TFG Taller Mecanico Jose Miguel Garcia Aivar

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N@YQL AD QLONLY Qlonl <. Dndkdbths `nuk`bli`ùb. ...........................................................................................

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< LBQDIDADBQDY Yd rdalitl dn prdsdbtd prhydith ad QLNND_ KDIÌB@IH l pdtì`ùb LBQHB@H NHSDU NHSDU ad M_LBLAL, ihb [email protected] ==47:?17 U y ahkì`n`h shi`ln db ILNND LBQHB@H KLIGLAH bµ : , ad KL_LIDBL, y l `bstlbi`l ad nl Ihbsdedrël ad Qrloleh d @baustr`l, Adndmli`ùb Srhv`bi`ln ad M_LBLAL y adn Dxikh. Lyubtlk`dbth ad KL_LIDBL.

? HOEDQH ADN S_HPDIQH Dn hoedth adn prdsdbtd prhydith ds dn ad dxphbdr lbtd nhs Hrmlb`skhs Ihkpdtdbtds qud nl `bstlnli`ùb qud bhs hiupl, `bstlnli`ùb dnàitrìl ad ub tlnndr uoìlah phnëmhbh `baustr`ln, rdõbd nls ihbaì`hbds y mlrlbtëls këb`kls dx`màls phr nl rdmnlkdbtli`ùb v`mdbtd, ihb dn j`b ad hotdbdr nl Luthr`zli`ùb Lak`b`strlt`vl y nl ad Dediui`ùb ad nl `bstlnli`ùb, lsë ihkh sdrv`r ad olsd l nl ghrl ad prhidadr l nl dediui`ùb ad aìgh prhydith.

9 _DMNLKDBQLI@HB P A@YSHY@I@HBDY HJ@I@LNDY P SL_Q@ITNL_DY Dn prdsdbtd prhydith rdihmd nls ilrlitdrëstìls ad nhs kltdr`lnds, nhs iìniunhs qud eust`jìlb su dkpndh y nl jhrkl ad dediui`ùb ad nls horls l rdln`zlr, albah ihb dnnh iukpn`k`dbth l nls s`mu`dbtds a`sphsì`hbds5

_dmnlkdbth Dnditrhtàibìh plrl Olel Qdbs`ùb d @bstruii`hbds Qàibìls Ihkpndkdbtlr`ls (_dln Adirdth 71?/?33? ad ? ad Lmhsth ad ?33?). LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

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_dln Adirdth <044/?333 ad < ad Aì`dkord, phr dn qud sd rdmunlb nls Lit`vàlads ad Qrlbsphrtd, A`stròui`ùb,

Ihkdri`ln`zli`ùb, Yuk`b`strh y Srhida`k`dbths ad Luthr`zli`ùb

ad @bstlnli`hbds ad Dbdrmël Dnàitrìl. Iùa`mh Qàibìh ad nl Da`jìli`ùb, AO Y@ shord Ydmuràla db ilsh ad `bidba`h. Iùa`mh Qàibìh ad nl Da`jìli`ùb, AO GD shord Lghrrh ad dbdrmël. Iùa`mh Qàibìh ad nl Da`jìli`ùb, AO YT shord Ydmuràla ad ut`n`zli`ùb. Iùa`mh Qàibìh ad nl Da`jìli`ùb, AO-G_ shord Srhtdii`ùb jrdbtd ln ruàh. _dmnlkdbth ad @bstlnli`hbds Qàrkìls db nhs Da`jì`hs. _dmnlkdbth ad Ydmuràla ihbtrl `bidba`hs db nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds (_dln Adirdth ??:=/?331 ad 9 ad aì`dkord) Bhrkls Qàibìls plrl nl liidsò`nàla y nl dn`k`bli`ùb ad olrrdrls lrqu`tditùbìls, urolbëstìls y db dn trlbsphrtd. Ndy 9

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1 ADYI_@SI@ÙB ADN NHILN P YT A@YQ_@OTI@ÙB 1.< TO@ILI@ÙB P A@KDBY@HBDY Yd trltl ad ubl blvd s`tulal db dn phnëmhbh `baustr`ln nhs NL SLU, db nl ilnnd Elv`dr Yuqu`nnh, db dn tdrk`bh kubì`pln ad KL_LIDBL, Mrlblal. ?

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Ds ubl blvd rditlbmunlr ad 91x4?k nh qud glid ub thtln ad <=:7 k õt`nds, dstlbah rhadlal ad blvds phr thah su pdrëkdtrh slnvh db nl jliglal ad 91k.

1.? UHBLY AD NL @BYQLNLI@ÙB Nl blvd `baustr`ln sd a`vàd db trds ìrdls ad trloleh o`db a`jdrdbi`lals qud shb nl rdidpi`ùb, nl zhbl ad rdplrli`hbds h tlnndr y nls hjì`bls.

1.?.< _DIDSI@ÙB Gly ubl pdqudül rdidpi`ùb db nl dbtrlal ahbad ltdbadr l nhs in`dbtds, dstl ihbstl ad ubl pdqudül kdsl l khah ad hjì`bl y vlr`hs ls`dbths. Db nl rdidpi`ùb `binu`khs su prhp`h sdrvì`h. Shr nh qud bhs qudalrël5 _didpi`hb ad in`dbtds ?3 k?. Lsdh rdidpi`ùb ?.4x? k?. Qhtln5 ?4 k?.


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Uhbl ad rdplrli`ùb-dndvlahrds <333 k?. Uhbl ad nlvlah :3 k?. Uhbl ad p`bturl <13 k?. Uhbl ad rudals?<7 k?. Lnkliàb ad rdpudsths :3 k?. Qhtln5 <1=7 k?.

1.?.9 HJ@I@BLY

Db nl plrtd j`bln ad nl blvd gly ubls hjì`bls adsad nls iulnds sd nndvlrl l iloh thah dn plpdndh adn tlnndr, dstì a`vààl db ahs pnlbtls qud sd ihkubìlb kda`lbtd ubl dsilndrl.

Db nl plrtd `bjdr`hr gly ub glnn, ahs adsplighs ihb ubl ilpliàla plrl 1 pdrshbls ladkìs ad ub lrig`vh. Lsë ihkh ubhs lsdhs qud sd sdrv`rëlb plrl thah dn pdrshbln adn tlnndr.

K`dbtrls tlbth db nl pnlbtl supdr`hr gly ubl slnl ad eubtls ihb ubl ilpliàla kìx`kl ad

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4.9 SHQDBI@L QHQLN Lsë, thklkhs ubl phtdbi`l thtln plrl budstrh s`stdkl ad5 Shtdbi`l @bstlnlal Lnukorlah (])5 = ?77 Shtdbi`l @bstlnlal Judrzl (])5 <37 733 Shtdbi`l Kìx`kl Lak`sònd (])5 <<: 377


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: LIHKDQ@AL. Ds plrtd ad nl `bstlnli`ùb ad nl rda ad a`stròui`ùb, qud ln`kdbtl nl ilel mdbdrln ad prhtdii`ùb h ubàla jubi`hbln dqu`vlndbtd (IMS). Nhs ihbauithrds sdrìb ad ihord h lnuk`b`h. Dstl nëbdl dstì rdmunlal phr nl @QI-OQ-<<.

Ltdba`dbah l su trlzlah, ln s`stdkl ad `bstlnli`ùb y l nls ilrlitdrëstìls ad nl rda, nl lihkdtàl pharì sdr5

Làrdl, phslal shord jliglal. Nhs ilonds sdrìb l`snlahs, ad tdbs`ùb ls`mblal 3,:/< fZ, y su `bstlnli`ùb sd glrì prdjdrdbtdkdbtd oleh ihbauiths idrrlahs h ilblnds prhtdithrls. Slrl nhs iruids ad vëls põonìls y dspli`hs s`b da`jìlr, nhs ilonds pharìb `bstlnlrsd lklrrlahs a`rditlkdbtd db lkohs dxtrdkhs. Nl lnturl këb`kl shord ilnnds y ilrrdtdrls db b`bmõb ilsh sdrì `bjdr`hr l : k. Làrdl, tdbslal shord phstds. Nhs ilonds sdrìb l`snlahs, ad tdbs`ùb ls`mblal 3,:/< fZ, y pharìb `bstlnlrsd suspdbaàhs ad ub ilond j`lahr h kda`lbtd nl ut`n`zli`ùb ad ub ihbauithr bdutrh j`lahr. Iulbah nhs ilonds iruidb shord vëls põonìls h zhbls ad phsònd i`riunli`ùb rhalal, nl lnturl këb`kl shord ilnnds . Yuotdrrìbdl. Nhs ilonds sdrìb l`snlahs, ad tdbs`ùb ls`mblal 3,:/< fZ, y pharìb `bstlnlrsd a`rditlkdbtd dbtdrrlahs, dbtdrrlahs oleh tuoh h db mlndrëls, ltlredls h ilblnds rdv`slonds. Ldrh-suotdrrìbdl. Iukpn`rì nls ihbaì`hbds `baìlals db nhs lplrtlahs lbtdr`hrds. Db dn plsh ad lihkdtàl suotdrrìbdl l làrdl h vìdvdrsl, dn ilond `rì prhtdmàh adsad nl prhjubaàla dstlondiàl glstl ubl lnturl këb`kl ad ?,4 k phr dbi`kl adn b`vdn adn sudnh, kda`lbtd ihbauith rëmàh ad nls s`mu`dbtds ilrlitdrëstìls5 _ds`stdbi`l ln `kplith5 Judrtd (: eun`hs). Qdkpdrlturl këb`kl ad `bstlnli`ùb y sdrvì`h5 - 4 µI. Qdkpdrlturl kìx`kl ad `bstlnli`ùb y sdrvì`h5 + :3 µI. Srhp`dalads dnàitrìls5 Ihbt`buàla dnàitrìl/l`snlbtd. _ds`stdbi`l l nl pdbdtrli`ùb ad hoedths sùnàhs5 A 2 < kk. _ds`stdbi`l l nl ihrrhs`ùb (ihbauiths kdtìnìhs)5 Srhtdii`ùb `btdr`hr kda`l, dxtdr`hr lntl. _ds`stdbi`l l nl prhplmli`ùb ad nl nnlkl5 Bh prhplmlahr.


<1


Shr õnt`kh, ilod sdülnlr qud nl lihkdtàl sdrì plrtd ad nl `bstlnli`ùb ihbst`tuàl phr nl Dkprdsl Yuk`b`strlahrl, phr nh tlbth su a`sdüh adod olslrsd db nls bhrkls plrtìunlrds ad dnnl.

Db budstrh ilsh plrl nl phtdbi`l adklbalal ad <<: f] sd dn`md ubl lihkdtàl ad 9k5

Ihbauithrds Quoh L`snlk`dbth

Tb`phnlrds 9x<43/04kk¿Ln <73 kk. 3.:/< fZ, WNSD Qlonl 9. Lihkdtàl.


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Yd `bstlnlrl prdjdrdbtdkdbtd shord nl jliglal dxtdr`hr ad nl blvd, ub numlr nòrd y ad pdrklbdbtd liidsh. Yu s`tuli`ùb sd jèlrì ad ihkõb liudrah dbtrd nl prhp`dala y nl dkprdsl suk`b`strlahrl.

Yd `bstlnlrì s`dkprd db ub bìgh db plrda, qud sd idrrlrì ihb ubl pudrtl prdjdrdbtdkdbtd kdtìnìl, ihb mrlah ad prhtdii`ùb @F <3 sdmõb TBD-DB 43.<3?, rdvdstàl dxtdr`hrkdbtd ad liudrah ihb nls ilrlitdrëstìls adn dbthrbh y dstlrì prhtdmàl ihbtrl nl ihrrhs`ùb, a`sphb`dbah ad ubl idrrlaurl h ilbalah bhrkln`zlah phr nl dkprdsl suk`b`strlahrl. Nhs a`sphs`t`vhs ad nditurl ad nhs dqu`phs ad kdaàl adodrìb dstlr s`tulahs l ubl lnturl ihkprdbaàl dbtrd 3,=3 y <,73 k.

Db dn bìgh sd adelrìb prdv`sths nhs hr`jì`hs bdidslr`hs plrl lnhelr nhs ihbauiths ad dbtrlal ad nl lihkdtàl.

Iulbah nl jliglal bh n`bad ihb nl vël põonìl, nl ilel mdbdrln sd s`tulrì db dn nëk`td dbtrd nls prhp`dalads põonìls y pr`vlals, db budstrh ilsh dsth bh bhs prdhiupl.

Nls ilels ad prhtdii`ùb y kdaàl l ut`n`zlr ihrrdsphbadrìb l ubh ad nhs t`phs rdihmàhs db nls dspdi`jìli`hbds tàibìls ad nl dkprdsl suk`b`strlahrl qud glylb sàh lprholals phr nl Lak`b`strli`ùb Sõonìl ihkpdtdbtd, db jubi`ùb adn bõkdrh y blturlndzl adn suk`b`strh. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

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Adbtrh ad nls k`skls sd `bstlnlrìb ihrtli`riu`ths jusònds db thahs nhs ihbauithrds ad jlsd h phnlrds, ihb phadr ad ihrtd ln kdbhs `muln l nl ihrr`dbtd ad ihrthi`riu`th prdv`stl db dn pubth ad su `bstlnli`ùb.

Nls ilels ad prhtdii`ùb y kdaàl iukpn`rìb thah nh qud shord dn plrtìunlr sd `baìl db nl Bhrkl TBD-DB :3.190 -<, tdbarìb mrlah ad `bjnlklo`nàla sdmõb sd `baìl db nl bhrkl TBD-DB :3.190 -9, ubl vdz `bstlnlals tdbarìb ub mrlah ad prhtdii`ùb @S19 sdmõb TBD ?3.9?1 d @F 30 sdmõb TBD-DB 43.<3? y sdrìb prdi`btlonds.

Nl dbvhnvdbtd adodrì a`sphbdr ad nl vdbt`nli`ùb `btdrbl bdidslr`l qud mlrlbtìd nl bh jhrkli`ùb ad ihbadbsli`hbds. Dn kltdr`ln trlbsplrdbtd plrl nl nditurl sdrì rds`stdbtd l nl lii`ùb ad nhs rlyhs untrlv`hndtl.

Nls a`sphsì`hbds mdbdrlnds ad dstd t`ph ad ilel qudalb rdihmàls db nl @QI-OQ-<9.

Yd dn`md ubl NML ad 3.9 k 5

Ihbauithrds Tb`phnlrds 1x<43+QQx04kk¿Iu Quoh <:3 kk. L`snlk`dbth 3.:/< fZ, WNSD+Shn Srht. Qàrkìl5 Jusònds @bt. ?43 L. Qlonl 1. Nëbdl Mdbdrln ad Ln`kdbtli`ùb NML.


<=


=.? AD_@ZLI@HB @BA@Z@ATLN Ds nl plrtd ad nl `bstlnli`ùb qud, plrt`dbah ad nl ilel ad prhtdii`ùb y kdaàl, suk`b`strl dbdrmël dnàitrìl l ubl `bstlnli`ùb ad usulr`h. Ihkprdbad nhs jusònds ad sdmuràla, dn ihbeubth ad kdaàl y nhs a`sphs`t`vhs mdbdrlnds ad klbah y prhtdii`ùb. Dstì rdmunlal phr nl @QI-OQ-<4.

Nls adr`vli`hbds `ba`vàulnds dstlrìb ihbst`tuàls phr5 Ihbauithrds l`snlahs db dn `btdr`hr ad tuohs dkphtrlahs. Ihbauithrds l`snlahs db dn `btdr`hr ad tuohs dbtdrrlahs. Ihbauithrds l`snlahs db dn `btdr`hr ad tuohs db khbtled supdrjì`ln. Ihbauithrds l`snlahs db dn `btdr`hr ad ilblnds prhtdithrls iuyl tlpl sùnh sd pudal lor`r ihb nl lyual ad ub õt`n. Ilbln`zli`hbds dnàitrìls prdjlorìlals qud adodrìb iukpn`r nl bhrkl TBD-DB :3.190 -?. Ihbauithrds l`snlahs db dn `btdr`hr ad ihbauiths idrrlahs ad horl ad jìorìl, prhyditlahs y ihbstruàhs ln djdith.

Nhs ihbauithrds l ut`n`zlr sdrìb ad ihord h lnuk`b`h, l`snlahs y bhrklnkdbtd ub`phnlrds, s`dbah su tdbs`ùb ls`mblal 143/=43 Z ihkh këb`kh. Slrl dn ilsh ad ilonds kuntìhbauithrds h plrl dn ilsh ad adr`vli`hbds `ba`vàulnds db dn `btdr`hr ad tuohs dbtdrrlahs, dn l`snlk`dbth ad nhs ihbauithrds sdrì ad tdbs`ùb ls`mblal 3,:/< fZ. Nl sdii`ùb këb`kl sdrì ad : kk¿ plrl nhs ilonds phnlrds, bdutrh y prhtdii`ùb y ad <,4 kk¿ plrl dn g`nh ad klbah (plrl lpnìli`ùb ad nls a`jdrdbtds tlr`jls), qud sdrì ad ihnhr rheh.

