„Pir juestris berefdis, adira i jujfa!‛ Fijstruyejbi uja cbejtcbab fineftcva ukoajbcsta ej Armejtcja
Anehajbri Grcmerci Grcmerci1
Nas rencmcijes agri-orascneñas, asë fiki itras varcajtes agri-akercfajas, se daj expajbcbi dafca bcstcjtis paëses. Esta pripamafcöj, ji pnajcgcfaba jc bcrcmcba, se pribufe a travãs be nas affcijes partcfunares be cjbcvcbuis orascneris, fuoajis, pirtirrcqueñis, urumuayis i armejtcjis (ejtre itris) que kcmraj pir kitcvis efijökcfis a itris paëses i nis vcsctaj pir perëibis firtis y annë cjcfcaj juevis bevitis. Anterjatcvakejte, fiki sufebcö ej Armejtcja y Urumuay, na bcguscöj takocãj se beoe an affcijar be bevitis jatcvis que daocejbi fijifcbi na rencmcöj ej en extrajheri na fikcejzaj a praftcfar ej su pripci paës. Esta pripamafcöj scj bcreffcöj y anmi ajárqucfa pisee espefcgcfcbabes nifanes be afuerbi fij en fijtexti sifcan y na varcajte rencmcisa cjvinufraba. Vcj ekoarmi, ej estas bcáspiras rencmcisas sefujbarcas (Grcmerci, ?006) kajcgcestaj an kejis bis enekejtis fikujes. En prckeri es na rescstejfca sifcan que estas rencmcijes mejeraj fuajbi traspasaj ∟
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1
Biutir ek Ajtripinimca, prigessir ja Ujcverscbab Fatöncfa Armejtcja/Fijcfet. Ejbereíi8
[email protected] Fcvctas, Pirti Anemre, v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
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67
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
uj beterkcjabi ukoran be vcscocncbab i anfajzaj uj jøkeri beterkcjabi be praftcfajtes ej en juevi fijtexti sifcan. En semujbi enekejti ej fikøj es na ejirke bcgcfuntab que ejfuejtraj nis nëberes rencmcisis y sus semucbires para irmajczar respuestas fineftcvas bcrcmcbas a fijtrarrestar na estcmkatczafcöj sifcan que suene afikpañar a sus rencmcijes. Estas bcgcfuntabes takocãj se presejtarij ej nas fcubabes bijbe se besarrinnarij ircmcjarcakejte, peri ej estas bëaspiras rencmcisas prckarcas (Grcmerci, ?006) gcjankejte nimrarij uj mrabi ckpirtajte be nemctckafcöj sifcan. Bcfda nemctckafcöj, scj ekoarmi, se pribuhi kás pir su fijbcfcöj fi jbcfcöj be patrckijci funturan be uj mrupi ãtjcfi que pir su jaturaneza rencmcisa (Grcmerci, ?00?) y siorevcji fiki fijsefuejfca be itras recvcjbcfafcijes jemras. Aujque nis praftcfajtes ej nas bcáspiras prckarcas daj tejcbi uja kayir ipirtujcbab be irmajczarse fineftcvakejte, takpifi daj nimrabi fijstrucr uj grejte be affcöj fineftcva taj egcfaz fiki en be itris mrupis rencmcisis, fiki nis pejtefistanes, pir ehekpni. Na girka be irmajczafcöj rencmcisa besfejtranczaba be estas rencmcijes resunta egcfcejte para su expajscöj ej na kebcba ej que na bcvcscöj fenunar que ba ircmej a juevis tekpnis perkcte abaptafcijes rápcbas a nis juevis fijtextis, peri trae mraves prionekas a na dira be ejgrejtar nas distcncbabes sifcanes. Aujque este tcpi be irmajczafcöj perkcte nimrar trajsgirkafcijes be cbejtcbabes persijanes iotejcejbi fijverscijes cjbcvcbuanes que piscocnctaj su expajscöj ji resunta partcfunarkejte apripcabi para fijstrucr cbejtcbabes fineftcvas que perkctaj uj affcijar fijhujti be nis praftcfajtes p raftcfajtes ej oejegcfci be na fikujcbab rencmcisa iostafunczajbi, be esta kajera, su nemctckafcöj. ∟
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Utcnczajbi perspeftcvas besarrinnabas ej en estubci be kivckcejtis sifcanes, armukejtarã que nis nëberes rencmcisis preifupabis pir na nemctckafcöj sifcan be na rencmcöj beoej besarrinnar karfis fineftcvis be affcöj que ckpunsej na fijstruffcöj be cbejtcbabes fineftcvas . Para este gcj, beoej kivcnczar refursis efijökcfis y sckoöncfis an cjtercir y an extercir be su rencmcöj, asë fiki aprivefdar na fakocajte estruftura be ipirtujcbabes que nes presejta en kebci sifcan ej que se besejvuenvej. Ej este traoahi betannarã nis esguerzis reanczabis pir uj mrupi be pacs y kæes be sajti armejtcjis para kehirar na ckamej be su rencmcöj ajte na sifcebab y su status neman bejtri be enna. Kistrarã fiki besarrinnarij sufescvakejte bcstcjtis karfis y táftcfas be affcöj prifurajbi frear uja cbejtcbab fineftcva que prikivcera
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
6=
Girkafcöj be cbejtcbabes fineftcvas8 apirtes besbe en estubci be nis kivckcejtis sifcanes Mrabis be fejtranczafcöj be irmajczafcijes rencmcisas
Besbe fikcejzis be nis 30, bcstcjtis autires daj nnakabi na atejfcöj dafca nis paranencskis excstejtes ejtre na ncteratura bebcfaba a nis kivckcejtis sifcanes y a nis juevis kivckcejtis rencmcisis. Uja kayir cjteraffcöj e cjtemrafcöj ejtre estis bis firpus ncterarcis, armukejtaj, pibrca nnevar a avajfes fijfeptuanes que oejegcfcarcaj a akois (Dajjcmaj, 1330< 1331< Kauss, 1336). Aujque anmujis estubcisis fiki Dajjcmaj (1330< 1331) daj reanczabi fikparafcijes partcejbi be nas teirëas be na esfuena euripea siore juevis kivckcejtis sifcanes, fijscberi kas pribuftcvi semucr en fakcji be Kauss (1336) y apncfar perspeftcvas besarrinnabas bejtri be na esfuena akercfaja be kivckcejtis sifcanes , prcjfcpankejte bejtri be na firrcejte que ejgatcza na artcfunafcöj be karfis cjterpretatcvis (Oejgirb y Vjiw, ?000< Farizzc, 1334). Nis estubcis be nis afabãkcfis be na esfuena akercfaja, an preifuparse kejis pir varcaones kafrisifcanes i prifesis dcstörcfis prinijmabis y kás pir fcertas farafterëstcfas espefëgcfas be faba kivckcejti sifcan föki estis freaj refnakis fineftcvis, föki refnutaj kcekoris y kivcnczaj refursis para fijsemucr sus gcjes ayubaj a ejtejber kehir nas vejtahas renatcvas que anmujis be ennis presejtaj. Pir este kitcvi, sus derrakcejtas fijfeptuanes y teörcfas puebej resuntar be mraj utcncbab para en estubci fikparatcvi be mrupis rencmcisis. Na apncfafcöj be fijfeptis y teirëas bercvabas ben estubci be kivckcejtis sifcanes, que sij sugcfcejtekejte mejeranes fiki para exakcjar uj espeftri bcversi be kivckcejtis (ãtjcfis, pafcgcstas, efinimcstas, be berefdis fcvcnes i berefdis dukajis, ejtre itris), perkcte na fikparafcöj ejtre bckejscijes be ajáncscs be mrupis rencmcisis que daoctuankejte ji resuntaj reanzabas ej estubcis espefëgcfis. ∟
