Guía formativa. ELECTRICIDAD 11. CECyTEH Gobierno Hidalgo 2012

Gego~vbobnmn Cÿnwek = _wfcÿnwek =

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Ngsmvvkeem bhs~memobkhgs vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs

Nbsgým bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms(

geâo~vboms

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^ÂOHBOK GH GEGO^VBOB GEGO^VBOBNMN NMN

Cÿnw Cÿ nwek ek = = Ngsmvvkeem bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs

= Nbsgým bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms

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Ems bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms kow|mh wh |m|ge ng swcm bc|kv~mhobm sbghnk ge ghemog gh~vg ems |emh~ms jghgvmnkvms k swfgs~mobkhgs mebcgh~mnkvms r eks ogh~vks ng okhswck |vk|kvobkhmhnk m eks g}wb|ks em ghgvjãm hgogsmvbm |mvm sw iwhobkhmcbgh~k Gh ge |vgsgh~g swfcÿnwek m|vghngvís m ngsmvvkeemv ~ws `mfbebnmngs r ngs~vgtms |mvm omeowemv omhmebtmobkhgs% okhnwo~kvgs r |vk~goobkhgs geâo~vboms ^mcfbâh ^mcfbâh m|vghngvís m nbsgýmv g bh~gv|vg~mv |emhks geâo~vboks vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs Msã okck ~mcfbâh m gemfkvmv |vgsw|wgs~ks geâo~vboks nkhng bhoewbvís eks cm~gvbmegs% ge g}wb|k r moogskvbks ^knk ek mh~gvbkv ek vgmebtmvms fmsíhnk~g gh ems Hkvcm~bybnmn ybjgh~g% rm }wg |mvm vgmebtmv whm fwghm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom gs bhnbs|ghsmfeg |mvm em sgjwvbnmn ng eks wswmvbks msã okck |mvm |vk~gjgv em gokhkcãm Whm bhs~memobÿh gh cme gs~mnk jms~m cís ghgvjãm r nmým eks m|mvm~ks \kv ek ~mh~k% whm bhs~memobÿh gh fwgh gs~mnk sbjhbibom sgjwvbnmn% m`kvvk ng ghgvjãm ghgv jãm r vgnwoobÿh ng jms~ks1 gs |kv gs~k }wg sg `mog bhnbs|ghsmfeg ge vgmebtmv whm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom gh m|gjk m em hkvcm ybjgh~g% gokhÿcbom r ng omebnmn Msã }wg |kh cwo`m m~ghobÿh r jws~k |kv ek }wg vgmebtmvís% vgowgvnm }wg em vgs|khsmfbebnmn r ge kvngh skh gsghobmegs

―Fbgh yghbnk m em omvvgvm ng ^âohbok gh Gego~vbobnmn–

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Me ~gvcbhk nge _wfcÿnwek% ge mewchk sgví om|mt ng4 Omeowemv omhmebtmobkhgs% okhnwo~kvgs r |vk~goobkhgs geâo~vboms1 Nbsgýmv g bh~gv|vg~mv |emhks geâo~vboks vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs r m gemfkvmv |vgsw|wgs~ks geâo~vboks nkhng bhoewbvís eks cm~gvbmegs% ge g}wb|k r moogskvbks

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Cm|m Owvvbowemv

Cknwek B Ngsmvvkeem Bhs~memobkhgs Geâo~vboms Vgsbnghobmegs r Okcgvobmegs _wfcknwek B Nbsgým bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms

Okc|g~ghobm = M|ebom ems hkvcms ~âohboms |mvm ge nbsgýk r oíeowek ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs M~vbfw~ks ng em okc|g~ghobm = M|ebom ems hkvcms r ~âohboms |mvm ge nbsgýk ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms 6 Vgmebtm oíeoweks ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms geâo ~vboms

_mfgvgs = Okhog|~ks físboks ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms 6 Egr ng K`c r Zm~~ ? Hkvcms ~âohboms |mvm ge nbsgýk nbsgýk ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs > Omeowek ng omvjms geâo~vboms 7 Ge oíeowek ng Okhnwo~kvgs Okhnwo~kvgs geâo~vboks r omhmebtmobÿh 9 ^mfems |mvm em sgegoobÿh ng eks gegcgh~ks ng |vk~goobÿh ng whm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom Mo~b~wngs = Kvngh 6 Vgs|khsmfbebnmn ? ^vmfmdk gh g}wb|k

Okc|g~ghobm 6 Gemfkvm g bh~gv|vg~m ge |emhk geâo~vbok |mvm em bhs~memobÿh ng g}wb|ks r moogskvbks M~vbfw~ks ng em okc|g~ghobm = 6 ? > 7

Nbfwdm |emhks geâo~vboks Vgmebtm nbmjvmcms ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms cgnbmh~g ski~zmvg Gemfkvm nbmjvmcm nbmjvmcm whbibemv gh ge |emhk geâo~vbok geâo~vbok Gemfkvm owmnvk ng omvjms gh ge |emhk geâo~vbok geâo~vbok Gemfkvm owmnvk ng sbcfkekjãm gh ge |emhk geâo~vbok

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_mfgvgs = 6

_ãcfkeks geâo~vboks geâo~vboks r ems nbcghsbkhgs nbcghsbkhgs ng eks |emhks |emhks sgjôh em hkvcm hkvcm ~âohbom (HKC# (HKC#<<= <<= ybjgh~g" ybjgh~g" Okcmhnks físboks ng Mw~k Omn

Mo~b~wngs = Kvngh r Ebc|bgtm 6 Vgs|khsmfbebnmn ? ^vmfmdk gh g}wb|k

Okc|g~ghobm ? _gegoobkhm r okh~mfbebtm cm~gvbmegs% moogskvbks r g}wb|k geâo~vbok |mvm em bhs~memobÿh% sgjôh ge nbsgýk ngsmvvkeemnk M~vbfw~ks ng em okc|g~ghobm = _gegoobkhm eks cm~gvbmegs% moogskvbksr g}wb|k geâo~vbok |mvm em bhs~memobÿh% sgjôh ge nbsgýk ngsmvvkeemnk 6 Okh~mfbebtm cm~gvbmegs% cm~gvbmegs% moogskvbks r g}wb|k geâo~vbok geâo~vbok |mvm em bhs~memobÿh% sgjôh ge nbsgýk ngsmvvkeemnk

_mfgvgs = Om~mekjk ng cm~gvbmegs cm~gvbmegs r g}wb|ks geâo~vboks geâo~vboks ng eks imfvbomh~gs hmobkhmegs r gp~vmhdgvks 6

Okh~mfbebtmv4 vgjbs~vks% ogh~vks ng omvjm% moogskvbks moogskvbks r eíc|mvms |kv whbnmngs

? Ng~gvcbhmobÿh ng oks~ks ng cm~gvbmegs cm~gvbmegs r ng cmhk ng kfvm Mo~b~wngs = Kvngh r Ebc|bgtm 6 Vgs|khsmfbebnmn ? ^vmfmdk gh g}wb|k

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OKEGJBK NG G_^WNBK_ OBGH^ÃIBOK_ R ^GOHKEßJBOK_ ^ GOHKEßJBOK_ NGE G_^MNK G_^MNK NG @BNMEJK OVKHKJVMCM Cÿnwek4

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? Hkvcms ~âohboms |mvm ge nbsgýk ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs

> Omeowek ng omvjms geâo~vboms 7 Ge oíeowek ng Okhnwo~kvgs geâo~vboks r omhmebtmobÿh 9 ^mfems |mvm em sgegoobÿh ng eks gegcgh~ks ng |vk~goobÿh ng whm bhs~memobÿh =(6 geâo~vbom M~vbfw~ks ng okc|g~ghobm M|ebom ems hkvcms r ~âohboms |mvm ge nbsgýk ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms Vgmebtm oíeoweks ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms \vío~bom (Gymewmobÿh"

Gemfkvm g bh~gv|vg~m ge |emhk geâo~vbok |mvm em bhs~memobÿh ng g}wb|ks r moogskvbks(+Hôcgvk ng `kvms( 6(= _mfgvgs ng em okc|g~ghobm = _ãcfkeks geâo~vboks r ems nbcghsbkhg nbcghsbkhgss ng eks |emhks sgjôh em hkvcm ~âohbom (HKC#<<= ybjgh~g" 6 Okcmhnks físboks ng Mw~k Omn

M~vbfw~ks ng okc|g~ghobm = Nbfwdm |emhks geâo~vboks 6 Vgmebtm nbmjvmcms ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms cgnbmh~g ski~zmvg ski~zmvg ? Gemfkvm nbmjvmcm whbibemv gh ge |emhk geâo~vbok > Gemfkvm owmnvk ng omvjms gh ge |emhk geâo~vbok 7 Gemfkvm owmnvk ng sbcfkekjãm gh ge |emhk geâo~vbok

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_GCMHM NG ^VMFMDK GH ]WG _G OWFVG GE ^GCM IGFVGVK

6 Egr ng K`c r Zm~~

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IGFVGVK # DWEBK 6<=6

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= Okhog|~ks físboks ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms

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GEGO^VBOBNMN

OKC\G^GHOBM_

M|ebom ems hkvcms ~âohboms |mvm ge nbsgýk r oíeowek ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs( +Hôcgvk ng `kvms( =(= _mfgvgs ng em okc|g~ghobm

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\vío~bom (Gymewmobÿh"

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Ngsmvvkeek ng Gsigvm Ngsmvvkeek Gsigvmss ng Okc|g Okc|g~ghobm ~ghobm Okc|g~ghobm Okc|g~gh obm = _gegoobkhm eks cm~gvbmegs% moogskvbks r g}wb|k geâo~vbok |mvm em bhs~memobÿh% sgjôh ge nbsgýk ngsmvvkeemnk 

= 6 ? > 7

Okhog|~ks físboks ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms Egr ng K`c r Zm~~( Hkvcms ~âohboms |mvm ge nbsgýk ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs( Omeowek ng omvjms geâo~vboms( Ge oíeowek ng Okhnwo~kvgs geâo~vboks 9( ^mfems ^mfems |mvm em sgegoobÿh ng eks gegcgh~ks ng |vk~goobÿh ng whm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom

= 6 ? > 7 9

Okhkobcbgh Okhkobc bgh~ks ~ks ng gego gego~vb ~vbobn obnmn mn Oíeowe Oíe oweks ks ng obvo obvowb~ wb~ks ks geâo~ geâo~vbok vbokss Bhs~ Bh s~me memo mobÿ bÿh h geâo~ geâo~vb vbom om Ng~gvc Ng~ gvcbhm bhmobÿ obÿh h ng Omvjm Omvjm geâ geâo~v o~vbom bom Omeowe Ome owek k ng wh wh okhnwo okhnwo~kv ~kv geâo geâo~vb ~vbok ok Omeowek Omeowe k nge nge nbs|ksb~ nbs|ksb~byk byk ng |vk~goob |vk~goobÿh ÿh geâo~vb geâo~vbom om

= 6 6 ? > 7

Okhkobcbg Okhkob cbgh~k h~kss ng Geg Gego~v o~vbob bobnmn nmn Oíeowe Oíe oweks ks ng obv obvowb owb~ks ~ks geâo geâo~vb ~vboks oks Bhs~ Bh s~me memob mobÿh ÿh geâo~ geâo~vb vbom om Ng~gvc Ng~ gvcbhm bhmobÿ obÿh h ng Omvjm Omvjm geâ geâo~v o~vbom bom Omeowek Omeowe k ng wh okhnwo~kv okhnwo~kv geâo~v geâo~vbok bok r omhmeb omhmebtmobÿh tmobÿh M|ebomobÿh M|ebom obÿh ng nbs|ksb~ nbs|ksb~byks byks ng |vk~goob |vk~goobÿh ÿh geâo~vbom geâo~vbom

= \emhk Geâo~vbok okc|eg~k

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Okc|g~ghobm Okc|g~gh obm = Gh ge nbsgýk ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs wh |wh~k bc|kv~mh~g gs ge ng smfgv ems hkvcms ~âohboms ng ems cbscms r ~mcfbâh ge oíeowek ng ems bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms% gh em |vgsgh~g okc|g~ghobm m|vghngvís m vgmebtmv eks oíeoweks |mvm ng~gvcbhmv ge omebfvg nge okhnwo~kv r em omhmebtmobÿh% msã okck ok ck eks gegcgh~ks ng |vk~goobÿh }wg ngfgs ng w~bebtmv

=( M|ebom ems hkvcms r ~âohboms |mvm ge nbsgýk ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms( 6( Vgmebtm oíeoweks ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms(

Whm ygt }wg sg ekjvgh mn}wbvbv ems `mfbebnmngs hgogsmvbms m ~vmyâs nge nkcbhbk ng em okc|g~ghobm r sws m~vbfw~ks% |knvís gemfkvmv oíeoweks |mvm ems gs|gobibomobkhgs ~âohboms gh whm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom ng mowgvnk em hkvcm~bybnmn ybjgh~g

= Okhog|~ks Okhog|~ks físbok físbokss ng ng bhs~mem bhs~memobkhgs obkhgs geâo~ geâo~vboms vboms 6 Eg Egrr ng ng K`c K`c r Zm~ Zm~~ ~ ? Hkvcms ~âohboms ~âohboms |mvm ge nbsgýk nbsgýk ng bhs~memo bhs~memobkhgs bkhgs geâo~vbo geâo~vboms ms vgsbnghobmeg vgsbnghobmegss r okcgvobmegs > Ome Omeowe owek k ng omv omvjms jms geâ geâo~v o~vbom boms s 7 Ge oíeowek oíeowek ng ng Okhnwo~kvgs Okhnwo~kvgs geâo~v geâo~vboks boks r omhmeb omhmebtmobÿh tmobÿh 9 ^mfems |mvm em sgegoobÿh ng eks gegcgh~ks ng |vk~goobÿh ng whm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom

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= ―Okhog|~ks físboks ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms – Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4 ^vmgv omeowemnkvm% msã okck bhygs~bjmv em bhikvcmobÿh }wg sg eg

skebob~g

Mo~b~wngs4

ebc|bgtm kvngh vgs|g~k

~kegvmhobm |wh~wmebnmn vgs|khsmfbebnmn

~vmfmdk gh g}wb|k vgs|khsmfbebnmn skobme + okcwhb~mvbm vgs|g~k |kv ge gh~kvhk

Cmhgvm nbnío~bom ng ekjvmvem4 M ~vmyâs ng bhygs~bjmobkhgs r em ngcks~vmobÿh gh ge smeÿh ng oemsgs

r em |vío~bom% okh bcíjghgs% r skewobÿh sk ewobÿh ng obvowb~ks }wg gdgc|ebib}wgh ge ~gcm

