmo SOCK(

VRL@RME QTSDH M@RLTCGOLJL@H IMGSJTMQ VCRTMOHMO SOHYCRQHTMQ KCEBCR  26=2

BMB =/ VCODMNSJSMO

=/= Jmtmr Jmtmr bcjmgmo` bcjmgmo`

Gcdcj Gcdcjmh mh ecrup ecrupmgm mgmo o bmnmo bmnmo bmgu bmgu pcebum pcebumtm tmo o tmnu* tmnu* tcep tcepc* c* dmo gcamp gcamp bm`h bm`h hodustrh pco`ljmnmo pmo`mo dh Hodlocshm/ Tho`gmt gcbutunmo glosuesh gcdcjmh ecoampm ecoampmhh jcbhn jcbhn dmrh 2*24 kutm kutm tlo thmp thmp tmnuooym tmnuooym// Omeuo Omeuo pmdm gcoymtmmoo gcoymtmmooym* ym* gmpmshtms gmpmshtms prldugsh omshlomj tmnuo 2666 nmoym emepu eco`nmshjgmo eco`nmshjgmo =*=8 kutm tlo dmrh dmrh mrcmj mrcmj pcrtmo pcrtmome memo mo gcdcjm gcdcjmhh scjum scjumss 890 890/66 /662 2 ncgtm ncgtmr/ r/ Qcnh Qcnho`` o``m* m* tcrkm tcrkmdh dh gctcr`motuo`mo supjmh gcdcjmh heplr scthmp tmnuooym ymo` bhsm ecoampmh dh mtms =*=9 kutm tlo/ Qcecotm Qcecotmrm rm tmnuo tmnuo =88>* =88>* Hodlocs Hodlocshm hm eco`he eco`heplr plr gcdcjmh gcdcjmh scbmoymg  scbmoymg  141/=24 141/=24 tlo/ Jlokmgm Jlokmgmo o heplrtm heplrtmsh sh gcdcjmh gcdcjmh dhscbmbg dhscbmbgmo mo pcoho`gm pcoho`gmtmo tmo glos glosuesh uesh** scnho``m eco`nmbhsgmo dcvhsm scbmoymg 266 % 166 kutm SQ$ sctmnuooym/ Glosuesh gcdcjmh ljcn emsymrmgmt Hodlocshm dhpmsthgmo mgmo tcrus ecoho`gmt scthmp tmnuooym eco`ho`mt bcbcrmpm pcrthebmo`mo* scpcrth bcrtmebmnoym plpujmsh  pcodudug* pcoho`gmtmo pcodmpmtmo pcr gmphtm* dmo gcsmdmrmo emsymrmgmt mgmo `hzh emgmomo/ Dhbmodho`gmo prltcho ncwmoh* prltcho ymo` bcrmsmj gcdcjmh mdmjmn eurmn dmo tcrkmo`gmu ljcn gcbmoymgmo emsymrmgmt/ Gcdcjmh ecrupmgmo suebcr   prltcho rcodmn gljcstcrlj* scnho``m gcdcjmh dmpmt dhkmdhgmo mjtcromthi dh tco`mn ecrcbmgoym gljcstcrlj/ Vcre Vcremsm msmjm jmnmo nmooym oym hmjmn hmjmn bmnwm bmnwm smepmh smepmh smmt smmt hoh oc`mr oc`mrmm Hodloc Hodlocshm shm emshn emshn eco`heplr gcdcjmh* scdmo`gmo ghtm tmnu gmjmu jmnmo dh Hodlocshm augup jums uotug dhtmomeh gcdcjmh/ Ecsghpuo scthmp tmnuooym tcrkmdh pcoho`gmtmo prldugsh gcdcjmh omshlomj* tctmph tctmp thdmg dmpmt ecoyusuj jmku pcrehotmmo gcdcjmh dmjme oc`crh/ oc`crh/ Nmj tcrscbu tcrscbutt dhscbmbg dhscbmbgmo mo ljcn ljcn rcodmnoy rcodmnoymm prldugth prldugthvhtm vhtmss tmomem tmomemo o ymo` nmoym =*= tlo,nm dmo jmku pcoho`gmtmo kuejmn pcodudug ymo` tho``h/ Vrldu Vrldugt gthvh hvhtm tmss gcdcj gcdcjmh mh Hodloc Hodlocshm shm emshn emshn rcodmn rcodmn// Nmj Nmj htu htu dhscb dhscbmbg mbgmo mo ljcn ljcn  pcemgmhmo bcohn msmjmo* pcocrmpmo tcoljl`h ymo` gurmo` gnususoym pctmoh dcsm* tcgohg budhdmym ymo` gurmo` bmhg* scrtm tcgohg pco`codmjhmo LVT ymo` emshn gurmo`/ Qceum imgtlr tcrscbut smo`mt ececo`mrunh ececo`mrunh prldugthvhtms prldugthvhtms gcdcjmh* omeuo ymo` ecokmdh emsmjmn utmem dmjme budhdmym gcdcjmh hmjmn mdmoym LVT/ Qcrmo`mo LVT mgmo ecouruogmo prldugthvhtms tmomemo gcdcjmh/ Lr`mohsec pco``mo``u tmomemo tmomemo gcdcjmh smo`mt bmoymg dmo bcrvmrhmsh/ bcrvmrhmsh/ Omeuo* ymo` pmjho` pcotho` hmjmn gcbcrmdmmo `ujem dh scjm tmomemo gcdcjmh/ @ujem mdmjmn spcshcs tmomemo ymo` emshn sujht dhgcodmjhgmo gmrcom `ujem eudmn tuebun gmpmo smkm* scnho``m smo`mt sujht uotug eco`mtmsh gcbcrmdmmo `ujem ymo` ecokmdh pcsmho` tmomemo gcdcjmh/ Gcbcrmdm Gcbcrmdmmo mo `ujem `ujem dhmotmr dhmotmrmm tmomemo tmomemo budhdmym budhdmym dmpmt dmpmt ecokmdh ecokmdh pco``mo` pco``mo``u `u gmrcom `ujem dmpmt ecouruogmo prlugthvhtms tmomemo gcdcjmh/ Bcsmroym tho`gmt

gcru`hmo gcru`hmo mghbmt mghbmt pcrsmho pcrsmho`mo `mo tmomemo tmomemo gcdcjmh gcdcjmh dco`mo dco`mo `ujem `ujem smo`mt smo`mt bcrvmrh bcrvmrhmsh* msh* tcr`motuo` pmdm plpujmsh dmo emame spcshcs `ujem ymo` mdm dhmotmrm tmomemo  budhdmym tcrscbut/ @ujem ymo` scrho` dhkuepmh dh pcrtmomemo gcdcjmh dmo tcremsug gmtc`lrh olxhlus wccd .`ujem bcrbmnmym dmo smo`mt ecru`hgmo(* scrtm sujht dhgcodmjhgmo dhgcodmjhgmo ljcn ncrbhshdm emupuo pcoyhmo`mo* ymhtu mjmo`%mjmo` mjmo`%mjmo` dmo tcgh/ Ljcn gmrcom `ujem smo`mt ecru`hgmo bm`h emoushm gmrcom emepu ecouruogmo  prldugthvhtms tmomemo gcdcjmh* emgm dhpcrjugmo pco`codmjhmo `ujem scamrm bmhg  dmo bcomr scrtm cihshco/

=/2 Tuk Tukumo umo

Tukumo dmrh pcoujhsmo emgmjmn hoh motmrm jmho uotug ; =/ Eco`ctmnuh Eco`ctmnuh spcshcs spcshcs `ujem pmdm pcrtmomemo pcrtmomemo gcdcjmh7 2/ Eco`ctmnuh Eco`ctmnuh pco`mrun gcbcrmdmmo gcbcrmdmmo `ujem pmdm pcrtmomemo pcrtmomemo gcdcjmh7 gcdcjmh7 1/ Eco`ctmnuh Eco`ctmnuh pco`codmjhmo pco`codmjhmo `ujem pmdm pcrtmomemo pcrtmomemo gcdcjmh/ gcdcjmh/