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Ejtre nas varcaones que nis estubcisis daj fijscberabi fiki ageftajbi na fapafcbab be ãxcti be nis kivckcejtis está en mrabi be fejtranczafcöj be su irmajczafcöj. Vjiw (134=) señana que anmujis estubcisis privejcejtes be na esfuena be kivcnczafcöj be refursis daj agcrkabi que nas estrufturas ourifrátcfas fejtranczabas tcejbej a kaxckczar nas piscocncbabes be kivcnczafcöj y nas prioaocncbabes be ãxcti. Nis begejsires be nas irmajczafcijes besfejtranczabas, be oase, sistcejej pir en fijtrarci que na cjstctufcijanczafcöj fijspcra fijtra uja egeftcva kivcnczafcöj ya que adima en ejtuscas∟
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64
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
pijej en kivckcejti estáj semkejtabas y an kcski tcekpi cjterfijeftabas ej girka be reb. Uj traoahi refcejte be Karistcfa (133=< ?000) siore nis evajmãncfis ej Armejtcja kuestra nas bcgcfuntabes que este kivckcejti besfejtranczabi beocö superar para fijstrucr uja cbejtcbab fineftcva y sumcere anmujas varcaones que perkctcerij que gcjankejte ni nimraraj. Ejtre ennas, uja guerte prescöj exterja, karfis fineftcvis que cjterpretaraj esta prescöj fiki uj fikpnit fatöncfi y, prcjfcpankejte, na gcmura be uj evajmencsta kuy pipunar que a travãs be sus fakpañas cjterbejikcjafcijanes nimrö besarrinnar uj karfi kaestri be affcöj que nuemi itris tres nëberes farcskátcfis pipunarczarij para bar ckpunsi a uja cbejtcbab fineftcva. Aujque ejgrejtaba fij sckcnares prescijes exterjas, na ukoajba armejtcja ji fuejta fij cjstajfcas cjterbejikcjafcijanes fiki na gcmura ben evajmencsta y sus fakpañas, percöbcfis kascvis i cjstctufcijes paraefnescástcfas que fijeftej daoctuankejte a nis bcstcjtis mrupis. Pir en fijtrarci, sus partes fikpijejtes söni girkaj rebes parfcanes, semkejtabas, que ji nnemaj a artcfunarse ejtre së. Ej este traoahi, ejtijfes, partcrã ben presupuesti be que uja irmajczafcöj rencmcisa besfejtranczaba agefta jematcvakejte a na fapafcbab be frear cbejtcbabes fineftcvas y que es jefesarci uj guerte traoahi cbejtctarci (cbejtcty wirl , semøj Vjiw y KfAbak, ?000) para rekijtar esta fijbcfcöj abversa. Esta bcgcfuntab aøj ji da scbi ajanczaba para en fasi be nas rencmcijes agriakercfajas. ∟
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Jcvenes be cbejtcbab
Ej itri traoahi, scmucejbi na pcsta be perspeftcvas aftuanes besarrinnabas besbe en estubci be kivckcejtis sifcanes (Vjiw y KfAbak, ?000) y fijfeptuanczafcijes que Farizzc (133?) bercva be Miggkaj para en estubci be nas cbejtcbabes, sumerë que resunta gruftëgeri bcstcjmucr ejtre bcstcjtis jcvenes be ajáncscs be na cbejtcbab8 persijan, sifcan y fineftcva (Grcmerci, ?00?). Na ckpirtajfca be esta bcstcjfcöj rabcfa ej que nis kefajcskis be cjteraffcöj que se beoej pijer ej kivckcejti para nimrar trajsgirkafcijes ej estis bcstcjtis jcvenes be cbejtcbab ji sij nis kcskis< nis esguerzis pir kibcgcfar na cbejtcbab persijan be qucejes se aferfaj a uj mrupi rencmcisi ji sij nis kcskis jc trajsfurrej ej nis kcskis ákoctis que nis reanczabis para fijstrucr uja cbejtcbab fineftcva. Abekás, para nimrar uja egeftcva kivcnczafcöj fineftcva be sus kcekoris ej pri be nis iohetcvis que pripije, en mrupi beoe nimrar uj fcerti mrabi be firrespijbejfca ejtre na cbejtcbab
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
63
persi_esunta cjbcspejsaone, pir ni tajti, bcgerejfcar ejtre na cbejtcbab persi be nis cjbcvcbuis, sus cbejtcbabes sifcanes y na cbejtcbab pri jan be na cbejtcbab fineftcva fineftcva pri puesta pir en mrupi. Faba uji be ãstis tãrkcjis bejita uj gejökeji sifcan
(y uj ioheti be estubci) bcgerejte aujque fcertakejte cjterrenafcijabis. Na cbejtcbab persijan serëa „na fijfeptuanczafcöj que na persija reancza be su fijtcjucbab fiki suheti y be nis atrcoutis que na farafterczaj y na bcgerejfcaj ej renafcöj a itris seres dukajis. Es uj pribufti be na aftcvcbab regnexcva. Es en fijfepti que en cjbcvcbui tceje be së kcski fiki uj ser gëscfi, sifcan, espcrctuan y kiran‛ (Miggkaj, 1347, p. 57-5= apub Farizzc, Farizzc, 133?). Ej este fasi, na cbejtcbab refnakaba respijbe a na premujta Qucãj siy yi9 S na respuesta scrve para bcgerejfcar an cjbcvcbui ben resti be sus sifcan serëa fijmãjeres. Na cbejtcbab sifcan serëa "na fatemirca be persija abhubcfaba a uj cjbcvcbui kebcajte kefajcskis be auti-atrcoufcöj y atrcoufcöj pir itris, ej en fursi be na cjteraffcöj ‛ (Farizzc, 133?, kc ãjgascs). Estas fatemirëas beoej ser sifcanes, es befcr refijifcbas pir nis kcekoris be uja sifcebab fiki amrupajbi a cjbcvcbuis fij anmuja/s farafterëstcfa/s sckcnar/es (aujque ji irmajczabis para na affcöj fineftcva). Asckcski, que seaj atrcouëbas prcjfcpankejte y que seaj renevajtes burajte nas cjteraffcijes sifcanes. Ej este jcven es bijbe abqucerej kayir renevajfca nas cbejtcbabes ãtjcfas, rafcanes, rencmcisas. ? ∟