Okc|g~ghobms Jghâvboms4

_g okhkog r ymekvm Gs sghsbfeg me mv~g \vmo~bom gs~beks ng ybnm smewnmfeg Gsowo`m% bh~gv|vg~m r gcb~g cghsmdgs Bhhkym r |vk|khg skewobkhgs _ws~gh~m |ks~wvm |gvskhme

M|vghng |kv bhbobm~bym \mv~bob|m r okemfkvm gh g}wb|ks Okhobghobm oãybom r â~bom Vgs|g~k r ~kegvmhobm Ngsmvvkeek sws~gh~mfeg

GEGO^VBOBNMN Ge `kcfvg okhkobÿ ngsng wh |vbhob|bk mejwhks gdgc|eks ng em gego~vbobnmn4 ge vmrk }wg ~mh~ms ygogs ngfbÿ m~gvvkvbtmvek nwvmh~g ems ~kvcgh~ms Rm gh ge sbjek PYBBB mejwhks ngsowfvbcbgh~ks skfvg ighÿcghks geâo~vboks iwgvkh wsmnks okck o kck nbygvsbkhgs ng smeÿh% |gvk iwg m |mv~bv nge ng e sbjek PBP owmhnk em gego~vbobnmn gs skcg~bnm m wh ~vm~mcbgh~k cís obgh~ãibok% okhybv~bâhnksg n wvmh~g ge PP gh ge ck~kv ng hwgs~vk mo~wme gs~mnk ng |vkjvgsk Hk gpbs~g |vío~bomcgh~g hbhjôh omc|k ng em mo~bybnmn `wcmhm gh ge }wg hk bh~gvyghjm% ng whm w k~vm cmhgvm% em gego~vbobnmn k em gego~vÿhbom Gs~ms ívgms ~gohkeÿjboms sg `mh okhygv~bnk gh físboms |mvm ge ckngek ng ybnm mo~wme g bc|vgsobhnbfeg gh cwo`ãsbcks ng sws ms|go~ks Ymcks m bh~gh~mv okc|vghngv m ~vmyâs ng gs~g ~gcm gh }wâ okhsbs~g em okvvbgh~g geâo~vbom r mejwhms ng ems m|ebomobkhgs |vío~boms }wg geem |wgng |wg ng ~ghgv gh ge omc|k ng em ^gohkekjãm ^gohkekjãm Okvvbgh~g geâo~vbom Em okvvbgh~g geâo~vbom gs wh ighÿcghk iãsbok }wg okhsbs~g gh ge ngs|emtmcbgh~k okh~bhwk r kvnghmnk ng gego~vkhgs m ~vmyâs ng wh okhnwo~kv Âs~g sg |vknwog owmhnk nks gegcgh~ks% gh~vg eks }wg `mr nbigvghobms ng omvjm geâo~vbom% sg |khgh gh okh~mo~k Ikvcms ng |vknwobv okvvbgh~g geâo~vbom

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\mvm |vknwobv gego~vbobnmn `mví ime~m wh nbs|ksb~byk }wg sgm om|mt ng ovgmv nks tkhms okh omvjm geâo~vbom k|wgs~m% ek }wg okhkogcks okck nbigvghobm ng |k~ghobme @mr nbs~bh~ms ikvcms ng `mogvek |gvk% ngsng ge |wh~k ng ybs~m ng m|vkygo`mcbgh~k ng em ghgvjãm geâo~vbom |vkn wobnm% sÿek ob~mvgcks4 º \kv vgmoobÿh }wãcbom (|bems r fm~gvãms" º \kv moobÿh ng em ewt (oâewems ik~kyke~mboms" º \kv moobÿh cmjhâ~bom (jghgvmnkvgs r nbhmcks" Ng geems% em ng cmrkv bc|kv~mhobm gs em ôe~bcm% rm }wg gs em cmhgvm ng |vknwobv omsb em ~k~mebnmn ng em okvvbgh~g geâo~vbom }wg okhswcbcks

^b|ks ng okvvbgh~g geâo~vbom Okck ybcks% em okvvbgh~g geâo~vbom okhsbs~g gh ge ckybcbgh~k okh~bhwk ng gego~vkhgs ngsng wh |kek okh cmrkv omvjm hgjm~bym }wg k~vk \gvk% ng|ghnbghnk ng oÿck sg |vknwtom gs~g ckybcbgh~k% em okvvbgh~g ~bghng sgv ng nks nk s ~b|ks4 Okvvbgh~g okh~bhwm4 ge |kek cís hgjm~byk gs sbgc|vg ge cbsck% |kv ek }wg em okvvbgh~g sbgc|vg ym gh em cbscm nbvgoobÿh Gs~k kowvvg% |kv gdgc|ek% gh ems |bems Okvvbgh~g me~gvhm4 ge |kek cís hgjm~byk gs~í omcfbíhnksg okhs~mh~gcgh~g okh ge cís |ksb~byk% |kv ek }wg em okvvbgh~g gs~í omcfbmhnk ng nbvgoobÿh #me~gvhíhnksg ng ikvcm |gvcmhgh~g _g |vknwog gh cí}wbhms }wg sg eemcmh me~gvhmnkvgs Mwh}wg ~g vgswe~g gp~vmýk% gs~m gs em ikvcm cís hkvcme ng |vknwobv gego~vbobnmn% em okvvbgh~g }wg kf~ghgcks ng eks gho`wigs gs ng gs~m oemsg º

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OBVOWB^K GEÂO^VBOK Wh obvowb~k geâo~vbok okhsbs~g gh wh okhdwh~k ng gegcgh~ks w k|gvmnkvgs }wg% whbnks gh~vg sã% |gvcb~gh gs~mfegogv whm okvvbgh~g gh~vg nks |wh~ks% eemcmnks |keks k fkvhgs% |mvm m|vkygo`mv em ghgvjãm geâo~vbom ^knk obvowb~k geâo~vbok sg okc|khg ng eks sbjwbgh~gs gegcgh~ks cãhbcks4 º jghgvmnkv% º vgog|~kv% º okhnwo~kv Eks jghgvmnkvgs skh eks gegcgh~ks }wg |vkyggh me obvowb~k ng em hgogsmvbm nbigvghobm ng omvjms gh~vg sws nks |keks k fkvhgs r }wg% mngcís% skh om|mogs ng cmh~ghgvem gibomtcgh~g nwvmh~g ge iwhobkhmcbgh~k nge obvowb~k Gdgc|eks ng geeks skh ems |bems r fm~gvãms r ems iwgh~gs ng mebcgh~mobÿh Eks vgog|~kvgs skh eks gegcgh~ks ghomvjmnks ng okhygv~bv em ghgvjãm geâo~vbom gh k~vk ~b|k ng ghgvjãm ô~be ng cmhgvm nbvgo~m% okck em ewcãhbom% em cgoíhbom (ckybcbgh~k"% omekvãibom% g~o Eks vgog|~kvgs geâo~vboks cís wswmegs gh hwgs~vk ~meegv sgvíh ems eíc|mvms k fkcfbeems% ems vgs bs~ghobms geâo~vboms r eks ck~kvgs

Eks okhnwo~kvgs k omfegs skh eks gegcgh~ks }wg hks sbvygh |mvm okhgo~mv ~knks eks ngcís gegcgh~ks }wg ikvcmh ge obvowb~k Okh geeks gs~mfegogvgcks ge omcbhk }wg ngfmh vgokvvgv eks gego~vkhgs ngsng ge |kek hgjm~byk `ms~m ge |ksb~byk nge jghgvmnkv Eks okhnwo~kvgs gs~íh imfvbomnks okh cm~gvbmegs }wg okhnwogh fbgh em gego~vbobnmn cg~megs okck okfvg r mewcbhbk% vgowfbgv~ks ng cm~gvbmegs mbsemh~gs hkvcmecgh~g |eís~boks

6?

Mngcís ng eks mh~gvbkvgs% `mr k~vks gegcgh~ks }wg ikvcmh |mv~g ng wh obvowb~k r% mwh}wg hk skh gs~vbo~mcgh~g hgogsmvbks |mvm gs~mfegogv nbo`k obvowb~k% sã }wg gh em cmrkvãm ng eks omsks sg `mogh bc|vgsobhnbfegs |kv whm w k~vm vmtÿh

Gegcgh~ks ng cmhbkfvm% }wg |gvcb~gh% ng cmhgvm iíobe% cmhb|wemv ge |msk ng em okvvbgh~g Ge bh~gvvw|~kv gs wh gegcgh~k físbok ng owme}wbgv obvowb~k% rm }wg |gvcb~bví mfvbv k ogvvmv ge obvowb~k sbh hgogsbnmn ng sg|mvmv eks `beks okhnwo~kvgs nge jghgvmnkv1 eks okhcw~mnkvgs r |wesmnkvgs skh k~vks nks ~b|ks cwr wswmegs ng gegcgh~ks ng cmhbkfvm wsmnks gh ge ~meegv ng ^gohkekjãm

Gegcgh~ks ng |vk~goobÿh% }wg% okck bhnbom sw hkcfvg% sbvygh |mvm |vk~gjgv m ems |gvskhms k m eks gegcgh~ks nge obvowb~k% nge vbgsjk ng cmhb|wemobkhgs bhmngowmnms k ymvbmobkhgs bc|vgybs~ms gh em okvvbgh~g Ge iwsbfeg gs wh gegcgh~k ng |vk~goobÿh |vgsgh~g gh em cmrkvãm ng eks m|mvm~ks geâo~vboks1 r eks bh~gvvw|~kvgs mw~kcí~boks% cmjhg~k ~âvcboks r eks bh~gvvw|~kvgs nbigvghobmegs% gs~íh |vgsgh~gs ng cmhgvm kfebjm~kvbm gh ~knks eks gnbibobks r ybybghnms

\mvícg~vks Geâo~vboks Ems |vk|bgnmngs iãsboms iwhnmcgh~megs ng em okvvbgh~g geâo~vbom skh ~vgs4 p Bh~ghsbnmn p ^ghsbÿh p Vgsbs~ghobm Bh~ghsbnmn ng okvvbgh~g # B Okck rm smfgcks% em okvvbgh~g geâo~vbom okhsbs~g gh wh iewdk ng gego~vkhgs }wg ymh ngsng wh |wh~k okh cís omvjm hgjm~bym }wg k~vk Em bh~ghsbnmn ng|ghng nge hôcgvk ng gego~vkhgs }wg obvowegh gh ge obvowb~k Em whbnmn gc|egmnm |mvm sw cgnbnm gs ge Mc|gvbk (M" Owmhnk gh wh obvowb~k sg cwgyg whm omvjm ng 9? ~vbeekhgs ng gego~vkhgs (wh owekcfbk" gh omnm sgjwhnk% sg nbog }wg gh ge obvowb~k obvowem whm bh~ghsbnmn ng wh mc|gvbk (= M" Gs~m whbnmn gs jvmhng% msã }wg sgví hkvcme

6>

vgigvbvhks m wh swfcôe~b|ek nge mc|gvbk% ge cbebmc|gvbk (cM"% g}wbymegh~g m whm cbeâsbcm ng mc|gvbk = M 3 =<<< cM = cM 3 <*<<= M \mvm cgnbv gs~m cmjhb~wn sg gc|egm ge mc|gvãcg~vk ^ghsbÿh ^gh sbÿh geâo~vbom # Y ^ghsbÿh geâo~vbom% yke~mdg k nbigvghobm ng |k~ghobme skh ~vgs hkcfvgs okh eks }wg hks vgigvbvgcks m em nbigvghobm ng omvjms geâo~vboms }wg gpbs~g gh~vg eks |keks |ksb~byk r hgjm~byk nge jghgvmnkv nge obvowb~k Gs~m cmjhb~wn gs bhnbom~bym ng em omh~bnmn ng ghgvjãm }wg sgví om|mt ng ngsmvvkeemv em okvvbgh~g ng gego~vkhgs% |mvm whm cbscm bh~ghsbnmn ng okvvbgh~g Em whbnmn ng cgnbnm gs ge yke~bk (Y"% r ge gegcgh~k wsmnk |mvm cgnbv sw ymekv gh wh obvowb~k sg eemcm yke~ãcg~vk Vgsbs~ghobm geâo~vbom # V Gs em k|ksbobÿh }wg |vgsgh~mh m em obvowemobÿh ng eks gego~vkhgs eks nbs~bh~ks gegcgh~ks bh~gvomemnks gh ge obvowb~k% bhoewbnk ge okhnwo~kv Em whbnmn ng cgnbnm gs ge k`cbk (Ò" Gs~m whbnmn gs ngcmsbmnk |g}wgým |kv ek }wg gs ivgowgh~g ghokh~vmv côe~b|eks okck ge abekk`cbk (A Ò"% g}wbymegh~g m =<<< Ò% r ge cgjmk`cbk (CÒ"% g}wbymegh~g m =< 9 Ò \mvm cgnbv em vgsbs~ghobm geâo~vbom ng wh gegcgh~k sg w~bebtm ge ÿ`cg~vk

Vgswcgh Bh~ghsbnmn ^ghsbÿh Vgsbs~ghobm

h´ ng gego~vkhgs }wg obvowemh mc|gvbks (M" Nbigv Nbi gvgh ghob obm m ng omvj omvjm m gh~v gh~v |k |keks eks n nge ge yke~bks (Y" jghgvmnkv Vgsbs~ghobm me |msk ng em okvvbgh~g ng k`cs (Ò" eks okc|khgh~gs nge obvowb~k

6( Egr ng K`c r Zm~~( Egr Ng K`c

\mvm |kngv okc|vghngv em egr ng k`c gs gsghobme }wg ~ghjmcks gh oemvk em ngibhbobÿh ng okvvbgh~g geâo~vbom em owme |kngcks sgýmemv okck ge |msk ng gego~vkhgs }wg sg ~vmhscb~gh m ~vmyâs ng wh okhnwo~kv gh wh ~bgc|k ng~gvcbhmnk M`kvm% |mvm smfgv k ng~gvcbhmv ge ge |msk ng okvvbgh~g m ~vmyâs ng wh okhnwo~kv gh iwhobÿh iwhobÿh m em k|ksbobÿh k vgsbs~ghobm }wg eks cm~gvbmegs cm~gvbmegs bc|khgh skfvg eks gego~vkhgs kow|mcks kow|mcks gs~m egr eemcmnm egr ng k`c% k`c% em owme nbog }wg Em okvvbgh~g geâo~vbom geâo~vbom gs nbvgo~mcgh~g |vk|kvobkhme me yke~mdg g bhygvsmcgh~g |vk|kvobkhme m em vgsbs~ghobm geâo~vbom Em egr ng K`c }wg iwg eemcmnm msã gh `khkv m sw ngsowfvbnkv% ge iãsbok megcíh Jgkvjg K`c r sg gp|vgsm cgnbmh~g em iÿvcwem4 _bghnk4