=/1 Emoim Emoimmt mt

Emoimmt Emoimmt dmrh pcoujhsmo pcoujhsmo emgmjmn emgmjmn hoh ymhtu ymhtu m`mr emnmshsw emnmshswmm dmpmt dmpmt ecemnm ecemnmeh eh tcotmo` tcotmo` bcrbm`mh bcrbm`mh emame emame `ujem `ujem pmdm tmomemo tmomemo gcdcjmh gcdcjmh dmo pco`mrun pco`mrunoym oym bm`h  prldugthvhtms tmomemo tmo memo scrtm tcnohg pco`codmjhmo pco`co dmjhmo ymo` bmhg* bcomr* b comr* dmo cihshco/

BMB 2/ THOKMSMO VSQTMGM

Lr`mohsec pco``mo``u tmomemo mtmu scrho` dhsho`gmt LVT ecrupmgmo lr`mohsec%lr`mohse lr`mohsec%lr`mohsecc ymo` dmpmt ecrusmg tmomemo tmomemo bmhg scamrm jmo`suo` mtmupuo thdmg jmo`suo`/ Gcrusmgmo tcrscbut dmpmt ecohebujgmo gcru`hmo bmhg dmrh sc`h gumjhtm gumjhtmss mtmupuo mtmupuo gumotht gumothtms ms pmoco* pmoco* scnho``m scnho``m ecru`hg ecru`hgmo mo scamrm scamrm cgloleh cgloleh// Sotug  Sotug  eco`nhodmrh gcru`hmo gmrcom scrmo`mo LVT* tmomemo nmrus dhjhoduo`h dco`mo amrm eco`codmjhgmo LVT tcrscbut/ Dco`mo hsthjmn "eco`codmjhgmo"* LVT thdmg  nmrus nmrus dhbcrm dhbcrmot otms ms nmbhs nmbhs// Mpmbh Mpmbhjm jm usmnm usmnm pco`c pco`codm odmjh jhmo mo gcrus gcrusmg mgmo mo gmrcom gmrcom LVT LVT dhtc dhtcgm gmo o scrc scrcod odmn mn eu euo` o`gh gho* o* emgm emgm scam scamrm rm cglo cglole lehs hs mgmo mgmo eco` eco`uo uotu tuo` o`gm gmo o .Dklklsuemrtl* 2664(/ Lr`mohs Lr`mohsec ec pco``mo` pco``mo`u u tmomemo tmomemo bmoymg bmoymg emameo emameoym/ ym/ Bhjm Bhjm dhthokm dhthokmu u dmrh shimtoym mdm dum* ymhtu pco``mo`u bhlrhg dmo mbhlthg* scdmo`gmo bhjm dhthokmu dmrh  kcohsoym mdm th`m ymhtu nmem* pmtl`co* dmo `ujem/ @ujem mdmjmn spcshcs tuebunmo ymo` ecokmdh pcsmho` tmomemo budhdmym/ Ecourut Rml dmjme Budh .2668(* `ujem dmpmt ecokmdh glepcthtlr dmo ecrupmgmo ecrupmgmo imgtlr pcebmtms pcebmtms pcotho`  bm`h prldugthvhtms gcdcjmh/ Bcsmroym tho`gmt gcru`hmo mghbmt pcrsmho`mo dco`mo `ujem smo`mt bcrvmrhmsh bcr`motuo` bcr`motuo` pmdm plpujmsh dmo emame spcshcs `ujem ymo` mdm .Vljlsmgmo dmjme Budh* 2668(/ @ujem ymo` scrho` dhkuepmh dh pcrtmomemo gcdcj gcdcjmh mh dmo dmo tcre tcrems msug ug gmtc` gmtc`lrh lrh olx olxhl hlus us wccd wccd .`uje .`ujemm bcrbm bcrbmnmy nmymm dmo smo`mt smo`mt ecru`hg ecru`hgmo( mo( scrtm scrtm sujht sujht dhgcodmj dhgcodmjhgmo hgmo ljcn ncrbhshd ncrbhshdmm emupuo emupuo pcoyhmo pcoyhmo`mo* `mo* ymhtu ymhtu mjmo`%mjmo` dmo tcgh/ Bcrdm Bcrdmsmr smrgmo gmo pco`cr pco`crth thmo mo `ujem `ujem dh mtms* mtms* emgm emgm tcrdm tcrdmpmt pmt dum gcjle gcjleplg  plg   pco`crthmo `ujem* ymhtu `ujem ymo` bcrhimt subycgthi dmo ueue/ @ujem ymo`  bcrshimt subycgthi .bcrdmsmrgmo gcpcotho`mo emoushm,Motnrlplscotrhs emoushm,Motnrlplscotrhs(( hmjmn tuebunmo tuebunmo ymo` smjmn tcepmt* tuebunmo ymo` thdmg dhho`hogmo* tuebunmo tuebunmo ymo` thdmg dhgcncodmgh* tuebunmo ymo` thdmg dhusmnmgmo* tuebunmo ymo` ecru`hgmo* tuebunmo thdmg scdmp dhpmodmo` emtm* tuebunmo ymo` ecepuoymh ohjmh oc`mthi  jcbhn jcbhn bcsmr bcsmr dmrhpm dmrhpmdm dm ohjmh ohjmh plsh plshth thioy ioym* m* scrtm scrtm ue uebun bunmo mo ymo` ymo` bcjue bcjue dhgct dhgctmnu mnuhh emoimmtoym/ Bhjm Bhjm dhth dhthokm okmu u dmrh dmrh shimt shimt ue ueue ueoym oym** `ujem `ujem mdmjm mdmjmn n tuebun tuebunmo mo ymo` ymo` tcjm tcjmn n  bcrmdmptmsh dco`mo nmbhtmt bumtmo dmo ecohebujgmo `mo``umo tcrnmdmp sc`mjm mgthvhtm mgthvhtmss emoushm emoushm gmrcom gmrcom bcrgmht bcrgmhtmo mo dco`mo dco`mo budhdmym budhdmym tmomem tmomemo/ o/ @ujem @ujem mdmjmn mdmjmn tuebunmo tuebunmo ymo` gcbcrmdmmooym dmpmt ecohebujgmo `mo``umo dmo gcrusmgmo gcrusmgmo bm`h

tmomemo tmomemo budhdmym budhdmym emupuo emupuo mgthvht mgthvhtms ms emoushm emoushm dmjme dmjme eco`cjl eco`cjljm jm usmnmtm usmnmtmohoy ohoymm .Gmstlol* 2664(/ Vcebm`h Vcebm`hmo mo spcshcs spcshcs `ujem `ujem dmpmt dmpmt dhdmsmrg dhdmsmrgmo mo dmrh shimt shimt elriljl elriljl`h* `h* dmur  nhdup* nmbhtmt* amrm tuebun* dmo strugtur bmtmo`/ Qpcshcs `ujem bcrdmsmrgmo shimt elriljl`h dhbm`h ecokmdh th`m* ymhtu ; m/ @rmsscs .rueputmo( .rueputmo( tcremsug tcremsug imehjh @rmehocmc7 @rmehocmc7  b/ Qcd`cs .tcghmo( tcremsug tcr emsug imehjh Aypcrmacmc7 a/ Brlmdjcmi Brlmdjcmi wccds wccds .dmuo .dmuo jcbmr( ymhtu scjmho rueputmo rueputmo dmo tcghmo/ Rcruep Rcrueputmo utmo dmo tcghmo tcghmo ecehjhg ecehjhghh bcbcrmpm bcbcrmpm pcrsmem pcrsmemmo* mo* ymhtu ymhtu tcrems tcremsug  ug  tuebunmo tuebunmo elolglthj* elolglthj* mgmr scrmbut* scrmbut* bmtmo` bmtmo` thdmg bcrambmo`* bcrambmo`* ththg tuebun tuebun thdmg  scjm scjmju ju euoau uoaujj .gcj .gcjhn hnmt mtmo mo(* (* dmuo dmuo bcrb bcrbco cotu tug g phtm phtm mtmu mtmu `mrh `mrhs/ s/ Qcdmo cdmo`g `gmo mo  pcrbcdmmooym hmjmn pmdm pm dm bmtmo`/ Bmtmo` tcgh tc gh bcrbcotug bcrb cotug sc`hth`m* s c`hth`m* scnho``m s cnho``m mpmbhjm m pmbhjm sumtu spcshcs `ujem bcrbmtmo` sc`hth`m* emgm htu tcremsug `ljlo`mo tcgh/ Bcrdmsmrgmo Bcrdmsmr gmo dmur nhdup mtmu ueur* `ujem dhbm`h ecokmdh th`m `ljlo`mo* `ljlo`mo* ymhtu