Nhs ilonds sdrìb bh prhplmlahrds adn `bidba`h y ihb dk`s`ùb ad gukhs y hpliàla rdauiàl. Nhs ilonds ihb ilrlitdrëstìls dqu`vlndbtds l nls ad nl bhrkl TBD ?<.

<7


Ihbauithrds Quoh L`snlk`dbth Srhtdii`hbds @. Lut./Qdt. @b. Qàrkìh @bt._dm.

Tb`phnlrds 1x
=.9 A@YSHY@Q@ZHY MDBD_LNDY D @BA@Z@ATLNDY AD KLBAH P S_HQDII@ÙB Nhs a`sphs`t`vhs mdbdrlnds ad klbah y prhtdii`ùb sd s`tulrìb nh kìs idril phsònd adn pubth ad dbtrlal ad nl adr`vli`ùb `ba`vàuln. Db dstlondi`k`dbths db nhs qud prhidal, sd ihnhilrì ubl ilel plrl dn `btdrrupthr ad ihbtrhn ad phtdbi`l, `bkda`ltlkdbtd lbtds ad nhs adkìs a`sphs`t`vhs, db ihkplrt`kdbth `badpdba`dbtd y prdi`btlond. Aìgl ilel sd pharì ihnhilr db dn k`skh iularh ahbad sd ihnhqudb nhs a`sphs`t`vhs mdbdrlnds ad klbah y prhtdii`ùb.

Nhs a`sphs`t`vhs `ba`vàulnds ad klbah y prhtdii`ùb ad ilal ubh ad nhs i`riu`ths, qud shb dn hr`mdb ad nl `bstlnli`ùb `btdr`hr, pharìb `bstlnlrsd db iularhs sdplrlahs y db htrhs numlrds.

Db nhilnds ad ush ihkõb h ad põonìl ihbiurrdbi`l adodrìb thklrsd nls prdilui`hbds bdidslr`ls plrl qud nhs a`sphs`t`vhs ad klbah y prhtdii`ùb bh sdlb liidsònds ln põonìh db mdbdrln.

Nl lnturl l nl iuln sd s`tulrìb nhs a`sphs`t`vhs mdbdrlnds d `ba`vàulnds ad klbah y prhtdii`ùb ad nhs i`riu`ths, kdaàl adsad dn b`vdn adn sudnh, dstlrì ihkprdbaàl dbtrd < y ? k.


<0


Nls dbvhnvdbtds ad nhs iularhs sd leustlrìb l nls bhrkls TBD ?3.14< y TBD-DB :3.190 -9, ihb ub mrlah ad prhtdii`ùb këb`kh @S 93 sdmõb TBD ?3.9?1 d @F3= sdmõb TBDDB 43.<3?. Nl dbvhnvdbtd plrl dn `btdrrupthr ad ihbtrhn ad phtdbi`l sdrì prdi`btlond y sus a`kdbs`hbds dstlrìb ad liudrah ihb dn t`ph ad suk`b`strh y tlr`jl l lpnìlr. Yus ilrlitdrëstìls y t`ph ihrrdsphbadrìb l ub khadnh hjì`lnkdbtd lprholah.

Dn `bstlnlahr jèlrì ad jhrkl pdrklbdbtd shord dn iularh ad a`stròui`ùb ubl pnlil, `kprdsl ihb ilrlitdrds `badndonds, db nl qud ihbstd su bhkord h klril ihkdri`ln, jdigl db qud sd rdln`zù nl `bstlnli`ùb, lsë ihkh nl `btdbsàla ls`mblal adn `btdrrupthr mdbdrln luthkìtìh.

Nhs a`sphs`t`vhs mdbdrlnds d `ba`vàulnds ad klbah y prhtdii`ùb sdrìb, ihkh këb`kh5 Tb `btdrrupthr mdbdrln luthkìtìh ad ihrtd hkb`phnlr, ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln këb`kl ?4 L, qud pdrk`tl su lii`hblk`dbth klbuln y qud dstà ahtlah ad dndkdbths ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl shordilrml y ihrthi`riu`ths (sdmõb @QI-OQ-??). Qdbarì phadr ad ihrtd sujì`dbtd plrl nl `btdbsàla ad ihrthi`riu`th qud pudal prhaui`rsd db dn pubth ad su `bstlnli`ùb, ad 1,4 fL ihkh këb`kh. Dstd `btdrrupthr sdrì `badpdba`dbtd adn `btdrrupthr ad ihbtrhn ad phtdbi`l.

Tb `btdrrupthr a`jdrdbi`ln mdbdrln, ad `btdbsàla ls`mblal supdr`hr h `muln l nl adn `btdrrupthr mdbdrln, adst`blah l nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl ihbtliths `ba`rdiths ad thahs nhs i`riu`ths (sdmõb @QI-OQ-?1). Yd iukpn`rì nl s`mu`dbtd ihbaì`ùb5

_l x @l ; T

ahbad5 "_l" ds nl sukl ad nls rds`stdbi`ls ad nl thkl ad t`drrl y ad nhs ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb ad klsls. "@l" ds nl ihrr`dbtd qud lsdmurl dn jubi`hblk`dbth adn a`sphs`t`vh ad prhtdii`ùb (ihrr`dbtd a`jdrdbi`ln-rdsàuln ls`mblal). LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

?3


"T" ds nl tdbs`ùb ad ihbtlith nëk`td ihbvdbi`hbln (43 Z db nhilnds sdihs y ?1 Z db nhilnds gõkdahs).

Y` phr dn t`ph h ilrìitdr ad nl `bstlnli`ùb sd `bstlnlsd ub `btdrrupthr a`jdrdbi`ln phr ilal i`riu`th h mruph ad i`riu`ths, sd pharël prdsi`ba`r adn `btdrrupthr a`jdrdbi`ln mdbdrln, s`dkprd qud qudadb prhtdmàhs thahs nhs i`riu`ths. Db dn ilsh ad qud sd `bstlnd kìs ad ub `btdrrupthr a`jdrdbi`ln db sdr`d, dx`st`rì ubl sdndit`vàla dbtrd dnnhs.

Qhals nls klsls ad nhs dqu`phs dnàitrìhs prhtdmàhs phr ub k`skh a`sphs`t`vh ad prhtdii`ùb, adodb sdr `btdrihbditlals y ubàls phr ub ihbauithr ad prhtdii`ùb l ubl k`skl thkl ad t`drrl.

A`sphs`t`vhs ad ihrtd hkb`phnlr, adst`blahs l nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl shordilrmls y ihrthi`riu`ths ad ilal ubh ad nhs i`riu`ths `btdr`hrds (sdmõb @QI-OQ-??). A`sphs`t`vh ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl shordtdbs`hbds, sdmõb @QI-OQ-?9, s` judsd bdidslr`h.


?<


7 @BYQLNLI@HBDY @BQD_@H_DY 7.< IHBATIQH_DY Nhs ihbauithrds y ilonds qud sd dkpnddb db nls `bstlnli`hbds sdrìb ad ihord h lnuk`b`h y sdrìb s`dkprd l`snlahs. Nl tdbs`ùb ls`mblal bh sdrì `bjdr`hr l 143/=43 Z. Nl sdii`ùb ad nhs ihbauithrds l ut`n`zlr sd adtdrk`blrì ad jhrkl qud nl ilëal ad tdbs`ùb dbtrd dn hr`mdb ad nl `bstlnli`ùb `btdr`hr y iulnqu`dr pubth ad ut`n`zli`ùb sdl kdbhr adn 9 % plrl lnukorlah y adn 4 % plrl nhs adkìs ushs.

Dn vlnhr ad nl ilëal ad tdbs`ùb pharì ihkpdbslrsd dbtrd nl ad nl `bstlnli`ùb `btdr`hr (94 %) y nl ad nl adr`vli`ùb `ba`vàuln (<,4 %), ad jhrkl qud nl ilëal ad tdbs`ùb thtln sdl `bjdr`hr l nl sukl ad nhs vlnhrds nëk`tds dspdi`jìlahs plrl lkols (1,4-:,4 %). Slrl `bstlnli`hbds qud sd ln`kdbtdb a`rditlkdbtd db lntl tdbs`ùb, kda`lbtd ub trlbsjhrklahr prhp`h, sd ihbsàdrlrì qud nl `bstlnli`ùb `btdr`hr ad olel tdbs`ùb t`dbd su hr`mdb l nl slnàl adn trlbsjhrklahr, s`dbah tlko`àb db dstd ilsh nls ilëals ad tdbs`ùb kìx`kls lak`sònds adn 1,4 % plrl lnukorlah y adn :,4 % plrl nhs adkìs ushs.

Db `bstlnli`hbds `btdr`hrds, plrl tdbdr db iudbtl nls ihrr`dbtds lrkùbìls adoàls l ilrmls bh n`bdlnds y phsònds adsdqu`nòr`hs, slnvh eust`jìli`ùb phr iìniunh, nl sdii`ùb adn ihbauithr bdutrh sdrì ihkh këb`kh `muln l nl ad nls jlsds. Bh sd ut`n`zlrì ub k`skh ihbauithr bdutrh plrl vlr`hs i`riu`ths.

Nls `btdbsàlads kìx`kls lak`sònds, sd rdm`rìb db su thtlnàla phr nh `baìlah db nl Bhrkl TBD ?3.1:3-4-4?9 y su lbdxh Bli`hbln.

Nhs ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb tdbarìb ubl sdii`ùb këb`kl `muln l nl jèlal db nl tlonl s`mu`dbtd5


??


Ydii`ùb ihbauithrds jlsd (kk¿) Ydii`ùb ihbauithrds prhtdii`ùb (kk¿) Yj ><: Yj <: > Y j > 94 <: Yj 2 94 Yj/? Qlonl :. _dnli`ùb ihbauithr ad Jlsd ihb Srhtdii`ùb.

7.? @ADBQ@J@ILI@HB AD IHBATIQH_DY Nhs ihbauithrds ad nl `bstlnli`ùb adodb sdr jìi`nkdbtd àdbt`jìlonds, dspdi`lnkdbtd phr nh qud rdspditl ln ihbauithr bdutrh y ln ihbauithr ad prhtdii`ùb. Dstl àdbt`jìli`ùb sd rdln`zlrì phr nhs ihnhrds qud prdsdbtdb sus l`snlk`dbths. Iulbah dx`stl ihbauithr bdutrh db nl `bstlnli`ùb h sd prdvdl plrl ub ihbauithr ad jlsd su plsd phstdr`hr l ihbauithr bdutrh, sd àdbt`jìlrìb àsths phr dn ihnhr lzun inlrh. Ln ihbauithr ad prhtdii`ùb sd nd àdbt`jìlrì phr dn ihnhr vdrad-lklr`nnh. Qhahs nhs ihbauithrds ad jlsd, h db su ilsh, lqudnnhs plrl nhs qud bh sd prdvdl su plsd phstdr`hr l bdutrh, sd àdbt`jìlrìb phr nhs ihnhrds klrrùb, bdmrh h mr`s.

7.9 YTOA@Z@Y@HB AD NLY @BYQLNLI@HBDY Nls `bstlnli`hbds sd suoa`và`rìb ad jhrkl qud nls pdrturoli`hbds hr`m`blals phr lvdrëls qud pudalb prhaui`rsd db ub pubth ad dnnls, ljditdb shnlkdbtd l i`drtls plrtds ad nl `bstlnli`ùb, phr dedkpnh l ub sdithr adn da`jì`h, l ubl pnlbtl, l ub shnh nhiln, dti., plrl nh iuln nhs a`sphs`t`vhs ad prhtdii`ùb ad ilal i`riu`th dstlrìb ladiulalkdbtd ihhra`blahs y sdrìb sdndit`vhs ihb nhs a`sphs`t`vhs mdbdrlnds ad prhtdii`ùb qud nds prdidalb.

Qhal `bstlnli`ùb sd a`và`rì db vlr`hs i`riu`ths, sdmõb nls bdidsàlads, l j`b ad5

Dv`tlr nls `btdrrupi`hbds `bbdidslr`ls ad thah dn i`riu`th y n`k`tlr nls ihbsdiudbi`ls ad ub jlnnh. Jli`n`tlr nls vdr`jìli`hbds, dbslyhs y klbtdb`k`dbths. Dv`tlr nhs r`dsmhs qud pharëlb rdsuntlr adn jlnnh ad ub shnh i`riu`th qud pua`drl a`và`rsd, ihkh phr dedkpnh s` shnh gly ub i`riu`th ad lnukorlah. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

?9


Yd gl prhpudsth nl a`v`s`ùb ad nhs i`riu`ths db nls s`mu`dbtds lmrupli`hbds5

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7.9.? Yuoiularh zhbl ad rdplrli`hbds5 I`riu`th IJ<3 IJ<< IJ
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A`st.Iìni(k) 3.9 < < 3.9 : : 3.9 <: <:

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?:


7.1 D\T@N@O_LAH AD IL_MLY Slrl qud sd klbtdbml dn klyhr dqu`nòr`h phsònd db nl ilrml ad nhs ihbauithrds qud jhrklb plrtd ad ubl `bstlnli`ùb, sd prhiurlrì qud lqudnnl qudad rdplrtàl dbtrd sus jlsds h ihbauithrds phnlrds.

7.4 _DY@YQDBI@L AD L@YNLK@DBQH P _@M@ADU A@DNDIQ_@IL Nls `bstlnli`hbds adodrìb prdsdbtlr ubl rds`stdbi`l ad l`snlk`dbth ln kdbhs `muln l nhs vlnhrds `baìlahs db nl tlonl s`mu`dbtd5

Qdbs`ùb bhk`bln `bstlnli`ùb KOQY h KOQS 433 Z

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<333

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Nl r`màdz a`dnàitrìl sdrì tln qud, adsihbditlahs nhs lplrlths ad ut`n`zli`ùb (rdidpthrds), rds`stl aurlbtd < k`buth ubl prudol ad tdbs`ùb ad ?T + <333 Z l jrdiudbi`l `baustr`ln, s`dbah T nl tdbs`ùb kìx`kl ad sdrvì`h dxprdslal db vhnt`hs, y ihb ub këb`kh ad <.433 Z.

Nls ihrr`dbtds ad juml bh sdrìb supdr`hrds, plrl dn ihbeubth ad nl `bstlnli`ùb h plrl ilal ubh ad nhs i`riu`ths db qud àstl pudal a`và`rsd l djdiths ad su prhtdii`ùb, l nl sdbsò`nàla qud prdsdbtdb nhs `btdrrupthrds a`jdrdbi`lnds `bstlnlahs ihkh prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl nhs ihbtliths `ba`rdiths.


?=


7.: IHBDW@HBDY Db b`bmõb ilsh sd pdrk`t`rì nl ub`ùb ad ihbauithrds kda`lbtd ihbdx`hbds y/h adr`vli`hbds phr s`kpnd rdthri`k`dbth h lrrhnnlk`dbth dbtrd së ad nhs ihbauithrds, s`bh qud adodrì rdln`zlrsd s`dkprd ut`n`zlbah ohrbds ad ihbdx`ùb khbtlahs `ba`vàulnkdbtd h ihbst`tuydbah onhquds h rdmndtls ad ihbdx`ùb6 pudad pdrk`t`rsd, ls`k`skh, nl ut`n`zli`ùb ad oràls ad ihbdx`ùb. Y`dkprd adodrìb rdln`zlrsd db dn `btdr`hr ad ilels ad dkplnkd y/h ad adr`vli`ùb.

Y` sd trltl ad ihbauithrds ad vlr`hs lnlkords ilondlahs, nls ihbdx`hbds sd rdln`zlrìb ad jhrkl qud nl ihrr`dbtd sd rdplrtl phr thahs nhs lnlkords ihkphbdbtds.

7.= Y@YQDKLY AD @BYQLNLI@HB. L.

Srdsir`pi`hbds Mdbdrlnds

Zlr`hs i`riu`ths pudadb dbihbtrlrsd db dn k`skh tuoh h db dn k`skh ihkplrt`kdbth ad ilbln s` thahs nhs ihbauithrds dstìb l`snlahs plrl nl tdbs`ùb ls`mblal kìs dndvlal.

Db ilsh ad prhx`kàla ad ilbln`zli`hbds dnàitrìls ihb htrls bh dnàitrìls, sd a`sphbarìb ad jhrkl qud dbtrd nls supdrjì`ds dxtdr`hrds ad lkols sd klbtdbml ubl a`stlbi`l këb`kl ad 9 ik. Db ilsh ad prhx`kàla ihb ihbauiths ad ilndjlii`ùb, ad l`rd iln`dbtd, vlphr h gukh, nls ilbln`zli`hbds dnàitrìls sd dstlondidrìb ad jhrkl qud bh pudalb lnilbzlr ubl tdkpdrlturl pdn`mrhsl y, phr ihbs`mu`dbtd, sd klbtdbarìb sdplrlals phr ubl a`stlbi`l ihbvdb`dbtd h phr kda`h ad plbtlnnls ilnhrëjumls.