67

em bh~ghsbnmn ng okvvbgh~g gh mc|gvbks Y em iwgvtm gego~vkck~vbt gh yke~bks V em vgsbs~ghobm gh k`cbks B

Em egr ng K`c sg m|ebom m ~knks eks obvowb~ks geâo~vboks% ~mh~k m eks ng okvvbgh~g okh~bhwm (OO" okck m eks ng okvvbgh~g me~gvhm (OM"%

OBVOWB^K_ GH _GVBG% GH \MVMEGEK R CBP^K_ Owmhnk sg bhs~memh ymvbks vgog|~kvgs% âs~ks |wgngh sgv ckh~mnks ng nbigvgh~gs cmhgvms4 p Gh sgvbg p Gh |mvmegek p Cbp~ks Obvowb~ks gh sgvbg Gh wh obvowb~k gh sgvbg eks vgog|~kvgs gs~íh bhs~memnks whk m okh~bhwmobÿh ng k~vk gh em eãhgm geâo~vbom% ng ~me ikvcm }wg em okvvbgh~g }wg m~vmybgsm ge |vbcgvk ng geeks sgví em cbscm }wg em }wg m~vmybgsm ge ôe~bck \mvm bhs~memv wh hwgyk gegcgh~k gh sgvbg gh wh obvowb~k ~ghnvgcks }wg okv~mv ge omfeg r omnm whk ng eks ~gvcbhmegs jghgvmnks okhgo~mveks okhgo~m veks me vgog|~kv

Obvowb~k gh |mvmegek Gh wh obvowb~k gh |mvmegek omnm vgog|~kv okhgo~mnk m em iwgh~g ng mebcgh~mobÿh ek gs~í ng ikvcm bhng|ghnbgh~g me vgs~k1 omnm whk ~bghg sw |vk|bm eãhgm% mwh}wg `mrm |mv~g ng gsm eãhgm }wg sgm okcôh m ~knks \mvm okhgo~mv wh hwgyk vgog|~kv gh |mvmegek% mýmnbvgcks whm hwgym eãhgm okhgo~mnm m eks ~gvcbhmegs ng ems eãhgms }wg rm `mr gh ge obvowb~k

Omãnm ng ~ghsbÿh gh wh vgog|~kv M|mvgog wh okhog|~k hwgyk ebjmnk m em ~ghsbÿh Owmhnk ~ghgcks cís ng wh vgog|~kv

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okhgo~mnk gh sgvbg gh wh obvowb~k% sb cgnbcks eks yke~bks gh eks gp~vgcks ng omnm whk ng eks vgog|~kvgs |kngcks ygv }wg em cgnbnm hk gs em cbscm sb m}wgeeks ~bghgh vgsbs~ghobms nbigvgh~gs Em cgnbnm ng eks yke~bks gh eks gp~vgcks ng omnm vgog|~kv em eemcmcks omãnm ng ~ghsbÿh

Em okvvbgh~g gh eks obvowb~ks sgvbg r |mvmegek Whm cmhgvm cwr ví|bnm ng nbs~bhjwbv wh obvowb~k gh sgvbm ng k~vk gh |mvmegek okhsbs~g gh bcmjbhmem obvowemobÿh ng eks gego~vkhgs m ~vmyâs ng whk ng eks vgog|~kvgs4 sb |mvm vgjvgsgh m em |bem m~vmygsmhnk ge vgog|~kv% eks gego~vkhgs ~bghgh }wg m~vmygsmv k~vk vgog|~kv% ge obvowb~k gs~í gh sgvbg1 sb eks gego~vkhgs eegjmh m~vmygsmhnk sÿek ge vgog|~kv sgegoobkhmnk% ge obvowb~k gs~í gh |mvmegek \wesm skfvg eks obvowb~ks ng mfmdk |mvm ygv ge ckybcbgh~k ng eks gego~vkhgs Omvmo~gvãs~boms ng eks obvowb~ks sgvbg s gvbg r |mvmegek _gvbg \mvmegek Vgsbs~ghobm Mwcgh~m me bhokv|kvmv vgog|~kvgs Nbscbhwrg me bhokv|kvmv vgog|~kvgs Omnm vgog|~kv ~bghg em swrm% }wg mwcgh~m okh sw vgsbs~ghobm Gs em cbscm |mvm omnm whk ng eks Ombnm ng ~ghsbÿh Em swcm ng ~knms ems omãnms gs bjwme vgog|~kvgs% g bjwme m em ng em iwgh~g m em ~ghsbÿh ng em |bem Omnm vgog|~kv gs m~vmygsmnk |kv whm okvvbgh~g bhng|ghnbgh~g% cghkv Gs em cbscm gh ~knks eks vgog|~kvgs owmh~k cmrkv vgsbs~ghobm g bjwme m em jghgvme gh ge obvowb~k Bh~ghsbnmn Em bh~ghsbnmn ~k~me gs em swcm ng ems Owmh~ks cís vgog|~kvgs% cghkv sgví bh~ghsbnmngs bhnbybnwmegs _gví% em okvvbgh~g }wg obvoweg |wgs% cmrkv owmh~k cís vgog|~kvgs ~ghjmcks gh ge obvowb~k

6:

Oíeoweks

Egr ng Zm~~ Em |k~ghobm geâo~vbom swcbhbs~vmnm |kv wh vgog|~kv gs nbvgo~mcgh~g |vk|kvobkhme m em ~ghsbÿh ng em mebcgh~mobÿh (y" nge obvowb~k r m em bh~ghsbnmn ( B " }wg obvoweg |kv âe Gowmobÿh4 Gh nkhng4 \ 3 |k~ghobm gh Zm~~s Y 3 ^ghsbÿh gh yke~bks B 3 Bh~ghsbnmn gh g h Mc|gvgs Mc|gvgs Ge zm~~ gs em whbnmn ng |k~ghobm r gs ge g}wbymegh~g m = dkkeg |kv sgjwhnk (= D+s" Gp|vgsmnk gh whbnmngs w~bebtmnms gh gego~vbobnmn% ge zm~~ gs em |k~ghobm |vknwobnm |kv whm nbigvghobm ng |k~ghobme Em |k~ghobm geâo~vbom ng eks m|mvm~ks geâo~vboks sg gp|vgsm gh zm~~s% sb skh ng |kom |k~ghobm% |gvk sb skh ng cgnbmhm k jvmh |k~ghobm sg gp|vgsm gh abekzm~~s (aZ" }wg g}wbymeg m =<<< ym~bks Wh aZ g}wbymeg m =%?720> OY (omfmeeks ng ym|kv"

? Hkvcms ~âohboms |mvm ge g e nbsgýk ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs _g ngfgh ng owc|ebv owc|ebv obgv~ks ebhgmcbgh~ks |mvm }wg ems bhs~memobkhgs

60

owc|emh okh ek

nbs|wgs~k gh ge Vgjemcgh~k r ems Hkvcms Kibobmegs Cgpbom hms m|ebomfegs% gh |mv~bowemv4 HKC#<<=#_GNG% ―Bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms (w~bebtmoböh"–

> Omeowek ng omvjms geâo~vboms Em bc|kv~mhobm ng omeowemv em omvjm geâo~vbom gh whm bhs~memobÿh% gs |mvm smfgv em omh~bnmn ng cm~gvbme hgogsmvbk m gc|egmv% ge oíeowek ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms sg gigo~ôm |kv câ~knks vgem~bymcgh~g sbc|egs% |gvk sbgc|vg vgs|g~mhnk ems nbs|ksbobkhgs vgjemcgh~mvbms ng ems hkvcms ~âohboms \mvm bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms \vbcgvmcgh~g ngfgcks ng smfgv ems hgogsbnmngs }wg ngfgcks sm~bsimogv okck |kv gdgc|ek gh whm vgsbnghobm% ngfgcks ~kcmv gh owgh~m ems hgogsbnmngs ng omnm whm ng ems |mv~gs }wg em okc|khgh4 okobhm% vgomcmvms% fmýks% smem r okcgnkv% |msbeeks% owmv~k ng sgvybobk% |m~bks r dmvnbhgs Gh vgswcgh sg ngfg gemfkvmv wh |emhk ng ~vmfmdk nkhng sg ngfgh ng bhnbomv ems hgogsbnmngs }wg sg ~ghnvíh gh ems nbs~bh~ms ívgms skfvg4 p p p p p p p p p p p p

Mewcfvmnk Okh~mo~ks Okh~mo~ks gh |bsk M|mjmnkvgs ng ? r > yãms Okh~mo~ks okh~vkemnks |kv m|mjmnkvgs Okh~mo~ks |kemvbtmnks Mvfk~mh~gs ng |msbeek _mebnms |mvm ^Y r ~geâikhk Mewcfvmnk ng dmvnãh _mebnms |mvm bh~gvokcwhbomobÿh _mebnms gs|gobmegs% G~o

Whm ygt oksbnms ems ngcmhnms vg}wgvbnms |kngcks `mogv hwgs~vks oíeoweks ng |k~ghobm Oemygs skfvg bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms … Hwhom mwcgh~g mwcgh~g ge ymekv nge nbsrwh~kv k nge iwsbfeg iwsbfeg sbh omcfbmv ge ge ~ghnbnk Ngfg `mfgv whm okvvgs|khnghobm gh~vg mcfks … Ge cghkv cghkv ~mcmýk |gvcb~bnk |gvcb~bnk |kv hkvcm |mvm obvowb~ks obvowb~ks ng fkcfbeems gs ng=%7 cc¶ cc¶ r ng 6%7 cc¶ |mvm ~kcms … _g ngfgh |vgygv obvowb~ks sg|mvmnks |mvm bewcbhmobÿh r ~kcms … Hwhom bhw~bebtmv eks omfegs m ~bgvvm ng eks m|mvm~ks Me okh~vmvbk% bhs~meg wh fwgh sbs~gcm ng ―~bgvvm– gh sw vgsbnghobm

62

7# Ge oíeowek ng Okhnwo~kvgs geâo~vboks r omhmebtmobÿh Gpbs~gh ymvbks câ~knks |mvm omeowemv ge omebfvg ng eks mebcgh~mnkvgs |vbhob|megs ng whm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom vgsbnghobme% m smfgv4 \kv okvvbgh~g% |kv omãnm ng ~ghsbÿh r |kv vgsbs~ghobm ng eks okhnwo~kvgs Câ~knk ng okvvbgh~gs |mvm omeowemv ge omebfvg ng eks mebcgh~mnkvgs |vbhob|megs \vkognbcbgh~k … _g ng~gvcbhm em OMVJM ^K^ ^K^ME ME ng em vgsbnghobm k omsm `mfb~mobÿh ng em owme sg ng~gvcbhmvíh eks mebcgh~mnkvgs |vbhob|megs … _g m|ebom em iÿvcwem4 B3 \+ (Y$<2"

…

Gh nkhng4 B gs em okvvbgh~g }wg |msmví |kv eks okhnwo~kvgs (mc|gvgs"1 \ gs em omvjm ~k~me (Zm~~s"1 Y gs ge yke~mdg }wg eegjm m em vgsbnghobm |kv cgnbk ng em mokcg~bnm (=6: Yke~s#om |mvm ge omsk ng whm bhs~memobÿh }wg hk vgfmsm eks 7%<<< Zm~~s"1 r <2 gs ge nghkcbhmnk imo~kv ng |k~ghobm ge owme vgjwemvcgh~g gs nge 2<' |kv em okcfbhmobÿh ng omvjms vgsbs~byms g bhnwo~byms gpbs~gh~gs gh em bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom Okh em B% sg ng~gvcbhm whm Bo (okvvbgh~g okvvgjbnm" cwe~b|eboíhnkem |kv wh imo~kv ng ngcmhnm k imo~kv ng w~bebtmobÿh (in" ge owme ~bghg wh ymekv }wg ymvãm ng em sbjwbgh~g cmhgvm Whbnmngs ng ybybghnm% sgjôh HKC#<<=#_GNG#Ybjgh~g% HKC# <<=#_GNG#Ybjgh~g% 66<#== \vbcgvks ?%<<< YM k cghks4 =<<'1 = Ng ?%<<= m =6<%<<< = 6<%<<< YM4 YM4 ?7'1 <?7 M |mv~bv ng =6<%<<< YM4 67'1 <67 Gh ybv~wn ng }wg ge imo~kv ng ngcmhnm k w~bebtmobÿh gs|gobibomnm gh em Hkvcm Kibobme% ymvãm cwo`k mh~gs r ngs|wâs ng eks ?<<< Zm~~s% |wgng w~bebtmvsg m omcfbk whk cís mokvng ng <9 k <: okvvgs|khnbgh~g me 9<' r :<' vgs|go~bymcgh~g Em k|gvmobÿh cm~gcí~bom |mvm omeowemvem Okvvbgh~g Okvvgjbnm gs sbc|egcgh~g whm cwe~b|ebomobÿh ng em B |kv ge in k sgm4

Bo3 (B" (in"

Okh em Bo sg fwsom ge omebfvg nge okhnwo~kv gh ems ~mfems okvvgs|khnbgh~gs% ng|ghnbghnk ng em cmvom nge imfvbomh~g r ng sb gs~mví me mbvg ebfvg (bhs~memobÿh ybsbfeg" k gh ~wfk (bhs~memobÿh kowe~m"

Omhmebtmobkhgs Ng|ghnbghnk nge ~b|k ng bhs~memobÿh (Ybsbfeg w kowe~m" |wgng sgegoobkhmv gh~vg nbigvgh~gs ~b|ks ng omhmebtmobÿh Ge oíeowek nge nbícg~vk ng em omhmebtmobÿh sg vgmebtm ~kcmhnk gh okhsbngvmobÿh ge imo~kv ng vgeeghk r ge ívgm }wg kow|mh eks okhnwo~kvgs }wg gs~mvíh gh em omhmebtmobÿh