=/ Mooumj Mooumj wccds wccds .`ujem .`ujem sceushe sceushe(( @ujem sceushe mdmjmn `ujem ymo` ueuroym gurmo` dmrh sctmnuo/ Seueoym* lr`mo lr`mo pcrbmo pcrbmoym ymgmo gmooym oym eco`` eco``uom uomgmo gmo bhkh bhkh gmrco gmrcomm prldug prldugsh sh bhkh bhkh ecjh ecjhep epmn/ mn/ Alotlnoym hmjmn Cjcushoc hodham* Aypcrus hrhm* dmo Vnyjjmotnus ohrur / 2/ Bhcoohm Bhcoohmjj wccds .`ujem .`ujem dum eushe eushe(( @ujem dum eushe hmjmn spcshcs `ujem ymo` ecehjhgh ueur =%2 tmnuo* tmnuo  pcrtmem ecebcotug lr`mo vc`ctmthi dmo tmnuo gcdum eco`nmshjgmo bhkh/ Alotlnoym hmjmn Typnlohue trhjlbmtue dmo Aypcrus dhiilrehs/ 1/ Vcrcoohm Vcrcoohmjj wccds .`uje .`ujemm tmnuomo( tmnuomo( @ujem tmnuom mdmjmn spcshcs `ujem ymo` bcrueur jcbhn dmrh 2 tmnuo/ Bhmsmoym  pcrbmoymgmooym scamrm vc`ctmthi dmo `cocrmthi/ Lr`mo vc`ctmthi bcrshimt dlehomosh mphgmj ymhtu acodcruo` tuebun pmdm ukuo`* bhjm lr`mo vc`ctmthi vc`ctmthi tcrpltlo`%pltlo`* tcrpltlo`%pltlo`* emgm emgm sceum sceum tuomsoym tuomsoym emepu emepu tuebun/ tuebun/ Alotlnoy Alotlnoymm hmjmn hmjmn  Hepcrmtm ayjjhodrham* Anrleljmcom ldlrmtm * dmo Aypcrus rltuodus / Bcrdmsmrgmo Bcrdmsmrgmo nmbhtmt mtmu tcepmt tuebun* `ujem dhbm`h ecokmdh dum* ymhtu ;

=/ Tcrrcst Tcrrcstrhmj rhmj wccds wccds .`ujem .`ujem dmrmt( dmrmt(

@ujem dmrmt hmjmn spcshcs `ujem ymo` tuebun dh jmnmo gcrho` dmo thdmg tmnmo `como`mo mhr/ Alotlnoym lmjmn  Mxlolpus aleprcssus*  M`crmtue aloyzlhdcs* dmo Aypcrus rltuodus/ 2/ Mqumtha Mqumtha wccds wccds .`ujem .`ujem mhr( mhr( @ujem mhr mdmjmn spcshcs `ujem ymo` scbm`hmo mtmu scjurun dmur nhdupoym dh mhr* ueueoym bhjm gcgcrho`mo `ujem tcrscbut mgmo emth/ Alotlnoym hmjmn  Vhsthm  strmthltcs .Ijlmtho` Pccds(*  Elolanlrhm vm`homjhs .Cecr`cot Pccds( * dme  Vljy`loue phpcrlhdcs Acrmtl Acrmtlpny pnyjju jjue e dcecrsu dcecrsue e .Qubec .Qubecr`c r`cot ot Pccds( Pccds(* dme .Emr`homj Pccds(/ Bcrdmsmr Bcrdms mrgmo gmo thpc thpc mtmu mtmu amrm amrm tuebun tuebunoym oym** `ujem `ujem dhbcd dhbcdmgm mgmo o ecokm ecokmdh dh th`m th`m `ljlo`mo* ymhtu ;

=/ Crcat Crcat , tuebun tuebun tc`mg* tc`mg* ehsmjo ehsmjoym ym Blcrnmvhm crcatm 2/ Arccpho` , tuebun tuebun ecokmjmr* ecokmjmr* ehsmjoym ehsmjoym Vmspmjue aloku`mtue 1/ Ajhebh Ajhebho` o` , ecemokmt* ecemokmt* ehsmj ehsmjoym oym Ecrcehm nhrtm Bcrdmsmrgmo strugtur bmtmo`oym* `ujem dhbcdmgmo ecokmdh th`m `ljlo`mo* ymhtu ; =/ Ncrbm Ncrbm mtmu thdmg thdmg bcrgmyu* bcrgmyu* ehsmjoy ehsmjoymm  Vmohaue rcpcos 2/ Yhocs mtmu scdhght scdhght bcrgmyu* ehsmjoym ehsmjoym Ehgmohm eharmotnm 1/ Plldy Plldy wccds wccds mtmu mtmu bcrgm bcrgmyu; yu; Gcru`hmo ymo` thebuj mghbmt `ujem rcjmthi bcsmr gmrcom dco`mo mdmoym  pcouruomo nmshj gcdcjmh nho``m scbcsmr =8%31# .Crhdm dmo Nmsmouddho* =889( dmo bmngmo pcouruomo pcouruomo nmshj dmpmt ecoampmh ecoampmh >6# .Elcomodhr .Elcomodhr** =8>3(/ =8>3(/ Nmj hoh tcrk tcrkmdh mdh scbm`m scbm`mhh mghbm mghbmtt mdmoy mdmoymm glep glepcth cthsh sh amnmym amnmym** mhr* mhr* uos uosur ur nmrm nmrm dmo rumo` rumo` tuebun tuebun motmrm motmrm `ujem dmo gcdcjmh* gcdcjmh* dmo `ujem `ujem dmpmt ku`m scbm`mh scbm`mh homo` homo` nmem nmem  pcoymght .Qmstrlutlel* =8867 Elcomodhr* =881(/ Bcbcrmpm kcohs `ujem pcotho`  pmdm budhdmym gcdcjmh sctcjmn pmdh hmjmn Cjcushoc hodham* Memrmotnus spholsus* Ayoldlo dmatyjlo* dmo Vlrtujmam ljcrmacmc / Vmdm Vmdm pcrtm pcrtmoh ohmo mo glo glovco vcosh shlom lomj* j* pco`c pco`codm odmjh jhmo mo `ujem `ujem pmdm pmdm pcrtmo pcrtmome memo mo gcdc gcdcjm jmhh dmpm dmpmtt dhjm dhjmgu gugm gmo o ecjm ecjmju juhh pco` pco`lj ljmn mnmo mo tmom tmomn n dmo dmo pcoy pcoyhm hmo` o`mo mo mtmu mtmu  pco`codmjhmo emoumj* tctmph pco`ljmnmo tmomn scamrm glovcoshlomj ececrjugmo wmgtu* tcom`m* dmo bhmym ymo` bcsmr/ Vmdm tmomn dco`mo tcgstur jcepu` bcrpmshr* jcep jcepuo` uo` bcrdcb bcrdcbu* u* dmo jhmt jhmt** gcdcj gcdcjmh mh ymo` ymo` dhbudh dhbudhdmy dmymgm mgmo o tmopm tmopm ljmn ljmn tmom tmomn n eceb ecebcrh crhgmo gmo nmshj nmshj ymo` ymo` smem smem tho`` tho``ho hoym ym dco`m dco`mo o ymo` ymo` dhbudh dhbudhdmy dmymg mgmo mo dco`mo dco`mo  pco`ljmnmo tmomn glovcoshlomj g lovcoshlomj .Phdhymth ct mj/ 266= dmjme Imdnjy* 2664(/ 2664 (/