Nls ilbln`zli`hbds dnàitrìls bh sd s`tulrìb phr adoleh ad htrls ilbln`zli`hbds qud pudalb alr numlr l ihbadbsli`hbds, tlnds ihkh nls adst`blals l ihbauii`ùb ad vlphr, ad lmul, ad mls, dti., l kdbhs qud sd thkdb nls a`sphsì`hbds bdidslr`ls plrl prhtdmdr nls ilbln`zli`hbds dnàitrìls ihbtrl nhs djdiths ad dstls ihbadbsli`hbds. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

?7


Nls ilbln`zli`hbds adodrìb dstlr a`spudstls ad jhrkl qud jli`n`tdb su klb`horl, `bspdii`ùb y liidsh l sus ihbdx`hbds. Nls ilbln`zli`hbds dnàitrìls sd dstlondidrìb ad jhrkl qud kda`lbtd nl ihbvdb`dbtd àdbt`jìli`ùb ad sus i`riu`ths y dndkdbths, sd pudal prhidadr db thah khkdbth l rdplrli`hbds, trlbsjhrkli`hbds, dti.

Db thal nl nhbm`tua ad nhs plshs ad ilbln`zli`hbds l trlvàs ad dndkdbths ad nl ihbstruii`ùb, tlnds ihkh kurhs, tlo`quds y tdighs, bh sd a`sphbarìb dkplnkds h adr`vli`hbds ad ilonds, dstlbah prhtdmàls ihbtrl nhs adtdr`hrhs kdiìbìhs, nls lii`hbds quëkìls y nhs djdiths ad nl gukdala.

Nls iuo`drtls, tlpls h dbvhnvdbtds, klbahs y punslahrds ad klb`horl ad lplrlths tlnds ihkh kdilb`skhs, `btdrrupthrds, olsds, rdmunlahrds, dti, `bstlnlahs db nhs nhilnds gõkdahs h khelahs, sdrìb ad kltdr`ln l`snlbtd.

O.

Ihbauithrds l`snlahs oleh tuohs prhtdithrds Nhs ilonds ut`n`zlahs sdrìb ad tdbs`ùb ls`mblal bh `bjdr`hr l 143/=43 Z.

Dn a`ìkdtrh dxtdr`hr këb`kh ad nhs tuohs, db jubi`ùb adn bõkdrh y nl sdii`ùb ad nhs ihbauithrds l ihbaui`r, sd hotdbarì ad nls tlonls `baìlals db nl @QI-OQ-?<, lsë ihkh nls ilrlitdrëstìls këb`kls sdmõb dn t`ph ad `bstlnli`ùb.

Slrl nl dediui`ùb ad nls ilbln`zli`hbds oleh tuohs prhtdithrds, sd tdbarìb db iudbtl nls prdsir`pi`hbds mdbdrlnds s`mu`dbtds5

Dn trlzlah ad nls ilbln`zli`hbds sd glrì s`mu`dbah nëbdls vdrtìlnds y ghr`zhbtlnds h plrlndnls l nls lr`stls ad nls plrdads qud n`k`tlb dn nhiln ahbad sd djditõl nl `bstlnli`ùb. Nhs tuohs sd ub`rìb dbtrd së kda`lbtd liidshr`hs ladiulahs l su inlsd qud lsdmurdb nl ihbt`buàla ad nl prhtdii`ùb qud prhphri`hblb l nhs ihbauithrds. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

?0


Nhs tuohs l`snlbtds rëmàhs iurvlonds db iln`dbtd pharìb sdr dbslkonlahs dbtrd së db iln`dbtd, rdiuor`dbah dn dkplnkd ihb ubl ihnl dspdi`ln iulbah sd prdi`sd ubl ub`ùb dstlbil. Nls iurvls prlitìlals db nhs tuohs sdrìb ihbt`buls y bh hr`m`blrìb rdauii`hbds ad sdii`ùb `blak`sònds. Nhs rla`hs këb`khs ad iurvlturl plrl ilal inlsd ad tuoh sdrìb nhs dspdi`jìlahs phr dn jlorìlbtd ihbjhrkd l TBD-DB Ydrì phsònd nl jìi`n `btrhauii`ùb y rdt`rlal ad nhs ihbauithrds db nhs tuohs adspuàs ad ihnhilrnhs y jèlahs àsths y sus liidshr`hs, a`sphb`dbah plrl dnnh nhs rdm`strhs qud sd ihbsàdrdb ihbvdb`dbtds, qud db trlkhs rdiths bh dstlrìb sdplrlahs dbtrd së kìs ad <4 kdtrhs. Dn bõkdrh ad iurvls db ìbmunh s`tulals dbtrd ahs rdm`strhs ihbsdiut`vhs bh sdrì supdr`hr l 9. Nhs ihbauithrds sd lnhelrìb bhrklnkdbtd db nhs tuohs adspuàs ad ihnhilahs àsths. Nhs rdm`strhs pharìb dstlr adst`blahs õbìlkdbtd l jli`n`tlr nl `btrhauii`ùb y rdt`rlal ad nhs ihbauithrds db nhs tuohs h sdrv`r ln k`skh t`dkph ihkh ilels ad dkplnkd h adr`vli`ùb. Nls ihbdx`hbds dbtrd ihbauithrds sd rdln`zlrìb db dn `btdr`hr ad ilels lprhp`lals ad kltdr`ln l`snlbtd y bh prhplmlahr ad nl nnlkl. Y` shb kdtìnìls dstlrìb prhtdmàls ihbtrl nl ihrrhs`ùb. Nls a`kdbs`hbds ad dstls ilels sdrìb tlnds qud pdrk`tlb lnhelr ghnmlalkdbtd thahs nhs ihbauithrds qud adolb ihbtdbdr. Yu prhjubaàla sdrì ln kdbhs `muln ln a`ìkdtrh adn tuoh klyhr kìs ub 43 % adn k`skh, ihb ub këb`kh ad 13 kk. Yu a`ìkdtrh h nlah `btdr`hr këb`kh sdrì ad :3 kk. Iulbah sd qu`drlb glidr dstlbils nls dbtrlals ad nhs tuohs db nls ilels ad ihbdx`ùb, adodrìb dkpndlrsd prdbsldsthpls h rlihrds ladiulahs. Db nhs tuohs kdtìnìhs s`b l`snlk`dbth `btdr`hr, sd tdbarì db iudbtl nl phsò`nàla ad qud sd prhauzilb ihbadbsli`hbds ad lmul db su `btdr`hr, plrl nh iuln sd dndm`rì ihbvdb`dbtdkdbtd dn trlzlah ad su `bstlnli`ùb, prdv`dbah nl dvliuli`ùb y dstlondi`dbah ubl vdbt`nli`ùb lprhp`lal db dn `btdr`hr ad nhs tuohs kda`lbtd dn s`stdkl ladiulah, ihkh pudad sdr, phr dedkpnh, dn ush ad ubl "Q" ad nl qud ubh ad nhs orlzhs bh sd dkpndl. Nhs tuohs kdtìnìhs qud sdlb liidsònds adodb phbdrsd l t`drrl. Yu ihbt`buàla dnàitrìl adodrì qudalr ihbvdb`dbtdkdbtd lsdmurlal. Db dn ilsh ad ut`n`zlr tuohs kdtìnìhs jndxònds, ds bdidslr`h qud nl a`stlbi`l dbtrd ahs pudstls l t`drrl ihbsdiut`vls ad nhs tuohs bh dxidal ad <3 kdtrhs. Bh pharìb ut`n`zlrsd nhs tuohs kdtìnìhs ihkh ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb h ad bdutrh. Iulbah nhs tuohs sd `bstlndb db khbtled supdrjì`ln, sd tdbarìb db iudbtl, ladkìs, nls s`mu`dbtds prdsir`pi`hbds5


93


Nhs tuohs sd jèlrìb l nls plrdads h tdighs phr kda`h ad oràls h lorlzladrls prhtdmàls ihbtrl nl ihrrhs`ùb y sùnàlkdbtd suedtls. Nl a`stlbi`l dbtrd àstls sdrì, ihkh kìx`kh, ad 3,43 kdtrhs. Yd a`sphbarìb jèli`hbds ad ubl y htrl plrtd db nhs ilko`hs ad a`rdii`ùb, db nhs dkplnkds y db nl prhx`kàla `bkda`ltl ad nls dbtrlals db ilels h lplrlths. Nhs tuohs sd ihnhilrìb lalptìbahsd l nl supdrjì`d shord nl qud sd `bstlnlb, iurvìbahsd h uslbah nhs liidshr`hs bdidslr`hs. Db ln`bdli`hbds rditls, nls adsv`li`hbds adn ded adn tuoh rdspdith l nl nëbdl qud ubd nhs pubths dxtrdkhs bh sdrìb supdr`hrds ln ? phr <33. Ds ihbvdb`dbtd a`sphbdr nhs tuohs, s`dkprd qud sdl phsònd, l ubl lnturl këb`kl ad ?,43 kdtrhs shord dn sudnh, ihb hoedth ad prhtdmdrnhs ad dvdbtulnds alühs kdiìbìhs. Iulbah nhs tuohs sd ihnhqudb dkphtrlahs, sd tdbarìb db iudbtl, ladkìs, nls s`mu`dbtds prdsir`pi`hbds5 Db nl `bstlnli`ùb ad nhs tuohs db dn `btdr`hr ad nhs dndkdbths ad nl ihbstruii`ùb, nls rhzls bh phbarìb db pdn`mrh nl sdmuràla ad nls plrdads h tdighs db qud sd prlit`qudb. Nls a`kdbs`hbds ad nls rhzls sdrìb sujì`dbtds plrl qud nhs tuohs qudadb rdiuo`drths phr ubl ilpl ad < idbtëkdtrh ad dspdshr, ihkh këb`kh. Db nhs ìbmunhs, dn dspdshr ad dstl ilpl pudad rdaui`rsd l 3,4 idbtëkdtrhs. Bh sd `bstlnlrìb dbtrd jhrelah y rdvdst`k`dbth tuohs adst`blahs l nl `bstlnli`ùb dnàitrìl ad nls pnlbtls `bjdr`hrds. Slrl nl `bstlnli`ùb ihrrdsphba`dbtd l nl prhp`l pnlbtl, õbìlkdbtd pharìb `bstlnlrsd, dbtrd jhrelah y rdvdst`k`dbth, tuohs qud adodrìb qudalr rdiuo`drths phr ubl ilpl ad ghrk`mùb h khrtdrh ad < idbtëkdtrh ad dspdshr, ihkh këb`kh, ladkìs adn rdvdst`k`dbth. Db nhs ilko`hs ad a`rdii`ùb, nhs tuohs dstlrìb ihbvdb`dbtdkdbtd iurvlahs h o`db prhv`sths ad ihahs h "Q" lprhp`lahs, pdrh db dstd õnt`kh ilsh sùnh sd lak`t`rìb nhs prhv`sths ad tlpls ad rdm`strh. Nls tlpls ad nhs rdm`strhs y ad nls ilels ad ihbdx`ùb qudalrìb liidsònds y adskhbtlonds ubl vdz j`bln`zlal nl horl. Nhs rdm`strhs y ilels qudalrìb dbrlslahs ihb nl supdrjì`d dxtdr`hr adn rdvdst`k`dbth ad nl plrda h tdigh iulbah bh sd `bstlndb db dn `btdr`hr ad ub lnhelk`dbth idrrlah y prlitìlond. Db dn ilsh ad ut`n`zlrsd tuohs dkphtrlahs db plrdads, ds ihbvdb`dbtd a`sphbdr nhs rdihrràhs ghr`zhbtlnds l 43 idbtëkdtrhs ihkh kìx`kh, ad sudnh h tdighs y nhs vdrtìlnds l ubl a`stlbi`l ad nhs ìbmunhs ad dsqu`bls bh supdr`hr l ?3 idbtëkdtrhs.


9<


I.

Ihbauithrds l`snlahs jèlahs a`rditlkdbtd shord nls plrdads Dstls `bstlnli`hbds sd dstlondidrìb ihb ilonds ad tdbs`hbds ls`mblals bh `bjdr`hrds l

3,:/< fZ, prhv`sths ad l`snlk`dbth y iuo`drtl (sd `binuydb ilonds lrklahs h ihb l`snlk`dbth k`bdrln).

Slrl nl dediui`ùb ad nls ilbln`zli`hbds sd tdbarìb db iudbtl nls s`mu`dbtds prdsir`pi`hbds5

Yd jèlrìb shord nls plrdads phr kda`h ad oràls, lorlzladrls, h ihnnlrds ad jhrkl qud bh pdreua`qudb nls iuo`drtls ad nhs k`skhs. Ihb dn j`b ad qud nhs ilonds bh sdlb susidptònds ad ahonlrsd phr djdith ad su prhp`h pdsh, nhs pubths ad jèli`ùb ad nhs k`skhs dstlrìb sujì`dbtdkdbtd prùx`khs. Nl a`stlbi`l dbtrd ahs pubths ad jèli`ùb suids`vhs, bh dxidadrì ad 3,13 kdtrhs. Iulbah nhs ilonds adolb a`sphbdr ad prhtdii`ùb kdiìbìl phr dn numlr y ihbaì`hbds ad `bstlnli`ùb db qud sd djditõd nl k`skl, sd ut`n`zlrìb ilonds lrklahs. Db ilsh ad bh ut`n`zlr dsths ilonds, sd dstlondidrì ubl prhtdii`ùb kdiìbìl ihkpndkdbtlr`l shord nhs k`skhs. Yd dv`tlrì iurvlr nhs ilonds ihb ub rla`h adkls`lah pdqudüh y slnvh prdsir`pi`ùb db ihbtrl jèlal db nl Bhrkl TBD ihrrdsphba`dbtd ln ilond ut`n`zlah, dstd rla`h bh sdrì `bjdr`hr l <3 vdids dn a`ìkdtrh dxtdr`hr adn ilond. Nhs iruids ad nhs ilonds ihb ilbln`zli`hbds bh dnàitrìls sd pharìb djditulr phr nl plrtd lbtdr`hr h phstdr`hr l àstls, adelbah ubl a`stlbi`l këb`kl ad 9 ik dbtrd nl supdrjì`d dxtdr`hr ad nl ilbln`zli`ùb bh dnàitrìl y nl iuo`drtl ad nhs ilonds iulbah dn iruid sd djditõd phr nl plrtd lbtdr`hr ad lquànnl. Nhs dxtrdkhs ad nhs ilonds sdrìb dstlbihs iulbah nls ilrlitdrëstìls ad nhs nhilnds h dkpnlzlk`dbths lsë nh dxèlb, ut`n`zìbahsd l dstd j`b ilels u htrhs a`sphs`t`vhs ladiulahs. Nl dstlbqudàla pharì qudalr lsdmurlal ihb nl lyual ad prdbsldsthpls. Nhs dkplnkds y ihbdx`hbds sd glrìb phr kda`h ad ilels h a`sphs`t`vhs dqu`vlndbtds prhv`sths ad tlpls adskhbtlonds qud lsdmurdb l nl vdz nl ihbt`buàla ad nl prhtdii`ùb kdiìbìl dstlondiàl, dn l`snlk`dbth y nl `bliidsò`nàla ad nls ihbdx`hbds y pdrk`t`dbah su vdr`jìli`ùb db ilsh bdidslr`h.


9?


A.

Ihbauithrds l`snlahs dbtdrrlahs Nls ihbaì`hbds plrl dstls ilbln`zli`hbds, db nls qud nhs ihbauithrds l`snlahs adodrìb

`r oleh tuoh slnvh qud tdbmlb iuo`drtl y ubl tdbs`ùb ls`mblal 3,:/
D.

Ihbauithrds l`snlahs a`rditlkdbtd dkphtrlahs db dstruiturls Slrl dstls ilbln`zli`hbds shb bdidslr`hs ihbauithrds l`snlahs ihb iuo`drtl (`binuàhs

ilonds lrklahs h ihb l`snlk`dbth k`bdrln). Nl tdkpdrlturl këb`kl y kìx`kl ad `bstlnli`ùb y sdrvì`h sdrì ad -4µI y 03µI rdspdit`vlkdbtd (phn`dt`ndbh rdtìunlah h dt`ndbh-prhp`ndbh).

J.

Ihbauithrds l`snlahs db dn `btdr`hr ad gudihs ad nl ihbstruii`ùb Nhs ilonds ut`n`zlahs sdrìb ad tdbs`ùb ls`mblal bh `bjdr`hr l 143/=43 Z.

Nhs ilonds h tuohs pharìb `bstlnlrsd a`rditlkdbtd db nhs gudihs ad nl ihbstruii`ùb ihb nl ihbaì`ùb ad qud sdlb bh prhplmlahrds ad nl nnlkl.