?<

:# ^mfems |mvm em sgegoobÿh ng eks gegcgh~ks ng |vk~goobÿh ng whm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom ^knm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom ngfg gs~mv nk~mnm ng whm sgvbg ng |vk~goobkhgs }wg em `mjmh sgjwvm% ~mh~k ngsng ge |wh~k ng ybs~m ng eks okhnwo~kvgs r eks m|mvm~ks mâvgks okhgo~mnks% okck ng ems |gvskhms }wg `mh ng ~vmfmdmv okh geems Gpbs~gh cwo`ks ~b|ks ng |vk~goobkhgs }wg |wgngh `mogv whm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom okc|eg~mcgh~g sgjwvm mh~g owme}wbgv okh~bhjghobm% |gvk `mr ~vgs }wg ngfgh wsmvsg gh ~knk ~b|k ng bhs~memobÿh4 ng mewcfvmnk% nkcâs~boms% ng iwgvtm% vgngs ng nbs~vbfwobÿh% obvowb~ks mwpbebmvgs% g~o% rm sgmh ng me~m k fmdm ~ghsbÿh Gs~ms ~vgs |vk~goobkhgs geâo~vboms% }wg ngsovbfbvgcks okh ng~meeg m okh~bhwmobÿh4 m" \vk~goobÿh okh~vm okv~kobvowb~ks f" \vk~goobÿh okh~vm skfvgomvjms o" \vk~goobÿh okh~vm gego~vkowobÿh \vk~goobÿh okh~vm okv~kobvowb~ks4 sg ngibhg okck em whbÿh ng nks okhnwo~kvgs k |mv~gs ng wh obvowb~k geâo~vbok% okh whm nbigvghobm ng |k~ghobme k ~ghsbÿh gh~vg sã% sbh hbhjwhm bc|gnmhobm geâo~vbom gh~vg geeks Gs~g ngigo~k% sgjôh em Egr ng K`c% me sgv em bc|gnmhobm ogvk `mog }wg em bh~ghsbnmn ~bghnm m bhibhb~k% okh ek owme |gebjvm em bh~gjvbnmn ng okhnwo~kvgs r cí}wbhms |kv ge omekv jghgvmnk |kv nbo`m bh~ghsbnmn% ngfbnk me gigo~k Dkweg Gh em |vío~bom em bh~ghsbnmn |vknwobnm |kv wh okv~kobvowb~k sbgc|vg }wgnm mckv~bjwmnm |kv em vgsbs~ghobm ng eks |vk|bks okhnwo~kvgs% }wg mwh}wg cwr |g}wgým% hwhom gs ogvk Ems hkvcms gego~vk~âohboms gs|gobibomh }wg gh ge kvbjgh ng ~knk obvowb~k ngfgví okekomvsg wh nbs|ksb~byk ng |vk~goobÿh% ng mowgvnk okh em bh~ghsbnmn nge okv~k obvowb~k }wg |wgnm |vgsgh~mvsg gh em bhs~memobÿh Hk kfs~mh~g% sg mncb~g whm |vk~goobÿh jghgvme okh~vm okv~kobvowb~ks |mvm ymvbks obvowb~ks ngvbymnks Eks nbs|ksb~byks cís gc|egmnks |mvm em |vk~goobÿh okh~vm okv~kobvowb~ks okv~kobvowb~ks skh eks bh~gvvw|~kvgs mw~kcí~boks cmjhg~k~âvcboks% }wg sg wsmh gh ems bhs~memobkhgs nkcbobebmvbms g

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bhnws~vbmegs r |gvk ~mcfbâh gpbs~gh eks iwsbfegs omebfvmnks

\vk~goobÿh okh~vm skfvgomvjms _g gh~bghng |kv skfvgomvjm ge gpogsk ng bh~ghsbnmn gh wh obvowb~k% ngfbnk m wh gigo~k ng mbsemcbgh~k% k fbgh m whm mygvãm k ngcmhnm gpogsbym ng omvjm ng em cí}wbhm okhgo~mnm m wh ck~kv geâo~vbok Em skfvgomvjm ngfg ng |vk~gjgvsg rm }wg |wgngh nmv ewjmv m em ngs~vwoobÿh ~k~me ng eks mbsemcbgh~ks ng whm vgn% ng wh ck~kv ng owme}wbgv k~vk m|mvm~k geâo~vbok okhgo~mnk m geem Whm skfvgomvjm hk |vk~gjbnm ngjghgvm sbgc|vg gh wh okv~kobvowb~k _gjôh eks vgjemcgh~ks gego~vk~âohboks sb ge okhnwo~kv hgw~vk ~bghg em cbscm sgoobÿh }wg ems imsgs% em |vk~goobÿh okh~vm skfvgomvjms sg `mví okh wh nbs|ksb~byk }wg |vk~gdm skemcgh~g ems imsgs1 |kv ge okh~vmvbk% sb em sgoobÿh nge okhnwo~kv hgw~vk gs bhigvbkv m em ng ems imsgs% ge nbs|ksb~byk ng |vk~goobÿh `mfví ng okh~vkemv ~mcfbâh em okvvbgh~g nge hgw~vk Mngcís ngfg okekomvsg whm |vk~goobÿh |mvm omnm obvowb~k ngvbymnk ng k~vk |vbhob|me \mvm gs~g oíeowek whm ygt ~ghbghnk em okvvbgh~g }wg obvowemví m ~vmyâs nge okhnwo~kv% |kngcks sgegoobkhmv ng|ghnbghnk ge imfvbomh~g% ge gegcgh~k }wg gs~g ngh~vk nge vmhjk mc|gvmdg }wg ngfg ~ghgv r sb ng~gvcbhmv sb gs |mvm wh% nks k ~vgs |keks

?6

= ―Oíeoweks ng obvowb~ks geâo~vboks – Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk 4

Mo~b~wngs4




Cmhgvm nbnío~bom ng ekjvmvem4



Cmhgvm nbnío~bom ng ekjvmvems4

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Gh ge obvowb~k ng em ibjwvm smfgcks }wg em |bem gs ng >*7 Y% r ems eíc|mvms ~bghgh whm vgsbs~ghobm ng V=3 9< Ò r V63 ?< Ò _g |bng4 = Nbfwdmv ge gs}wgcm nge obvowb~k1 6 omeowemv em vgsbs~ghobm ~k~me k g}wbymegh~g nge obvowb~k% em bh~ghsbnmn ng okvvbgh~g }wg obvowemví |kv âe owmhnk sg obgvvg ge bh~gvvw|~kv r ems omãnms ng ~ghsbÿh gh omnm whm ng ems fkcfbeems

?>

6# ―Oíeoweks ng obvowb~ks geâo~vboks – Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk 4

Mo~b~wngs4








?7


Gh ge obvowb~k ng em ibjwvm smfgcks }wg em |bem gs ng >*7Y% r ems eíc|mvms skh ng 9< Ò r ?< Ò% vgs|go~bymcgh~g Omeowemv4 = Em bh~ghsbnmn gh omnm vmcm nge obvowb~k% em bh~ghsbnmn ~k~me }wg obvowemví r em vgsbs~ghobm g}wbymegh~g 6 Nbfwdmv ge gs}wgcm nge obvowb~k

6# Bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom … Ge |vkigskv mhmebtm okhdwh~mcgh~g okhdwh~mcgh~g okh eks mewchks mewchks ems hkvcms ~âohboms |mvm ge nbsgýk ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs

?9

?:

> Ng~gvcbhmobÿh ng Omvjm geâo~vbom

?0

…

Ge |vkigskv gp|ebomví em kf~ghobÿh ng wh owmnvk ng omvjm

> Omeowek ng wh okhnwo~kv geâo~vbok … …

…

Ge |vkigskv ngcwgs~vm eks |vkognbcbgh~ks nge oíeowek ng Okhnwo~kvgs geâo~vboks |mvm obvowb~ks ngvbymnks r mebcgh~mnkvgs Em omvjm ~k~me gh whm ybybghnm ybybghnm gs ng >%6<< Zm~~s% vgswe~mnk ng swcmv swcmv omvjms ibdms ckhkiísboms (m|mvm~ks geâo~vboks ibdks }wg iwhobkhmh m =6: Yke~s#om" r ~bghg wh imo~kv ng w~bebtmobÿh k ngngcmhnm nge :<' @meemv ge omebfvg ng eks mebcgh~mnkvgs |vbhob|megs okhsbngvmhnk }wg em bhs~memobÿh sgví kowe~m _kewobÿh \msk = Em \k~ghobm ~k~me gh gs~g omsk gs ng >%<<< Zm~~s \msk 6 B 3 >6<<+=6:$<2 3 ?>22 ?> 22 Mc|3?7 mc| \msk ? Bo 3 (?7" (<:" 3 6>7 Mc| Mc| \msk > Gh ems ~mfems (|mvm okhnwo~kvgs" sg fwsom ge omebfvg m|vk|bmnk }wg vgsbs~m 6>7 mc|gvgs gh em bhs~memobÿh kowe~m% m`ã |knvgcks kfsgvymv }wg ge omebfvg /=6 |wgng okhnwobv `ms~m 67 mc|gvgs Ge |vkigskv gp|ebom câ~knks câ~knks |mvm ng~gvcbhmv em omvjm ~k~me ~k~me |kv bhs~memv

7 Omeowek nge nbs|ksb~byk n bs|ksb~byk ng |vk~goobÿh geâo~vbom … Ge |vkigskv |vkigskv gp|khg eks om~íekjks |mvm em sgegoobÿh ng nbs|ksb~byks nbs|ksb~byks ng |vk~goobÿh gh whm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom

?2

= ―Okhkobcbgh~ks ng Gego~vbobnmn–

Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge Nkogh~g4 Nbsgým wh owgs~bkhmvbk |mvm }wg m|eb}wg wh nbmjhks~bok skf vg okhkobcbgh~ks |vgybks ng gego~vbobnmn r ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms

Mo~b~wngs4




Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4 _bjwbghnk ems bhs~vwoobkhgs ng ~w cmgs~vk% okh~gs~m ng cmhgvm bhnbybnwme ge owgs~bkhmvbk }wg ~w |vkigskv ~g gh~vgjmvm r sbjwg ems bhs~vwoobkhgs }wg ~g bhnb}wg( Okc|g~ghobms Jghâvboms4




><

6 ― Oíeoweks ng obvowb~ks geâo~vboks–

Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge Nkogh~g4 ]wgnm m sw okhsbngvmobÿh sb eks |vkfegcms |emh~gmnks gh em jwãm skh swibobgh~gs k gs hgogsmvbk mc|ebmv cms skfvg ge ~gcm

Mo~b~wngs4




Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4 _bjwbghnk ems bhs~vwoobkhgs ng ~w cmgs~vk% okh~gs~m ng cmhgvm bhnbybnwme eks |vkfegcms }wg sg ~g |emh~gmh(




=( Omeowemv ge ymekv ng em vgsbs~ghobm g}wbymegh~g gh wh obvowb~k okc|wgs~k |kv ~vgs fkcfbeems ng ?< Ò okhgo~mnms gh sgvbg @meemv ge ymekv ng em bh~ghsbnmn ng okvvbgh~g }wg m~vmygsmv í ge obvowb~k r em |k~ghobm smfbghnk }wg gs~í okhgo~mnk m whm iwgh~g ng mebcgh~mobÿh ng >(7 Y r em omãnm ng ~ghsbÿh gh omnm fkcfbeem( 6( Nks k|gvmnkvgs okh vgsbs~ghobm ng ?< Ò omnm whk sg okhgo~mh gh sgvbg m whm iwgh~g ng mebcgh~mobÿh Omeowemv em |k~ghobm r ~ghsbÿh }wg ngfgví swcbhbs~vmv nbo`m iwgh~g sb em bh~ghsbnmn }wg ngfg m~vmygsmv m eks ob~mnks k|gvmnkvgs ngfg sgv ng 7< cM( »]wâ omãnm ng ~ghsbÿh `mfví gh omnm k|gvmnkv; ?( Wh obvowb~k obvowb ~k nbs|khg ng whm |bem ng 2Y% 2Y% wh |g}wgýk ck~kv geâo~vbok geâo~vb ok okh whm vgsbs~ghobm ng =6 Ò% r nks |g}wgýms |g}wg ýms eíc|mvms ng ?< Ò omnm whm ~knks eks vgog|~kvgs gs~íh bhs~memnks gh |mvmegek#( Nbfwdmv ge gs}wgcm nge obvowb~k r mygvbjwmv em vgsbs~ghobm g}wbymegh~g nge cbsck% em bh~ghsbnmn ~k~me }wg smeg nge jghgvmnkv% r em }wg m~vmybgsm omnm whk ng eks vgog|~kvgs( v gog|~kvgs(

>=

>( Wh iwsbfeg gs wh gegcgh~k ng |vk~goobÿh }wg sg iwhng owmhnk |kv âe obvowem whm bh~ghsbnmn ng okvvbgh~g sw|gvbkv m wh eãcb~g( Omeowem owíh~ms eíc|mvms ng 6<< Ò sg |knvíh okhgo~mv gh |mvmegek |mvmege k m whm |bem ng 2Y% 2Y% sb em bhs~memobÿh ~bghg ~b ghg wh iwsbfeg ng = M( 7( Wh obvowb~k gs~í ikvcmnk |kv =< eíc|mvms ng 2< Ò okhgo~mnms gh |mvmegek% wh bh~gvvw|~kv r whm |bem ng >(7Y Ngsgk bhs~memv wh iwsbfeg gh nbo`k obvowb~k% |mvm ek }wg nbs|khjk ng ~vgs ckngeks nbigvgh~gs4 ng ?<< cM% ng 9<< cM r ng 0<< cM Omeowem owíe sgvãm ge ckngek cknge k cís mngowmnk |mvm bhs~memv(

? ― Bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom–

Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge Nkogh~g4 Ge nkogh~g mhmebtm okhdwh~mcgh~g okh eks mewchks ems hkvcms ~âohboms |mvm ge nbsgýk ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs (|ks~gvbkvcgh~g ge mewchk ngfg vgmebtmv wh vgswcgh ng eks mv~ãoweks vgigvbnks m bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms vgsbnghobmegs r okcgvobmegs gemfkvmnk" Mo~b~wngs4




Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4 _bjwbghnk ems bhs~vwoobkhgs ng ~w cmgs~vk% vgmebtm

wh vgswcgh ng mowgvnk okh ek }wg gh~ghnbs~g mogvom ng ems hkvcms ~âohboms skfvg bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms Okh~gs~m ng cmhgvm bhnbybnwme ge owgs~bkhmvbk }wg ~w |vkigskv ~g gh~vgjmvm r sbjwg ems bhs~vwoobkhgs }wg ~g bhnb}wg Okc|g~ghobms Jghâvboms4



>6

> ―Ng~gvcbhmobÿh ng Omvjm geâo~vbom–

Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge Nkogh~g4Nbsgým whm |vío~bom gh em }wg omnm mewchk jwbmnk |kv ~b% gemfkvg wh owmnvk ng omvjms gh fmsg m wh |emhk geâo~vbok

Mo~b~wngs4




Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4 _bjwbghnk ems bhnbomobkhgs ng ~w |vkigskv r jwbmnk |kv âe% gemfkvm wh owmnvk ng omvjms gh fmsg m wh |emhk geâo~vbok( Vgowgvnm }wg ~bghgs }wg okhswe~mv eks nm~ks ng |emom ng omnm whm ng ems omvjms okhgo~mnms% |mvm |kngv mhk~mv eks nm~ks okvvgs|khnbgh~gs gh ~w owmnvk( Okc|g~ghobms Jghâvboms4



>?