Seueoym* `ujem pmdm pcrtmomemo gcdcjmh tmopm hodugsh ljmn tmomn dmpmt dhgcodmjhgmo dhgcodmjhgmo dco`mo ncrbhshdm/ Qcbcjue gcdcjmh dhtmome* dhtmome* ncrbhshdm ncrbhshdm dhsceprltgmo dhsceprltgmo uotug uotug ecemth ecemthgmo gmo `ujem `ujem ymo` tuebun dhmrcmj dhmrcmj pcrtmome pcrtmomemo mo mtmu bhmsm dhscbut dhscbut  pco`codmjhmo prmtuebun/ Gceudhmo* sctcjmn gcdcjmh tuebun* `ujem emshn pcrju dhgco dhgcodmj dmjjhg jhgmo mo uotug uotug ecjh ecjhodu oduo`h o`h tmome tmomemo/ mo/ Vco`c Vco`codm odmjh jhmo mo pmdm pmdm imsc imsc hoh hoh dmpmt dmpmt dhjmgugmo dco`mo amrm emoumj scpcrth pcoyhmo`mo dco`mo tmo`mo* pco``uommo mjmt ecgm ecgmohs ohs** dmo scamr scamrmm ghehm ghehmwh wh dco`m dco`mo o pcoyce pcoyceprl prltm tmo o ncrbhs ncrbhshdm hdm// Mgmo Mgmo tctmp tctmph* h*  pco``uommo ncrbhshdm scamrm bcrjcbhnmo mgmo ecrusmg jho`guo`mo/ Sotug  ecoc ecocgmo gmo mtmu mtmu ecoh ecohmdm mdmgmo gmo dmep dmepmg mg oc`mt oc`mthi hi pco``u pco``uom ommo mo ncrbhs ncrbhshd hdmm tcrnm tcrnmdmp dmp jho`g jho`guo` uo`mo mo** pco`` pco``uom uommoo mooym ym pcrj pcrju u dhbmt dhbmtmsh msh dc`mo dc`mo ecem ecemdug dugmo mo dco`mo dco`mo amrm amrm  pco`codmjhmo jmhooym jmhoo ym .Imdnjy ct mj* 2664(/ Gcnmdhrmo `ujem dmjme shgjus nhdup tmomemo thdmg scjmju bcrpco`mrun oc`mthi tcrnmdmp tmomemo budhdmym/ Dmjme nmj hoh* tcrdmpmt sumtu pcrhldc dhemom tmomemo budhdmym pcgm tcrnmdmp gcnmdhrmo `ujem dh dmjme jho`guo`mo nhdup tuebun tmomemo/ Vcrhldc wmgtu hoh ueueoym dhgmtmgmo scbm`mh pcrhldc grhths/ Vmdm pcrhldc mtmu scjmo` wmgtu tcrscbut tmomemo smo`mt pcgm tcrnmdmp gcamemo dmrh jho`guo`mo* bmhg rumo` tuebun* uosur nmrm* mhr mtmu amnmym emtmnmrh/ Ljcn scbmb htu* pmdm pcrhldc grhths tcrscbut gcnmdhrmo `ujem mgmo smo`mt eco``mo``u tmomemo* tmomemo* dmo mpmbhjm tmomemo tmomemo gmjmn bcrsmho` dmjme ecemoimmtgmo ecemoimmtgmo imgtlr%imgtlr  jho`guo`mo tcrscbut emgm prldugsh mgnhr tmomemo mgmo smo`mt ecouruo/ Vmdm  pcrhldc hohjmn `ujem nmrus n mrus dhgcodmjhgmo m`mr thdmg thdm g eco``mo``u eco` `mo``u shgjus nhdup dmo ectmbljhsec tmomemo budhdmym/ Vco`ctmnumo eco`comh pcrhldc grhths tmomemo ymo` mgmo mgmo dhbudhd dhbudhdmymg mymgmo mo ecehjh ecehjhgh gh gljcrmsh gljcrmsh ymo` pls plshthi hthi tcrnmdm tcrnmdmp p pcrsmho pcrsmho`mo `mo `ujem/ Qcnho``m* pco`ctmnumo hoh ecrupmgmo smjmn smtu jmo`gmn ymo` pcotho` dmjme ecoyusuo rcoamom pco`codmjhmo ymo` tcpmt* cicgthi dmo cihshco/

BMB 1/ VCEBMNMQMO

Gcdcjmh mdmjmn tmomemo pco`nmshj prltcho ymo` pmjho` eurmn* scnho``m emepu emepu ececoun ececounhh gcbutunm gcbutunmo o prltcho prltcho emsymrmg emsymrmgmt mt bmwmn/ bmwmn/ Omeuo* Omeuo* wmjmupu wmjmupuo o eurmn tcroymtm Hodlocshm bcjue emepu ececounh gcbcbutunmo gcdcjmh omshlomj* scnho``m gcbutunmo tcrscbut emshn dhpcounh dco`mo heplr/ Emsmjmnoym hmjmn `mo` `mo``u `umo mo `uje `ujemm pmdm pmdm jmnm jmnmo o pcrt pcrtmo mome memo mo gcdc gcdcjm jmhh ymo` ymo` eco`m co`mgh ghbm bmtg tgmo mo  prldugthvhtms gcdcjmh ecouruo/ eco uruo/ @ujem mdmjmn tmomemo tm omemo pco``mo``u p co``mo``u ymo` ecokmdh ecokmd h  pcsmho` bm`h tmomemo budhdmym dmjme ecepcrcbutgmo nmrm* rumo` tuebun* amnmym* amnmym* mhr* dmo gmrblodh gmrblodhlgsh lgshdm/ dm/ Mdmoym Mdmoym pcrsmho pcrsmho`mo `mo tcrscbu tcrscbutt eco`mghb eco`mghbmtgm mtgmo o  pcrtuebunmo tmomemo gcdcjmh mgmo ecouruo* scnho``m scn ho``m prldugshoym prldugsho ym puo ecouruo/ Vcrsmho`mo motmrm `ujem dmo tmomemo gcdcjmh dmpmt dhoymtmgmo dco`mo dcrmkmt  pcrsmho`mo ymo` mgmo bcrpco`mrun tcrnmdmp bmhg b mhg burugoym buru goym pcrtuebunmo pcrtu ebunmo tmomemo  plglg ymo` pmdm mgnhroym mg nhroym bcrpco`mrun bcrpco`mru n pmdm nmshj dmrh tmomemo plglg tcrscbut/

Bcsmr gcahjoym pcrsmho`mo motmrm `ujem dmo tmomemo plglg dh dmjme ecepcrcbutgmo mhr* nmrm* amnmym dhpco`mrunh bcbcrmpm imgtlr* ymhtu ;

=/ Gcrmp Gcrmpmtm mtmo o `ujem `ujem Qcemgho rmpmt `ujem ymo` mdm dhmotmrm tmomemo gcdcjmh* emgm pcrsmho`mo ymo` tcrkmdh tcrkmdh motmr motmr gcdumoym gcdumoym mgmo scemgho scemgho ncbmt* ncbmt* scnho``m scnho``m pcrtuebu pcrtuebunmo nmo tmomemo tmomemo ecouruo dmo bcrmghbmt pmdm nmshj ymo` ku`m ecouruo/ 2/ Emam Emame e `uje `ujemm Qcthmp `ujem ecehjhgh gcemepumo bcrsmho` emsho`%emsho`* emsho`%emsho`* scnho``m nmebmtmo nmebmtmo tcrnmdm tcrnmdmp p pcrtuebu pcrtuebunmo nmo tmomem tmomemo o gcdcjmh gcdcjmh mgmo bcrbcdm bcrbcdm dmo nmshj nmshj dmrh tmomemo tmomemo gcdcjmh puo ku`m bcrbcdm/ 1/ Pmgtu Pmgtu gceuoa gceuoaujmo ujmo `ujem `ujem Qcemgho mwmj smmt gceuoaujmo `ujem* emgm pcrsmho`mo ymo` tcrkmdh sceemgho ncbmt ymo` bcrmghbmt pcrtuebunmo tmomemo ecouruo * scnho``m nmshjoym ku`m ecouruo/ 4/ Jmem gcbcrmdmmo gcbcrmdmmo `ujem mtmu mtmu pcrhldc pcrhldc glepcthsh glepcthsh Qcem Qcemgho gho jmem jmem `ujem `ujem bcrsmh bcrsmho` o` dco`mo dco`mo tmom tmomem emo o plg plglg* lg* emgm emgm scem scemgho gho bcsmr  bcsmr   pcouruomo nmshj pmdm tmomemo plglg gmrcom pcrsmho`mooym scemgho ncbmt dmo  pcrtuebunmo tmomemo plglg scemgho ecouruo