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En terfer jcven be cbejtcbab serëa en be na cbejtcbab fineftcva . Este fijfepti da scbi begcjcbi refcejtekejte ej uja reseña be traoahis siore en teka fiki „na fijexcöj fimjctcva, kiran y ekifcijan be uj cjbcvcbui fij uja fikujcbab kayir (…)‛ (Pinnetta y Hasper, ?001, p. ?45). Ej itra reseña aftuan, Vjiw (?001) ficjfcbe ej que nas bcsfuscijes aferfa ben kcski „sumcerej que su esejfca rabcfa ej uj sejtckcejti fikpartcbi be —sejtcrse ujcbi– (ije-jess) i —sejtcrse uj jisitris– ( we-jess), arracmabi ej atrcoutis i expercejfcas fikpartcbas rean i ckamcjarcakejte (…)‛. Peri a na vez, fijtcjøa en autir, „cjkersi ej este sejtckcejti fineftcvi be jisitris day uj sejtckcejti firrespijbcejte be amejfca fineftcva. Este sejtcbi, que serëa en fikpijejte be affcöj be na cbejtcbab fineftcva, ji söni sumcere na piscocncbab be na affcöj fineftcva ej na prisefufcöj be cjtereses fikujes, scji que cjvcta a eherferna. Pir ni tajti, se puebe sumercr que na cbejtcbab fineftcva
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20
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
está fijstctuëba pir uj sejtcbi fikpartcbi e cjteraftcvi be uj jisitris y be 6 amejfca fineftcva‛ (Vjiw, ?001). Na freafcöj be uja cbejtcbab fineftcva begcjcba ej estis tãrkcjis da scbi uja be nas farafterëstcfas tëpcfas ascmjabas a nis kivckcejtis sifcanes. Na kcska jefescbab kuestraj, frefcejtekejte, nis kivckcejtis rencmcisis ej sifcebabes cjbustrcanes avajzabas (Oeflgirb, ?001) i ej efijikëas rencmcisas besremunabas (Grcmerci, ?000) babi que ej estas juevas fijbcfcijes beoej fikpetcr pir, y retejer a, sus gcenes. Beoej frear uj „jisitris‛ que pripcfce a affcijes fineftcvas ej oejegcfci be nis gcjes ben mrupi. Fuajti kás esta affcöj fineftcva se bcrcha a fakocar anmøj aspefti be na sifcebab, kás se pareferá en kivckcejti rencmcisi a uj kivckcejti sifcan strcfti 2 sejsu. ∟
Es jefesarci refanfar que estis tres jcvenes be cbejtcbab ji jefesarcakejte fijvermej i resuntaj renevajtes para tibis nis cjtemrajtes be uja amrupafcöj rencmcisa. Uj cjbcvcbui puebe abiptar uja cbejtcbab sifcan (ej fijtextis rencmcisis) scj mrajbes fakocis ej su cbejtcbab persijan jc recvcjbcfar na pertejejfca a uja cbejtcbab fineftcva . Esta sctuafcöj es grefuejte fuajbi en cjbcvcbui se ejfuejtra ej nas prckeras etapas be su renafcöj fij uj mrupi rencmcisi, fuajbi está refnutabi peri aøj ji se da fijvertcbi titankejte a na fiskivcscöj ben mrupi (ver Farizzc y Grcmerci, 133=). Anterjatcvakejte, uj cjbcvcbui puebe abiptar uja cbejtcbab persijan rencmcisa (ser uj fijversi) peri scj uja fnara fijfcejfca be pertejefer a uj fineftcvi sifcan, scj nnemar a girkar uja cbejtcbab fineftcva . Uj cjbcvcbui puebe daoer abiptabi na cbejtcbab persijan pripuesta pir en mrupi (ser uj fijversi) y puebe "pasar" (ej tãrkcjis be Miggkaj, 1347) be su cbejtcbab sifcan ej tibi fijtexti que ji sea en rencmcisi.
6
Kenuffc es itri ckpirtajte teörcfi be (juevis) kivckcejtis sifcanes que ejgatcza en faráfter fijstruëbi be na cbejtcbab fineftcva, asë fiki na jefescbab be uj fikpijejte be amejfca fineftcva. Ej su begcjcfcöj be cbejtcbab fineftcva, agcrka que „Es uja begcjcfcöj cjteraftcva y fikpartcba, pribufcba pir varcis cjbcvcbuis y que fijfcerje a nas ircejtafcijes be affcöj y an ákocti be ipirtujcbabes y restrcffcijes ej que tceje numar na affcöj. Es cjteraftcva y fikpartcba pirque es uja begcjcfcöj que beoe fijfeocrse fiki uj prifesi, pirque se fijstruye y jemifca a travãs be na aftcvafcöj repetcba be nas renafcijes que ujej a nis cjbcvcbuis (...). \Na cbejtcbab fineftcva[ es uj prifesi a travãs ben fuan nis aftires pribufej nas estrufturas fimjisfctcvas fikujes que nes perkctej vanirar en akocejte y fanfunar nis fistis y oejegcfcis be na
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
21
Karfis be affcöj fineftcva e cbejtcbabes fineftcvas fineftcvas
Ejtre nis enekejtis jefesarcis para na freafcöj be uja cbejtcbab fineftcva kivcnczaba para na affcöj asuke partcfunar ckpirtajfca na enaoirafcöj be uj karfi cjterpretatcvi be affcöj fineftcva ( finneftcve aftcij grake ) (Dujt, Oejgirb y Vjiw, 1332< Vjiw, ?001), que pistune fuán es na sctuafcöj be cjhustcfca que se besea rekebcar, fuán es su ircmej y quã kebcbas sij jefesarcas para superarna. 5 Nis karfis takocãj pripijej estratemcas y táftcfas be affcöj fineftcva para nnakar na atejfcöj dafca en prioneka y para tratar be ckpijer sus sinufcijes (Vjiw y Oejgirb, 1344< 133?). Pir øntcki, señanaj qucãjes sij nis bestcjatarcis be na affcöj, e cbejtcgcfaj a nis pitejfcanes ancabis asë fiki a nis prcjfcpanes abversarcis (Dujt, Oejgirb y Vjiw, 1332). Es kuy prioaone que ej uj kivckcejti sifcan i rencmcisi excstaj ipcjcijes bcvermejtes respefti ben bcamjöstcfi ben prioneka y be su sinufcöj que fiexcstaj ej su cjtercir bcstcjtis karfis be affcöj fineftcva. Pibekis ejtijfes daonar ji be uj sini karfi scji be uj repertirci be cjterpretafcijes (Kiijey y Dujt, 1337) an fuan nis cjtemrajtes be kivckcejtis puebej refurrcr para cjterpretar na reancbab. Bejtri be este repertirci be karfis cjterpretatcvis, ej ifascijes se besarrinna uj karfi beterkcjabi (kaestri) que nimra preekcjejfca siore itris y nnema a ser fikpartcbi pir varcas irmajczafcijes an cjtercir ben kivckcejti. 7 Este karfi kaestri ∟
∟
∟
5
Oejgirb (133=, p. 217) ej oase a su traoahi ajtercir fij Vjiw (Vjiw y Oejgirb, 133?), begcje nis karfis be affcöj fineftcva fiki „uj fijhujti ekermejte be freejfcas ircejtabas dafca na affcöj que cjspcraj scmjcgcfabis y nemctckaj nas aftcvcbabes y fakpajas be kivckcejtis sifcanes‛. Vemøj Vjiw y Oejgirb (133?, p.164) nis karfis be affcöj fineftcva „suorayaj na sercebab e cjhustcfca be fcertas fijbcfcijes sifcanes i rebegcjej fiki cjhusti e cjkiran ni que era prevcakejte fijscberabi fiki besagirtujabi peri quczás tineraone‛. 7 En fijfepti be „karfi kaestri‛ gue cjtribufcbi pir Vjiw y Oejgirb (133?) para expncfar en amrupakcejti be sckcnares estratemcas retörcfas pir parte be bcstcjtis kivckcejtis sifcanes
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2?