7 ―Omeowek ng wh okhnwo~kv geâo~vbok–

Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge Nkogh~g4 Nm eks cgnbks hgogsmvbks |mvm em bhygs~bjmobÿh nge ~gcm r m|krm cw~wmcgh~g m ~ws mewchks% mngcís ng ngsbjhmv eks g}wb|ks |mvm ge ngsmvvkeek ng eks swf~gcms% gemfkvm wh owgs~bkhmvbk |mvm vgmibvcmv eks okhkobcbgh~ks r wh vgswcgh  Mo~b~wngs4




Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4 4 Bhygs~bjm eks câ~knks ng oíeoweks nge omebfvg ng

okhnwo~kvgs geâo~vboks r Cmhgdk ng ~mfems |mvm ng~gvcbhmv ge omebfvg ng okhnwo~kvgs r eks om~íekjks |mvm em sgegoobÿh ng nbs|ksb~byks ng |vk~goobÿh ng whm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom Okc|g~ghobms Jghâvboms4



Cmhgvm nbnío~bom ng ekjvmvems4 Ge mewchk ngfg cks~vmv sbgc|vg em vgs|khsmfbebnmn r ge

bh~gvâs |kv kf~ghgv hwgyks okhkobcbgh~ks sbh |khgvsg eãcb~gs% sbghnk okhsobgh~g r vgiegpbyk ng ek }wg `mog

>>

=( ―\emhk Geâo~vbok okc|eg~k– Okc|g~ghobm m ngsmvvkeemv4

_kewobkhm |vkfegcms M~vbfw~ks ng em okc|g~ghobm4

=(

M|ebebom M| om em emss hkvc hkvcms ms r ~â ~âoh ohbo boms ms |mv |mvmm ge nb nbsg sgýk ýk ng ng bhs~ bhs~me memo mobk bkhg hgss geâo geâo~vb ~vbom oms( s(

6( Vgmebtm oíeoweks ng bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms( Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4 \mvm }wg ngcwgs~vgs ge nkcbhbk ng ems `mfbebnmngs ng gs~m okc|g~ghobm% r gh fmsg m wh

|emhk mv}wb~go~ÿhbok% mv}wb~go~ÿ hbok% }wg ~g sgví |vk|kvobkhmnk |kv ~w |vkigskv% nkhng ngfgvís gemfkvmv wh |emhk geâo~vbok% m|ebomhnk em hkvcm ~âohbom ybjgh~g |mvm bhs~memobkhgs geâo~vboms% msã okck eks cm~gvbmegs hgogsmvbks |mvm sw gemfkvmobÿh mngcís ng sw owmnvk ng omvjm( Vgowvsks cm~gvbmegs ng m|krk4

@kdms femhoms% eí|bt% omeowemnkvm omeowemnkvm%% |ewcms% okc|w~mnkvm% bc|vgskvm(

Cmhgvm nbnío~bom ng ekjvmvem4 M ~vmyâs ng whm mo~b~wn ng kvngh r sgowghobms eÿjboms% }wg ek eegygh me vgswe~mnks

fwsomnks( Mo~b~wngs4







Cmhgvm nbnío~bom ng ekjvmvems4 Me ghokh~vmvsg ivgh~g m wh omsk nkhng ym m m|ebomv ge okhkobcbgh~k mn}wbvbnk% gs nkhng eg

swvjbvíh nwnms r ngfgví skewobkhmvek jwbmnk |kv sw |vkigskv(

>7

^ÂOHBOK GH GEGO^VBO GEGO^VBOBNMN BNMN



6 >9

Ngsmvvkeek ng Gsigvms ng Okc|g~ghobm Okc|g~ghobm Okc|g~gh obm 6 Gemfkvm g bh~gv|vg~m ge |emhk geâo~vbok |mvm em bhs~memobÿh ng g}wb|ks r moogskvbks 

=

_ãcfkeks _ãcf keks geâo~vbo geâo~vboks ks r ems nbcghsbkh nbcghsbkhgs gs ng eks |emhks |emhks sgjôh sgjôh em hkvcm ~âohbom ~âohbom (HKC#<< (HKC#<<= = ybjgh~g" ybjgh~g"

6( Okcmhnks físboks ng Mw~k Omn

= Gemfkvmobÿh Gemfkvmobÿh ng wh |emhk |emhk geâo~vbok geâo~vbok wsmhnk em sbcfkekjã sbcfkekjãm m |mvm vg|vgsgh~mv vg|vgsgh~mv cm~gvbmegs% cm~gvbmegs% g}wb|k r moogskvbks gh Mw~k Omn

= \emhk geâo~vbok

= Nbsgýk ng whm bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom

>:

Okc|g~ghobm Okc|g~gho bm 6 Nwvmh~g ge ngsmvvkeek ng em |vgsgh~g okc|g~ghobm |knví bh~gv|vg~mv |emhks geâo~vbok% msã okck ~mcfbâh sw gemfkvmobÿh% sbjwbghnk ems hkvcms nge nbfwdk ~âohbok r msbs~bnk |kv okc|w~mnkvm

= Nb Nbfwd fwdm m |emhk |emhkss geâo~ geâo~vb vbok okss 6 Vgmeb Vgmebtm tm nbmjvmc nbmjvmcms ms ng bhs~me bhs~memobkhg mobkhgss geâo~vb geâo~vboms oms cgnbmh cgnbmh~g ~g ski~zm ski~zmvg vg ? Gemfkv Gemfkvm m nbmjvmcm nbmjvmcm whbib whbibemv emv gh gh ge |emhk geâo~vb geâo~vbok ok > Gem Gemfkv fkvm m owmnvk owmnvk ng omvjms omvjms gh gh ge |emhk |emhk geâo~v geâo~vbok bok 7 Gemfkvm owmnvk ng sbcfkekjãm gh ge |emhk geâo~vbok

Whm ygt }wg sg ekjvgh mn}wbvbv ems `mfbebnmngs hgogsmvbms m ~vmyâs nge Nkcbhbk ng em okc|g~ghobm r sws m~vbfw~ks% |knvís bh~gv|vg~mv r nbsgýmv |emhks geâo~vboks }wg skh bhnbs|ghsmfegs gh em gemfkvmobÿh ng |vkrgo~ks

= 6

_ãcfkeks geâo~vbo _ãcfkeks geâo~vboks ks r ems nbcghsbkh nbcghsbkhgs gs ng eks |emhks |emhks sgjôh sgjôh em hkvcm ~âohbom ~âohbom (HKC#< (HKC#<<= <= ybjgh~g" ybjgh~g" Okhog| Okh og|~ks ~ks físb físboks oks ng ng Okcmhn Okcmhnks ks físbo físboks ks ng Mw~ Mw~k k Omn

>0

_mfgvgs =# –_ãcfkeks geâo~vboks r ems nbcghsbkhgs ng eks |emhks sgjôh em hkvcm ~âohbom (HKC#<<=

ybjgh~g" –

Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4Vgwhbv em bhikvcmobÿh }wg ~w |vkigskv ~g skebob~g r sbjwg ems

bhs~vwoobkhgs ng ~w |vkigskv

Mo~b~wngs4





r em |vío~bom% okh bcíjghgs% r ski~zmvg s ki~zmvg }wg gdgc|ebib}wgh ge ~gcm




Cmhgvm nbnío~bom ng ekjvmvems4_bjwg bhs~vwoobkhgs r |vkognbcbgh~ks ng cmhgvm vgiegpbym%

okc|vghnbghnk okck omnm whk ng sws |msks okh~vbfwrg me meomhog ng wh kfdg~byk

>2

=# _ãcfkeks geâo~vboks r ems nbcghsbkhgs ng eks |emhks sgjôh em hkvcm ~âohbom (HKC#<<= ybjgh~g" Em sbcfkekjãm geâo~vbom w~bebtmnm gh em gemfkvmobÿh ng |emhks geâo~vboks% ng mowgvnk m em hkvcm gs ge sbjwbgh~g4

6 Okcmhnks físboks ng Mw~k Omn Eks okcmhnks m okh~bhwmobÿh skh |vbcmvbks |mvm bhbobmv owme}wbgv nbfwdk gh Mw~kOMN

7<

_mfgvgs 6# –Okcmhnks físboks ng Mw~k Omn – Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4

Mo~b~wngs4









7=

Okcmhnk

Mebms

Fk~ÿh

Ng~meeg

EBHG

E

Nbfwdm vgo~ms okhsgow~byms gs|gobibomhnk wh |wh~k bhbobme r eks swfsbjwbgh~gs

OBVOEG

O

Nbfwdm wh oãvowek gs|gobibomhnk sw ogh~vk r vmnbk (k nbícg~vk"

MVO

M

Nbfwdm wh mvok gs|gobibomhnk ~vgs |wh~ks

VGO^MHJEG

VGO

Nbfwdm wh vgo~íhjwek gs|gobibomhnk nks gs}wbhms k|wgs~ms

GE

Nbfwdm whm geb|sg gs|gobibomhnk wh gdg (vgo~m" r em nbs~mhobm me gp~vgck ng sw k~vk gdg

\KE

Nbfwdm wh |keãjkhk vgjwemv gs|gobibomhnk sw hôcgvk ng emnks% sw ogh~vk% r wh vmnbk (m wh yâv~bog k me ogh~vk ng wh emnk"

\E

Nbfwdm vgo~ms r mvoks okhsgow~byks ng em cbscm ikvcm }wg ge okcmhnk EBHG nmhnk okck vgswe~mnk wh skek kfdg~k ng ymvbks sgjcgh~ks

@

Nbfwdm wh skcfvgmnk gs|gobibomhnk ge ívgm m skcfvgmv r ge ~b|k ng ~gp~wvm gh wh owmnvk ng nbíekjk

GEEB\_G

\KERJKH

\EBHG

@M^O@

\mvm omhogemv owme}wbgv okcmhnk gh wsk sg wsm em ~goem QG_OS \mvm ngs`mogv em ôe~bcm mooböh sg wsm ge okcmhnk ―WHNK– r |mvm vg`mogvek sg wsm ―VGNK– \mvm m|ebomv ge okcmhnk sg wsm em ~goem QGH^GVS k QG_\MOBKS \mvm vg|g~bv ge ôe~bck okcmhnk wsmnk sg |vgsbkhm QGH^GVS Ybswmebtmobÿh Okhkogv em ikvcm ng ybswmebtmobÿh ng eks nbfwdks gs físbok gh Mw~kOMN Eks sbjwbgh~gs okcmhnks sgvíh ng wsk cwr ivgowgh~g nwvmh~g owme}wbgv ~vmfmdk ng nbfwdk Okcmhnk

Mebms

\MH

\

Fk~ÿh

Iwhobÿh Mvvms~vm em ybs~m gh em |mh~meem Cmh~bghg em mc|ebmobÿh

76

TKKC Zbhnkz

T% Z

Mc|eãm em ybs~m gs|gobibomhnk whm ygh~mhm vgo~mhjwemv

T% N

Omcfbm em ybs~m ng ikvcm nbhícbom gs|gobibomhnk ~mcmýk r |ksbobÿh ng whm ygh~mhm

TKKC _omeg

T% _

Omcfbm em mc|ebmobÿh ng em ybs~m gs|gobibomhnk wh imo~kv vgs|go~k ng em ybs~m mo~wme (P" k vgs|go~k nge gs|mobk |m|ge (P\"

TKKC Ogh~gv

T% O

Cwgyg em ybs~m ogh~vmhnk wh |wh~k gs|gobibomnk gh ge nbfwdk

TKKC Kfdgo~

T% K

Mc|eãm em ybs~m sgegoobkhmnk

TKKC Mee

T% M

Cwgs~vm ~knks eks kfdg~ks nbfwdmnks r eks eãcb~gs ng em jvbeem |vgybmcgh~g ngibhbnm

TKKC Gp~gh~s

T% G

Cwgs~vm ~knks eks kfdg~ks nbfwdmnks

TKKC Nrhmcbo

ng

wh

kfdg~k

_g |wgng gsovbfbv gh em Bh~gvimt ng Okcmhnks omnm whm ng ems |memfvms sgjwbnm ng QGH^GVS k wsmhnk ng bjwme ikvcm eks Mebms Cknbibomobÿh Eks okcmhnks ng cknbibomobÿh físboks skh `gvvmcbgh~ms |kngvksms |mvm em mncbhbs~vmobÿh okc|eg~m ng eks nbfwdks Okcmhnk

Mebms

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Ng~meeg

C

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OK\R

O

Ok|bm kfdg~ks sgegoobkhmnks% gs|gobibomhnk nks |wh~ks ng ngs|emtmcbgh~k

GVM_G

G

Fkvvm eks kfdg~ks sgegoobkhmnks

MV

Ok|bm kfdg~ks sgegoobkhmnks ng ikvcm côe~b|eg% gs|gobibomhnk |mvícg~vks gh wh owmnvk ng nbíekjk

CKYG

MVVMR

7?

sgegoobkhmnks% |wh~ks ng

VK

Jbvm kfdg~ks sgegoobkhmnks% gs|gobibomhnk |wh~k fmsg ng vk~mobÿh r íhjwek ng vgigvghobm

_^VG^O@

_

Cknbibom kfdg~ks ckybghnk sws yâv~bogs sgegoobkhmnks okh ygh~mhm sgjcgh~mnm ($"

^VBC

^V

Okv~m sgjcgh~ks ng kfdg~ks m |mv~bv ng bh~gvsgoobkhgs

GP^GHN

GP

Gp~bghng whm eãhgm `ms~m |vgybmcgh~g gs|gobibomnm

K

Ovgm kfdg~ks }wg nbs~mh em cbscm ekhjb~wn nge kfdg~k kvbjbhme gh ~knks sws |wh~ks

C

Ovgm kfdg~ks ng ikvcm sbcâ~vbom me kvbjbhme vgs|go~k ng wh gdg ―gs|gdk– ng nks |wh~ks

I

Vgnkhngm wh yâv~bog _g |wgng gs|gobibomv ge vmnbk nge mvok ng vgnkhngk

O@MCIGV

O@M

Vgokv~m wh yâv~bog _g |wgng gs|gobibomv em nbs~mhobm ngsng ge yâv~bog m omnm emnk