3/ Gcacpmtm Gcacpmtmo o tuebun tuebun `uje `ujemm Qcemgho Qcemgho acpmt acpmt pcrtuebu pcrtuebunmo nmo `ujem* `ujem* emgm emgm scemgho scemgho acpmt acpmt pujm pcrsmho` pcrsmho`mooy mooym/ m/ Mghbmtoym pcrtuebunmo tmomemo ecouruo dmo nmshjoym ku`m ecouruo/ 9/ Nmbht Nmbhtus us `uje `ujemm @ujem ymo` jcbhn tho``h dmo dmuooym jcbhn jcbmr scrtm jcbhn dmjme dmo jums mgmroym* emgm gcemepumo bcrsmho`oym jcbhn bcsmr* scnho``m pco`mrunoym augup  bcsmr bm`h pcrtuebunmo tmomemo dmo ecouruogmo ecouruog mo nmshj ymo` bcsmr pujm/ p ujm/ 0/ Kmjur iltlshotcsh iltlshotcshss `ujem `ujem .A1 mtmu A4( A4( @ujem ymo` ecehjhgh kmjur iltlshotcshs A4 jcbhn cihshco* scnho``m pcrsmho`mooym jcbhn jcbhn ncbmt ncbmt// Mghbm Mghbmtoy toymm pcrtue pcrtuebun bunmo mo tmome tmomemo mo ecour ecouruo uo dmo nmshj nmshjoym oym ku`m ku`m ecouruo/ >/ Mjjc Mjjcjl jlpm pmth th Bm`h Bm`h `ujem `ujem ymo` emepu emepu eco`cju eco`cjumrgm mrgm mjjcjl mjjcjlpmt pmt mtmu scoymwm scoymwm bcrmauo* bcrmauo* emgm gcemepumo bcrsmho`oym smo`mt bcsmr* scnho``m dmpmt ecouruogmo prldugthvhtms dmo nmshj ymo` bcsmr pujm/ @ujem scthmp pcrtmomemo bcrbcdm%bcdm dmo ecehjhgh dmym bcrsmho` ymo`  bcrbcdm pujm/ Mghbmtoym pcouruomo nmshj pmdm tmomemo gcdcjmh ku`m bcrbcdm/  Omeuo* mpmbhjm kuejmn spcshcs `ujem dmjme pcrtmomemo gcdcjmh augup bmoymg* emgm tho`gmt pcouruomo nmshj scemgho bcsmr/ Bhmsmoym dmjme scthmp pcrtmomemo tmomemo ecehjhgh kcohs `ujem ymo` bcrbcdm dmo tho`gmt pco`mrun ymo` bcrbcdm  pujm/ Bcbcrmpm kcohs `ujem pcotho` pmdm budhdmym gcdcjmh sctcjmn sumtu jmnmo dhtmome dhtmomehh pmdh hmjmn hmjmn  Cjcushoc hodham* Memrmotnus spholsus* Ayoldlo dmatyjlo* dmo Vlrtujmam Qcjmho ho htu* htu* tcrd tcrdmp mpmt mt `uje `ujemm jmho jmho pmdm pmdm pcrt pcrtmo mome memo mo Vlrtujmam ljcrmacmc ljcrmacmc/ Qcjm gcdcjmh gcdcjmh** omeuo omeuo pco`mrun pco`mrunoym oym thdmg thdmg augup augup bcsmr/ bcsmr/ @ujem @ujem tcrscbut tcrscbut hmjmn hmjmn  Vhsthm  strmthltcs .Gmyu mpu(*  Vlrtujmam ljcrmacmc .Grlglt(* Qmjvhohm eljcstm .Kugut amh(*  Emrshjcm arcomtm .Qcemo``h(*  M`crmtue aloyzlhdcs .Bmbmdltmo(*  Canholanjlm aljlom .Tutlo(*  Canholanjlm arus`mjjh .Kmkm`lmo(*  Vmspnmjue dhsthanue .gmgmwmtmo(/ Kcohs `ujem pmdm pcrtmomemo gcdcjmh augup bmoymg* scnho``m nmj utmem ymo` pcrju dhjmgugmo hmjmn mdmoym pco`codmjhmo/ Vco`codmjhmo `ujem dhjmgugmo gmrcom `ujem emepu ecouruogmo nmshj smepmh >6#/ Ohjmh tcrscbut smo`mt tho``h gmrcom gmrcom mgmo eco`mgh eco`mghbmt bmtgmo gmo dcihshco dcihshcosh sh gcdcjmh gcdcjmh dh Hodlocsh Hodlocshm/ m/ Qcemgho Qcemgho tho``h tho``h gcemepumo bcrsmho` sumtu `ujem* emgm scemgh bcsmr tho`gmt pcouruomo nmshjoym  bmngmo bhsm `m`mj pmoco/ Ljcn gmrcom htu* nmj utmem ymo` nmrus dhjmgugmo hmjmn dhjmgsmomgooym pco`codmjhmo tcrnmdmp scrmo`mo `ujem/

Gcbc Gcbcrn rnms mshj hjmo mo pco` pco`co codm dmjh jhmo mo `uje `ujemm ecru ecrupm pmgm gmo o smjm smjmn n smtu smtu imgt imgtlr lr pcoc pcocot otu u tcrampmhoym tho`gmt nmshj gcdcjmh ymo` tho``h/ @ujem dmpmt dhgcodmjhgmo ecjmjuh  bcrbm`mh mturmo dmo gmrmothom/ Qcamrm bhljl`h pco`codmjhmo `ujem dc`mo eco``uo eco``uomgmo mgmo lr`mohse lr`mohsecc nhdup/ nhdup/ Qcdmo`g Qcdmo`gmo mo scamrm scamrm ihshg* ihshg* pco`codm pco`codmjhmo jhmo `ujem `ujem dco`mo ecebmgmr dmo eco``com`h* ecjmjuh budhdmym dco`mo pcr`hjhrmo tmomemo*  pcoh`gmtmo dmym smho` dmo pco``uommo eujsm/ Qcamrm ecgmohs* pco`codmjhmo `ujem `ujem dmpmt dmpmt dhjmgugm dhjmgugmo o dco`mo dco`mo ecoambu ecoambut* t* ecebmbm ecebmbmt* t* eco`hok eco`hokmg* mg* ecoyhmo` ecoyhmo`hh dco`mo tmo`mo* dmo eco`ljmn tmomn dco`mo mjmt ecgmohs bcrecsho bcrecsho dmo oloecsho/ oloecsho/ Qcdmo`gmo scamrm ghehmwh* pco`codmjhmo `ujem dhjmgugmo dco`mo eco``uomgmo ncrbhshdm/ @ujem @ujem pmdm pcrtmom pcrtmomemo emo gcdcjmh gcdcjmh ueue ueueoym oym dhgcodmj dhgcodmjhgmo hgmo dco`mo dco`mo amrm ecgmohs dmo ghehmwh/ Vco`codmjhmo `ujem scamrm ghehmwh bcrpltcosh ecrusmg  jho`guo`mo* scnho``m pcrju dhbmtmsh ecemjuh pcemdumo dco`mo amrm pco`codmjhmo jmhoym/ Gcrusmgmo jho`guo`mo ymo` dhmghbmtgmo zmt ghehm bcrupm gcrusmgmo tmomn* emthoym lr`mohsec bugm tmr`ct* pljush mhr* scrtm eco``mo`u gcscnmtmo bmhg ncwmo emupuo emoushm/ Ljcn gmrcmo htu* dhpcrjugmo pco`codmjhmo ymo` cicgthi* cihshco* dmo thdmg bcrbmnmym/ Vco`cod Vco`codmjh mjhmo mo `ujem `ujem dmpmt dmpmt bcrbcot bcrbcotug ug pcoac`mn pcoac`mnmo mo dmo pcebcrm pcebcrmotm otmsmo/ smo/ Ecoac Ecoac`mn `mn bhmsmo bhmsmoym ym jcbhn jcbhn eu eurm rmn* n* tctm tctmph ph thdmg thdmg scjmj scjmju u jcbhn jcbhn eu eudm dmn/ n/ Qcnh Qcnho`` o``mm dhpcrjugmo gloscp ymo` eudmn dmo eurmn uotug eco`mtmsh gcbcrmdmmo `ujem/ Vco`c Vco`codm odmjhm jhmo o `ujem `ujem pmdm pmdm pcr pcrtmo tmomem memo o gcdcj gcdcjmh mh dmpmt dmpmt dhjmgu dhjmgugmo gmo dco`mo bcbcrmpm amrm* ymhtu ;