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
finirea na maka be cjterpretafcijes aferfa be na sctuafcöj que igrefej nis aftcvcstas e cjgnuye ej nas estratemcas y nas táftcfas be affcöj fineftcva que se ekpneaj. Vu prebikcjci puebe ser be burafcöj varcaone dasta que, pir fakocis ej en fijtexti sifcan, na affcöj be ajtamijcstas i pir en surmckcejti be juevis aftcvcstas fij itras cjterpretafcijes, aparezfa uj karfi que bcspute su prckafëa y se trajsgirke ej en juevi karfi kaestri. Nis karfis que pcerbej su demekijëa, scj ekoarmi, ji besaparefej scji que pasaj a girkar parte ben repertirci be cjterpretafcijes, y nis aftcvcstas ej este fasi, nëberes rencmcisis que pripijej juevis karfis puebej tikar be ennis beterkcjabis sëkoinis, snimajs, armukejtis i táftcfas be affcöj fineftcvas (Kiijey y Dujt, 1337). ∟
∟
Ej ni que resta ben traoahi, ke bebcfarã a ajanczar föki se fijstruyej nis tres jcvenes be cbejtcbab, persijan, sifcan y fineftcva, para en fasi be nas rencmcijes agri-orascneras ej Armejtcja. Babi que ej itris traoahis de tratabi ej prigujbcbab en besarrinni be cbejtcbabes persijanes y sifcanes, gifanczarã kc ajáncscs ej na fijstruffcöj be cbejtcbabes fineftcvas y na sufescöj be karfis be affcöj que nis ukoajbcstas/agrcfajcstas daj besarrinnabi a tan egefti. Para enni será prefcsi besfrcocr ajtes en kibi be irmajczafcöj besfejtranczaba que pisee na rencmcöj y na girka ej que esta cjgnuye ej na freafcöj be gakcncas rencmcisas extejsas que freaj cbejtcbabes fineftcvas parfcanes. Es esta semkejtafcöj na que nis nëberes a nis que jis regercrekis nuemi cjtejtaráj superar pripijcejbi sufescvakejte bcstcjtis karfis be affcöj fineftcva. Fijstruffcöj be cbejtcbabes persijanes y sifcanes ej nas rencmcijes agriorascneñas Na irmajczafcöj rencmcisa be na ukoajba/agrcfajcski ukoajba/agrcfajcski
Besbe nis pcijeris estubcis be Derslivcts (1352) pasajbi pir en ya fná-
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
26
ej na rencmcöj, ni que es fasc daoctuan. Beoahi estáj nis dchis be sajti , que daj scbi cjcfcabis pir anmuji be ennis bejtri ben fakcji rencmcisi. Nis dchis be sajti prijtis se ejfuejtraj ej nis jcvenes supercires be na herarquëa rencmcisa, pir daoer reanczabi na kayir fajtcbab be cjcfcafcijes rctuanes. Anmujis be ennis tcejej varcis sajtis asejtabis y ej anmøj kikejti aorcráj su pripca fasa be rencmcöj. Itris prijtis, que ji tcejej fakcji saferbitan, tejbráj asejtabis su „ircxá be faoeza‛, „be fuerpi‛ y Oará, en ircxá kejsaheri que scekpre afikpaña a nis bekás. Beoahi be ãstis estáj nis dchis be rencmcöj , que tcejej uja øjcfa cjcfcafcöj, en oirc, y pir beoahi be ennis nis kãbcuks be ukoajba. Pir øntcki, uja parte ckpirtajte be qucejes fijfurrej a tekpnis be ukoajba/agrcfajcski sij nis fijsuntajtes, nis fncejtes, que prcjfcpankejte se oejegcfcaj be nis servcfcis abcvcjatiris y kámcfis be nis pacs be sajti peri daoctuankejte ji sij fijscberabis kcekoris ben tekpni (strcfti sejsu ). En faráfter cjcfcátcfi be na rencmcöj, que separa fnarakejte a qucejes vcstej ripa onajfa („kãbcuks‛, „dchis be rencmcöj‛ e „dchis be sajti‛) be qucejes ji ni dafej („en pøoncfi‛, „na mejte que vceje a atejberse‛, „na gremuesëa‛) (Farizzc y Grcmerci, 133=) dafe que este øntcki semkejti bcgëfcnkejte abipte na cbejtcbab sifcan be „ukoajbcsta‛ ej sus cjteraffcijes y que takpifi partcfcpe be nas affcijes que fijbufej a na girkafcöj be uja cbejtcbab fineftcva. Pir ejbe, na presejfca sifcan be nis „ukoajbcstas‛ scekpre es oastajte kejir fikparaba fij na fajtcbab be mejte que, be uja kajera u itra, se renafcija fij nis tekpnis be bcfda rencmcöj. Mrupis be terrecris puebej estar vcjfunabis pir su parejtesfi be sajti, sc sus nëberes guerij cjcfcabis pir uja kcska kæe i pac be sajti, fijgirkajbi be esta kajera uja gakcnca rencmcisa extejsa. Para en fasi ben Oatuque rcimrajbejse, estas renafcijes gakcncares rencmcisas extejsas sij espefcankejte ckpirtajtes nis bëas be gcestas rencmcisas ej dijir a nis ircxás. Nis oatuques i gcestas sij ifascijes ej nas fuanes estas gakcncas extejsas rencmcisas se vcsctaj y finaoiraj fij su presejfca para que na gestcvcbab
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22
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
bab rencmcisa. Vij na exprescöj pir exfenejfca be na sifcaocncbab oatuquera, y a na vez en kás fnari ehekpni be sus nëkctes. Rajti nis oatuques fiki nas gcestas ajuanes ej dikejahe a uj muëa espcrctuan be ukoajba i a uj exø i pikoa mcra be Lckoajba (ãstas øntckas scekpre kuy fijfurrcbas) nimraj frear uja sejsafcöj be „jisitris‛ rencmcisi, uj prcker esoizi be cbejtcbab fineftcva, peri que söni expresa a uja pirfcöj ben titan be na fikujcbab be bevitis excstejtes ej uj paës. = Pir ejfcka be nas gakcncas rencmcisas extejsas, fikpuestas pir pabres, dchis y aouenis be sajti (y itras bercvafcijes kejis ckpirtajtes) tejekis nas jafcijes, que recvcjbcfaj uj kcski ircmej rencmcisi agrcfaji y kajeras sckcnares be funtuar (kebcajte fajtis, bajzas, køscfa) a nis ircxás (Ncka, 13=7). Na cbejtcbab fineftcva que se girka a partcr be estes rasmis ej fikøj, scj ekoarmi, es kuy tejue apejas uj enekejti que puebe superpijerse a na gakcnca extejsa a na dira be fijscberar nis fijvcbabis a nis oatuques. Ej ifascijes, espefcankejte para fijmresis i ej na fijstctufcöj be geberafcijes, da servcbi fiki uj cjbcfabir be quã pueonis i nabis (vifaonis scjöjckis be jafcijes ej Ouejis Acres) beoej fijtar fij anmuja represejtafcöj. ∟