Nhs gudihs db nl ihbstruii`ùb lak`sònds plrl dstls ilbln`zli`hbds pharìb dstlr a`spudsths db kurhs, plrdads, v`mls, jhrelahs h tdighs, lahptlbah nl jhrkl ad ihbauiths ihbt`buhs h o`db dstlrìb ihkprdbaàhs dbtrd ahs supdrjì`ds plrlndnls ihkh db dn ilsh ad jlnshs tdighs h kurhs ihb iìklrls ad l`rd.

Nl sdii`ùb ad nhs gudihs sdrì, ihkh këb`kh, `muln l iultrh vdids nl hiuplal phr nhs ilonds h tuohs, y su a`kdbs`ùb kìs pdqudül bh sdrì `bjdr`hr l ahs vdids dn a`ìkdtrh dxtdr`hr ad klyhr sdii`ùb ad àsths, ihb ub këb`kh ad ?3 k`nëkdtrhs.


99


Nls plrdads qud sdplrdb ub gudih qud ihbtdbml ilbln`zli`hbds dnàitrìls ad nhs nhilnds `bkda`lths, tdbarìb sujì`dbtd shnàdz plrl prhtdmdr àstls ihbtrl lii`hbds prdv`sònds.

Yd dv`tlrìb, adbtrh ad nh phsònd, nls lspdrdzls db dn `btdr`hr ad nhs gudihs y nhs ilko`hs ad a`rdii`ùb ad nhs k`skhs db ub bõkdrh dndvlah h ad pdqudüh rla`h ad iurvlturl.

Nl ilbln`zli`ùb pharì sdr rdihbhiàl y ihbsdrvlal s`b qud sdl bdidslr`l nl adstruii`ùb plri`ln ad nls plrdads, tdighs, dti., h sus mulrbdiàhs y adihrli`hbds.

Nhs dkplnkds y adr`vli`hbds ad nhs ilonds sdrìb liidsònds, a`sphb`àbahsd plrl dnnhs nls ilels ad adr`vli`ùb ladiulals.

Yd dv`tlrì qud pudalb prhaui`rsd `bj`ntrli`hbds, jumls h ihbadbsli`hbds ad lmul qud pudalb pdbdtrlr db dn `btdr`hr adn gudih, prdstlbah dspdi`ln ltdbi`ùb l nl `kpdrkdlo`nàla ad sus kurhs dxtdr`hrds, lsë ihkh l nl prhx`kàla ad tuodrëls ad ihbauii`ùb ad nëquàhs, pdbdtrli`ùb ad lmul ln djditulr nl n`kp`dzl ad sudnhs, phsò`nàla ad liukunli`ùb ad lquànnl db plrtds olels adn gudih, dti.

M.

Ihbauithrds l`snlahs oleh ilblnds prhtdithrls Nl ilbln prhtdithrl ds ub kltdr`ln ad `bstlnli`ùb ihbst`tuàh phr ub pdrj`n ad plrdads

pdrjhrlals h bh, adst`blah l lnhelr ihbauithrds h ilonds y idrrlah phr ubl tlpl adskhbtlond. Nhs ilonds ut`n`zlahs sdrìb ad tdbs`ùb ls`mblal bh `bjdr`hr l 143/=43 Z.

Nls ilblnds prhtdithrls tdbarìb ub mrlah ad prhtdii`ùb @S1W y dstlrìb inls`jìlals ihkh "ilblnds ihb tlpl ad liidsh qud sùnh pudadb lor`rsd ihb gdrrlk`dbtls". Db su `btdr`hr sd pharìb ihnhilr kdilb`skhs tlnds ihkh `btdrrupthrds, thkls ad ihrr`dbtd, a`sphs`t`vhs ad klbah y ihbtrhn, dti, s`dkprd qud sd jèdb ad liudrah ihb nls `bstruii`hbds adn jlorìlbtd. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

91


Qlko`àb sd pharìb rdln`zlr dkplnkds ad ihbauithrds db su `btdr`hr y ihbdx`hbds l nhs kdilb`skhs.

Nls ilblnds prhtdithrls plrl lpnìli`hbds bh hra`blr`ls adodrìb tdbdr ubls ilrlitdrëstìls këb`kls ad rds`stdbi`l ln `kplith, ad tdkpdrlturl këb`kl y kìx`kl ad `bstlnli`ùb y sdrvì`h, ad rds`stdbi`l l nl pdbdtrli`ùb ad hoedths sùnàhs y ad rds`stdbi`l l nl pdbdtrli`ùb ad lmul, ladiulals l nls ihbaì`hbds adn dkpnlzlk`dbth ln qud sd adst`bl6 ls`k`skh nls ilblnds sdrìb bh prhplmlahrls ad nl nnlkl. Aìgls ilrlitdrëstìls sdrìb ihbjhrkds l nls bhrkls ad nl sdr`d TBD-DB 43.374.

Dn trlzlah ad nls ilbln`zli`hbds sd glrì s`mu`dbah prdjdrdbtdkdbtd nëbdls vdrtìlnds y ghr`zhbtlnds h plrlndnls l nls lr`stls ad nls plrdads qud n`k`tlb ln nhiln ahbad sd djditõl nl `bstlnli`ùb.

Nls ilblnds ihb ihbauit`vàla dnàitrìl adodb ihbditlrsd l nl rda ad t`drrl, su ihbt`buàla dnàitrìl qudalrì ihbvdb`dbtdkdbtd lsdmurlal.

Nl tlpl ad nls ilblnds qudalrì s`dkprd liidsònd.

G.

Ihbauithrds l`snlahs oleh khnaurls Dstls ilbln`zli`hbds dstìb ihbst`tuàls phr ilonds lnhelahs db rlburls oleh khnaurls.

Sharìb ut`n`zlrsd õbìlkdbtd db nhilnds h dkpnlzlk`dbths inls`jìlahs ihkh sdihs, tdkphrlnkdbtd gõkdahs h phnvhr`dbths. Nhs ilonds sdrìb ad tdbs`ùb ls`mblal bh `bjdr`hr l 143/=43 Z.

Nls khnaurls iukpn`rìb nls s`mu`dbtds ihbaì`hbds5


94


Nls rlburls tdbarìb ubls a`kdbs`hbds tlnds qud pdrk`tlb `bstlnlr s`b a`jìuntla phr dnnls l nhs ihbauithrds h ilonds. Db pr`bi`p`h, bh sd ihnhilrì kìs ad ub ihbauithr phr rlburl, lak`t`àbahsd, bh hostlbtd, ihnhilr vlr`hs ihbauithrds s`dkprd qud pdrtdbdzilb ln k`skh i`riu`th y nl rlburl prdsdbtd a`kdbs`hbds ladiulals plrl dnnh. Nl lbigurl ad nls rlburls adst`blals l rdiò`r ilonds rëmàhs ad sdii`ùb `muln h `bjdr`hr l : kk? sdrìb, ihkh këb`kh, ad : kk.

Slrl nl `bstlnli`ùb ad nls khnaurls sd tdbarì db iudbtl5

Nls khnaurls bh prdsdbtlrìb a`sihbt`buàla lnmubl db thal nl nhbm`tua ahbad ihbtròuydb l nl prhtdii`ùb kdiìbìl ad nhs ihbauithrds. Db nhs ilko`hs ad a`rdii`ùb, nhs ìbmunhs ad nls rlburls sdrìb hotushs.

Nls ilbln`zli`hbds pharìb ihnhilrsd ln b`vdn adn tdigh h `bkda`ltlkdbtd dbi`kl ad nhs rhalp`às. Db lusdbi`l ad àsths, nl plrtd `bjdr`hr ad nl khnaurl dstlrì, ihkh këb`kh, l <3 ik phr dbi`kl adn sudnh.

Db dn ilsh ad ut`n`zlrsd rhalp`às rlburlahs, dn ihbauithr l`snlah kìs oleh dstlrì, ihkh këb`kh, l <,4 ik phr dbi`kl adn sudnh.

Iulbah bh pudalb dv`tlrsd iruids ad dstls ilbln`zli`hbds ihb nls adst`blals l htrh ush (lmul, mls, dti.), sd ut`n`zlrì ubl khnaurl dspdi`lnkdbtd ihbidoàl plrl dsths iruids h prdjdrdbtdkdbtd ub tuoh rëmàh dkphtrlah qud shordslnarì phr ubl y htrl plrtd adn iruid. Nl sdplrli`ùb dbtrd ahs ilbln`zli`hbds qud sd iruidb sdrì, ihkh këb`kh ad < ik db dn ilsh ad ut`n`zlr khnaurls dspdi`lnds plrl dn iruid y 9 ik, db dn ilsh ad ut`n`zlr tuohs rëmàhs dkphtrlahs.

Nls ihbdx`hbds y adr`vli`hbds ad nhs ihbauithrds sd glrì kda`lbtd a`sphs`t`vhs ad ihbdx`ùb ihb thrb`nnh h s`stdkls dqu`vlndbtds. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

9:


Nls khnaurls bh dstlrìb thtlnkdbtd dkphtrlals db nl plrda b` rdiuo`drtls phr plpdnds, tlpìdrëls h iulnqu`dr htrh kltdr`ln, ado`dbah qudalr su iuo`drtl s`dkprd ln l`rd.

Lbtds ad ihnhilr nls khnaurls ad kladrl shord ubl plrda, adod lsdmurlrsd qud nl plrda dstì sujì`dbtdkdbtd sdil6 db ilsh ihbtrlr`h, nls khnaurls sd sdplrlrìb ad nl plrda phr kda`h ad ub prhauith gàrùjumh.

@.

Ihbauithrds l`snlahs db olbadel h shphrtd ad olbadels Yùnh sd ut`n`zlrìb ihbauithrds l`snlahs ihb iuo`drtl (`binuàhs ilonds lrklahs h ihb

l`snlk`dbth k`bdrln), ub`phnlrds h kunt`phnlrds sdmõb bhrkl TBD ?3.1:3 -4-4?.


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0 S_HQDII@HB IHBQ_L YHO_D@BQDBY@ALADY Qhah i`riu`th dstlrì prhtdmàh ihbtrl nhs djdiths ad nls shord`btdbsàlads qud pudalb prdsdbtlrsd db dn k`skh, plrl nh iuln nl `btdrrupi`ùb ad dstd i`riu`th sd rdln`zlrì db ub t`dkph ihbvdb`dbtd h dstlrì a`kdbs`hblah plrl nls shord`btdbsàlads prdv`sònds.

Nls shord`btdbsàlads pudadb dstlr kht`vlals phr5

Yhordilrmls adoàls l nhs lplrlths ad ut`n`zli`ùb h adjdiths ad l`snlk`dbth ad mrlb `kpdalbi`l. Ihrthi`riu`ths. Adsilrmls dnàitrìls ltkhsjàrìls.

Srhtdii`ùb ihbtrl shordilrmls. Dn nëk`td ad `btdbsàla ad ihrr`dbtd lak`sònd db ub ihbauithr gl ad qudalr db thah ilsh mlrlbt`zlal phr dn a`sphs`t`vh ad prhtdii`ùb ut`n`zlah. Dn a`sphs`t`vh ad prhtdii`ùb pharì dstlr ihbst`tuàh phr ub `btdrrupthr luthkìtìh ad ihrtd hkb`phnlr ihb iurvl tàrkìl ad ihrtd, h phr ihrtli`riu`ths jusònds ilnòrlahs ad ilrlitdrëstìls ad jubi`hblk`dbth ladiulals.

Srhtdii`ùb ihbtrl ihrthi`riu`ths. Db dn hr`mdb ad thah i`riu`th sd dstlondidrì ub a`sphs`t`vh ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl ihrthi`riu`ths iuyl ilpliàla ad ihrtd dstlrì ad liudrah ihb nl `btdbsàla ad ihrthi`riu`th qud pudal prdsdbtlrsd db dn pubth ad su ihbdx`ùb. Yd lak`td, bh hostlbtd, qud iulbah sd trltd ad i`riu`ths adr`vlahs ad ubh pr`bi`pln, ilal ubh ad dsths i`riu`ths adr`vlahs a`sphbml ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl shordilrmls, k`dbtrls qud ub shnh a`sphs`t`vh mdbdrln pudal lsdmurlr nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl ihrthi`riu`ths plrl thahs nhs i`riu`ths adr`vlahs. Yd lak`tdb ihkh a`sphs`t`vhs ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl ihrthi`riu`ths nhs jusònds ilnòrlahs ad ilrlitdrëstìls ad jubi`hblk`dbth ladiulals y nhs `btdrrupthrds luthkìtìhs ihb s`stdkl ad ihrtd hkb`phnlr.


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Nl bhrkl TBD ?3.1:3 -1-19 rdihmd thahs nhs lspdiths rdqudràhs plrl nhs a`sphs`t`vhs ad prhtdii`ùb. Nl bhrkl TBD ?3.1:3 -1-1=9 adj`bd nl lpnìli`ùb ad nls kdaàls ad prhtdii`ùb dxpudstls db nl bhrkl TBD ?3.1:3 -1-19 sdmõb sdl phr ilusl ad shordilrmls h ihrthi`riu`th, sdülnlbah db ilal ilsh su dkpnlzlk`dbth u hk`s`ùb.


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<3 S_HQDII@ÙB IHBQ_L YHO_DQDBY@HBDY <3.< ILQDMH_ËLY AD NLY YHO_DQDBY@HBDY Nls iltdmhrëls `baìlb nhs vlnhrds ad tdbs`ùb shphrtlal l nl hbal ad ighqud ad shordtdbs`ùb qud adodb ad tdbdr nhs dqu`phs, adtdrk`blbah, l su vdz, dn vlnhr nëk`td kìx`kh ad tdbs`ùb rdsàuln qud adodb pdrk`t`r nhs a`jdrdbtds a`sphs`t`vhs ad prhtdii`ùb ad ilal zhbl plrl dv`tlr dn phsònd alüh ad aìghs dqu`phs.

Yd a`st`bmudb 1 iltdmhrëls a`jdrdbtds, `baìlbah db ilal ilsh dn b`vdn ad tdbs`ùb shphrtlal l `kpunshs, db fZ, sdmõb nl tdbs`ùb bhk`bln ad nl `bstlnli`ùb.

Qdbs`ùb bhk`bln Qdbs`ùb shphrtlal l `kpunshs <,?/43 (fZ) `bstlnli`ùb Y`stdkls @@@ Y`stdkls @@ Iltdmhrël @Z Iltdmhrël @@@ Iltdmhrël @@ Iltdmhrël @ ?93/133 ?93 : 1 ?.4 <.4 133/:03 7 : 1 ?.4 <333 Qlonl <9. Inls`jìli`ùb ad shordtdbs`hbds.

Iltdmhrël @ Yd lpnìl l nhs dqu`phs kuy sdbsònds l nls shordtdbs`hbds y qud dstìb adst`blahs l sdr ihbditlahs l nl `bstlnli`ùb dnàitrìl jèl (hradblahrds, dqu`phs dnditrùbìhs kuy sdbsònds, dti). Db dstd ilsh, nls kdaàls ad prhtdii`ùb sd thklb judrl ad nhs dqu`phs l prhtdmdr, yl sdl db nl `bstlnli`ùb jèl h dbtrd nl `bstlnli`ùb jèl y nhs dqu`phs, ihb hoedth ad n`k`tlr nls shordtdbs`hbds l ub b`vdn dspdiëjìh.

Iltdmhrël @@ Yd lpnìl l nhs dqu`phs adst`blahs l ihbditlrsd l ubl `bstlnli`ùb dnàitrìl jèl (dnditrhahkàstìhs, gdrrlk`dbtls phrtìt`nds y htrhs dqu`phs s`k`nlrds). LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

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Iltdmhrël @@@ Yd lpnìl l nhs dqu`phs y kltdr`lnds qud jhrklb plrtd ad nl `bstlnli`ùb dnàitrìl jèl y l htrhs dqu`phs plrl nhs iulnds sd rdqu`drd ub lnth b`vdn ad j`lo`nàla (lrklr`hs ad a`stròui`ùb, dkolrrlahs, lplrlkdbtl5 `btdrrupthrds, sdii`hblahrds, thkls ad ihrr`dbtd, dti, ilbln`zli`hbds y sus liidshr`hs5 ilonds, ilel ad adr`vli`ùb, dti, khthrds ihb ihbdx`ùb dnàitrìl jèl5 lsidbshrds, kìqu`bls `baustr`lnds, dti.

Iltdmhrël @Z Yd lpnìl l nhs dqu`phs y kltdr`lnds qud sd ihbditlb db dn hr`mdb h kuy prùx`khs ln hr`mdb ad nl `bstlnli`ùb, lmuls lrròl adn iularh ad a`stròui`ùb (ihbtlahrds ad dbdrmël, lplrlths ad tdndkdaàl, dqu`phs pr`bi`plnds ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl shord`btdbsàlads, dti).

