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"C =F E@B\=@ L=]L? H= DM?@AD FD >?C>=ELBGC A=F =C;?a K<= ;?@\DLBd? A= FD =dDF BGC A= F?H DE@=CABeDk=HR f H= =]EFB>D >?C \Df?@ E@?; ?CHBHL=R > BGC K<= H= FF=dDC D >DM?R =CL@= ?L@?H L=\DH E@BC>BEDF=HQ "C =F H=W = BGC A<@DCL= =F >B>F? =H>?FD@ f H= M@BCADC H BDH ED@D AD@ H=a WB>F? dDC E@=H=Ca LDCA? DFWPC @=eDW? @=HE=>L? A=F @=HL? A=F W@ =@? H= ?;@=>= BGC D F?H =F=\=CL?H A=F ><@@N> =CL@D@H= =C >G\? =dDF BGC >?C;?@\= D F? =HLDMF=>BA? =C F?H E@?W@D\DH A= =HL BDH A= >G\? =FDM?@D@F?HR LD\MB[C se identica qué es lo que permite evaluar cada uno de ellos.
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L@Dd[H A= FD #D@LBFFD A= "A<>D>BGC 0OHB>DR f H= EFDCL=DC E@?E<=Ha LDH A= >G\? ZD>=@ A= FD >?\D>BGC BD@H=R =HL?H L=]L?HR =C H< >?Ck =C ?@@BA? A=HA= FD >?C>=EL BGC ZDHLD FD >?\ D>BGC de resultados, con el n de que los docentes cuenten con los
=F=\=CL?H f FDH HBDH C=>=HD@BDH ED@D \=k?@D@ FD ;?@\D =C K<= FF=dDC D >DM? FD =dDF BGC A= F?H DE@=CABeDk=H =C =F D <=FDQ "HL= >?Ck BGC A= DE@=CABeDk=H ;Dd?@=>=@O =F BCL=@[H E?@ =HL= O\MBL? E@?;=HB?CDF A= F?H A?>=CL=HR K<= =H LDC B\E?@LDCL=R f E?@ ?L@?H \DL=@BDF=H H?M@= =F L=\D K<= E=@\BLDC E@?; L?H A= FD =dDF BGCQ .D@D =FF?R @=H ?CLD@ >?C FDH =]E=@B=C>BDH f opiniones de los propios docentes para orientar las reexiones
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=CH=jDCeD f DF DE@=CABeDk= A= F?H DF<\C?HQ "dDFD @=>?C?>=@ K<= =]BHL= BGC K<= C? H= FB\BLD D FD =Ha ><=FDQ %@DAB>B?CDF\=CL=R FD =dDF BGC H= DEFB>DMD ED@D >?C?a >=@ =F A=H=\E=j? =H>?FD@ A= F?H DF<\C?H =C ?WC?H>Ba LBd?^ @=;=@B@ >?C>=EL?HR Z=>Z?HR E@BC>BEB?HR =L>[L=@DR DAK=H?H A= =CH=jDCeD f A= DE@=CABeDk=Q & ED@LB@ 13
A= FD A[>DAD A= U_YTR FD =dDFBGC H= ZD =]L=CABA? D ?L@?H =F=\=CL?H A=F E@?>=H? =A<>DLBd?^ FD E@O>LB>D A?>=CL=R =F ; B?CD\B=CL? A= F?H E@?W@D\DH A= DE?f? DF ><@@N> ?\a E?C=CL=H A=F HBHL=\D =A<>DLBd?Q "HLD D\EFBD>BGC H= @=DFBeG =C "HLDA?H *CBA?H E?@ >B@> BDH >?\? FD >@NLB>D D FD >DFBADA A= FD =H><=FD EPMFB>D f FD C=>=HBADA A= K<= H= @BCAB=@D ><=CLDH DCL= FD =C?