Be uja kajera u itra, pir ni tajti, ya sea pir nas gakcncas oatuqueras extejsas i pir na quczás kás ejmnioajte jifcöj be jafcöj, nas cbejtcbabes fineftcvas que na pripca irmajczafcöj sifcan be na rencmcöj pripcfca sij scekpre cbejtcbabes semkejtabas, que daoctuankejte regnehaj, a na vez, uja guerte sispefda dafca en Itri rencmcisi que praftcfa na kcska rencmcöj peri be kajera bcgerejte. ∟
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Fijstruyejbi cbejtcbabes persijanes y sifcanes
Vc na irmajczafcöj sifcan besfejtranczaba be nis tekpnis be ukoajba/agrcfajcski bcgcfunta na girkafcöj be cbejtcbabes fineftcvas kás anná be
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
25
Na estratemca daoctuankejte utcnczaba pir nis nëberes rencmcisis ej Ouejis Acres fijscste ej cjtribufcr a nis fijsuntajtes y pitejfcanes fijversis a sctuafcijes kás ferfajas a ni fijifcbi prckeri y kás anehabas be su fiskivcscöj ircmcjan bespuãs. Este prifesi mrabuan tika fiki pujti be partcba na práftcfa ben fatincfcski pipunar pir qucejes se aferfaj a nis tekpnis< ãstis, a travãs ben pasahe pir na ukoajba gcjankejte nnemaj a nas práftcfas y freejfcas ben Oatuque. Fiki resuntabi be este prifesi, en cjbcvcbui afaoa abiptajbi na cbejtcbab persijan y (an kejis ej en tekpni) na cbejtcbab sifcan bab sifcan be dchi be uj ircxá beterkcjabi, que ni nnevará a fikpirtarse be beterkcjaba kajera ej en kujbi y a cjteraftuar fij itris cjbcvcbuis ej tãrkcjis be este fijifckcejti. Ej en ajáncscs reanczabi pir Farizzc y Grcmerci (133=), se perfcoe que qucejes fikcejzaj a cjtemrarse a terrecris be ukoajba prckeri kibcgcfaj sus cbejtcbabes sifcanes y refcãj bespuãs, aquennis que nnemaj a fijvertcrse a estas rencmcijes, kibcgcfaj su cbejtcbab persijan be afuerbi fij nis ncjeakcejtis pripuestis pir en mrupi. ∟
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Este prifesi mrabuan ckpncfa en atravesar fcertas etapas jefesarcas peri ji sugcfcejtes8 kufdis cjbcvcbuis perkajefej ej nas prckeras i sanej ben scsteka ajtes be fijvertcrse. Ej tãrkcjis be na kibcgcfafcöj be nas cbejtcbabes ben cjbcvcbui y be su fiskivcscöj pibekis begcjcr estas etapas fiki 8 1) na abipfcöj ej fcertis fijtextis be na cbejtcbab sifcan be fijsuntajte y bepisctarci be ayubas espcrctuanes< ?) na abipfcöj be na cbejtcbab sifcan be kãbcuk y na cjterpretafcöj be anmujas sctuafcijes ej tãrkcjis be na cjtervejfcöj be ejtcbabes espcrctuanes< 6) na abipfcöj be na cbejtcbab sifcan be dchi be rencmcöj y na sifcanczafcöj ej na fiskivcscöj be na varcajte kás irtibixakejte agrcfaja praftcfaba ej en tekpni y 2) na abipfcöj be na cbejtcbab be dchi be uj Ircxá ej partcfunar fiki fikpijejte fejtran be na cbejtcbab persijan y en ekpnei be na fiskivcscöj ben tekpni ej na cjterpretafcöj be na kayir parte be b e nas sctuafcijes que en cjbcvcbui atravcesa. 4 Para ejgatczar na ji jefesarca firrespijbejfca ejtre nis bcstcjtis jcvenes
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27
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
daoer frefcbi fij en pasar be nis añis) kufdis praftcfajtes be estas rencmcijes ji recvcjbcfaj sus cbejtcbabes sifcanes rencmcisas. Esti scj buba takocãj agefta na girkafcöj be cbejtcbabes fineftcvas puesti que ej na kebcba ej que kás cjbcvcbuis estãj bcspuestis a recvcjbcfar su cbejtcbab rencmcisa söni ej fijtextis rencmcisis, bcgëfcnkejte se prestej para kivcnczarse para na affcöj fineftcva que fasc scekpre beoe reanczarse ej ákoctis extrarencmcisis. Pir itri nabi, na ji recvcjbcfafcöj be estas cbejtcbabes sifcanes rencmcisas (i be na be „ukoajbcsta‛, que nas ejmnioarëa a tibas) aukejta na cjvcscocncbab sifcan be na rencmcöj y gafcncta su estcmkatczafcöj, ya que na ckamej pøoncfa be na kcska queba prcjfcpankejte ej kajis be nis kebcis be fikujcfafcöj (Grcmerci, 1331a< Grcmerci y Iri, 1334). Fijstruffcöj be cbejtcbab fineftcva ej nas rencmcijes agriorascneñas ej Armejtcja
Dafe kufdi tcekpi que nis pacs be sajti armejtcjis i sus pares urumuayis que kcmrarij dafe bãfabas a este paës sij fijsfcejtes be na estcmkatczafcöj que sugre su rencmcöj (Grcmerci, 1331o). Para superarna, sistcejej, es jefesarca na ujcöj be tibis nis praftcfajtes para reanczar aftcvcbabes fijhujtas que puebaj fakocar su kana ckamej pøoncfa asë fiki prescijar para kehirar en status neman be nis tekpnis. Be afuerbi fij na perspeftcva ∟
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be kivckcejtis sifcanes aquë utcnczaba, este bcamjöstcfi aferfa be föki su
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
2=
fineftcva (Rcnny, 13=4) ben kivckcejti. Anmujas be estas táftcfas pasarij be