=/ Vrcvcothi .pcoac`mnmo( Vcoac`mnmo mdmjmn sumtu amrm ymo` dhtukugmo tcrnmdmp spcshcs%spcshcs `ujem ymo` smo`mt ecru`hgmo dmo bcjue tuebun pmdm pcrtmomemo gcdcjmh/ Qcnho``m* tcrdmpmt  bcbcrmpm amrm uotug ecoac`mn emsugoym `ujem `u jem tcrscbut* ymhtu; m/ pcebcrshnmo pcebcrshnmo bhbht%bhbht bhbht%bhbht pcrtmomemo pcrtmomemo dmrh glotmehomsh glotmehomsh bhkh%bhkh bhkh%bhkh `ujem7 `ujem7  b/ pcoac`mnmo pcemgmhmo p cemgmhmo pupug gmodmo` gmodmo ` ymo` bcjue emtmo`7 a/ pcoac pcoac`mn `mnmo mo pco`mo pco`mo`gu `gutm tmo o kmrmg kmrmg kmun kmun kcrme kcrmehh dmo rueput rueput%ru %ruep eput ut emgmo emgmomo mo tcromg7 d/ pcebcrmotmsmo pcebcrmotmsmo `ujem dh shsh%shsh shsh%shsh suo`mh suo`mh dmo smjurmo%smjurm smjurmo%smjurmo o pco`mhrmo7 c/ pcoac`mnmo pcoac`mnmo pco`mo`gutmo pco`mo`gutmo tmomemo tmomemo bcscrtm bcscrtm tmomnoym/ tmomnoym/ Mpmbhjm Mpmbhjm nmj%nmj tcrscbut tcrscbut dh mtms thdmg dmpmt dmpmt dhjmgsm dhjmgsmomgm omgmo o dco`mo dco`mo bmhg* bmhg* emgm emgm gcemepumo gcemepumo `ujem tuebun mgmo gcahj* scnho``m dmym smho`oym ku`m gcahj dco`mo tmomemo tmomemo gcdcjmh/ gcdcjmh/ Qcjmho htu* nmj ymo` pcrju dhjmgugmo dhjmgugmo hmjmn ecoac`mn ecoac`mn m`mr `ujem

thdmg bcrbumn dmo bcrbuo`m/ Dh smepho` htu* pcrju dhjmgugmo pcoac`mnmo pmdm `ujem tmnuomo .pcrcoohmj wccds( m`mr thdmg dmpmt bcrbhmg* tcrutmem dco`mo amrm vc`ctmthi/ 2/ Vco`codmjhmo `ujem scamrm ihshg  Vco` Vco`co codm dmjh jhmo mo `uje `ujemm scam scamrm rm ihsh ihshg g dmpm dmpmtt dhjm dhjmgu gugm gmo o dco` dco`mo mo bcrb bcrbm` m`mh mh amrm amrm** dhmotmrmoym hmjmn scbm`mh bcrhgut ; m/ Vco`ljmnmo tmomn Vco`ljm Vco`ljmnmo nmo tmomn tmomn dco`mo dco`mo eco``uo eco``uomgmo mgmo mjmt%mj mjmt%mjmt mt scpcrth scpcrth amo`guj amo`guj** `mru* `mru* bmkmg* bmkmg* scrtm scrtm trmgt trmgtlr lr ku`m ku`m bcriu bcriuo`s o`shh uotug uotug eceb ecebcr crmot motms ms `ujem `ujem// Cicgt Cicgthih hihtm tmss mjmt%m mjmt%mjm jmtt  pco`ljmn tmomn dh dmjme ecebcrmotms `ujem tcr`motuo` dmrh bcbcrmpm imgtlr* scpcrth shgjus nhdup dmrh `ujem* pcoycbmrmo mgmr* ueur dmo ugurmo `ujem* scrtm  kcohs dmo tlpl`rmih tmomn dmo hgjhe/  b/ Vcebmbmtmo Vcebmbmtmo ueueoym nmoym cicgthi uotug ecemthgmo `ujem sctmnuo dmo rcjmthi  gurmo` cicgthi uotug `ujem tmnuomo/ Cicgthvhtms amrm tcrscbut tcr`motuo` pmdm wmgtu pcemo`gmsmo* pcemo`gmsmo* hotcrvmj hotcrvmj mtmu ujmo`mo dmo scbm`mhoym/ scbm`mhoym/ Vcebmbmtmo bhmsmoym dhjmgugmo dh pcrgcbuomo ymo` ecepuoymh tmomemo bcrupm plnlo mtmu tmomemo jmho ymo` bcrugurmo bcsmr/ Vcebmbmtmo scbmhgoym dhjmgugmo pmdm wmgtu `ujem ecokcjmo` bcrbuo`m mtmu pmdm wmgtu dmuooym scdmo` tuebun dco`mo ncbmt/ a/ Vco``como`mo Vco`` Vco``com como`m o`mo o cicgt cicgthi hi uotug uotug eceb ecebcr crmot motms ms `ujem `ujem tmnuo tmnuomo mo// Amrmo Amrmoym ym dco`m dco`mo o eco``como`h scdmjme =3 % 23 ae scjmem 1 % > eho``u/ @ujem ymo` dh`como`h nmrus augup tcrcodme* gmrcom bhjm scbm`hmo dmuooym euoauj dh mtms mhr emgm `ujem tcrscbut ueueoym emshn dmpmt nhdup/ d/ Vcebmgmrmo Vcebmgmrmo Vcebmgmrmo scamrm tcrbmtms tcrbmtms emshn scrho` dhjmgugmo dhjmgugmo uotug ecebcrshngmo tcepmt% tcepmt dmrh shsm%shsm tuebunmo sctcjmn dhpmo`gms/ Vcebmgmrmo ueueoym bmoymg  dhjmgugmo pmdm tmomn%tmomn ymo` olo pcrtmohmo* scpcrth dh pho``hr%pho``hr kmjmo*  pho``hr gmjh* nutmo dmo tmomn%tmomn hodustrh/ hodus trh/ Gcuotuo` Gcuotuo`mo mo pcebmgm pcebmgmrmo rmo uotug uotug pcebcrmo pcebcrmotmsm tmsmo o `ujem `ujem dhbmodho dhbmodho` ` dco`mo dco`mo  pcebcrmotmsmo scamrm ghehmwh mdmjmn pmdm pcebmgmrmo pcebmgm rmo thdmg tcrdmpmt cicg ci cg rcshdu  pmdm tmomn dmo tmomemo/ Gcuotuo`mo jmho dmrh pcebmgmrmo hmjmn hnmem dmo  pmtl`co ku`m emth/ Omeuo* gcburugmo dmrh pcebmgmrmo hmjmn bmnmym gcbmgmrmo  bm`h scgcjhjho`oym* eco`urmo`h gmoduo`mo nueus mtmu ehgrllr`mohsec tmomn*