@\= BCd=@HBGC =C L=\DH =A<>DLBd?HR =CL@= ?L@DHQ "C 5[]B>?R A=HA= F?H Dj?H _T A=F HBWF? oo FD =dDF BGC =ADLBdD ZD >?\MBCDA? =F DdDC>= L[>CB>? A= FDH E@<=MDH =HLDCa AD@BeDADH D W@DC =H>DFDR >?C FD =dDF BGC A= F?H DE@=CABeDk=H A= F?H DF<\C?H E?@ ED@L= A= F?H A?>=CL=HQ 1DH E@<=MDH =HLDCAD@BeDADH DEFB>DADH D ?CHBA=a @DMF= A= FD E?MFD>BGC =H>?FD@BeDADR E=@\BL=C ?ML=C=@ @=H
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&Z? &><=@A? LB=C= DF>DC>= CD>B?CDFR >DAD A?>=CL= f =H><=FD H=F=>>B?CD FDH =HL@DL=WBDHR FDH L[>CB>DH f F?H BCHL@<\=CL?H K<= F= DE?@LDC BC;?@\D>BGC > BGC A=F H=W=HBADA=H K<= E<=ADC H<@WB@ A= D><=@A? >?C FDH >D@D>L=@NHLB>DH A=F >?CL=]L?Q 1?H A?>=CL=H LB=C=C DMH?F BGCR f M@BCAD@ @=L@?DFB\=CLD>BGC D H ?\? @=;=@=CL= AB@=>L? F? H=jDFDA? =C =F .FDC f F?H E@?W@D\DH A= =HL Da >BGC 0OHB>DQ #?C ;@=><=C>BD H= ?MH=@dD K<= F?H A?>=CL=H A=AB>DC E?>? LB=\E? D FD =dDF BGC A=F DE@=CABeDk= =C HN \BH\?R F? > @BL=@B?H f F?H E@?>=AB\B=CL?H =\EF=DA?H C? C=>=HD@BD\=CL= dDF?@=C A= \DC=@D D\EFBD f >?CHBHL=CL= =F DE@=CABeDk= DAKBGCR FD =dDF BGC A=F DE@=CABeDk= A=HA= =F =C;?K<= ;?@\DLBd? @=KDAD A?>=CL= = FDH =HL@DL=WBDH f F?H BCHL@BGC K<= >?CHBA=@= DA=> =HBa ADA=H A= DE@=CABeDk= A= H< W@ BEDF A= =HL= L=]L? =H DE?@LD@ =F=\=CL?H K<= E=@\BLDC L@DCH;?@\D@ =F H=CLBA? A= FD =dDF BGCR >?C?>=@ F?H avances en el aprendizaje y contar con información conable
K<= E?HBMBFBL= >@=D@ ?E?@LDAD DF<\C? E<=AD DE@=CA=@ >DAD d=e \=k?@Q !?M@= L?A?R FD BCL=@@?a WDCL= E@BC>BEDF K<= H= E@=L=CA= Df ?C =HL= texto es explicitar en qué elementos se debe jar el docente
ED@D ;?@LDF=>=@ f E?L=C>BDFBeD@ H< E@O>LB>D f =dDFB@R D ED@LB@ A=F E@BC>BEB? A= =dDF =CL@DCA? FD DL=C>BGC =C F?H =HL =H?H A= DE@=CABeDk=Q "F L=]L? H= ?@WDCBeG =C > >B?C=Hp =C FD E@B\=@D H= E@=a H=CLD FD >?C>=EL
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1D @=WBGC BCL=@D>LBdD >?CHLBL =a F=C>BD A= FD =dDF BGC ;?@\DLBdDR \B=CL@DH K<= FD E@?D>LBdD f FD @=L@?D>LBdD H?C DFL=@CDLBdDH ED@D K<= E<=ADC B?CDA? E?@ ABd=@H?H ;D>L?@=H I)NDe 0D@@Ba WD f q=@COCA=eR STTSJQ .?@ ?L@D ED@L=R FD =dDF BGC H<\DLBdD E@?\<=d= K<= H= ?Ma L=CWD B? WF?MDF A=F W@DA? A= DdDC>= =C =F F?W@? A= F?H DE@=CABeDk=H =HE=@DA?H A= >DAD DF<\C?R DF >?C>F<=Ca >BD ABAO>LB>D ? BGC ABAO>LB>DQ .D@D =F >DH? A= E@B\Da @BD f H=> BHB?C=H @=FD>B?CDADH con la acreditación al nal de un periodo de enseñanza o ciclo