uj karfi a itri kcejtras que itras parefej daoer scbi aoajbijabas. Estis tres karfis fikpartej be kajera mejeran en bcamjöstcfi ben prioneka a ejgrejtar pir na fikujcbab rencmcisa y bcgcerej, prcjfcpankejte, ej en enekejti prijöstcfi, i sea, nas estratemcas be affcöj que refikcejbaj y nas táftcfas que utcnczaj para ckpnekejtarnas. 10 Excstej asckcski, anmujas bcgerejfcas ej fuajti a qucãjes sij fijscberabis, bejtri be nis bcstcjtis karfis, fiki nis prcjfcpanes bestcjatarcis be na affcöj fineftcva y qucejes sij vcsuanczabis fiki sus ancabis y prcjfcpanes abversarcis . En bcamjöstcfi respefti be fuánes sij nis prionekas que ejgrejtaj nis ukoajbcstas/agrcfajcstas ej Ouejis Acres se kajtceje fijstajte besbe en prcker cjtejti pir frear uja cbejtcbab y uja affcöj fineftcva ej na oøsqueba pir superar na bcsmremafcöj a na fuan uja irmajczafcöj besfejtranczaba parefe daoernis fijbejabi. Sa ej nis iohetcvis be na Fijgeberafcöj Espërcta Ukoajbcsta be firta vcba gujbaba a gcjes be 13=3 se expresa en pripöscti be „ujcr tibis nis fejtris y terrecris be ukoajba scj reparar fuan guera su jafcöj‛. Ve señana, asckcski, en pripöscti be nufdar pir „na reagcrkafcij ben berefdi fijstctufcijan ej ni regerejte a na ncoertab be funtis‛. 11 Na fijstruffcöj be uja fikujcbab rencmcisa i be uja cbejtcbab fineftcva, semøj na terkcjinimëa aquë utcnczaba y na oøsqueba be uja kayir nemctckcbab be na rencmcöj seráj nis prcjfcpanes ehes siore nis fuanes refaeráj nis cjtejtis be affcöj fineftcva be nis ukoajbcstas. Na oøsqueba be nemctckcbab se bcrcmcrá ∟
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Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
24
terëstcfa kás fijtrivertcba, mejerajbi anmujas reaffcijes pøoncfas, espefcankejte be nas sifcebabes priteftiras be ajckanes que refnakaoaj que estas práftcfa beoëaj ser pridcocbas an ejfuabrarse bejtri be na Ney Varkcejti be priteffcöj a nis ajckanes (Grcmerci, 1331a). Para kehir sanvamuarbarse be nas frëtcfas sifcanes y be na aøj supãrstcte aujque bcskcjucba represcöj pincfcan, nas cjsfrcpfcijes be tekpnis be ukoajba ej en _emcstri Jafcijan be Funtis ji Fatöncfis se kuntcpncfarij burajte este perëibi. Prioaonekejte kufdis be estis pebcbis be cjsfrcpfcöj eraj be tekpnis juevis, peri takocãj nis daoëa be nëberes fij añis be aftcvcbab kas i kejis fnajbestcja que pejsaoaj que en juevi Estabi bekifrátcfi serëa uj cjternifutir kás refeptcvi a sus petcfcijes que en rãmckej kcnctar ajtercir. Aujque ji daoëa ckpebckejtis nemanes para su remcstri be defdi, excstëaj cjsfrcpfcijes be tekpnis be ukoajba besbe 13=3 nas autircbabes be na Vefretarëa be Funti kcraoaj fij anmi be refeni esta frefcejte presejfca rencmcisa. En status akocmui be na rencmcöj a jcven igcfcan queba fnari ej en ebctircan be uja be nas revcstas be ukoajba ebctabas ej na ãpifa8 ∟
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Ej uja ejtrevcsta sistejcba fij en bcreftir be Funtis ji Fatöncfis, a nis represejtajtes be esta revcsta ji pasö cjabvertcba na ckamej que tceje Ukoajba y sus saferbites ajte ese irmajcski. Aparejtekejte, be tibis nis funtis ji fatöncfis ãste es en que miza be kejis sckpatëa y afeptafcöj. _azijes9 Quebarij kuy ej fnari burajte na fijversafcöj. Ganta be represejtatcvcbab ej qucejes se presejtaj cjvifajbi su jikore (…) cjfiderejfca ej nis gujbakejtis rencmcisis que anemaj ajte en Kcjcsterci be _enafcijes Extercires y Funti, e
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
23
Nis evejtis pøoncfis parabcmkátcfis bejtri be este karfi be affcöj fineftcva rencmcisi guerij en Prcker Fijmresi Armejtcji be Ukoajba y sus _aëfes (?5/10/1345), na Gestc-Fijfejtrafcöj Ukoajbcsta y _ctuanes Agrcfajis (13/7/1347) y en Ejfuejtri be Fijgraterjcbab Ukoajbcsta Bcstcjfcöj Pac Kcmuen (17/=/134=). En Prcker Fijmresi resuntö partcfunarkejte ckpirtajte ji söni pir daoer scbi na „presejtafcöj ej sifcebab be na rencmcöj‛ semøj panaoras be su irmajczabira scji takocãj pirque, an ser na prckera frcstanczafcöj be uja affcöj fineftcva, estaonefcö y trajskctcö bcstcjtis enekejtis bcamjöstcfis y prijöstcfis ben karfi be affcöj fineftcva asë fiki táftcfas be affcöj que nuemi se repribufcrëaj ej itris evejtis. Ejtre nis enekejtis bcamjöstcfis, na exprescöj pøoncfa y recteraba (ej nis iohetcvis señanabis ej en agcfde ben fijmresi y ej su primraka) be na jefescbab be fijstruffcöj be uj „kivckcejti rencmcisi ukoajbcsta‛ (scf) nifan y be ujcöj be esta fikujcbab rencmcisa. Ejtre nis prijöstcfis, na recteraba armukejtafcöj, tajti ej nas pijejfcas be nis pacs armejtcjis, fiki ej nas ejtrevcstas a nis kebcis, be que na ukoajba piseëa tibas nas farafterëstcfas girkanes be uja rencmcöj, y pir ni tajti ji era uja sefta i furajbercski. ∟
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Ejtre nas táftcfas se puebej señanar na abipfcöj be kibenis bercvabis ben quedafer afabãkcfi fiki na irmajczafcöj be fijmresis fij pijejfcas presejtabas pir pacs be sajti ej nas fuanes se betannaoaj nas freejfcas y na dcstirca be na rencmcöj< su reanczafcöj ej numares fãjtrcfis y prestcmcisis (ditenes i teatris), na fijfurrejfca a nis kcskis fij ripas girkanes (trahes,
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50
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