<3.? KDA@ALY SL_L DN IHBQ_HN AD NLY YHO_DQDBY@HBDY Yd pudadb prdsdbtlr ahs s`tuli`hbds a`jdrdbtds5

Y`tuli`ùb blturln5 iulbah bh ds prdi`sh nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl nls shordtdbs`hbds trlbs`thr`ls, puds sd prdvà ub oleh r`dsmh ad shordtdbs`hbds db nl `bstlnli`ùb (adoàh l qud dstì ln`kdbtlal phr ubl rda suotdrrìbdl db su thtlnàla). Db dstd ilsh sd ihbsàdrl sujì`dbtd nl rds`stdbi`l l nls shordtdbs`hbds ad nhs dqu`phs `baìlal db nl tlonl ad iltdmhrëls, y bh sd rdqu`drd b`bmubl prhtdii`ùb supndkdbtlr`l ihbtrl nls shordtdbs`hbds trlbs`thr`ls. Y`tuli`ùb ihbtrhnlal5 iulbah ds prdi`sh nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl nls shordtdbs`hbds trlbs`thr`ls db dn hr`mdb ad nl `bstlnli`ùb, puds nl `bstlnli`ùb sd ln`kdbtl phr, h `binuyd, ubl nëbdl làrdl ihb ihbauithrds adsbuahs h l`snlahs.

Qlko`àb sd ihbsàdrl s`tuli`ùb ihbtrhnlal lqudnnl s`tuli`ùb blturln db qud ds ihbvdb`dbtd `binu`r a`sphs`t`vhs ad prhtdii`ùb plrl ubl klyhr sdmuràla (ihbt`buàla ad sdrvì`h, vlnhr dihbùkìh ad nhs dqu`phs, pàraàls `rrdplrlonds, dti.). LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

1<


Nhs a`sphs`t`vhs ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl shordtdbs`hbds ad hr`mdb ltkhsjàrìh adodb sdndii`hblrsd ad jhrkl qud su b`vdn ad prhtdii`ùb sdl `bjdr`hr l nl tdbs`ùb shphrtlal l `kpunsh ad nl iltdmhrël ad nhs dqu`phs y kltdr`lnds qud sd prdvà qud sd vlylb l `bstlnlr.

Nhs adsilrmlahrds sd ihbditlrìb dbtrd ilal ubh ad nhs ihbauithrds, `binuydbah dn bdutrh h ihkpdbslahr y nl t`drrl ad nl `bstlnli`ùb.

<3.9 YDNDII@ÙB AD NHY KLQD_@LNDY DB NL @BYQLNLI@ÙB Nhs dqu`phs y kltdr`lnds adodb dsihmdrsd ad klbdrl qud su tdbs`ùb shphrtlal l `kpunshs bh sdl `bjdr`hr l nl tdbs`ùb shphrtlal prdsir`tl db nl tlonl lbtdr`hr, sdmõb su iltdmhrël.

Nhs dqu`phs y kltdr`lnds qud tdbmlb ubl tdbs`ùb shphrtlal l `kpunshs `bjdr`hr l nl `baìlal db nl tlonl, sd pudadb ut`n`zlr, bh hostlbtd5

db s`tuli`ùb blturln, iulbah dn r`dsmh sdl lidptlond. db s`tuli`ùb ihbtrhnlal, s` nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl nls shordtdbs`hbds ds ladiulal.


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<< S_HQDII@HB IHBQ_L IHBQLIQHY A@_DIQHY D @BA@_DIQHY <<.< S_HQDII@HB IHBQ_L IHBQLIQHY A@_DIQHY Srhtdii`ùb phr l`snlk`dbth ad nls plrtds lit`vls.

Nls plrtds lit`vls adodrìb dstlr rdiuo`drtls ad ub l`snlk`dbth qud bh pudal sdr dn`k`blah kìs qud adstruyàbahnh.

Srhtdii`ùb phr kda`h ad olrrdrls h dbvhnvdbtds.

Nls plrtds lit`vls adodb dstlr s`tulals db dn `btdr`hr ad nls dbvhnvdbtds h adtrìs ad olrrdrls qud phsdlb, ihkh këb`kh, dn mrlah ad prhtdii`ùb @S WWO, sdmõb TBD?3.9?1. Y` sd bdids`tlb lodrturls klyhrds plrl nl rdplrli`ùb ad p`dzls h plrl dn oudb jubi`hblk`dbth ad nhs dqu`phs, sd lahptlrìb prdilui`hbds lprhp`lals plrl `kpda`r qud nls pdrshbls h lb`klnds ahkàstìhs thqudb nls plrtds lit`vls y sd mlrlbt`zlrì qud nls pdrshbls sdlb ihbsi`dbtds adn gdigh ad qud nls plrtds lit`vls bh adodb sdr thilals vhnubtlr`lkdbtd.

Nls supdrjì`ds supdr`hrds ad nls olrrdrls h dbvhnvdbtds ghr`zhbtlnds qud shb jìi`nkdbtd liidsònds, adodb rdsphbadr ihkh këb`kh ln mrlah ad prhtdii`ùb @S1W h @S WWA.

Nls olrrdrls h dbvhnvdbtds adodb jèlrsd ad klbdrl sdmurl y sdr ad ubl rhoustdz y aurlo`nàla sujì`dbtds plrl klbtdbdr nhs mrlahs ad prhtdii`ùb dx`màhs, ihb ubl sdplrli`ùb sujì`dbtd ad nls plrtds lit`vls db nls ihbaì`hbds bhrklnds ad sdrvì`h, tdb`dbah db iudbtl nls `bjnudbi`ls dxtdrbls.

Iulbah sdl bdidslr`h supr`k`r nls olrrdrls, lor`r nls dbvhnvdbtds h qu`tlr plrtds ad àstls, dsth bh adod sdr phsònd kìs qud5 LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

19


o`db ihb nl lyual ad ubl nnlvd h ad ubl gdrrlk`dbtl6 h o`db, adspuàs ad qu`tlr nl tdbs`ùb ad nls plrtds lit`vls prhtdmàls phr dstls olrrdrls h dstls dbvhnvdbtds, bh pua`dbah sdr rdstlondiàl nl tdbs`ùb glstl adspuàs ad vhnvdr l ihnhilr nls olrrdrls h nls dbvhnvdbtds6 h o`db, s` gly `btdrpudstl ubl sdmubal olrrdrl qud phsdd ihkh këb`kh dn mrlah ad prhtdii`ùb @S?W h @S WWO, qud bh pudal sdr qu`tlal kìs qud ihb nl lyual ad ubl nnlvd h ad ubl gdrrlk`dbtl y qud `kpàl thah ihbtlith ihb nls plrtds lit`vls.

Srhtdii`ùb ihkpndkdbtlr`l phr a`sphs`t`vhs ad ihrr`dbtd a`jdrdbi`ln-rdsàuln.

Dstl kdaàl ad prhtdii`ùb dstì adst`blal shnlkdbtd l ihkpndkdbtlr htrls kdaàls ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl nhs ihbtliths a`rdiths.

Dn dkpndh ad a`sphs`t`vhs ad ihrr`dbtd a`jdrdbi`ln-rdsàuln, iuyh vlnhr ad ihrr`dbtd a`jdrdbi`ln ls`mblal ad jubi`hblk`dbth sdl `bjdr`hr h `muln l 93 kL, sd rdihbhid ihkh kdaàl ad prhtdii`ùb ihkpndkdbtlr`l db ilsh ad jlnnh ad htrl kdaàl ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl nhs ihbtliths a`rdiths h db ilsh ad `kpruadbi`l ad nhs usulr`hs.

<<.? S_HQDII@HB IHBQ_L IHBQLIQHY @BA@_DIQHY Nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl ihbtliths `ba`rdiths sd ihbsdmu`rì kda`lbtd "ihrtd luthkìtìh ad nl ln`kdbtli`ùb". Dstl kdaàl ihbs`std db `kpda`r, adspuàs ad nl lplrì`ùb ad ub jlnnh, qud ubl tdbs`ùb ad ihbtlith ad vlnhr sujì`dbtd sd klbtdbml aurlbtd ub t`dkph tln qud pudal alr ihkh rdsuntlah ub r`dsmh. Nl tdbs`ùb nëk`td ihbvdbi`hbln ds `muln l 43 Z, vlnhr djìlz db ihrr`dbtd lntdrbl, db ihbaì`hbds bhrklnds y l ?1 Z db nhilnds gõkdahs.

Qhals nls klsls ad nhs dqu`phs dnàitrìhs prhtdmàhs phr ub k`skh a`sphs`t`vh ad prhtdii`ùb, adodb sdr `btdrihbditlals y ubàls phr ub ihbauithr ad prhtdii`ùb l ubl k`skl thkl ad t`drrl. Dn pubth bdutrh ad ilal mdbdrlahr h trlbsjhrklahr adod phbdrsd l t`drrl. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

11


Yd iukpn`rì nl s`mu`dbtd ihbaì`ùb5

_l x @l >T

ahbad5

_l ds nl sukl ad nls rds`stdbi`ls ad nl thkl ad t`drrl y ad nhs ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb ad klsls. @l ds nl ihrr`dbtd qud lsdmurl dn jubi`hblk`dbth luthkìtìh adn a`sphs`t`vh ad prhtdii`ùb. Iulbah dn a`sphs`t`vh ad prhtdii`ùb ds ub a`sphs`t`vh ad ihrr`dbtd a`jdrdbi`ln-rdsàuln ds nl ihrr`dbtd a`jdrdbi`ln-rdsàuln ls`mblal. T ds nl tdbs`ùb ad ihbtlith nëk`td ihbvdbi`hbln (43 ù ?1Z).


14


Nl pudstl h ihbdx`ùb l t`drrl ds nl ub`ùb dnàitrìl a`rditl, s`b jusònds b` prhtdii`ùb lnmubl, ad ubl plrtd adn i`riu`th dnàitrìh h ad ubl plrtd ihbauithrl bh pdrtdbdi`dbtd ln k`skh, kda`lbtd ubl thkl ad t`drrl ihb ub dnditrhah h mruph ad dnditrhahs dbtdrrlahs db dn sudnh.

Kda`lbtd nl `bstlnli`ùb ad pudstl l t`drrl sd adodrì ihbsdmu`r qud db dn ihbeubth ad `bstlnli`hbds, da`jì`hs y supdrjì`d prùx`kl adn tdrrdbh bh lplrdzilb a`jdrdbi`ls ad phtdbi`ln pdn`mrhsls y qud, ln k`skh t`dkph, pdrk`tl dn plsh l t`drrl ad nls ihrr`dbtds ad adjdith h nls ad adsilrml ad hr`mdb ltkhsjàrìh. Nl dndii`ùb d `bstlnli`ùb ad nhs kltdr`lnds qud lsdmurdb nl pudstl l t`drrl adodb sdr tlnds qud5

Dn vlnhr ad nl rds`stdbi`l ad pudstl l t`drrl dstà ihbjhrkd ihb nls bhrkls ad prhtdii`ùb y ad jubi`hblk`dbth ad nl `bstlnli`ùb y sd klbtdbml ad dstl klbdrl l nh nlrmh adn t`dkph. Nls ihrr`dbtds ad adjdith l t`drrl y nls ihrr`dbtds ad juml pudalb i`riunlr s`b pdn`mrh, plrtìunlrkdbtd adsad dn pubth ad v`stl ad shnì`tli`hbds tàrkìls, kdiìbìls y dnàitrìls. Nl shnàdz h nl prhtdii`ùb kdiìbìl qudad lsdmurlal ihb `badpdbadbi`l ad nls ihbaì`hbds dst`klals ad `bjnudbi`ls dxtdrbls. Ihbtdkpndb nhs phsònds r`dsmhs adoàhs l dnditrùn`s`s qud pua`drlb ljditlr l htrls plrtds kdtìnìls.


1:


olrrls, tuohs6 pndt`bls, ihbauithrds adsbuahs6 pnlils6 lb`nnhs h klnnls kdtìnìls ihbst`tuàhs phr nhs dndkdbths lbtdr`hrds h sus ihko`bli`hbds6 lrklaurls ad ghrk`mùb dbtdrrlals6 ihb dxidpi`ùb ad nls lrklaurls prdtdbslals6 htrls dstruiturls dbtdrrlals qud sd adkudstrd qud shb lprhp`lals.

Nhs ihbauithrds ad ihord ut`n`zlahs ihkh dnditrhahs sdrìb ad ihbstruii`ùb y rds`stdbi`l dnàitrìl sdmõb nl inlsd ? ad nl bhrkl TBD ?<.3??.

Dn t`ph y nl prhjubaàla ad dbtdrrlk`dbth ad nls thkls ad t`drrl adodb sdr tlnds qud nl phsònd pàraàl ad gukdala adn sudnh, nl prdsdbi`l adn g`dnh u htrhs djdiths in`kìtìhs, bh lukdbtdb nl rds`stdbi`l ad nl thkl ad t`drrl phr dbi`kl adn vlnhr prdv`sth. Nl prhjubaàla bubil sdrì `bjdr`hr l 3,43 k.

Ihbauithrds ad t`drrl.

Nl sdii`ùb ad nhs ihbauithrds ad t`drrl, iulbah dstàb dbtdrrlahs, adodrìb dstlr ad liudrah ihb nhs vlnhrds `baìlahs db nl tlonl s`mu`dbtd. Nl sdii`ùb bh sdrì `bjdr`hr l nl këb`kl dx`màl plrl nhs ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb.


1=


Bh prhtdmàh kdiìbìlkdbtd <: kk¿ Iu <: kk¿ Lidrh Mlnvlb`zlah

Q`ph

Srhtdmàh kdiìbìlkdbtd

Srhtdmàh ihbtrl nl ihrrhs`ùb

@muln l ihbauithrds prhtdii`ùb lpah. =.=.<

Bh prhtdmàh ihbtrl nl ihrrhs`ùb

?4 kk¿ Iu

?4 kk¿ Iu

43 kk¿ G`drrh

43 kk¿ G`drrh

Qlonl <1. Q`phnhmël ad pudstl l t`drrl.

* Nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl nl ihrrhs`ùb pudad hotdbdrsd kda`lbtd ubl dbvhnvdbtd.

Aurlbtd nl dediui`ùb ad nls ub`hbds dbtrd ihbauithrds ad t`drrl y dnditrhahs ad t`drrl adod dxtrdklrsd dn iuàlah plrl qud rdsuntdb dnàitrìlkdbtd ihrrditls. Adod iuàlrsd, db dspdi`ln, qud nls ihbdx`hbds, bh alüdb b` l nhs ihbauithrds b` l nhs dnditrhahs ad t`drrl.

Ohrbds ad pudstl l t`drrl.

Db thal `bstlnli`ùb ad pudstl l t`drrl adod prdvdrsd ub ohrbd pr`bi`pln ad t`drrl, ln iuln adodb ub`rsd nhs ihbauithrds s`mu`dbtds5

Nhs ihbauithrds ad t`drrl. Nhs ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb. Nhs ihbauithrds ad ub`ùb dqu`phtdbi`ln pr`bi`pln. Nhs ihbauithrds ad pudstl l t`drrl jubi`hbln, s` shb bdidslr`hs.

Adod prdvdrsd shord nhs ihbauithrds ad t`drrl y db numlr liidsònd, ub a`sphs`t`vh qud pdrk`tl kda`r nl rds`stdbi`l ad nl thkl ad t`drrl ihrrdsphba`dbtd. Dstd a`sphs`t`vh pudad dstlr ihko`blah ihb dn ohrbd pr`bi`pln ad t`drrl, adod sdr adskhbtlond bdidslr`lkdbtd phr kda`h ad ub õt`n, t`dbd qud sdr kdiìbìlkdbtd sdmurh y adod lsdmurlr nl ihbt`buàla dnàitrìl.


17


Ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb.

Nhs ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb s`rvdb plrl ub`r dnàitrìlkdbtd nls klsls ad ubl `bstlnli`ùb ihb dn ohrbd ad t`drrl, ihb dn j`b ad lsdmurlr nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl ihbtliths `ba`rdiths.

Nhs ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb tdbarìb ubl sdii`ùb këb`kl `muln l nl jèlal db nl tlonl s`mu`dbtd5

Ydii`ùb ihbauithrds jlsd (kk¿)

Ydii`ùb ihbauithrds prhtdii`ùb (kk¿)

Yj <: <: > Y j 94

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Yj 2 94

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Qlonl <4. Ihbauithrds ad jlsd y prhtdii`ùb.

Db thahs nhs ilshs, nhs ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb qud bh jhrklb plrtd ad nl ilbln`zli`ùb ad ln`kdbtli`ùb sdrìb ad ihord ihb ubl sdii`ùb, ln kdbhs ad5

•

?,4 kk?, s` nhs ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb a`sphbdb ad ubl prhtdii`ùb kdiìbìl.

•

1 kk?, s` nhs ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb bh a`sphbdb ad ubl prhtdii`ùb kdiìbìl.

Ihkh ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb pudadb ut`n`zlrsd5

•

•

•

ihbauithrds db nhs ilonds kuntìhbauithrds, h ihbauithrds l`snlahs h adsbuahs qud phsdlb ubl dbvhnvdbtd ihkõb ihb nhs ihbauithrds lit`vhs, h ihbauithrds sdplrlahs adsbuahs h l`snlahs.