=H>?FD@R C? DHN =C =F CBd=F A= E@==H>?FD@R A?CA= FD D>@=ABLD>BGC H= ?ML=CA@O HGF? E?@ =F Z=>Z? A= ZDM=@F? ><@HDA?Q &HB\BH\?R FD =dDFBGC H<\DLBdD H= MDHD =C FD @=>?F=>a >BGC A= BC;?@\D>BGC D>=@>D A= F?H @=H ?\? A= F?H E@?>=H?HR FDH =HL@DL=WBDH f FDH D>LBdBADA=H K<= ZD =CL= f F= ZDC E=@\BLBA? FF=WD@ D AB>Z?H @=H
26
n ó i c a u l a v e a l e d o v i t a m r o f e u q o f n e l E . 1
"C @=FD>BGC >?C F?H L@=H \?\=CL?H A= FD =dDFBGCR [HL?H H?C ; BHB?C=H @=HE=>L? DF A=HD@@?FF? de la planicación en un aula en particular, por ello, es necesaa @B? =dDF B>F? =H>?FD@Q "C W=C=@DFR FD =dDF BGC BCB>BDF ?><@@= > ?\B=CeD B>F? =H>?FD@ f =C FDH primeras etapas del desarrollo de un periodo o bloque, y la nal
=C FDH PFLB\DH =LDEDHR \B=CL@DH K<= FD =dDFBGC A= E@?>=H? hace posible el aprendizaje. Generalmente, la evaluación nal
H<=F= L=C=@ \OH DL=C>BGC E?@ ED@L= A= F?H A?>=CL=H K<= FD A=F E@?>=H?Q !B F? DCL=@B?@ ?><@@=R =F A?>=CL= C? H= >=CL@D@ND =C FD =dDFBGC A= F?H DE@=CABeDk=H A= F?H DF<\C?H A=HA= =F =C;?a K<= ;?@\DLBd?R E?@ F? K<= DF C? DEFB>D@ DA=> B?C=HR H= E<=A= A=L=C=@ =F E@?>=H? A= DE@=CABeDk= A= dD@BDH \DC=@DHp E?@ =k=\EF?^
• !B F?H =]O\=C=H f FDH LD@=DH K<= H= =dDFPDC C? >?\DC F? K<= =H B\E?@LDCL= DE@=CA=@ ? C? H= =C;?>DC =C F?H DE@=CABeDk=H =HE=@DA?HR F?H DF<\C?H C? E?A@OC \=k?a @D@ H
•
La asignación de calicaciones como premio o castigo
E<=A= L=@\BCD@ >?C FD \?LBdD>BGC A= F?H DF<\C?H E?@ DE@=CA=@Q
•
Si los alumnos perciben la obtención de una calicación
>?\?DC>=R E<=A= D\BC?@D@ H< =H;<=@e? f D<\=CLD@ F?H ABHL@D>L?@=H =C =F DE@=CABeDk=Q • 1DH E@O>LB>DH A= =dDF BGC =C FDH K<= H= DEFB>DC E@=a \B?H ? >DHLBW?H E<=A=C @=A<>B@ FD >?FDM?@D>BGC =CL@= F?H DF<\C?H ? FD \?LBdD>BGC E?@ DE@=CA=@ A= F?H A=\OHQ "F []BL? A= FD =dDF BGC =H K<= F?H A?>=CL=H \=k?@=C =F E@?a >=H? A= =CH=jDCeD f A= DE@=CABeDk=R =C =F > B?a nes nales se utilicen como momentos importantes de logro. Por