kayir i kejir piber be fijvifatirca, fij varcafcijes ej nis ascstejtes a nas kcskas, se fijtcjuarij reanczajbi, mejerankejte bespuãs be faba evejti pøoncfi fuyi ãxcti parefcö bar juevi ckpunsi a na cbea be ujcgcfafcöj be na rencmcöj. Uj enekejti que se cjfirpirö an karfi be affcöj fineftcvi nuemi ben C Fijmresi, prioaonekejte beoatcbi ej nas reujcijes kás prcvabas, gue na cbea be que en kivckcejti ukoajbcsta nifan beoëa besarrinnarse fij cjbepejbejfca be nis kejtires rencmcisis orascneris. Aujque ejtre nis iohetcvis ircmcjanes ben fijmresi daoëa estabi „fijsincbar na ujcöj be saferbites ukoajbcstas be na _epøoncfa Armejtcja y be nis paëses nckëtriges (Orascn y Urumuay)‛ y pir enni varcis be nis bcsertajtes ej en evejti eraj ckpirtajtes heges be geberafcijes ben Orascn, besavejcejfcas que surmcerij fij ennis ejtre nis oastcbires ben evejti nnevarij a na irmajczabira a puoncfar, fij pistercircbab, uja vcrtuan prifnaka be cjbepejbejfca ben kivckcejti rencmcisi armejtcji. Ej na reseña ben evejti que reancza ej su revcsta, agcrka8 Viore Ukoajba pripcakejte bcfda jcjmuji be nis saferbites extrajheris apirtö fijifckcejtis jc biftrcja. Ji se esfufdö be naocis be ennis jaba que aquë ji se supcera. (...) A befcscöj be raëz be na ckprescöj fausaba pir nas bcsertafcijes extrajheras... gue ujájcke na befcscöj "firtar en firböj ukocncfan" fij Orascn a jcven be irmajczafcijes . Quebö fnari que se fijtcjuará, ej en guturi, kajtejcejbi nis nazis rencmcisis fij nis pac y kæe be sajti que faba uji tceje, peri se evctaráj nas gcncafcijes cjbepejbcejtes (be fasas) a cjstctufcijes irmajczatcvas orascneñas (Fijgeberafcijes, Geberafcijes etf.) (...). Vc quebö gcrke en pripöscti be cr traoahajbi ej na oøsqueba be uja irmajczafcöj armejtcja fijgcaone, refijifcba ej tibi en paës y girkaba pir armejtcjis . (Ukoajba Armejtcja 7, p. 1?, 1345, kc ãjgascs)
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
51
Girkafcöj be uja cbejtcbab fineftcva funturan funturan (1330-133=)
Nuemi be uj nustri be reanczar evejtis pøoncfis que kistrarij anmujis avajfes peri takocãj fcertis nëkctes ej na fapafcbab be affcöj fineftcva be nis ukoajbcstas, nis armukejtis be anmujis nëberes rencmcisis que ejgatczaoaj na estratemca be resantar nis aspeftis funturanes be na rencmcöj guerij majajbi kás afeptafcöj y be a pifi bcerij pasi a na girkafcöj be uj juevi karfi kaestri be affcöj fineftcva. Ej na bcguscöj y pipunarczafcöj be este juevi karfi cjfcbcerij takocãj bis evejtis be ckpirtajfca que a fikcejzis be nis 30 safubcerij a na fikujcbab ukoajbcsta/agrcfajcsta y que nnevarij an ãjgascs ya ji be nis aspeftis rencmcisis, scji be nis funturanes, ej na affcöj fineftcva. En prcker evejti scmjcgcfatcvi gue na vcscta ben Ijc (_ey) be Cge (fcubab sajta be nis Siruoa) a na Armejtcja, ej ejeri be 1330. Fiki parte be sus aftcvcbabes ej en paës, este rey fijfurrcö a uj tekpni be rencmcöj agriorascne-
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5?
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
pencmrisa y sus praftcfajtes perbcerij na fapafcbab be kajehar su ckamej pøoncfa (Grcmerci y Iri, 1334). 1? Ej este fijtexti be frefcejte estcmkatczafcöj, nis esguerzis be affcöj fineftcva be nis ukoajbcstas fikejzarij a ircejtarse pir uj juevi karfi kaestri. Este karfi, a bcgerejfca ben ajtercir, sumerëa recvcjbcfar ya ji a na rencmcöj scji a na funtura fiki en prcjfcpan enekejti fijstctuyejte be uja cbejtcbab fineftcva y a uj affcijar funturan fiki na prcjfcpan estratemca be affcöj fineftcva. Vumerëa, asckcski, na cbejtcgcfafcöj pøoncfa be „na rencmcöj‛ ya ji fij na ukoajba, fiki ajtes, scji fij en agrcfajcski. Fiki armukejtã fij kayires betannes ej itris traoahis (Grcmerci, 1336< 133=< ?00?), sc en snimaj que kehir resukëa en karfi kaestri ajtercir era „ukoajba es rencmcöj‛, para este en apripcabi era „agrcfajcski es funtura‛. Fiki nas afusafcijes que nis kebcis egeftuaoaj dafca na ukoajba be reanczar asescjatis rctuanes dafëaj ckpiscone quctar be esta panaora na farma
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
56
prckera kctab be nis 30 reekpnazarij en girkati be fijmresi rencmcisi prepijberajte burajte en perëibi ajtercir pir en be fijmresi funturan. Asë, na kayir parte be nis fijmresis suoscmucejtes ya ji cjfnuyerij sinakejte fiki irabires a pacs be sajti scji que bestafarij na presejfca be gujfcijarcis, sifcönimis, cjteneftuanes i agri-armejtcjis fiki irabires. Aujque guerij irmajczabis pir pacs be sajti , y fijtarij fij uja ascstejfca kayirkejte fikpuesta pir praftcfajtes be na rencmcöj, nis tëtunis be nis prcjfcpanes evejtis pøoncfis kuestraj na prevanejfca ben karfi kaestri funturan fiki ircejtabir be esta affcöj fineftcva8 Prcker Ejfuejtri be Funturas Agriakercfajas (1331) Prcker Fijmresi Agrcfajcsta be Pscfinimëa y Ajtripinimëa be _encmcijes Agriakercjbcas (1331) Fijmresi Ajtripinömcfi Natcjiakercfaji be _encmcöj Agrcfajcsta (133?) Vckpisci Armejtcji be Funtura Agrcfaja (133?) • •
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52
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
Bevitis be nis suourocis (kás i kejis nehajis) ben Mraj Ouejis Acres qucejes bcgëfcnkejte fijfurrcrëaj a estis sctcis tuvcerij affesi a ennis mrafcas a su „funtura‛. Ascstcejbi a estis evejtis, nis bevitis behaoaj pir uj kikejti be ser praftcfajtes be uja rencmcöj estcmkatczaba afusabis be oruhis, y frefcejtekejte, be asescjis, para ser nis pirtabires be uja funtura que nis derkajaoa fij itris mrupis ãtjcfis y rencmcisis be jukerisis paëses be Akãrcfa y Agrcfa y que abekás refnakaoa ser uja be nas raëfes cmjirabas be na cbejtcbab armejtcja. Este sejtckcejti, que ej uj prcjfcpci quczás era aheji a nis bevitis be kejir ebufafcöj girkan y kás anehabis meimrágcfakejte be na fapctan, se gue dafcejbi kás tajmcone fij faba evejti que se reanczaoa. Para enni fijtrcouëaj na presejfca ben scekpre ocej traheabi amremabi funturan be na ekoa haba be Jcmerca< na oajbera be este este paës ej en esfejarci (scekpre ej vez vez be, i ej numares kás fejtranes que, na oajbera orascnera)< na ascstejfca ifascijan be itris represejtajtes be ekoahabas agrcfajas< nis vcbeis que kistraoaj