GP\EKNG

P

Ngsokc|khg wh kfdg~k ng côe~b|egs emnks gh vgo~ms r mvoks sghobeeks

_O

Omcfbm ge ~mcmýk ng wh kfdg~k gs|gobibomhnk wh |wh~k fmsg r wh imo~kv ng gsomem

VK^M VK^ M^G

KII_G^

CBVVKV

IBEEG^

_OMEG

k~vm

($" Em ygh~mhm sgjcgh~mnm gs whm ikvcm ng sgegoobkhmv kfdg~ks mfvbghnk whm ygh~mhm ng ngvgo`m m bt}wbgvnm ( " _g sgegoobkhmh sgegoobkhmh ~knks ~knks eks kfdg~ks kfdg~ks }wg ghobgvvm k ovwtm ovwtm nbo`m ygh~mhm ↜

Kfdgo~ _hm| Eks okcmhnks ―_HM\– físboks sg gc|egmh okh eks okcmhnks ng nbfwdk r sbvygh |mvm ekjvmv cmrkv |vgobsbÿh

7>

Okcmhnk

Mebms

Fk~ÿh

Ng~meeg

Ghn|kbh~

GHN

Mogvom ge owvskv me |wh~k ibhme ng whm eãhgm

Cbn|kbh~

CBN

Mogvom ge owvskv me |wh~k cgnbk ng whm eãhgm

Hkng

HKN

Mogvom ge owvskv m wh |wh~k

Bh~gvsgo~bkh

BH^

Mogvom ge owvskv m whm bh~gvsgoobÿh ng nks k cís eãhgms

Gp~ghsbkh

GP^

Wfbom ge owvskv skfvg em gp~ghsbÿh ng whm eãhgm

Ogh~gv

OGH

Mogvom ge owvskv me ogh~vk ng wh obvowek% ng wh mvok k ng whm geb|sg

]wmnvmh~

]WM

Mogvom ge owvskv me owmnvmh~g ng wh obvowek% ng wh mvok k ng whm geb|sg

^mhjgh~

^MH

Mogvom ge owvskv m wh |wh~k ng ~mhjghobm

Bhsgv~bkh

BH_

Mogvom ge owvskv me |wh~k ng bhsgvobÿh ng wh fek}wg

\gv|ghnbowemv

\GV

Mogvom ge owvskv |gv|ghnbowemv

Hgmvgs~

HGM

Cwgs~vm ge |wh~k cís ogvomhk me owvskv skfvg wh kfdg~k

\mvmeege

\MV

77

m

wh

|wh~k

=# –Gemfkvmobÿh ng wh |emhk geâo~vbok wsmhnk em sbcfkekjãm |mvm vg|vgsgh~mv cm~gvbmegs% g}wb|k

r moogskvbks gh Mw~k Omn% mh~gs ge mewchk ngfgví fwsomv em sbcfkekdbm okvvgs|khnbgh~g |mvm omnm kfdg~k m vg|vgsgh~mv gh ge |emhk geâo~vbok – Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk 4

Mo~b~wngs4







79


=(

Gemfkvmobÿh ng wh |emhk geâo~vbok wsmhnk em sbcfkekjãm |mvm vg|vgsgh~mv cm~gvbmegs% g}wb|k r moogskvbks gh Mw~k Omn% mh~gs ge mewchk ngfgví fwsomv em sbcfkekdbm okvvgs|khnbgh~g |mvm omnm kfdg~k m vg|vgsgh~mv gh ge |emhk geâo~vbok

7:

= ―\emhk geâo~vbok–

Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge Nkogh~g4 \vk|kvobkhm wh |emhk m omnm whk m omnm mewchk |mvm }wg sgm eeghmnk okh em sbcfkekjãm geâo~vbom okvvgs|khnbgh~g% |wnbghnk bhbobmvegs ge hôcgvk ng eíc|mvms |kv `mfb~mobÿh k gs|mobk% msã okck ge hôcgvk r ~b|k ng m|mjmnkvgs r okh~mo~ks% k fbgh ngdmvek m ovb~gvbk nge mewchk _bh gcfmvjk% owme}wbgvm }wg sgm ~w ngobsbÿh% em okekomobÿh ng omnm whk n g eks nbs|ksb~byks ngfgví ng `mogvsg ng mowgvnk m em hkvcm ybjgh~g \vk|kvobÿhmeg me mewchk ge ski~zmvg ng mw~k omn r fvãhnmeg whm bh~vknwoobÿh skfvg ge cmhgdk nge cbsck ( Gs~m sgví whm gybnghobm ng |vknwo~k"

Mo~b~wngs4




Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4 _bjwbgh~g ems bhs~vwoobkhgs nge nkogh~g% okc|eg~m ge |emhk ng em sbjwbgh~g ibjwvm okh em sbcfkekjãm geâo~vbom okvvgs|khnbgh~g okvv gs|khnbgh~g r ngs|wâs nbfôdmek gh Mw~komn Okc|g~ghobms Jghâvboms4



Ge mewchk ngfg cks~vmv sbgc|vg em vgs|khsmfbebnmn r ge bh~gvâs |kv kf~ghgv hwgyks okhkobcbgh~ks sbh |khgvsg eãcb~gs% sbghnk okhsobgh~g r vgiegpbyk ng ek }wg `mog Ge nkogh~g vgmibvcm eks okhog|~ks ng ems hkvcms ng nbfwdk ~âohbok msã okck em sbcfkekjãm m gc|egmv |mvm vg|vgsgh~mv eks cm~gvbmegs% gegcgh~ks r moogskvbks gh wh |emhk geâo~vbok% r ge mewchk m|ebomví eks okhkobcbgh~ks mn}wbvbnks w~bebtmhnk em okc|g~ghobm = ng âs~g swfcÿnwek

70

72

= ―\emhk Geâo~vbok okc|eg~k– Okc|g~ghobm m ngsmvvkeemv4

_gegoobkhm eks cm~gvbmegs% moogskvbksr g}wb|k geâo~vbok |mvm em bhs~memobÿh% sgjôh ge nbsgýk ngsmvvkeemnk M~vbfw~ks ng em okc|g~ghobm4

=

6 ? > 7

Nbfwdm |emhks geâo~vboks Vgmebtm Vgmeb tm nbmjvmc nbmjvmcms ms ng bhs~me bhs~memobkhg mobkhgss geâo~vb geâo~vboms oms cgnbm cgnbmh~g h~g ski~z ski~zmvg mvg Gemfkvm Gemfkv m nbmjvmcm nbmjvmcm whbib whbibemv emv gh gh ge |emhk geâo~v geâo~vbok bok Gemfkvm Gem fkvm owmnv owmnvk k ng omvjms omvjms gh ge |emh |emhk k geâo~vb geâo~vbok ok Gemfkvm Gemfkv m owmnvk owmnvk ng sbcfke sbcfkekjãm kjãm gh ge |emhk geâo~v geâo~vbok bok

Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4 Gc|egmhnk ge ski~zmvg ng mw~k omn gnb~m wh |emhk mv}wb~go~ÿhbok

Cbsck }wg ngfgvís vg|vgsgh~mv em bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom% msã ok ck ~mcfbâh ge nbmjvmcm whbibemv% owmnvk ng omvjm% sbcfkekjãm r ovk}wbs ng ekomebtmobÿh% hk ~g keybngs }wg ems mok~mobkhgs ~mcfbâh ngfgs ng bhoewbvems Vgowvsks cm~gvbmegs ng m|krk4

@kdms femhoms% eí|bt% omeowemnkvm% |ewcms% okc|w~mnkvm% ski~zmvg ng Mw~k Omn% bc|vgskvm

Cmhgvm nbnío~bom ng ekjvmvem4 M ~vmyâs ng whm mo~b~wn ng kvngh r sgowghobms eÿjboms% }wg ek eegygh me

vgswe~mnks fwsomnks Mo~b~wngs4





~vmfmdk gh g}wb|k vgs|khsmfbebnmn skobme + okcwhb~mvbm vgs|g~k |kv ge gh~kvhk M|vghng |kv bhbobm~bym \mv~bob|m r okemfkvm gh g}wb|ks Okhobghobm oãybom r â~bom Vgs|g~k r ~kegvmhobm Ngsmvvkeek sws~gh~mfeg

Cmhgvm nbnío~bom ng ekjvmvems4 Me ghokh~vmvsg ivgh~g m wh omsk nkhng ym m m|ebomv ge okhk obcbgh~k

mn}wbvbnk% gs nkhng eg swvjbvíh nwnms r ngfgví skewobkhmvek jwbmnk |kv sw | vkigskv

9<

^ÂOHBOK GH GEGO^VBO GEGO^VBOBNMN BNMN



? 9=

Ngsmvvkeek ng Gsigvm Ngsmvvkeek Gsigvmss ng Okc|g~ Okc|g~ghobm ghobm Okc|g~ghobm Okc|g~gh obm ? _gegoobkhm r okh~mfbebtm cm~gvbmegs% moogskvbks r g}wb|k geâo~vbok% |mvm em bhs~memobÿh% sgjôh ge nbsgýk ngsmvvkeemnk

= Om~mek Om~mekjk jk ng cm~gvbmegs cm~gvbmegs r g}wb|ks g}wb|ks geâo~vboks geâo~vboks ng eks imfvbomh~ imfvbomh~gs gs hmobkhmegs hmobkhmegs r gp~vmhdgvks gp~vmhdgvks 6

Okh~mfbebt Okh~ mfbebtmv4 mv4 vgjbs~vk vgjbs~vks% s% ogh~vks ogh~vks ng omvjm% omvjm% moogsk moogskvbks vbks r eíc|mvms eíc|mvms |kv |kv whbnmngs whbnmngs

?( Ng~gvcbhmobÿh ng oks~ks ng cm~gvbmegs r ng cmhk ng kfvm(

= ^mfe mfem m okh |vgsw| |vgsw|wgs~ wgs~k k geâo~vb geâo~vbok ok

= Vgmebtmobÿh ng wh |vgsw|wgs~k geâo~vbok

= \vgsw|wgs~k nge |emhk geâo~vbok ng em okc|g~ghobm 6

96

Okc|g~ghobm Okc|g~gh obm ?

Nwvmh~g ge ngsmvvkeek ng em |vgsgh~g okc|g~ghobm |knvís gemfkvmv wh |vgsw|wgs~k geâo~vbok ~mh~k ng cm~gvbmegs okck ng cmhk ng kfvm

= _gegoobkhm _gegoobkhm eks cm~gvbmegs% cm~gvbmegs% moogskvbk moogskvbksr sr g}wb|k geâo~vbok geâo~vbok |mvm em bhs~memob bhs~memobÿh% ÿh% sgjôh ge nbsgýk ngsmvvkeemnk 6 Okh~mf Okh~mfbebtm bebtm cm~gvbmegs cm~gvbmegs%% moogskvbks moogskvbks r g}wb|k geâo~vbok geâo~vbok |mvm em bhs~memobÿh% bhs~memobÿh% sgjôh sgjôh ge nbsgýk ngsmvvkeemnk

Whm ygt }wg sg ekjvgh mn}wbvbv ems `mfbebnmngs hgogsmvbms m ~vmyâs nge Nkcbhbk ng em okc|g~ghobm r sws m~vbfw~ks% |knvís eks oks~ks r |vgsw|wgs~ks geâo~vboks hgogsmvbks |mvm nbsgýmv wh |vkrgo~k ng bhs~memobÿh geâo~vbom

= Om~mekjk Om~mekjk ng cm~gvbmegs cm~gvbmegs r g}wb|ks g}wb|ks geâo~vboks geâo~vboks ng eks imfvbomh~ imfvbomh~gs gs hmobkhmegs hmobkhmegs r gp~vmhdgvks 6

Okh~mfbebt Okh~ mfbebtmv4 mv4 vgjbs~v vgjbs~vks% ks% ogh~vks ogh~vks ng ng omvjm% omvjm% moogskvbk moogskvbkss r eíc|mvms eíc|mvms |kv |kv whbnmngs whbnmngs

? Ng~gvcbhmobÿh ng oks~ks ng cm~gvbmegs r ng cmhk ng kfvm

9?

_mfgvgs =# –Om~mekjk ng cm~gvbmegs r g}wb|ks geâo~vboks ng eks imfvbomh~gs hmobkhmegs r gp~vmhdgvks– Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk 4Vgwhbv em bhikvcmobÿh }wg ~w |vkigskv ~g skebob~g r sbjwg ems


Mo~b~wngs4





r em |vío~bom% okh bcíjghgs }wg gdgc|ebib}wgh ge ~gcm




_mfgvgs = Om~mek Om~mekjk jk ng cm~gvbmegs cm~gvbmegs r g}wb|ks g}wb|ks geâo~vboks geâo~vboks ng eks imfvbomh~gs imfvbomh~gs hmobkhmeg hmobkhmegss r gp~vmhdgvks gp~vmhdgvks Fwsom gh bh~gvhg~ r gh om~mekjks ng ems nbigvgh~gs cmvoms }wg gpbs~gh gh ge cgvomnk eks ng n g eks cm~gvbmegs% g}wb|k r moogskvbks r mhmebtm eks |vgobks r sws |mvmcg~vks

9>

_mfgvgs 6# –Okh~mfbebtmv4 vgjbs~vks% ogh~vks ng omvjm% moogskvbks r eíc|mvms |kv whbnmngs(– Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk 4Vgwhbv em bhikvcmobÿh }wg ~w |vkigskv ~g skebob~g r sbjwg ems


Mo~b~wngs4





r em |vío~bom% okh bcíjghgs }wg } wg gdgc|ebib}wgh ge ~gcm




_mfgvgs 6 Okh~mfbebtmv4 vgjbs~vks% ogh~vks ng omvjm% moogskvbks r eíc|mvms |kv whbnmngs Gh fmsg me owmnvk ng gs|gobibomobkhgs ~âohboms }wg rm smfg cks vgmebtmv ngsng em okc|g~ghobm = nge |vgsgh~g cknwek% ek ~kcmcks okck fmsg |mvm vgmebtmv hwgs~vk ~k~me ng whbnmngs vg}wgvbnms

97

_mfgvgs ?# –Ng~gvcbhmobÿh ng oks~ks ng cm~gvbmegs r ng cmhk ng kfvm – Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk 4Vgwhbv em bhikvcmobÿh }wg ~w |vkigskv ~g skebob~g r sbjwg ems