10


B`bmõb lplrlth adodrì sdr `btdrilnlah db dn ihbauithr ad prhtdii`ùb. Nls klsls ad nhs dqu`phs l ub`r ihb nhs ihbauithrds ad prhtdii`ùb bh adodb sdr ihbditlals db sdr`d db ub i`riu`th ad prhtdii`ùb.

Nl ub`ùb ad dqu`phtdbi`lnàla supndkdbtlr`l pudad dstlr lsdmurlal, o`db phr dndkdbths ihbauithrds bh adskhbtlonds, tlnds ihkh dstruiturls kdtìnìls bh adskhbtlonds, o`db phr ihbauithrds supndkdbtlr`hs, h phr ihko`bli`ùb ad nhs ahs.

•

?1 Z db nhiln h dkpnlzlk`dbth ihbauithr

•

43 Z db nhs adkìs ilshs.

Y` nls ihbaì`hbds ad nl `bstlnli`ùb shb tlnds qud pudadb alr numlr l tdbs`hbds ad ihbtlith supdr`hrds l nhs vlnhrds sdülnlahs lbtdr`hrkdbtd, sd lsdmurlrì nl rìpàl dn`k`bli`ùb ad nl jlntl kda`lbtd a`sphs`t`vhs ad ihrtd ladiulahs l nl ihrr`dbtd ad sdrvì`h.


43


Nl rds`stdbi`l ad ub dnditrhah adpdbad ad sus a`kdbs`hbds, ad su jhrkl y ad nl rds`st`vàla adn tdrrdbh db dn qud sd dstlondid. Dstl rds`st`vàla vlrël jrdiudbtdkdbtd ad ub pubth l htrh adn tdrrdbh, y vlr`l tlko`àb ihb nl prhjubaàla.

Bh dx`stl ilbln`zli`ùb kdtìnìl ihbauithrl (iuo`drtl kdtìnìl ad ilond bh l`snlal dspdi`lnkdbtd, ilbln`zli`ùb ad lmul, mls, dti.) qud ubl nl zhbl ad t`drrls adn idbtrh ad trlbsjhrkli`ùb ihb nl zhbl db ahbad sd dbiudbtrlb nhs lplrlths ad ut`n`zli`ùb. Nl a`stlbi`l dbtrd nls thkls ad t`drrl adn idbtrh ad trlbsjhrkli`ùb y nls thkls ad t`drrl u htrhs dndkdbths ihbauithrds dbtdrrlahs db nhs nhilnds ad ut`n`zli`ùb ds ln kdbhs `muln l <4 kdtrhs LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ 4< QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD


plrl tdrrdbhs iuyl rds`st`vàla bh sdl dndvlal (><33 hgk`hs.k). Iulbah dn tdrrdbh sdl kuy kln ihbauithr, nl a`stlbi`l adodrì sdr ilniunlal. Dn idbtrh ad trlbsjhrkli`ùb dstì s`tulah db ub rdi`bth l`snlah ad nhs nhilnds ad ut`n`zli`ùb h o`db, s` dstl ihbt`muh l nhs nhilnds ad ut`n`zli`ùb h db dn `btdr`hr.ad nhs k`skhs, dstì dstlondiàh ad tln klbdrl qud sus dndkdbths kdtìnìhs bh dstìb ubàhs dnàitrìlkdbtd l nhs dndkdbths kdtìnìhs ihbstruit`vhs ad nhs nhilnds ad ut`n`zli`ùb.

Yùnh sd pharìb ub`r nl pudstl l t`drrl ad nl `bstlnli`ùb ad ut`n`zli`ùb (da`jì`h) y nl pudstl l t`drrl ad prhtdii`ùb (klsls) adn idbtrh ad trlbsjhrkli`ùb, s` dn vlnhr ad nl rds`stdbi`l ad pudstl l t`drrl õbìl ds nh sujì`dbtdkdbtd olel plrl qud sd iukpnl qud db dn ilsh ad dvliulr dn kìx`kh vlnhr prdv`sth ad nl ihrr`dbtd ad adjdith l t`drrl (@a) db dn idbtrh ad trlbsjhrkli`ùb, dn vlnhr ad nl tdbs`ùb ad adjdith (Za ; @a x _t) sdl kdbhr qud nl tdbs`ùb ad ihbtlith kìx`kl lpnìlal.

Sdrshbln tàibìlkdbtd ihkpdtdbtd djditulrì nl ihkprholi`ùb ad nl `bstlnli`ùb ad pudstl l t`drrl, ln kdbhs lbulnkdbtd, db nl àphil db nl qud dn tdrrdbh dstà kls sdih. Slrl dnnh, sd kda`rì nl rds`stdbi`l ad t`drrl, y sd rdplrlrìb ihb ilrìitdr urmdbtd nhs adjdiths qud sd dbiudbtrdb. Db nhs numlrds db qud dn tdrrdbh bh sdl jlvhrlond l nl oudbl ihbsdrvli`ùb ad nhs dnditrhahs, àsths y nhs ihbauithrds ad dbnlid dbtrd dnnhs glstl dn pubth ad pudstl l t`drrl, sd phbarìb ln adsiuo`drth plrl su dxlkdb, ln kdbhs ubl vdz ilal i`bih lühs. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

4?


<9 _DIDSQH_DY AD LNTKO_LAH Nls nuk`blr`ls sdrìb ihbjhrkds l nhs rdqu`s`ths dstlondiàhs db nls bhrkls ad nl sdr`d TBD-DB :3407.

Nl klsl ad nls nuk`blr`ls suspdbaàls dxidpi`hblnkdbtd ad ilonds jndxònds bh adodb dxidadr ad 4 fm. Nhs ihbauithrds, qud adodb sdr ilplids ad shphrtlr dstd pdsh, bh adodb prdsdbtlr dkplnkds `btdrkda`hs y dn dsjudrzh adodrì rdln`zlrsd shord ub dndkdbth a`st`bth adn ohrbd ad ihbdx`ùb.

Nls plrtds kdtìnìls liidsònds ad nls nuk`blr`ls qud bh sdlb ad Inlsd @@ h Inlsd @@@, adodrìb tdbdr ub dndkdbth ad ihbdx`ùb plrl su pudstl l t`drrl, qud `rì ihbditlah ad klbdrl j`lond y pdrklbdbtd ln ihbauithr ad prhtdii`ùb adn i`riu`th.

Dn ush ad nìkplrls ad mlsds ihb adsilrmls l lntl tdbs`ùb (bdùb, dti), sd pdrk`t`rì iulbah su uoìli`ùb dstà judrl adn vhnukdb ad liidsò`nàla h iulbah sd `bstlndb olrrdrls h dbvhnvdbtds sdplrlahrls.

Db `bstlnli`hbds ad `nuk`bli`ùb ihb nìkplrls ad adsilrml rdln`zlals db nhilnds db nhs qud jubi`hbdb kìqu`bls ihb khv`k`dbth lntdrblt`vh h rhtlthr`h rìpàh, sd adodrìb thklr nls kdaàls bdidslr`ls plrl dv`tlr nl phsò`nàla ad liiàdbtds iluslahs phr `nus`ùb ùptìl hr`m`blal phr dn djdith dstrhohsiùpìh.

Nhs i`riu`ths ad ln`kdbtli`ùb dstlrìb prdv`sths plrl trlbsphrtlr nl ilrml adoàl l nhs prhp`hs rdidpthrds, l sus dndkdbths lshi`lahs y l sus ihrr`dbtds lrkùbìls y ad lrrlbqud. Slrl rdidpthrds ihb nìkplrls ad adsilrml, nl ilrml këb`kl prdv`stl db vhnt`lkpdr`hs sdrì ad <,7 vdids nl phtdbi`l db vlt`hs ad nls nìkplrls. Db dn ilsh ad a`stròui`hbds khbhjìsìls, dn ihbauithr bdutrh tdbarì nl k`skl sdii`ùb qud nhs ad jlsd. Ydrì lidptlond ub ihdjì`dbtd a`jdrdbtd plrl dn iìniunh ad nl sdii`ùb ad nhs ihbauithrds, s`dkprd y iulbah dn jlithr ad phtdbi`l ad ilal rdidpthr sdl klyhr h `muln l 3,0 y s` sd ihbhid nl ilrml qud suphbd ilal ubh LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

49


ad nhs dndkdbths lshi`lahs l nls nìkplrls y nls ihrr`dbtds ad lrrlbqud, qud tlbth àstls ihkh lquànnhs pudalb prhaui`r. Db dstd ilsh, dn ihdjì`dbtd sdrì dn qud rdsuntd.

Db dn ilsh ad rdidpthrds ihb nìkplrls ad adsilrml sdrì hon`mlthr`l nl ihkpdbsli`ùb adn jlithr ad phtdbi`l glstl ub vlnhr këb`kh ad 3,0.

Db `bstlnli`hbds ihb nìkplrls ad kuy olel tdbs`ùb (p.d.
Slrl nhs rùtunhs nuk`bhshs y plrl `bstlnli`hbds qud nhs ln`kdbtlb ihb tdbs`hbds ls`mblals ad slnàl db vliëh ihkprdbaàls dbtrd < y <3 fZ sd lpnìlrì nh a`spudsth db nl bhrkl TBD-DB 43.<3=.


41


<1 _DIDSQH_DY L KHQH_ Nhs khthrds adodb `bstlnlrsd ad klbdrl qud nl lprhx`kli`ùb l sus plrtds db khv`k`dbth bh pudal sdr ilusl ad liiàdbtd. Nhs khthrds bh adodb dstlr db ihbtlith ihb kltdr`ls jìi`nkdbtd ihkoustònds y sd s`tulrìb ad klbdrl qud bh pudalb prhvhilr nl `mbì`ùb ad dstls.

Nhs ihbauithrds ad ihbdx`ùb qud ln`kdbtlb l ub shnh khthr adodb dstlr a`kdbs`hblahs plrl ubl `btdbsàla adn
Nhs khthrds adodb dstlr prhtdmàhs ihbtrl ihrthi`riu`ths y ihbtrl shordilrmls db thals sus jlsds, ado`dbah dstl õnt`kl prhtdii`ùb sdr ad tln blturlndzl qud iuorl, db nhs khthrds tr`jìsìhs, dn r`dsmh ad nl jlntl ad tdbs`ùb db ubl ad sus jlsds. Db dn ilsh ad khthrds ihb lrrlbilahr dstrdnnl-tr`ìbmunh, sd lsdmurlrì nl prhtdii`ùb, tlbth plrl nl ihbdx`ùb db dstrdnnl ihkh db tr`ìbmunh.

Nhs khthrds adodb dstlr prhtdmàhs ihbtrl nl jlntl ad tdbs`ùb phr ub a`sphs`t`vh ad ihrtd luthkìtìh ad nl ln`kdbtli`ùb, iulbah dn lrrlbqud dsphbtìbdh adn khthr, ihkh ihbsdiudbi`l adn rdstlondi`k`dbth ad nl tdbs`ùb, pudal prhvhilr liiàdbtds, h pdreuaìlr dn khthr, ad liudrah ihb nl bhrkl TBD ?3.1:3 -1-14.

Nhs khthrds adodb tdbdr n`k`tlal nl `btdbsàla loshroàl db dn lrrlbqud, iulbah sd pua`drlb prhaui`r djdiths qud pdreuaìlsdb l nl `bstlnli`ùb u hils`hblsdb pdrturoli`hbds `blidptlonds ln jubi`hblk`dbth ad htrhs rdidpthrds h `bstlnli`hbds.

Db mdbdrln, nhs khthrds ad phtdbi`l supdr`hr l 3,=4 f`nhvlt`hs adodb dstlr prhv`sths ad rdùstlths ad lrrlbqud h a`sphs`t`vhs dqu`vlndbtds qud bh pdrk`tlb qud nl rdnli`ùb ad ihrr`dbtd dbtrd dn pdrëhah ad lrrlbqud y dn ad klrigl bhrkln qud ihrrdsphbal l su pndbl ilrml, sdmõb LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

44


nls ilrlitdrëstìls adn khthr qud adod `baìlr su pnlil, sdl supdr`hrl nl sdülnlal db dn iularh s`mu`dbtd5

Ad 3,=4 f] l <,4 f] 1,4 Ad <,43 f] l 4 f] 9,3 Ad 4 f] l <4 f] ? Kìs ad <4 f] <,4 Qlonl <:. Ilrlitdrëstìls ad khthrds.


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KDKH_@L @BQLNLI@ÙB IHBQ_L @BIDBA@HY

< IL_LIQD_@ULI@ÙB ADN DYQLONDI@K@DBQH Yd dbt`dbad phr dstlondi`k`dbth dn ihbeubth ad da`jì`hs, da`jì`h, zhbl ad àstd, `bstlnli`ùb h dspli`h lo`drth ad ush `baustr`ln h lnkliàb, sdmõb nh dstlondiàh db dn lrtëiunh ?, adst`blah l sdr ut`n`zlah oleh ubl t`tunlràla a`jdrdbi`lal y iuyh prhydith ad ihbstruii`ùb h rdjhrkl, lsë ihkh dn `bì`h ad nl lit`vàla prdv`stl, sdl hoedth ad ihbtrhn lak`b`strlt`vh.

Nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds sd ilrlitdr`zlrìb phr5 <. Yu ihbj`murli`ùb y uoìli`ùb ihb rdnli`ùb l su dbthrbh. ?. Yu b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih.

<.< YDMÕB YT Q@SHNHMËL _DYSDIQH L HQ_HY DA@J@I@HY Nls kuy a`vdrsls ihbj`murli`hbds y uoìli`hbds qud pudadb tdbdr nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds sd ihbsàdrlb rdauiàls l5 •

Dstlondi`k`dbths uoìlahs db da`jì`hs.

•

Dstlondi`k`dbths qud rdln`zlb su lit`vàla db dspli`hs lo`drths.


:?


<.<.< DYQLONDI@K@DBQHY DA@J@I@H

@BATYQ_@LNDY

TO@ILAHY

DB

TB

Q@SH L5 Dn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln hiupl plri`lnkdbtd ub da`jì`h qud t`dbd, ladkìs, htrhs dstlondi`k`dbths, yl sdlb dsths ad ush `baustr`ln yl ad htrhs ushs.

@nustrli`ùb <. Dedkpnhs `bstlnli`hbds Q@SH L, `zqu`dral db vdrtìln adrdigl ghr`zhbtln

Q@SH O5 Dn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln hiupl thtlnkdbtd ub da`jì`h qud dstì lahslah l htrh u htrhs da`jì`hs, h l ubl a`stlbi`l `muln h `bjdr`hr l trds kdtrhs ad htrh u htrhs da`jì`hs, ad htrh dstlondi`k`dbth, yl sdlb dsths ad ush `baustr`ln h o`db ad htrhs ushs. Yd dbt`dbad qud dn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln dstì lahslah l htrh u htrhs da`jì`hs, h l ubl a`stlbi`l `muln h `bjdr`hr l 9 k ad htrh u htrhs da`jì`hs qud pdrtdbdidb l htrh dstlondi`k`dbth.

@nustrli`ùb ?. @bstlnli`ùb ad Q@SH O Slrl dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds qud hiupdb ubl blvd lahslal ihb dstruiturl ihkplrtàl ihb nls ihbt`muls, qud db thah ilsh adodrìb tdbdr iuo`drtl `badpdba`dbtd, sd lak`t`rì dn LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

:9


iukpn`k`dbth ad nls dx`mdbi`ls ihrrdsphba`dbtds ln t`ph O, s`dkprd qud sd eust`j`qud tàibìlkdbtd qud dn phsònd ihnlpsh ad nl dstruiturl bh ljditd l nls blvds ihn`balbtds.

Q@SH I5 Dn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln hiupl thtlnkdbtd ub da`jì`h, h vlr`hs, db su ilsh, qud dstì l ubl a`stlbi`l klyhr ad trds kdtrhs adn da`jì`h kìs prùx`kh ad htrhs dstlondi`k`dbths. Aìgl a`stlbi`l adodrì dstlr nòrd ad kdrilbiëls ihkoustònds h dndkdbths `btdrkda`hs susidptònds ad prhplmlr dn `bidba`h.

@nustrli`ùb 9. @bstlnli`ùb Q@SH I.

<.<.? DYQLONDI@K@DBQHY @BATYQ_@LNDY \TD ADYL__HNNLB YT LIQ@Z@ALA DB DYSLI@HY LO@D_QHY \TD BH IHBYQ@QTPDB TB DA@J@I@H

Q@SH A5 Dn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln hiupl ub dspli`h lo`drth, qud pudad dstlr thtlnkdbtd iuo`drth, lnmubl ad iuyls jliglals ilrdid thtlnkdbtd ad idrrlk`dbth nltdrln.

@nustrli`ùb 1. @bstlnli`ùb ad Q@SH A LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

:1


Q@SH D5 Dn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln hiupl ub dspli`h lo`drth qud pudad dstlr plri`lnkdbtd iuo`drth (glstl ub 43 phr i`dbth ad su supdrjì`d), lnmubl ad sus jliglals db nl plrtd iuo`drtl ilrdid thtlnkdbtd ad idrrlk`dbth nltdrln.