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27
n ó i c a u l a v e a l e d o v i t a m r o f e u q o f n e l E . 1
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DE@=CABeDk=H fR =C >?CH=><=C>BDR E=@\BL= FD >@=D>BGC A= ?E?@LBGCR LDCL? =C FD DBGC >?\? =C FD >?=dDF BGC =H C=>=HD@B? M@BCAD@ D F?H DF<\C?H >@BL=@B?H >FD@?HR E@=>BH?H f >?C>BH?H K<= A=M=C DEFB>D@ ABD >?CHL@<>LBdD f C? =C FD =\BHBGC A= kB?H HBC ; ?@E?@DA? D FD =H><=FDp =H A=>B@R H= =HLDMF=>= B? \OH ?Mk=LBd? E?@K<= C? =]BHL=C @=FD>B?C=H BCL=@E=@H?CDF=H >?C F?H =dDF ? >?C?>B\B=CL? D>=@>D A= F?H DdDC>=H =C =F DE@=CABeDk= A= F?H DF<\C?H f BGC \NCB\D A=F >?CL=]L?Q "C =F =C;?K<= ;?@\DLBd? H= A=M= E@BdBF=WBD@ K<= F?H A?>=Ca L=H =dDFP=C A= \DC=@D BCL=@CD f ED@LB>BEDLBdDR DF >?CHBA=@D@ F?H DE@=CABeDk=H A= F?H DF<\C?H >?\? =F >=CL@? A= DL=C>BGC A= FD =dDF BGC =C =F D
n ó i c a u l a v e a l e d o v i t a m r o f e u q o f n e l E . 1
E@?>=H? BC>FD@D>L=@NHLB>DH^ ,J H= =C\D@>D =C >?CL=]L?H BCHLBL<>B?CDF=Hp FJ @=KBGCR >?C?>B\B=CL?H especializados y habilidades especícas para trabajar con los
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Df?CL@BM =@ FD D BGC =C F?H DE@=CABeDk=HQ "HLD ;?@\D A= D>=@>D@H= D F?H E@?>=H?H A= =CH=jDCeD f A= DE@=CABeDk= E=@\BL=^ ,J ?C?>B\B=CL? ED@D FD @=H?F<>BGC ecaz de problemas, al enjuiciar de manera crítica la actividad y
E?HB>BGC A<@DCL= =F E@?>=H?R DA=\OH A= F?H @=H<@@B@ D =HL@DL=WBDH LDCL? >?WC?H>BLBdDH >?\? \=LD>?Wa noscitivas que permitan resolver las tareas de modo eciente
F?W@DCA? K<= F?H DF<\C?H ?ML=CWDC^BGC A=F >?a C?>B\B=CL?R FD >DED>BADA ED@D @=H?Fd=@ E@?MF=\DHR FDH ZDMBFBADa A=H A= D BGCR f BGC BC>@=\=CLDADQ 1D =dDF BGC A= F?H DE@=CABeDk=H A=HA= =F =C;?K<= ;?@\DLBa d? E=@\BL= @=DFBeD@ ?R =C =F K<= H= BC>?@E?@D FD L?\D A= A=>BHB?C=H >?C MDH= =C =F kB? =]E=@L? A=F A?>=CL= f =F >?C?>B\B=CL? E?@ =F >?CLD>L? ABD@B? >?C F?H DF<\C?HR DHN >?\? FDH =dBA=C>BDH @=>?F=>LDADHQ "]BHL= BGC ;?@a \DLBdD K<= =]E?C= !DAF=@ IU_X_J f =C@BK<=>= !Z=EED@AR =F > =CL= A=M= DL=CA=@ ED@D ;Dd?@=>=@ FD =dDF BGC A=HA= =HL= =C;?K<=Q & >?CLBC BGC H= E@=H=CLD =HL= \?A=F? ED@D DE?@LD@ \OH =F=\=CL?H f >?\E@=CA=@ =F =C;?a K<= ;?@\DLBd? A= FD =dDF BGC A= F?H DE@=CABeDk=HQ 36