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
55
dchis cjcfcabis i pir nas aftcvcbabes pøoncfas que reanczarij a gavir be na rencmcöj, kerefëaj ser prekcabis y pir itri nabi, en mruesi be nis nëberes que fij kejis kãrctis pibëaj scj ekoarmi resuntar „jikcjabis‛. Be tibas kajeras, fasc tibis nis nëberes rencmcisis que ascstcerij a estis evejtis iotuvcerij anmøj tcpi be refijifckcejti. Pir este kitcvi ascstëaj afikpañabis pir sus dchis be sajti y asemuraoaj uja fijfurrejfca jukerisa a nis evejtis.16 Na prckera kctab be na bãfaba ben 30 takocãj se farafterczö pir itra ckpirtajte kibancbab be affcöj fineftcva8 na gujbafcöj be geberafcijes. Esta estratemca se vci cjfejtcvaba pir nas guertes afusafcijes que fijtra na rencmcöj se egeftuarij ej nis kebcis be fikujcfafcöj peri, siore tibi, pir uj juevi priyefti be ney que, be sajfcijarse, aukejtarëa nas excmejfcas para nas cjsfrcpfcijes ej en _emcstri be Funtis. Vemøj en priyefti que se dczi pøoncfi ej na ãpifa, para cjsfrcocrse ej en _emcstri uj mrupi rencmcisi beoëa fukpncr anmuja be estas fuatri fijbcfcijes8 a) tejer presejfca ej tres
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57
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
bcez geberafcijes be rencmcöj agri-ukoajbcsta se ujcerij para girkar na Fikujcbab Armejtcja _encmcisa Agri-Akercjbca , „uja ejtcbab be faráfter fijgeberatcvi que amrupe a tibas nas cjstctufcijes be semujbi mrabi ousfajbi na ujcöj egeftcva y begcjctcva be tibis nis praftcfajtes be rencmcijes
be ircmej agri-akercjbci ej na _epøoncfa Armejtcja‛ (semøj fijsta ej na Befnarafcöj be Prcjfcpcis, gcrkaba en ?/10/1336 pir nis bcreftires be nas bcez geberafcijes). 12
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
5=
Vefretarëa be Funtis. 15 Esta kehira ej su ckamej, scj ekoarmi, se pribuhi ej fërfunis rebufcbis8 na nemctckafcöj sifcan tibavëa nes era esqucva. Nis fijmresis funturanes ji daoëaj tejcbi jcjmuja reperfuscöj ej nis kebcis y aujque na cjtejscbab y na grefuejfca be nas afusafcijes fijtra na rencmcöj daoëaj bcskcjucbi hujti fij en apafcmuakejti be na fijtriversca siore nas seftas excstëaj tibavëa anmujis primrakas be tenevcscöj que se ejfarjczaoaj fij na ukoajba y fcertis dikcfcbcis fikujes que eraj cjterpretabis ∟
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54
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
ben karfi funturan. Esta bepejbëa be na ancajza fij uja serce be aftires (persijan be na ekoahaba be Jcmerca, køscfis y oacnarcjes agriakercfajis, afabãkcfis) fuya deterimejecbab y bekajbas ji era gáfcn be satcsgafer a ni narmi ben tcekpi. Ckpncfaoa takocãj na jefescbab be anqucnar fistisis teatris i sanas be fejtris funturanes que söni se pibëaj egeftuar marajtczajbi uj këjcki be fijfurrejtes an evejti. Este bcgëfcn equcncori be kivcnczafcöj be bcjeri, ancabis funturanes y pøoncfi resuntö kuy besmastajte para en rebufcbi jøfnei be pacs be irmajczabires be nis evejtis. Fuajbi uj fak-
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
53
Ej su cjgirke nuemi be na prckera reujcöj, na irmajczabira expncfcta fnarakejte nis kitcvis be esta jueva piscfcöj8 Itri pujti be fijgncfti scekpre gue en Funti. Fiki se dafe, y qucej ni dafe, sc tceje kás i kejis añis, sc es prestcmcisi i ji ni es, sc saoe i ji saoe. Vc tceje mejte i ji tceje. Este aspefti day que superarni. Sa ji ckpirta qucãj ni dafe jc föki ni dafe. Na reancbab jis bcfe que ejtre tibis, be uja u itra kajera, fij kás i kejis trabcfcöj, estakis y excstc ji na tceje jabce, faba uji tceje su pripca verbab y ej fijhujti fijgirkis. Na verbab ji kakis uja reancbab fij varcajtes, fij katcfes bcversis be uja vancisa rcqueza funturan.
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70
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
rcis ben área be Funtis ben Piber Ehefutcvi y a „na sifcebab‛ be kajera
mejeran, nis agrcfajcstas/ukoajbcstas adira reanczaj reujcijes pøoncfas ej tekpnis fij pinëtcfis a nis fuanes qucerej kistrarnes su piber be fijvifatirca i expresarnes su apiyi. Asë, ajtes be nas eneffcijes prescbejfcanes be iftuore be 1333, se irmajczarij bis aftis be nis fuanes partcfcparij bis sejabires hustcfcancstas. 13 Ej bcfcekore be ?00?, ya ej fakpaña para nas eneffcijes prescbejfcanes be aorcn be ?006, en fajbcbati a vcfeprescbejte pir uja be nas görkunas kás fijifcbas ascstcö a uj afti irmajczabi pir uja
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
71
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7?
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
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72
Fcvctas ‖ _evcsta be Fcèjfcas Vifcacs v. 6, j¸ 1, huj. ?006
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A.Grcmerci ‖ „Pir juestris berefdis, be refdis, adira i jujfa!‛...
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