@nustrli`ùb 4. @bstlnli`ùb ad Q@SH D.

<.<.9 BH IH@BI@ADBI@L IHB B@BMÕB Q@SH

Iulbah nl ilrlitdr`zli`ùb ad ub dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln h ubl plrtd ad dstd bh ih`biàl dxlitlkdbtd ihb lnmubh ad nhs t`phs adj`bàhs db nhs lplrtlahs <.? y <.9, sd ihbsàdrlrì qud pdrtdbdid ln t`ph ihb qud kdehr sd pudal

dqu`plrlr h ls`k`nlr

eust`jìlalkdbtd.

Db ub dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln pudadb ihdx`st`r a`jdrdbtds ihbj`murli`hbds, phr nh sd adodrìb lpnìlr nhs rdqu`s`ths ad dstd rdmnlkdbth ad jhrkl a`jdrdbi`lal plrl ilal ubl ad dnnls. Db nhs ilshs db qud dn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln dstì jhrklah phr vlr`hs da`jì`hs, h db dn qud gly ihdx`stdbi`l ad da`jì`hs idrrlahs ihb ìrdls ad trloleh lo`drtls adodrìb trltlrsd ihkh `baìl dstd lplrtlah <.<.9. Nls ihbj`murli`hbds ad Q`ph A y D sd prdsdbtlb db pnlbtls `baustr`lnds db plridnl idrrlal õbìl. Db àstls, bhrklnkdbtd ihdx`stdb „da`jì`hs idrrlahs‛ (Iuo`drtl y jliglals adsad rlslbtd l àstl) ihb ìrdls ad trloleh lo`drtls, qud adodrìb trltlrsd ihkh s`mud5 LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

:4


Y` iulnqu`drl ad dsths da`jì`hs dstuv`drl s`tulah l ubl a`stlbi`l `muln h `bjdr`hr l 9k ad htrh da`jì`h adn dstlondi`k`dbth ihn`balbtd, dsd da`jì`h (y shnh dsd) sd trltlrël ihkh Q`ph O. Dn rdsth yl sdrël Q`ph I `badpdba`dbtdkdbtd ad nl a`stlbi`l dbtrd dnnhs. Y` nl a`stlbi`l rdjdràl lbtdr`hrkdbtd judrl supdr`hr l 9 k (Ilsh kìs glo`tuln), thahs nhs da`jì`hs sdrëlb trltlahs ihkh Q`ph I.

Adod dbtdbadrsd qud, ln sdr thahs nhs da`jì`hs ad ub shnh t`tunlr, dn dstlondi`k`dbth ds Q`ph I, lubqud nhs da`jì`hs dstàb ubàhs h sdplrlahs kdbhs ad 9 k dbtrd së. Nls ìrdls t`ph A h D, sdrìb trltlals ihkh tlnds. Adbtrh ad ilal da`jì`h, h dbtrd ahs qud sd dbihbtrlrlb ubàhs phr ub plsh idrrlah, sd lpnìlrëlb nhs ihrrdsphba`dbtds ir`tdr`hs ad sdithr`zli`ùb.

<.? BTDYQ_L @BYQLNLI@ÙB Db dn ilsh qud bhs hiupl phadkhs adj`b`r budstrl blvd `baustr`ln sdmõb nl t`phnhmël ad da`jìh ihkh5

@BYQLNLI@ÙB Q@SH L Dsth sd adod l qud budstrl blvd ihkplrtd su dstruiturl ihb nls ihn`balbtds. Yd ihbsàdrl qud jhrkl plrtd ad ub k`skh da`jì`h ghr`zhbtln, qud dstì a`vààh db a`jdrdbtds prhp`dalads. Ad lquë db ladnlbtd sd nd lpnìlrl dstd rdmnlkdbth hodadi`dbah l dstl adj`bì`ùb.


::


<.9 IL_LIQD_@ULI@ÙB ADN DYQLONDI@K@DBQH SH_ YT B@ZDN AD _@DYMH @BQ_ËBYDIH Nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds sd inls`jìlb, sdmõb su mrlah ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih, ltdba`dbah l nhs ir`tdr`hs s`kpn`jìlahs y sdmõb nhs prhida`k`dbths qud sd `baìlb l ihbt`buli`ùb.

<.9.< A@YQ_@OTI@ÙB AD NLY UHBLY AD IL_ML LN JTDMH

Nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds, db mdbdrln, dstlrìb ihbst`tuàhs phr ubl h vlr`ls ihbj`murli`hbds ad nhs t`phs L, O, I, A y D. Ilal ubl ad dstls ihbj`murli`hbds ihbst`tu`rì ubl h vlr`ls zhbls (sdithrds h ìrdls ad `bidba`h) adn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln. Slrl nhs t`phs L, O y I sd ihbsàdrl "sdithr ad `bidba`h" dn dspli`h adn da`jì`h idrrlah phr dndkdbths rds`stdbtds ln judmh aurlbtd dn t`dkph qud sd dstlondzil db ilal ilsh. Slrl nhs t`phs A y D sd ihbsàdrl qud nl supdrjì`d qud hiuplb ihbst`tuyd ub "ìrdl ad `bidba`h" lo`drtl, adj`bàl shnlkdbtd phr su pdrëkdtrh.

Db budstrh ilsh, phadkhs dstlondidr nls a`jdrdbtds zhbls ad `bidba`h db jubi`ùb ad nls tlrdls qud sd nndvlb l iloh db ilal ubl ad dnnls. Dstl a`v`s`ùb sd nndvl l iloh plrl phadr ilniunlr nl adbsàla ad ilrml ln judmh db ilal ubl ad dnnls. Db plrtìunlr phadkhs adj`b`r nls s`mu`dbtds zhbls ad `bidba`h5

•

_didpi`ùb.

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Uhbl ad rdplrli`ùb ad vdgëiunhs.

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Uhbl ad nlvlah y p`bturl.

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Uhbl ad rudals.

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Yust`tui`ùb y khbtled.

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Lnklidblk`dbth ad rudals.


:=


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Lnkliàb.

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Hjì`bls pnlbtl olel.

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Lrig`vh.

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Hjì`bls.

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Hjì`bls pnlbtl supdr`hr.

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Lnkliàb hjì`bl.

•

Hjì`bls.

Lubqud gly qud rdihralr qud thal nl `bstlnli`ùb ds ub õbìh sdithr ad `bidba`h, yl qud bh iukpnd nhs rdqudr`k`dbths bdidslr`hs plrl phadr a`và`rnh.

Tb sdithr ad `bidba`h.


:7


<.9.? IÌNITNH ADN B@ZDN AD _@DYMH @BQ_ËBYDIH AD ILAL YDIQH_

L.

KÀQHAH < Dn b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ad ilal sdithr h ìrdl ad `bidba`h sd dvlnulrì5

Ilniunlbah nl s`mu`dbtd dxprds`ùb, qud adtdrk`bl nl adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh, phbadrlal y ihrrdmàl, ad aìgh sdithr h ìrdl ad `bidba`h5

  ∜  _l (KE/k )h(Kiln/k ) ?

?

Ahbad5 •

\Y ;adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh, phbadrlal y ihrrdmàl, adn sdithr h ìrdl ad `bidba`h, db KE/k? h Kiln/k?.

•

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M` ; klsl, db fm, ad ilal ubh ad nhs ihkoustònds (`) qud dx`stdb db dn sdithr h ìrdl ad `bidba`h (`binuàhs nhs kltdr`lnds ihbstruit`vhs ihkoustònds). q` ; phadr ilnhrëjìh, db KE/fm h Kiln/fm, ad ilal ubh ad nhs ihkoustònds (`) qud dx`stdb db dn sdithr ad `bidba`h.

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I` ; ihdjì`dbtd la`kdbs`hbln qud phbadrl dn mrlah ad pdn`mrhsàla (phr nl ihkoustò`nàla) ad ilal ubh ad nhs ihkoustònds (`) qud dx`stdb db dn sdithr ad `bidba`h.

•

_l ;ihdjì`dbtd la`kdbs`hbln qud ihrr`md dn mrlah ad pdn`mrhsàla (phr nl lit`vli`ùb) `bgdrdbtd l nl lit`vàla `baustr`ln qud sd adslrrhnnl db dn sdithr ad `bidba`h, prhauii`ùb, khbtled, trlbsjhrkli`ùb, rdplrli`ùb, lnklidblk`dbth, dti.

Iulbah dx`stdb vlr`ls lit`vàlads db dn k`skh sdithr, sd thklrì ihkh jlithr ad r`dsmh ad lit`vli`ùb (_l) dn `bgdrdbtd l nl lit`vàla ad klyhr r`dsmh ad lit`vli`ùb, s`dkprd qud aìgl lit`vàla hiupd ln kdbhs dn <3 phr i`dbth ad nl supdrjì`d adn sdithr h ìrdl ad `bidba`h. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

:0


L ; supdrjì`d ihbstruàl adn sdithr ad `bidba`h h supdrjì`d hiuplal adn ìrdl ad `bidba`h, db k?.

Nhs vlnhrds adn ihdjì`dbtd ad pdn`mrhsàla phr ihkoustò`nàla, I `, ad ilal ihkoustònd pudadb adaui`rsd ad nl tlonl <.<, adn Iltìnhmh IDL ad prhauiths y kdrilbiëls, h ad tlonls s`k`nlrds ad rdihbhiàh prdst`m`h iuyh ush adod eust`jìlrsd. Nhs vlnhrds adn ihdjì`dbtd ad pdn`mrhsàla phr lit`vli`ùb, _l, pudadb adaui`rsd ad nl tlonl <.?. adn _YI@D@.

Nhs vlnhrds adn phadr ilnhrëjìh q` , ad ilal ihkoustònd, pudadb adaui`rsd ad nl tlonl <.1 adn _YI@D@.

Ihb dstd kàthah ad iìniunh sd hot`dbd ubl adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh dxlitl db dn khkdbth ad rdln`zlr dn iìniunh, tlbth db ilbtàla ihkh db t`phs ad prhauiths. Y` dx`stdb vlr`li`hbds db dn lnkliàb h db nl lit`vàla, nl ilrml ad judmh.

ZLNH_DY ADN IHDJ@I@DBQD AD SDN@M_HY@ALA SH_ IHKOTYQ@O@N@ALA, I ` LNQL KDA@L OLEL Nëquàhs inls`jìlahs ihkh inlsd L db nl @QI Nëquàhs inls`jìlahs ihkhsuoinlsd Nëquàhs inls`jìlahs K@D-LS\< ihkh inlsd A db nl O? db nl @QI K@D- LS\<. Nëquàhs inls`jìlahs ihkhsuoinlsdO<, db nl @QI Nëquàhs inls`jìlahs ihkh inlsd I db @QI K@D-LS\<. Yùnàhs qud ihk`dbzlb K@D- LS\<. nl @QI K@D-LS\<. Yùnàhs ilplids ad `bì`lr su ihkoust`ùb l ubl Yùnàhs qud ihk`dbzlb su `mbì`ùb l su `mbì`ùb l ubl tdkpdrlturl `bjdr`hr l <33 µI. ubl tdkpdrlturl ihkprdbaàl dbtrd tdkpdrlturl supdr`hr l ?33 µI. Srhauiths qud pudadb jhrklr kdzinls dxpnhs`vls <33 µI y ?33 µI. ihb dn l`rd l tdkpdrlturl lko`dbtd. Srhauiths qud pudadb `bì`lr ihkoust`ùb dsphbtìbdl db dn l`rd l tdkpdrlturl lko`dbtd.

Yùnàhs qud dk`tdb mlsds `bjnlklonds.

I` ; <,:3

I` ; <,93


I` ; <,33 =3


BHQL5 @QI K@D-LS\< adn _dmnlkdbth ad lnklidblk`dbth ad prhauiths quëkìhs, lprholah phr dn _dln Adirdth 9=0/?33<, ad : ad lor`n.

Ydmõb dn lrtëiunh 1 adn _dmnlkdbth ad lnklidblk`dbth ad prhauiths quëkìhs (LS\), inls`jìli`ùb ad prhauiths5

•

Inlsd L.-Srhauiths nìulahs iuyl prds`ùb loshnutl ad vlphr l <4 ³I sdl supdr`hr l < olr.

Ydmõb nl tdkpdrlturl l qud sd nhs lnklidbl pudadb sdr ihbsàdrlahs ihkh5

•

•

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Yuoinlsd L<.-Srhauiths ad nl inlsd L qud sd lnklidblb nìulahs l ubl tdkpdrlturl `bjdr`hr l 3 ³I. Yuoinlsd L?.-Srhauiths ad nl inlsd L qud sd lnklidblb nìulahs db htrls ihbaì`hbds. Inlsd O.-Srhauiths iuyh pubth ad `bjnlkli`ùb ds `bjdr`hr l 44 ³I y bh dstìb ihkprdbaàhs db nl inlsd L.

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Ydmõb su pubth ad `bjnlkli`ùb pudadb sdr ihbsàdrlahs ihkh5

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Yuoinlsd O<.-Srhauiths ad inlsd O iuyh pubth ad `bjnlkli`ùb ds `bjdr`hr l 97 ³I.

•

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Yuoinlsd O?.-Srhauiths ad inlsd O iuyh pubth ad `bjnlkli`ùb ds `muln h supdr`hr l 97 ³I d `bjdr`hr l 44³I. Inlsd I.-Srhauiths iuyh pubth ad `bjnlkli`ùb dstì ihkprdbaàh dbtrd 44 ³I y <33 ³I.

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Inlsd A.-Srhauiths iuyh pubth ad `bjnlkli`ùb ds supdr`hr l <33 ³I.

Slrl nl adtdrk`bli`ùb adn pubth ad `bjnlkli`ùb lrròl kdbi`hblah sd lpnìlrìb nhs prhida`k`dbths prdsir`ths db nl bhrkl TBD 4<.3?1, plrl nhs prhauiths ad nl inlsd O6 db nl bhrkl TBD 4<.3??, plrl nhs ad nl inlsd I, y db nl bhrkl TBD 4<.3?9 plrl nhs ad nl inlsd A.


=<


Y` nhs prhauiths ad nls inlsds I h A dstìb lnklidblahs l tdkpdrlturl supdr`hr l su pubth ad `bjnlkli`ùb, adodrìb iukpn`r nls ihbaì`hbds ad lnklidblk`dbth prdsir`tls plrl nhs ad nl suoinlsd O?.

Dedkpnhs ad I` tëpìhs ad prhauiths, sdmõb dn Iltìnhmh IDL5

•

•

•

O.

I` ; <,:3 (Lnth)5 Lnihghnds, Olrbìds, Nìhrds, Jnuhr, Mlshn`bl, Gàrùmdbh, Sdtrùndh……. I` ; <,93 (Kda`h)5 Lid`tds nuorìlbtds, Lzõilr, Lzujrd Iljà, Ilrtùb, Iluigh, Idnunhsl, Ihrigh, Kladrl Slel, Slpdn, Qlolih, Qdeàhs……… I` ; <,33 (Oleh)5 Lkhb`lih, Pdsh, Idkdbth, Ghrk`mùb, Eloùb Ndeël…

KÀQHAH ? Ihkh lntdrblt`vl l nl jùrkunl lbtdr`hr sd pudad dvlnulr nl adbsàla ad ilrml ad

judmh, phbadrlal y ihrrdmàl, \s, adn sdithr ad `bidba`h lpnìlbah nls s`mu`dbtds dxprds`hbds. Slrl lit`vàlads ad prhauii`ùb, trlbsjhrkli`ùb, rdplrli`ùb h iulnqu`dr htrl a`st`btl ln lnklidblk`dbth5

  ∜  _l (KE/k )h(Kiln/k ) ?

?

Ahbad5

•

\Y, I` , _l y L t`dbdb nl k`skl s`mb`jìli`ùb qud db dn lplrtlah <.9.?.< lbtdr`hr.

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qs` ;adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh ad ilal zhbl ihb prhidsh a`jdrdbtd sdmõb nhs a`st`bths prhidshs qud sd rdln`zlb db dn sdithr ad `bidba`h (`), db KE/k ? h Kiln/k?.

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Y` ; supdrjì`d ad ilal zhbl ihb prhidsh a`jdrdbtd y adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh, qs` a`jdrdbtd, db k?.


=?


Nhs vlnhrds ad nl adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh kda`l, q s`, pudadb hotdbdrsd ad nl tlonl <.? adn _YI@D@.

Db ilsh ad qud dx`stl kìs ad ub kltdr`ln db nl lit`vàla, sd adod lpnìlr dn ihrrdsphba`dbtd I` adn prhauith ad klyhr r`dsmh ad ihkoustò`nàla, s`dkprd qud aìgh kltdr`ln supdrd ln kdbhs dn <3% db pdsh ad thahs nhs kltdr`lnds `kpnìlahs db aìgl lit`vàla.