dmpmt ecepcrbcsmr crlsh* bhkh%bhkh `ujem tcrtcotu thdmg emth* scrtm msmpoym dmpmt ecohebujgmo mjcr`h/ c/ Eujsm .pcoutup scrcsmn( Vco``uommo Vco``uommo eujsm dhemgsudgmo dhemgsudgmo uotug ecoac`mn m`mr amnmym emtmnmrh thdmg  smepmh gc `ujem* scnho``m `ujem thdmg dmpmt ecjmgugmo iltlshotcshs* mgnhroym mgmo mgmo emth emth dmo pcrgca pcrgcame mebmn bmnmoo mooym ym dmpmt dmpmt dhac` dhac`mn/ mn/ Bmnm Bmnmo%b o%bmnm mnmo o ymo` ymo` dmpmt dmpmt dh`uomgmo uotug eujsm motmrm jmho kcrmeh* pupug nhkmu* scgme* scrbug `cr`mkh* gcrtms dmo pjmsthg/ 1/ Vco`codmjhmo `ujem dco`mo shstce budhdmym

Amrm Amrm pco`codm pco`codmjhm jhmo o hoh ku`m dhscbut dhscbut pco`codm pco`codmjhm jhmo o scamrm scamrm cgljl`hs cgljl`hs dhgmrcom dhgmrcomgmo gmo eco``uomgmo eco``uomgmo prhoshp%prhoshp prhoshp%prhoshp cgljl`h* ymhtu eco`cjljm jho`guo`mo jho`guo`mo scdcehghmo scdcehghmo rupm scnho``m scnho``m ecodugu ecoduguo` o` dmo eco`uot eco`uotuo`g uo`gmo mo pcrtmome pcrtmomemo* mo* tctmph tctmph ecru`hg ecru`hgmo mo  bm`h `ujemoym/ Dh dmjme pco`codmjhmo `ujem dco`mo shstce budhdmym hoh tcrdmpmt bcbcrmpm amrm ymhtu ; m/ Vcr`h Vcr`hjh jhrmo rmo Tmom Tmomem emo o Vcr`hjhrmo Vcr`hjhrmo tmomemo bcrtukumo uotug eco`mtur eco`mtur dmo ecocgmo plpujmsh `ujem dmjme mebmo` ymo` thdmg ecebmnmymgmo/ Alotln ; pmdh % tcbu % gcdcjmh* pmdh %pmdh % tceb tcebmg mgmu mu// Qcth Qcthmp mp tmom tmomem emo o tcrt tcrtco cotu tu eceh ecehjh jhgh gh kcoh kcohss `uje `ujemm ymo` ymo` bcrb bcrbcd cdmm dhgm dhgmrc rcom omgm gmo o scth scthmp mp `uje `ujemm mgmo mgmo tueb tuebun un pmdm pmdm glod glodhs hshh ymo` ymo` alal alalg g uotu uotug  g   pcrtuebunmooym/ Ehsmjoym `ujem tcgh .Aypcrus rltuodus ( ymo` scrho` ecokmdh  pco``mo``u pcrtmomemo tmomn gcrho` ymo` bcrueur sctmnuo* scpcrth tlemt* ambc* dmo gcdcjmh/ Omeuo* dco`mo pcr`hjhrmo tmomemo* glodhsh ehgrlgjhemt mgmo dmpmt  bcrubmn%ubmn* scnho``m scn ho``m nhdup `ujem thdmg mgmo tcrmtur/  b/ Budhdmym pcrtmomemo Vco``uommo vmrhctms tmomemo ymo` alalg uotug sumtu dmcrmn ecrupmgmo thodmgmo ymo` smo`mt ecebmotu eco`mtmsh emsmjmn `ujem/ Vcomomemo rmpmt m`mr tmkug  tmomemo tmomemo ecoutup ecoutuphh scjurun scjurun rumo` rumo` glsl glslo` o` ecrupmg ecrupmgmo mo amrm amrm ymo` cicgthi uotug  uotug  ecocgmo pcrtuebunmo `ujem/ Vceupugmo ymo` tcpmt ecrupmgmo sumtu amrm uotug  ecep ecepcra cracpm cpmtt pcrtu pcrtueb ebunm unmo o tmom tmomem emo* o* scnho` scnho``m `m ecep ecepcr crth tho`` o``hh dmym dmym smho` smho`  pcrtmomemo tcrnmdmp `ujem/ a/ Vcebcrhmo Vcebcrhmo omuo`mo omuo`mo dco`mo tuebunmo pcoutup .alvcr .alvcr arlps( arlps( Mdmoym Mdmoym tmomemo tmomemo pcoutup pcoutup tmomn tmomn eco`mgh eco`mghbmtg bmtgmo mo pcrtuebu pcrtuebunmo nmo `ujem `ujem ecouruo ecouruo gmrcom rumo` tuebunoym scemgho scepht/ Qcnho``m* pcrsmho`mo motmrm tmomemo  plglg dco`mo `ujem `u jem scemgho gcahj/ Mghbmtoym* prldugsh p rldugsh scemgho ecoho`gmt/ 4/ Vco`codmjhmo `ujem scamrm bhljl`hs

Vco`codmjhmo `ujem scamrm bhljl`hs .nmymth( hmjmn pco`codmjhmo `ujem dco`mo eco``uomgmo lr`mohsec jmho* scpcrth hoscgtm* iuo`h* tcromg* hgmo/ Vco`codmjhmo  bhljl`hs ymo` pmjho` hotcoshi hmjmn dco`mo eco``uomgmo hoscgtm mtmu iuo`h/ Lr`mohsec tcrscbut bhmsmoym nmoym dhtukugmo tcrnmdmp sumtu spcshcs `ujem ymo` tcjmn ecoycbmr scamrm jums/ Alotln pco`codmjhmo bhljl`hs dco`mo hoscgtm hmjmn  pco`codmjhmo gmgtus Lpuothm spp spp// dh Mustr Mustrmjh mjhmm dco`m dco`mo o ecem ecemgmh gmh Amatlbjmsths dmo pco` pco`co codm dmjh jhmo mo Qmjvhohm sp/ sp/ dco` dco`mo mo ece ecemgmh mgmh Ayrtlbm`lus amatlrue* dmo  sho`ujmrhs/ Dcehghmo pujm dco`mo caco` `lodlg . Channlrohm  Channlrohm armsshpcs( ymo` dmpmt dmpmt dhgco dhgcodmj dmjhgm hgmo o scamr scamrmm bhljl bhljl`hs `hs dco`mo dco`mo gue guebmo bmo` ` pco`` pco``cr crcg  cg   Oclancthom bruanh dmo Oclancthom channlrohmc/ Qcdmo`gmo kmeur mtmu iuo`h ymo` bcrpltcosh dmpmt eco`codmjhgmo eco`codmjhgmo `ujem scamrm bhljl`hs hmjmn Srcdl channlrohmc uotug caco` `lodlg* Eyrltncshue rlrhdue uotug ghmebmo`* dmo Acrlsplrm spp/ uotug gmyu mpu/ 3/ Vco`codmjhmo `ujem scamrm ghehmwh Vco` Vco`co codm dmjh jhmo mo `uje `ujemm scam scamrm rm gheh ghehmw mwhh mdmj mdmjmn mn pco` pco`co codm dmjh jhmo mo `uje `ujemm dco` dco`mo mo eco``uomgmo ncrbhshdm/ Ncrbhshdm mdmjmn scoymwm ghehm ymo` dmpmt dh`uomgmo uotug ecemthgmo mtmu ecocgmo pcrtuebunmo pcrtuebunmo `ujem* bmhg scamrm scjcgthi emupuo olo scjcgthi/ Tcrdmpmt bcrbm`mh emame ncrbhshdm ymo` dmpmt dhphjhn scamrm glotmg  emupuo shstcehg/ shstcehg/ Qcjmho htu* pco``uommooym pco``uommooym bhsm pmdm smmt prmtmome* prmtuebun prmtuebun mtmu pmsam tuebun/ Gcuotuo`mo Gcuotuo`mo pco`codmjhmo pco`codmjhmo `ujem scamrm ghehmwh mdmjmn acpmt dmo cicgthi* tcrutmem uotug mrcmj ymo` jums/ Omeuo gcru`hmo pcocrmpmo amrm tcrscbut hmjmn bmnmym gcrmauomo tmomemo dmo ecepuoymh cicg rcshdu tcrnmdmp mjme/ Dhgmrcomgmo pco`codmjhmo `ujem scamrm ghehmwh smo`mt bcrbmnmym* emgm amrm tcrscbut tcrscbut nmrus nmrus dhkmdhg dhkmdhgmo mo phjhnmo phjhnmo tcrmgnhr tcrmgnhr mpmbhjm mpmbhjm amrm jmho thdmg thdmg emepu emepu eco`mtmsh/ 9/ Vco`codmjhmo `ujem scamrm tcrpmdu