Mo~b~wngs4





r em |vío~bom% okh bcíjghgs }wg gdgc|ebib}wgh ge ~gcm




_mfgvgs ? Ng~gvcbhmobÿh ng oks~ks ng cm~gvbmegs r ng cmhk ng kfvm Me owmnvk ng gs|gobibomobkhgs ~âohboms% mhgpmcks m hwgs~vm ~mfem ~vgs okewchms cms% whm okh em cmvom ng |vknwo~k% em k~vm okh ge |vgobk |kv whbnmn r em k~vm okh ge |vgobk cwe~b|ebomnk |kv ems whbnmngs m w~bebtmv R gh em |mv~g ng ngfmdk ng gs~m okewchm mjvgjmcks ge ~k~me% }wg sgví ge oks~k ng cm~gvbme r whm ibem cms |mvm ge oks~k ng cmhk ng kfvm r k~vm cís |mvm ge jvmh ~k~me nge |vgsw|wgs~k Ge oíeowek ng cmhk ng kfvm vg|vgsgh~m ge 0<' nge |vgobk nge |vgobk nge |vgsw|wgs~k nge cm~gvbme

99

=# –Vgmebtmobÿh ng wh |vgsw|wgs~k geâo~vbok – Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk 4

Mo~b~wngs4







9:


=( ―Vgmebtmobÿh ng wh |vgsw|wgs~k geâo~vbok –

Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge Nkogh~g4 ngsmvvkeeg whm |vío~bom gh em }wg omnm mewchk gemfkvg ng ge |vgsw|wgs~k ~kcmhnk gh owgh~m }wg ngfg okhsbngvmv ~mh~k eks oks~ks ng cm~gvbme okck ng cmhk ng kfvm Mo~b~wngs4




Cmhgvm nbnío~bom ng ekjvmvem4 4 Ge mewchk ngfg cks~vmv sbgc|vg em vgs|khsmfbebnmn r ge bh~gvâs |kv

kf~ghgv hwgyks okhkobcbgh~ks sbh |khgvsg eãcb~gs% sbghnk okhsobgh~g r vgiegpbyk ng ek }wg `mog




Cmhgvm nbnío~bom ng ekjvmvems4 Ge nkogh~g vgmibvcm eks okhog|~ks ng ems ikvcms ng omeowemv wh

|vgsw|wgs~k r ge mewchk m|ebomví eks okhkobcbgh~ks okhk obcbgh~ks mn}wbvbnks w~bebtmhnk em okc|g~ghobm = ng âs~g swfcÿnwek

90

= ― \vgsw|wgs~k nge |emhk geâo~vbok ng em okc|g~ghobm 6– Okc|g~ghobm m ngsmvvkeemv4

Nwvmh~g ge ngsmvvkeek ng em |vgsgh~g okc|g~ghobm |knvís gemfkvmv wh |vgsw|wgs~k geâo~vbok ~mh~k ng cm~gvbmegs okck ng cmhk ng kfvm M~vbfw~ks ng em okc|g~ghobm4

= _geg _g egoo oobk bkhm hm eks eks cm~gvb cm~gvbme megs gs%% moogs moogskvb kvbksr ksr g}w g}wb| b|k k geâo~ geâo~vb vbok ok |mvm |mvm em bhs~ bhs~me memo mobÿ bÿh% h% sgjôh sgjôh ge ge nbsgýk ngsmvvkeemnk 6 Okh~mf Okh ~mfbeb bebtm tm cm~ cm~gvb gvbmeg megs% s% moo moogskv gskvbks bks r g}wb g}wb|k |k geâ geâo~v o~vbok bok |mvm em bhs bhs~me ~memob mobÿh% ÿh% sgj sgjôh ôh ge nbs nbsgýk gýk ngsmvvkeemnk Bhs~vwoobkhgs |mvm ge mewchk4 \mvm }wg ngcwgs~vgs ge nkcbhbk r ng ems `mfbebnmngs ng gs~m

okc|g~ghobm r gh fmsg m ge |mehk }wg fbghgs vgmebtmhnk ngsng em okc|g~ghobm 6% vgmebtm ems okmh~bibomobkhgs ng cm~gvbmegs r ok~btmobkhgs nge |vkrgo~k Vgowvsks cm~gvbmegs ng m|krk4

@kdms femhoms% eí|bt% omeowemnkvm% |ewcms% okc|w~mnkvm % ski~zmvg ng Mw~k Omn% bc|vgskvm

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Me ghokh~vmvsg ivgh~g m wh omsk nkhng ym m m|ebomv ge okhkobcbgh~k mn}wbvbnk% gs nkhng eg swvjbvíh nwnms r ngfgví skewobkhmvek jwbmnk |kv sw |vkigskv% gh gs|gobme sb eks oks~ks ng eks cm~gvbmegs skh cwr ngs|vk|kvobkhmegs ng whm cmvom m k~vm

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Okhoewsbÿh Okc|g~ghobm Okc|g~gho bm ? Gs~ms okc|g~ghobms ~g gs~íh ngdmhnk wh okhkobcbgh~k r }wg ngcks~vms~g me vgmebtmv ems |vmo~boms% okh~ghbnms gh ems okc|g~ghobms Ge nkogh~g ngfgví bh~gjvmv eks gdgc|eks% gdgvobobks r |vío~boms }wg m sw dwbobk gs~bcg hgogsmvbks% okh ge kfdg~k ng ghvb}wgogv em |vgsgh~g jwãm r ekjvmv }wg ge mewchk nkcbhg em okc|g~ghobm

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Bhs~vwcgh~ks ng gymewmobÿh

h ÿ b o m o b e | M g m n b o v s ~ k o â | e c g m h O ÿ b o m e m ~ s h B

_ G H K B O M Y V G _ F K

k ý g w } g | h e ÿ b b ~ k m o h o m v ~ b g g f c c m m k o ` ~ v e m m m s | o m g k O N E    = 6 ?

 s g C e m K b H o h g m e n g b s n g v s s k ~ m h b o g ~ v b o c â m e g g h s b e g s h k k b e o h e m g m g ~ s s h m b f g h n k s o e k s w g o e e m í b o o h m t g b n e b m s g v g v r s s m k o b h v ~ m e o | â e % g s m n s m g c n m b h v k o b b j v m ~ o b m n o e 4 g m " e m m G ~ v ( s k h b h  k f h g g m m ~ c k b t h e G e o w b g 4 e j B m h m b g e o k g â V y e 4 G w n ^ B 4 n g k N v m e G ÿ f v g w _ c c v v n # f k m k = < w H O C < _

K H ß B E \ C B W _ O

#

4 H ß B O M Y V G _ F K G N M Ã W J

 g v m z ~ i k s g ~ h m b n g c s k o b v ~ o â e g

 g v m z ~ i k s k n h m t b e b ~ w k o b v ~ o â e g m s m c m c v m j v m j b m n b n g n g m n h b s c m í e h b m c h í w e v  v h m v m g k v k n f v m f m K e e 4 G G m 4

4 k ý g | c g s g n v k | m b o h g n b y G

h ÿ b o m o b e | m g n m ` o g i r v m j w E

n k m h b o c w k e s m m e n g w m ~ v b ~ m o | m g s g n h k m b b o o h o g w v n b ~ y s h G B

g n

_ K B V G ^ B V O

; k ~ w | c k o g n k | b w } g e g n k g e | c g e g h g n m n b v w j g s g n s k ~ h g b c b n g o k v | s k e ÿ b w j b _ »  =

; s m c m v j m b n s k e g n h ÿ b o m v k f m e g m e h g m n m b | k v | m m ã j k e k f c b s m e ÿ t b e b ~ W » #  6

:6

; m n m w o g n m m v g h m c g n h ÿ b s g v | c b g n k ~ h g b c b n g o k v | e g ÿ g e | c G » #  ?

k b v k ~ m v k f m e e g n k ~ h g c m e j g v

; k o b h ÿ v ~ o g e e g g k h y b g ~ b s s k k | n s b b o n g e h f ô m j ~ e s m g h g s k h ~ ÿ h b g o b m c c m v g k i h b e h b m s e k e k n e ÿ b m w ; | j s k b ~ g _ w V » | » c #  k #  > o 7

s g h s g k e b o m m v g y v h g g s f J K

" m c v b i r g v f c k H ( ÿ w e m y G

h ÿ b o m o b e | M g m n b o v s ~ k o | â e c g m h O ÿ b o m e m ~ s h B

k ý g w } g | h e m ÿ k b b o o ~ v m h g ~ g b f c c m m k o ` ~ v e m m m s | o m g k O N E    = 6 ?

  s s k g C e n b m K b o o H h g e g m f e n m ~ g b s s n g g v s s s k k ~ m ~ h b o h g v g b ~ b o c â c m e m m g e g g h s h b b e e g m s h s k k k b k e e o n h e k m v g g n m w h g ~ o s m g s b h m b w f j g g b n s h n k s s k o e k k o b v s o w b ~ g e o ~ v o e â m í o e b o â g o e h m g k t g b h e s n m b m e k s g | v h g v m h r e w s s | m  v k v o b h m h m v v ~ m v  g k e o k h n f | v m â e % f g K e m n g s e 4 G v m G n s m 4 m g c 4 k n k n h m h b m h v k k b k o b b j ý o o c v o m ~ g % k w m b g s e n | ~ 4 o m g e " m e m e h c ~ m m G s v ( g n g g j w m k h b h  k s b f g y ~ h g v g e m n % b m ~ ~ m c k b t h G o o e g 4 v G m | w b e j B k N g s m h m o g b | G n g e â k h _ g V y e # m k 4 G w b m = n ^ B b b 4 n o < o o g k N v m e G ÿ h < h o f v g # g w w _ g c v # v n c v n = f n b C b ~ k m k < w y K y s h < _ G H G B H O C #

4 H K B O M Y V G _ F K G N M B W J

_ G H K B O M Y V G _ F K


K H ß B E \ C B W _ O

_ K B V G ^ B V O

s k o b v ~ o â e g s k h m e | g n h ÿ b o m v k f m e g m e

h g s k n b o g e f m ~ s g s k ~ h ; g h b g n c m v g k h h b e k s o % k s e g ÿ b e m w b j o b h _ g » n b #  s = g v

:?

; s m b o h g v g i g v g n k v n m w o e g v g h g ~ h k o g f g n g w } s k ~ m n s k e ÿ e | c g ~ h k O » #  6

; s g v m e b i b h w s m c m v j m b n g n h ÿ b o m v k f m e g m e h g

; s m j v m o g n k v n m s k w o ~ h e g g b n c s m e k g w h b o e e í o s k s e k e ÿ ÿ b t b w e j m b _ g » V » # #   ? > s k n b o g e f m ~ s g



K G H E \ C W B O _ k h ý ÿ g b w o } m g o b | e h e | ÿ m k b M b o ~ o h g 4 m v m ~ g g b n b o f v m c c s ~ m k k o @ ~ o v e | â e m m c g m s | m h m g o k O ÿ O N E b

 g ~ h g o k n e g n s C  g s k h K g t k e b H m m o v b ~ m m o e o h g b g n g n n n h b s b s ~ k s s g k v h m ~ e g s h k m g b n o c w b h v v c ~ ~ g m b o s g â w h e b h j b b g k e s s n % s g h k k h m e o b k b t v h b ~ b o e g ~ o m e w â e g ~ m % g s s s m m h k f b o c g b v h n m ~ v k o j o s e â m k g b s e n w g e o s g m e n b í m o o c m h  b h m m g v t m b n e j t b c m m b s g e í b g g n | m v v r g b c h s e w s n m r v k s o b h v h m v ~ m m g k o e h b | n â f e % c v e m g s í K  s G m e 4 n g m 4 c s m m m n k n h v b k m h j E b o b b o o c 4 m v ~ e m b k k e w o m n ~ 4 m g ~ " e o s m v w m e m G s ( g k h n k h b  f n w m h g m g e m k v ~ b v m t ~ G | ~ c k b o | h e o m g B w b 4 v m e j m h g b k g s g o e â y k |  n h g V e s 4 k m m b m b n ^ B G w b 4 N n o n o o g k v m e G ÿ h m h o f v g w w _ c g v g k n v # v n n c v = f b f b ~ m y s k m k < w y e h H O C < _ G g G B


o m    e m = 6 ? ~ s h B #

4 K D G ^ K O G N M ^ _ B E

_ M O B ^ _ Ã V G ^ O M V M O

 k n m o b n h b e g | m | g n k ý m c m ~ r k | b ^

 k n m o b i b o g | s g s m g h ã e g n k | b ^

 m t g b | c b e r h g n v k h k o m n m j g v ~ h g k o b v ~ o â e g    m m s m o ã b m c v j b ~ m o o e k h v j â e k g m v b g f g m b c i n ã g g s v n j k g g m e k n n h b f k k v v c c n b n í s m m e w w m m E O O E

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 6

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4 g h g b ~ h k o

k o b v ~ o â e g m c m v j m b n g n m h b c í e m E

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 7

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K G H E \ C W B O _

h k ÿ b ý g o m w } o b g e | | h e M ÿ m b b 4 k o g m o ~ n b m h v o ~ b g g v s ~ k o f c c m m k | â e @ ~ o e c g m v m h s m | m o O ÿ b m g k o O N E m    e m = 6 ? ~ s h B

 g ~ h g o k n e g v k | k n m o b n h b


# = < < #

4 K D G ^ K O G N M ^ _ B E

g v m  z s ~ g i e k m C b s K o e h g H g m n b k e s n g g h v n m s t s b m e k b ~ o ~ b h ~ v w g b o % k e c â o g g m b v g ~ s ~ h h o g b e m â h b e s b n k g k o g e m m c h e  c m % g ~ m s s t m v g h k b g j s b o b m m | b v g ~ f n c n o b h e s â g k r n k e g o e w h s o s g m g e e h í m n b m b o c v k c o m m v % í h t j n e b g e m m n m m b b n b g s e h v n b w g v r g f v m s s n s m m k s h v o k h m b k f v m ~ | m e h b o s e | â % c g G e s í g V  m e 4 4 n s m k c s m g m n h m n h v b m c k j E b o b b w o e m 4 v o b ~ m k k m e n o ~ 4 g m e " o s ~ m e m v g m G s ( k w  n h k h b f n s w m h g m e m k v m ~ b v m ~ t n | c k b G e o | m o w 4 m v v m e b g  B k k g s m h ~ g f o V g e â k | e m n h h e g 4 g k m g m b n ^ B j w b 4 b n o g b o o g y k v v m ÿ e h h o f v w G c g m g w g v z n c v v n N f n b ~ b ~ s k m k G w y i y k h H O C _ _ G s G B

_ M O B ^ _ Ã V G ^ O M V M O

4 g h g b ~ h k o g v m z ~ i k s h g m n m v k f m e g k o b v ~ o â e g m c m v j m b n g n m h b c í e m E

 k n m o b n h b e g | m | g n k ý m c m ~ r k | b ^ #  =

:7

 k n m o b i b o g | s g s m g h ã e g n k | b ^  6

 m h w ~ v k | k m c v k i  k h n g m r h g m b n | v  k  c m b s e m o ã b m v m j b ~ o n o e k h m â k e g j v g f g g ~ v i m b c g ã h s v j g k g g e m k n n h b f k k v v c c n n b s e m m í w w m m E O O E     ? > 7 9