n ó i c a u l a v e a l e d o v i t a m r o f e u q o f n e l E . 1
A=HD@@?FF? E@G]B\? f >?C FD L=?@ND H?>B?>LBdD H?>B?> ?CHBA=@D K<= =F A=HD@@?FF? =H =F ;@
@=?@WDCBeD>BGC A= F?H E@?>=H?H >?WC?H>BLBd?H f A= F?H =HK<=\DH A= BCL=@E@=LD>BGC A= FD @=DFBADAR E@?>=H?H K<= H<@W=C W@D>BDH D FD BCL=@D>>BGC =CL@= FDH E=@H?CDH >?C =F =CL?@C? A?CA= dBd=CR BC>FLB>DH H?>BDF=H f > LBdD H?>B?> ?H A= H< L=?@ND =H K<= L?ADH FDH ; B?C=H \=CLDF=H >?\EF=kDH DED@=>=C E@B\=@? =C =F EFDC? BCL=@EHB>?FGWB>? vD CBd=F H?>BDFvR f E?HL=@B?@\=CL=R A=HE<[H A= FD BCL=@D>>BGC >?C DFW=C =C =F EFDC? BCL@DEHB>?FGWB>? vD CBd=F BCABdBA ?C>=EL? ?CLBC B\DWBCD@B? A= DE@=CABeDk=R =CL@= F? K<= =@ A= \DC=@D BCA=E=CAB=CL= f F? K<= E<=A= ZD>=@ HB F? Df =CL= < ?L@?H DF<\C?H \OH =]E=@L?H K<= [FQ "H A=>B@R FD e?CD A= A=HD@@?FF? E@G]B\? H= reere a la diferencia que existe entre el desarrollo actual de un
DF<\C?R A=L=@\BCDA? E?@ H< >DED>BADA A= H?F<>B?CD@ E@?MF=a \DH A= \DC=@D BCA=E=CAB=CL= I>?C?>B\B=CL?HR ZDMBFBADA=H f D>LBLBDFR A=L=@\BCDA? E?@ F? K<= E<=A= FF=WD@ D F?W@D@ >?C FD W?FDM?@D>BGC A= DFWL? D F? DCL=@B?@R H= A=M=C L=CA=@ E<=CL=H =CL@= F? K<= >?C?>= ?C?>B\B=CL?H E@=dB?HJ f F? K<= E<=A= aprender. Esto implica un mecanismo distinto a la identicación
A= FD e?CD A= A=HD@@?FF? E@G]B\?R K<= 0@
DCAD\BDk= A= FD =CH=jDCeDQ "C =HL= E@?>=H?RBDF\=CL= C? >?C?>= DFW? ? C? \DC=kD ?C?>B\B=CL?R ZDMBFBADA ? D>LBL =@F? HB BCL=@D>LPD >?C =CL=R K<= F= M@BCAD
40
n ó i c a u l a v e a l e d o v i t a m r o f e u q o f n e l E . 1
&FW=CL= que evalúa a identicar, enfrentar y solucionar los dilemas éticos,
H= ABdBA=C =C L@=H O\MBL?H^ BCABdBA?F=>LBd? f \DL=@BDFR K<= =C H< >?Ck =CL= K<= =dDFPD =C;@=CLD@ F?H A=HD;N?H éticos. Esta es una propuesta que el docente puede reexionar y
D<\=CLD@ H=WPC H< =]E=@B=C>BDQ & >?CLBCBGC H= A=H>@BM= >DAD BDH I>?C?>B\B=CL?HR ZDMBFBADA=HR D>LBL