Vco` Vco`co codm dmjh jhmo mo `uje `ujemm scam scamrm rm tcrp tcrpmd mdu u ymht ymhtu u pco` pco`co codm dmjh jhmo mo `uje `ujemm dco` dco`mo mo eco``uomgmo eco``uomgmo bcbcrmpm amrm scamrm bcrsmemmo dco`mo tukumo uotug ecodmpmtgmo ecodmpmtgmo nmshj ymo` scbmhg%bmhgoym/ Amrm tcrscbut hmjmn `mbuo`mo dmrh bcbm`mh amrm ymo` dhnmrmpg dhnmrmpgmo mo mgmo jcbhn jcbhn cicgthi cicgthi dmo cihshco cihshco dmjme dmjme eco`mtm eco`mtmsh sh gcbcrmdm gcbcrmdmmo mo `ujem `ujem dhmotmrm pcrtmomemo budhdmym/

BMB 4/ VCOSTSV

4/= Gcshepujmo

@ujem mdmjmn spcshcs tmomemo gcdcjmh ymo` smepmh smmt hoh emshn ecokmdh emsm emsmjm jmn n ymo` ymo` scrhus scrhus// Nmj Nmj htu dhgmrc dhgmrcomg omgmo mo tmome tmomemo mo gcdcjm gcdcjmhh eceh ecehjh jhgh gh shimt shimt  pcrtuebunmo ymo` rcjmthi jmebmt* scnho``m gurmo` dmpmt bcrsmho` dco`mo `ujem/ Ljcn Ljcn gmrcom gmrcom htu* htu* jmnmo jmnmo budhdmym budhdmym gcdcjmh gcdcjmh nmrus nmrus bcbms bcbms dmrh `ujem scjmem wmgtu tmome tmome// @ujem @ujem ymo` ymo` tcrdm tcrdmpmt pmt pmdm pmdm tmome tmomemo mo gcdcj gcdcjmh mh ecjh ecjhput puth* h* `ujem `ujem ruep rueput% ut% ruputmo* `ujem tcgh%tcghmo tcgh%tcghmo dmo `ujem bcrdmuo jcbmr/ Alotlnoym hmjmn Cjcushoc hodham* hodham* Memrmotnu Memrmotnuss spholsus* spholsus* Ayoldlo Ayoldlo dmatyjlo* dmatyjlo* Vlrtujmam Vlrtujmam ljcrmacmc ljcrmacmc * Vhsthm  strmthltcs .Gmyu mpu(*  Vlrtujmam ljcrmacmc .Grlglt(* Qmjvhohm Qmjvhohm eljcstm eljcstm .Kugut amh(*  Emrshjcm arcomtm .Qcemo``h(*  M`crmtue aloyzlhdcs .Bmbmdltmo(*  Canholanjlm aljlom .Tutlo(* Ayoldlo dmatyjlo .@rhtho`(*  Canholanljm arus%`mjjh .Kmkm`lmo(/ Tcgohg pco`codmjhmo pco`codmjhmo `ujem pmdm tmomemo gcdcjmh dmpmt dhjmgugmo dco`mo amrm prcvcothi* ihshg* shstce budhdmym* ecgmohg* gujtur tcgohs* bhljl`h* dmo ghehm .ncrbhshdm(* dmo pco`codmjhmo tcrpmdu/

4/2 Qmrmo

Emgmjmn hoh emshn bmoymg gcgurmo`mo* bmhg dmrh sc`h pcoujhsmo pcoujhsmo emupuo dmrh sc`h hshoym* scnho``m elnlo dhgrhthg dmo dhbcrhgmo smrmo ymo` bcrshimt ecebmo`uo dmrh bmpmg uotug ecoycepuromgmo emgmjmn gcjleplg gmeh hoh/

DMITMR VSQTMGM

Msntlo* I/ E/ mdod T/ K/ Elomal/ =88=/ Pccd Qahcoac; Vrhoahpjcs mod Vrmthac/ 1rd Cd/ Klno Phjcy mod Qlos* Hoa/; Ocw Xlrg/ 499 p/

Budh* Budh* @myun @myun V/ dmo Lctmeh Lctmeh Dwh N/ 2668/ 2668/ Gcemep Gcemepumo umo Glepcth Glepcthsh sh bcbcrmpm bcbcrmpm Ymrhctm Ymrhctmss Gcdcjmh Gcdcjmh .@jyahoc tcrnmdmp @ujem @ujem Mjmo`%m Mjmo`%mjmo jmo` ` . Hepcrmtm @jyahoc emx( tcrnmdmp  Hepcrmtm ayjhodrham( dmo Tcgh .Aypcrus rltuodus (/  Kuromj Jhtbmo` Vrlvhosh Kmwm Tco`mn* =0 .2(; =20%=12/

Ciicodh Ciicodh** Q/ =800/ =800/  Bcralalg Tmome Km`uo` / AY/ Xmsm`u Xmsm`uom* om* Kmg Kmgmrt mrtm/ m/ 83 nmj nmj Gjho`emo* @/A/ =893/ Arlp Vrlduathlo ho tnc Qlutn / Kln Klno o Phj Phjjcy jcy mod Qlos* Hoa/ Jlodlo/ pp/ 136%196/

Cprhe* Cprhe* Xcncsghcj Xcncsghcj Qmn/ 2669/  Vcrhldc Grhths Tmomemo Gcdcjmh .@jyahoc emx .J/(  Ecrr/( Tcrnmdmp Glepcthsh @ujem Vmdm Bcbcrmpm Kmrmg Tmome dh Jmnmo Qgrhps psh/ h/ Vrl` Vrl`rm rme e Qtud Qtudhh  Mjmo`%mjmo` .Heprmtm ayjhodrham .J/(Bcmuv/( / Qgrh M`rloleh Imgujtms Vcrtmohmo Hosthtut Vcrtmohmo Bl`lr/

Imdnjy* M/I/ dmo Tmbrh* I/ 2664/ Vco`codmjhmo @ujem pmdm Vcrtmomemo Km`uo` / Bmjmh Vcocjhthmo Tmomemo Qcrcmjhm* Emrls/ @ljdswlrtny* V/ R/ dmo O/E/ Ihsa Ihsanc ncr/ r/ =882 =882// Ihsh Ihshlj ljl` l`hh Tmom Tmomem emo o Budh Budhdm dmym ym Trlp Trlphg hg// @mdk @mdkmn mn Emdm Emdm Sohvcrshty Vrcss; Xl`ymgmrtm/ >04 nmj/

Vhtlkl* scthkl/2660/ Qcrh Vco`mgmrmo;Bcohn Gcdcjmh/ Xl`ymgmrtm; Gmohshus

Qudmre Qudmrel* l* RE/ =880/ =880/  Vco`codmjhmo Qcrmo``m Nmem Qmyurmo dmo Vmjmwhkm / Kmgmrtm; Gmohshus/