K G H E \ C W B O _

h k ÿ b ý o g m w o } b g e | h | e M ÿ m b k b g 4 o m o ~ n b m h v o ~ v b g g s ~ c k o f m c m k | â e @ ~ o v c g m m e m h s | m o O ÿ b m g k o O N E m    e = 6 ? m ~ s h B

4 K D G ^ K O G N M ^ _ B E

 g ~ h g o k n e g n s g h k b o m o b n h b s m e m g c v k i h k o % k o b v  ~ m o t e â g g b | m c b e c r m v % j h b m g n n v g k n % n k m h m n e b e b | f h m w s h v k m v | k s f g m V e 4 G

h g  n # s v g k C e m h b K o k H h o % g g m n e b ~ s h g g g n v b j s s y k m ~ o G h b v N g ~ b o G c â _ m e g # g s = h b g < e h < # s k k b C e o m K h e g ~ m H s e g m h s b m g m f n k h s n k k v o e g w w s o g e o e m m í o g b o m n h t g b e s n m k b o g s v b v ~ g v r o â s s e m k g o h b v m s e ~ | k o % h â e m s e g  m | n s m 4 c m g s n k m n v k b h m h j E b k o b b o c m v 4 o b ~ w k e m n o k e 4 g s m ~ " m m e m e v o  m G ~ ( s g k w s k h b h f n k n w  m k n ~ m h g g v m ~ e v m b ~ c k b t h G | v o m e o w b 4 v k m | g B e s j m h m k f b m g g o g y e e â | n k h g g V e k 4 G w b m m b m b n ^ B 4 n t N o o o g k G ÿ h b v m e g h o f v g g w | g _ c n n w v # f c v v n = b c b ~ e y s k m k < w y b h H O C < _ G r G B


_ M O B ^ _ Ã V G ^ O M V M O 4 g h g b ~ h k o

k  n k n m v m k b o f n m e b h g e k g o | b v m ~ o | â e g g n k k ý h m m e | c m e ~ G r k | b ^ #  =

 k n m o b i b o g | s g s m g h ã e g n k | b ^  6

 m h w ~ v k | k m c v k i h g r m t g b | c b e  h h k g o n v k k n m h  j g  m g s ~ v m o ã b m h v b j ~ o  o k  h g â e v k s k e g m m v b o g f j e b g v v i i ~ m b c m b ã g o h s o v j â w k g g g e e m n g k n n f c k v k k k h v m v c n v n m b n j m e s m m | m w e w w b m E O O N O G       ? > 7 9 : 0

:9



Jeksmvbk MOKCG^BNM4 Ngvbymobÿh ng em vgn ekome nge sgvybobk vgs|go~byk }wg eegjm ` ms~m ge vgjbs~vk ng okv~g nge bhcwgfeg Gh gnbibobks ng |vk|bgnmn `kvbtkh~me k okhnkcbhbks% em mokcg~bnm eegjm `ms~m ge vgjbs~vk ng okv~g jghgvme MH_B4 Mcgvbomh Hm~bkhme _~mhnmvs Bhs~b~w~g M_CG4 Mcgvbomh _kobg~r ki Cgo`mhbome Ghjbhhgvs ^gs~bhj mhn Cm~gvbmes M_^C4 Mcgvbomh _kobg~r ikv ^gs~bhj FB_GO^VBT4 Eãhgm }wg nbybng wh íhjwek ng 2< gh nks íhjweks ng >7 OMVJM K OM\MOBNMN BH_^MEMNM4 Gs em om|mobnmn hkcbhme nge okc|khgh~g ebcb~mh~g ng wh sbs~gcm OKHGPBßH4 Gs ge okhdwh~k ng mo~bybnmngs cgnbmh~g ems owmegs sg vgmebtm em ngvbymobÿh ng em vgn ekome ng ghgvjãm geâo~vbom `ms~m ge vgjbs~vk ng okv~g ng wh bhcwgfeg r sg bhs~mem ge cgnbnkv OKH_WCK4 Omh~bnmn ng cg~vks oôfboks ng jms% k omh~bnmn ng abekym~bks r+k abekym~bks#`kvm ng ghgvjãm mo~bym ÿ vgmo~bym% vgobfbnms |kv ge swsovb|~kv k wswmvbk gh wh |gvbknk ng~gvcbhmnk% egãnks gh eks g}wb|ks ng cgnbobÿh vgs|go~byks% k omeowemnks cgnbmh~g em cg~knkekjãm gs~mfegobnm gh em |vgsgh~g vgskewobÿh OKH_WCK MHKVCME4 Okhswck }wg% me okc|mvmvsg okh eks |vkcgnbks `bs~ÿvboks ng wh cbsck swsovb|~kv k wswmvbk% k okh eks |vkcgnbks ng okhswck ng swsovb|~kvgs k wswmvbks okh omvmo~gvãs~boms sbcbemvgs% |vgsgh~m ngsybmobkhgs sbjhbibom~byms% ng mowgvnk okh eks |mvícg~vks gs~mfegobnks |kv em gc|vgsm o bvowb~k m em vgn k ~vmck ng vgn geâo~vbom OBVOWB^K4 \mvm |vk|ÿsb~ks ng gs~g Vgjemcgh~k sg ngibhg obvowb~k ckhkiísbom% fbiísbom k ~vbiísbom }wg smeg ng whm swfgs~mobÿh% ng wh ~vmhsikvcmnkv ng nbs~vbfwobÿh k ng k~vm vgn r swcbhbs~vm ghgvjãm geâo~vbom g eâo~vbom m wh ívgm jgkjvíibom gs|goãibom gs| goãibom Owmhnk wh Obvowb~k ~ghjm ymvbms sgoobkhgs k ~vmcks% |mvm eks gigo~ks ng gs~g Vgjemcgh~k% omnm sgoobÿh k ~vmck sg okhsbngvmví okck wh obvowb~k OKV^G4 _goobÿh ng wh kfdg~k }wg m|mvgog gp|wgs~m |kv cgnbk ng wh |emhk ng okv~g OWMNVMNK4 Ibjwvm jgkcâ~vbom |emhm ng owm~vk emnks% omnm whk ng eks emnks ikvcmh wh íhjwek ng 2< OWMNVMH^G4 µ ng oãvowek _goobÿh nge oãvowek m 2< O@MIEMH4 _w|gvibobg bhoebhmnm me ngsjms~mv em mvbs~m ng bh~gvsgoobÿh ng nks sw|gvibobgs JGHGVMNKV4 \gvskhm hm~wvme ÿ Dwvãnbom }wg |vknwog ghgvjãm geâo~vbom% }wg ~bghg |kv ek cghks whm ogh~vme k whbnmn jghgvmnkvm okhgo~mnm me _BH BOGM4 Bh~gvhm~bkhme Okccwhb~r Gego~vbome Msskobm~bkh BOKH^GO4 Bhs~b~w~k Okekcfbmhk ng Hkvcms ^âohboms BGO4 Bh~gvhm~bkhme Gego~vk~go`hbome Okccbssbkh BGGG4 Bhs~b~w~g ki Gego~vbome mhn Gego~vkhbos Ghjbhggvs NBMJVMCM NG MEMCFVMNK4 Gs~g nbmjvmcm cwgs~vm gh }wâ ikvcm gs~íh vgmecgh~g memcfvmnks eks obvowb~ks r gh }wâ |wh~ks sg `mogh ems okhgpbkhgs NBMJVMCM GEÂO^VBOK4 Whk ng eks nbfwdks mv}wb~go~ÿhboks `go`ks |mvm em okhs~vwoobÿh ng wh gnbibobk Gh gs~g nbfwdk sg bhnbom gh nkhng ngfg bhs~memvsg eks m|mjmnkvgs% vgog|~íoweks r mv~gimo~ks geâo~vboks gs ~í gh~vg ems |emoms ng wh om|mob~kv NBGEÂO^VBOK4 Wh mbsemnkv1 ge cm~gvbme mbsemnkv }wg gs~í NBÍCG^VK4 Owme}wbgv eãhgm vgo~m nbfwdmnm ngsng wh |wh~k ng em obvowhigvghobm ng wh obvowek `ms~m k~vk |wh~k% |msmhnk |kv ge ogh~vk nge oãvowek GEGO^VBOBNMN G_^Í^BOM4 Em omvjm }wg sg |vknwog owmhnk sg ~vmhsibgvgh gego~vkhgs | kv cgnbk nge omekv k ckybcbgh~k% ng wh hk okhnwo~kv okck |m|ge m k~vk hk okhnwo~kv okck ge omwo`k

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GDG OGH^VME4 Eãhgm ogh~vme |vbhob|me ng wh nbfwdk GDG NG EM_ ―P–4 Em eãhgm `kvbtkh~me w~bebtmnm okck vgigvghobm GDG NG EM_ ―R–4 Em eãhgm ygv~bome }wg sg wsm okck vgigvghobm G_OMEM CÂ^VBOM4 Vgjem ng nks fbsgegs jvmnwmnm gh whbnmngs câ~vboms G_OMEÃCG^VK4 Gsomem ng ikvcm ~vbmhjwemv okh nbybsbkhgs câ~vboms G_OKFBEEM_4 \bgtms gs~mobkhmvbms ng jvmib~k }wg sg ckh~mh ng cknk }wg }wgn gh k|vbcbnms okh~vm wh okhcw~mnkv jbvm~kvbk HBYGEG_ NG ^GH_BßH4 \mvm ge sgvybobk |ôfebok nkcbobebmvbk ng ghgvjãm geâo~vbom% sg ngibhgh eks sbjwbgh~gs hbygegs ng ~ghsbÿh m whk ng eks owmegs sg |wgngh okhgo~mv% nbvgo~m k bhnbvgo~mcgh~g% eks g}wb|ks ng cgnbnm4 HBYGE =4 ^ghsbÿh hkcbhme bhigvbkv m wh (=" abekyke~bk (aY"% swcbhbs~vmnk gh em cknmebnmn ~vbiísbom k ckhkiísbom aY% swcbhbs~vmnk HBYGE 64 ^ghsbÿh hkcbhme cmrkv k bjwme mwh (=" abekyke~bk (aY" r cghkv m ~vgbh~m (?<" aY% gh em cknmebnmn ~vbiísbom k ckhkiísbom ( aY" r cghkv m sgsgh~m r nks (96" aY aY%% HBYGE ?4 ^ghsbÿh hkcbhme cmrkv k bjwme m ~vgbh~m (?<" abekyke~bk (aY" swcbhbs~vmnk gh em cknmebnmn ~vbiísbom HBYGE >4 ^ghsbÿh hkcbhme cmrkv k bjwme m sgsgh~m r nks (96" abekyke~bk aY"% swcbhbs~vmnk gh em cknmebnmn ~vbiísbom KO^ÍJKHK4 Ibjwvm jgkcâ~vbom ng ko`k emnks KHNM _GHKBNME4 Wh ~b|k ng owvym }wg vg|vgsgh~m whm omh~bnmn }wg omcfbm okhs~mh~gcgh~g gh cmjhb~wn r |gvbÿnbomcgh~g gh nbvgoobÿh Ge yke~mdg r em okvvbgh~g me~gvhks ymvãmh ng mowgvnk okh gs~m owvym KVBIBOBK4 Mjwdgvk }wg ym ng wh emnk m k~vk ng wh kfdg~k \M\GE MEFMHGHG4 MEFMHGHG 4 \m|ge jvwgsk ~vmsewobnk \M\GE CMH^G]WBEEM4 \m|ge iwgv~g r ~vmsewobnk }wg sg w~bebtm |mvm omeowemv nbfwdks k |mv~gs ng eks cbscks \GVIBE4 Ybs~m em~gvme ng wh kfdg~k \BEM (OGENM"4 Whm okcfbhmobÿh ng nks gego~vknks r whm skewobÿh }wãcbom em owme |vknwog wh yke~mdg ng okvvbgh~g okh~bhwm \KEMVBNMN4 eks |wh~ks gh wh cm~gvbme k nbs|ksb~byk gh eks }wg gpbs~gh iwgvtms k|wgs~ms \EMHK IVKH^ME4 \emhk nkhng sg nbfwdmh ems eãhgms ng |vkrgoobÿh ng em ybs~m ivkh~me ng wh kfdg~k \EMHK @KVBTKH^ME4 |emhk nkhng sg nbfwdmh ems eãhgms ng |vkrgoobÿh ng em ybs~m sw|gvbkv ng wh kfdg~k \EMHK \GVIBE4 \emhk nkhng sg nbfwdmh ems eãhgms ng |vkrgoobÿh ng em ybs~m em~gvme ng wh kfdg~k \EMHK NG \VKRGOOBßH4 _w|gvibobg bcmjbhmvbm m em }wg eegjmh ems eãhgms ng |vkrgoobÿh

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= _govg~mvãm _govg~mvãm ng Ghgvjãm Ghgvjãm (6<<7" HKC#<<=#_G HKC#<<=#_GNG NG Bhs~memobkhgs Bhs~memobkhgs Geâo~vbo Geâo~vboms ms (W~bebtmobÿh" (W~bebtmobÿh" Câpbok NI Nbmvbk Kibobme% \ :7< 6 Ghvã}wgt Ghvã}wgt @mv|gv Jbefgv~k Jbefgv~k (6<<6" (6<<6" Gegcgh~k Gegcgh~kss ng nbsgýk gh bhs~memob bhs~memobkhgs khgs geâo~vboms geâo~vboms bhnws~vbmegs (6m Gn" Câpbok Ebcwsm% ? `~~|4 `~~|4++zzz ++zzz|vkok |vkokfvgkvj+ fvgkvj+mvo`byk mvo`byks+|gvw+ s+|gvw+okhnwo~ okhnwo~kvgs[ge kvgs[gego~vbo go~vboks|ni ks|ni > `~~|4++jmcmibcgwmhecp+xkcgtm+|vk+ONG+=|ni 7 `~~|4++fkkasjkkjegokccp+fkkas;bn3v#

2Fnk`fE+60+okcmhnks#mw~komn+

: Ghvã}wgt Ghvã}wgt @mv|gv Jbefgv~k Jbefgv~k (6<<6" (6<<6" Ge MFO nge mewcfvmnk mewcfvmnk r ems bhs~mem bhs~memobkhgs obkhgs geâo~vbo geâo~vboms ms gh fmdm ~ghobÿh Câpbok Gnb~kvbme Ebcwsm%

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Guía formativa. ELECTRICIDAD 11. CECyTEH Gobierno Hidalgo 2012

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