BHQL5 L djdiths adn iìniunh, bh sd ihbtlo`n`zlb nhs lihp`hs h adpùs`ths ad kltdr`lnds h prhauiths rdubàhs plrl nl klbutdbi`ùb ad nhs prhidshs prhauit`vhs ad khbtled, trlbsjhrkli`ùb h ad rdplrli`ùb, h rdsuntlbtds ad nhs k`skhs, iuyh ihbsukh h prhauii`ùb ds a`lr`h y ihbst`tuydb dn nnlklah "lnkliàb ad aël". Dsths kltdr`lnds h prhauiths sd ihbsàdrlrìb `bihrphrlahs ln prhidsh prhauit`vh ad khbtled, trlbsjhrkli`ùb, rdplrli`ùb, dti., ln qud adolb sdr lpnìlahs h adn qud prhidalb.

Nl bhtl lbtdr`hr glid rdjdrdbi`l ln iìniunh ad nl ilrml ad judmh kda`lbtd nhs ihdjì`dbtds ad adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh ad nl Qlonl <.? adn _YI@D@.

Iulbah sd rdlnìd dn iìniunh phr kda`h ad nhs ihdjì`dbtds ad nl Qlonl <.1 adn _YI@D@ h s`k`nlrds, sd adodrì tdbdr db iudbtl dn „lnkliàb ad aël‛ Ds tëpìh dn lprhv`s`hblk`dbth ad ihkphbdbtds db nls iladbls ad khbtled ad dqu`phs, khthrds, vdgëiunhs, dnditrhahkàstìhs, dti.

Mdbdrlnkdbtd, ub prhidsh prhauit`vh sudnd hiuplr ub shnh sdithr, h ìrdl, h blvd y, ihbsdiudbtdkdbtd, ubl shnl supdrjì`d Y <;L. Ds kuy `kphrtlbtd adn`k`tlr lit`vàlads a`jdrdbtds qud pua`drlb dstlr kdzinlals, h ihn`balbtds, db ubl supdrjì`d ihkõb L, ad tln klbdrl qud, s` `btdrdsl sdplrlrnls db ahs Ydithrds ad `bidba`h, phr dx`st`r ubl bhtlond a`jdrdbi`l ad B`vdn ad _`dsmh `btrëbsdih, sd pua`drl rdln`zlr s`b a`jìuntlads. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

=9


Dsth sudnd hiurr`r ihb lnklidblk`dbths db lnturl prùx`khs, y db dn k`skh dspli`h, l ub prhidsh prhauit`vh. Slrl lit`vàlads ad lnklidblk`dbth5

  ∜  _l (KE/k )h(Kiln/k ) ?

?

•

\Y, I`, _l y L t`dbdb nl k`skl s`mb`jìli`ùb qud db dn lplrtlah 9.?.< lbtdr`hr.

•

qv` ; ilrml ad judmh, lphrtlal phr ilal k 9 ad ilal zhbl ihb a`jdrdbtd t`ph ad lnklidblk`dbth (`) dx`stdbtd db dn sdithr ad `bidba`h, db KE/k9 h Kiln/k9.

•

g` ; lnturl adn lnklidblk`dbth ad ilal ubh ad nhs ihkoustònds, (`), db k.

•

s` ; supdrjì`d hiuplal db pnlbtl phr ilal zhbl ihb a`jdrdbtd t`ph ad lnklidblk`dbth (`) dx`stdbtd db dn sdithr ad `bidba`h db k?.

Nhs vlnhrds ad nl ilrml ad judmh, phr kdtrh iõoìh q v`, lphrtlal phr ilal ubh ad nhs ihkoustònds, pudadb hotdbdrsd ad nl tlonl <.? adn _YI@D@.

Ihbsàdrli`hbds jubalkdbtlnds5

Tbl kdrilbiël, ihrrdsphba`dbtd l ub prhauith ad nl Qlonl <.? adn _YI@D@, pudad dstlr ihkpudstl phr a`jdrdbtds kltdr`lnds ad dkolnled y trlbsphrtd, tlnds ihkh pnìstìhs prhtdithrds dbilpsunlahs, ilrtùb, plndts ad kladrl h pnìstìh. Db dsths ilshs, sd pudad ilniunlr dn % db vhnukdb ad ilal ubh y lpnìlr dn ihrrdsphba`dbtd qv` y I `,, ihb dn _l adn prhauith pr`bi`pln. Nl lnturl ad lnklidbled g`, sd rdj`drd l nl lnturl bdtl ad prhauith ihbsàdrlah, y bh t`dbd phr quà ihrrdsphbadrsd ihb nl rdln bdidslr`l phr nls dstlbtdrëls qud nh ihbt`dbdb. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

=1


Nl k`skl ihbsàdrli`ùb, pudsth qud sd trltl ad hotdbdr ub rdsuntlah ad ub Zhnukdb (k ), sd pudad glidr ihb nl supdrjì`d hiuplal db pnlbtl s`, pudsth qud, mdbdrlnkdbtd, nls 9

kdrilbiëls dstìb sdplrlals dbtrd së.

Db nl tlonl <.? adn _YI@D@ nl bh dx`stdbi`l ad vlnhr ad adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh plrl dn lnklidblk`dbth ad i`drtls lit`vàlads, bh `kpnìl adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh bunl. Db dsths ilshs, sd adod alr dn vlnhr ad ilrml ad judmh adn prhauith kìs ls`k`nlond.

Db ub k`skh sdithr pudadb ihdx`st`r zhbls ad lnklidblk`dbth ihb zhbls ad prhauii`ùb, db dsd ilsh, plrl ilniunlr nl adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh, phbadrlal y ihrrdmàl, \s, adn sdithr ad `bidba`h, sd pudad lpnìlr nl jùrkunl alal db dn lplrtlah <.9.<.< h o`db sd pudad lpnìlr ubl ihko`bli`ùb ad nls jùrkunls prdsdbtlals db dn lplrtlah <.9.<.?.

  ∜ +∜  (KE/k )h(Kiln/k ) ?

?

 <.9.9 IÌNITNH ADN _@DYMH AD TB DA@J@I@H H IHBETBQH AD Ì_DLY

Dn b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ad ub da`jì`h h ub ihbeubth ad sdithrds y/h ìrdls ad `bidba`h ad ub dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln, l nhs djdiths ad nl lpnìli`ùb ad dstd rdmnlkdbth, sd dvlnulrì ilniunlbah nl s`mu`dbtd dxprds`ùb, qud adtdrk`bl nl adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh, phbadrlal y ihrrdmàl, \ d, ad aìgh da`jì`h `baustr`ln.

  ∜∜  (KE/k )h(Kiln/k ) ?


?

=4


Ahbad5 •

\d ; adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh, phbadrlal y ihrrdmàl, adn da`jì`h `baustr`ln, db KE/k? h Kiln/k?.

•

\s` ; adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh, phbadrlal y ihrrdmàl, ad ilal ubh ad nhs sdithrds h ìrdls ad `bidba`h, (`), qud ihkphbdb dn da`jì`h `baustr`ln, db KE/k ? h Kiln/k?.

•

L` ; supdrjì`d ihbstruàl ad ilal ubh ad nhs sdithrds h ìrdls ad `bidba`h, (`), qud ihkphbdb dn da`jì`h `baustr`ln, db k?.

<.9.1 Y@ GTO@DYD KÌY AD TB DA@J@I@H

L nhs djdiths ad dstd rdmnlkdbth, dn b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ad ub dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln, iulbah adslrrhnnl su lit`vàla db kìs ad ub da`jì`h, uoìlahs db ub k`skh rdi`bth, sd dvlnulrì ilniunlbah nl s`mu`dbtd dxprds`ùb, qud adtdrk`bl nl ilrml ad judmh, phbadrlal y ihrrdmàl, \ D ad aìgh dstlondi`k`dbth5

  ∜∜  (KE/k )h(Kiln/k ) ?

•

?

\D ; adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh, phbadrlal y ihrrdmàl, adn dstlondi`k`dbth

`baustr`ln, db KE/k h Kiln/k ?. ?

•

\d` ;adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh, phbadrlal y ihrrdmàl, ad ilal ubh ad nhs da`jì`hs `baustr`lnds, (`), qud ihkphbdb dn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln db KE/k? h Kiln/k?.

•

Ld` ; supdrjì`d ihbstruàl ad ilal ubh ad nhs da`jì`hs `baustr`lnds, (`), qud ?

ihkphbdb dn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln, db k .

Dn B`vdn ad _`dsmh @btrëbsdih adn ihbeubth adn Dstlondi`k`dbth @baustr`ln bhs vl l adtdrk`blr õbìlkdbtd nl pdr`haìàla ad nls `bspdii`hbds, adsir`tls db dn Lrtëiunh = ad dstd rdmnlkdbth, yl qud dn rdsth ad prhtdii`hbds ihbtrl `bidba`hs sd adtdrk`blrì ihb dn b`vdn ad _`dsmh @btrëbsdih adn sdithr. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

=:


Dvlnulal nl adbsàla ad ilrml adjudmh phbadrlal, y ihrrdmàl ad ub sdithr h ìrdl ad `bidba`h, (\Y), ad ub da`jì`h `baustr`ln (\d) h ad ub dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln (\ D), sdmõb iulnqu`drl ad nhs prhida`k`dbths dxpudsths db nhs lplrtlahs <.9.<, <.9.? y <.9.9, rdspdit`vlkdbtd, dn b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih adn sdithr h ìrdl ad `bidba`h, adn da`jì`h `baustr`ln, h adn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln, sd

Slrl nl dvlnuli`ùb adn r`dsmh `btrëbsdih sd pudad rdiurr`r `mulnkdbtd ln ush ad kàthahs ad dvlnuli`ùb ad rdihbhiàh prdst`m`h6 db tln ilsh, adodrì eust`jìlrsd db dn prhydith dn kàthah dkpndlah.


==


<.9.4 IÌNITNHY SL_L BTDYQ_L @BYQLNLI@ÙB

Slrl nndvlr l iloh budstrhs iìniunhs vlkhs l thklr nhs alths bdidslr`hs ad nl Qlonl <.? adn _YI@D@.

Uhbl

Adbhk`bli`ùb

qs` Kiln

I`

Ìrdl kR?

_l

Lnturl k

_didpi`ùb

Hjì`bls ihkdri`lnds -

<0?

<,9

?4 <117

<,4

<

Luthkùv`nds, rdplrli`ùb

=?

<,:

<333

<

<

Luthkùv`nds, p`bturl

<,9

?33

<,4

<

9:<

<,9

?3

?

<

Qlnndr Uhbl ad rdplrli`hbds Uhbl nlvlah y p`bturl Uhbl lnkliàb

Bdukìtìhs ad

rudals

luthkùv`nds

Uhbl sust`tui`ùb

Bdukìtìhs ad luthkùv`nds

<:7

<.9

??7

<.4

Luthkùv`nds, lnkliàb ad liidshr`hs

9<9

<,9

:<

<,4

ad rudals Lnkliàb rdilko`hs Glnn

?,4

Lsdhs

-

Lrig`vh

Kltdr`ln hjì`bl tàibìl

9<9

<,9

91

?

?,4

Hjì`bl tàibìl

<11

<,:

=3

<

<

Kltdr`ln Hjì`bl tàibìl

9<9

<,9

99

?

?

Hjì`bl pnltl `bjdr`hr Lnkliàb hjì`bl supdr`hr Lsdh supd Sls`nnh supdr`hr

-

Hjì`bl supdr`hr

Hjì`bl tàibìl

< <

< < <11

<,: 74

<

<

Qlonl <=. _dsukdb ilniunh adbsàla ad ilrml ln judmh.


=7


Db rdsukdb, nl adbsàla thtln ad ilrml ln judmh qudalrël ihkh5

  ∜∜    _DIDSI@ÙB

9    _l  <0?∝?4∝<. ?4 ∝ <.4  .  / Bhtl5 ad lghrl db ladnlbtd, plrl lqudnnhs ilshs db nhs qud Y` sdl `muln qud L, bh dbtrlrìb dsths plrìkdtrhs db nls diuli`hbds.

UHBL AD QLNND_

.  _l . =?∝<.:∝<333∝<<<4 ?33 .   
=0


.   <:7 ∝ ??3 ∝ <.9 ∝ <.4  =? 3=?  .   ℂ_l  9:< ∝ ?7 ∝ <.9 ∝ ? ∝ ?  <0= <3.: Kiln .  ∜ +∜  _l  . +..+..+..  



 <<4?334=:33=?3=?<0=<3  ?:147? <333?33?3??7 <117 . . /  LNKLIÀB

à  ∜ ℂ _l9<9∝<.9∝<.4∝?.4 à  .  / HJ@I@BL SNLBQL @BJD_@H_

  ℂ_l  9<9 ∝ 91 ∝ ?.4 ∝ <.9 ∝ ?  :0< =9    <11 ∝ <.: ∝ =3  <:
73


   :0 <=9<7= <:
   ℂ_l  9<9 ∝ 99 ∝ ?.4 ∝ <.9 ∝ ?  := <97.4    <11 ∝ <.: ∝ 74  <0 471  4  <0 471  .  /    := <97.<7=   ∜∜    9=1∝?4<7?∝<1171:3∝<7= ?4<117<7= 

 ?<:/ Db nl s`mu`dbtd tlonl, phadkhs hosdrvlr dn mrlah ad b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih qud t`dbd budstrl `bstlnli`ùb db jubi`ùb ad nl adbsàla ad ilrml ln judmh. Pl qud sd gl ilniunlah lbtdr`hrkdbtd vlkhs l ls`mblrnd l ilal zhbl su ihrrdsphba`dbtd b`vdn.

B`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih

Kiln/k?

KE/k?

\Y ≡ <33

\Y ≡ 1?4

?

<33> \Y ≡ ?33

1?4> \Y ≡ 743

9

?33 > \Y ≡ 933

743 > \Y ≡
1

933 > \Y ≡ 133

\Y ≡ <=33

4

133 > \Y ≡ 733

:

733 > \Y ≡ <:33

< OLEH

KDA@H LNQH

Adbsàla ad ilrml ad judmh phbadrlal y ihrrdmàl


<=33 > \Y

≡ 9133

9133 > \Y ≡ :733 7<


=

<:33 > \Y ≡ 9?33

:733 > \Y ≡ <9:33

7

9?33 > \Y

<9:33 > \Y

Qlonl <7. B`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih db jubi`ùb ad nl adbsàla ad ilrml ln judmh. Slrl ilniunlr dn r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ad budstrl `bstlnli`ùb ihkpndtl glidkhs ubl kda`l phbadrlal adn lplrtlah <.9.95

  ∜∜  (KE/k )h(Kiln/k ) ?

?

  9=1?4<7?.=<117<4?::<14:<311:1<<7  <=:7   ?=3 /? Shr tlbth, budstrl `bstlnli`ùb sd ihbsàdrl ihkh5

B`vdn kda`h 9


7?


? KDA@HY AD S_HQDII@ÙB IHBQ_L @BIDBA@HY Db dstd ilpëtunh sd glid rdjdrdbi`l ln Lbdxh @@@ adn _dmnlkdbth ad Ydmuràla Ihbtrl @bidba`hs db nhs Dstlondi`k`dbths @baustr`lnds. Dstd sd ihrrdsphbad ihb nl Srhtdii`ùb Lit`vl Ihbtrl @bidba`hs. Nl Srhtdii`ùb Lit`vl Ihbtrl @bidba`hs t`dbd ihkh jubi`ùb dspdiëjìl nl adtdii`ùb, ihbtrhn y dxt`bi`ùb adn `bidba`h, l trlvàs ad ubl nuigl a`rditl ihbtrl dn k`skh, y phr tlbth jli`n`tlr nl dvliuli`ùb.

Nhs s`stdkls ad prhtdii`ùb l `bstlnlr adpdbadrìb ad nl rdnli`ùb dbtrd nl t`phnhmël ad budstrl `bstlnli`ùb y ahbad sd dbiudbtrl dn sdithr ad `bidba`h, dn b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih adn sdithr y nl supdrjì`d adn sdithr ad `bidba`h.

?.< ÌKO@QH Qhahs nhs lplrlths, dqu`phs, s`stdkls y ihkphbdbtds ad nls `bstlnli`hbds ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl `bidba`hs ad nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds, lsë ihkh dn a`sdüh, nl dediui`ùb, nl pudstl db jubi`hblk`dbth y dn klbtdb`k`dbth ad sus `bstlnli`hbds, iukpn`rìb nh prdidptulah db dn _dmnlkdbth ad `bstlnli`hbds ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl `bidba`hs, lprholah phr dn _dln Adirdth <01?/<009, ad 4 ad bhv`dkord, y db nl Hradb ad <: ad lor`n ad <007, shord bhrkls ad prhida`k`dbth y adslrrhnnh ad lqudn.

Ls`k`skh adodrìb iukpn`r nl A`rdit`vl Durhpdl ad Srhauiths ad nl Ihbstruii`ùb adslrrhnnlal l trlvàs adn _dln Adirdth <:93/0? y phstdr`hrds rdshnui`hbds. Db dstls LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

79


rdshnui`hbds sd rdihmdb nls rdjdrdbi`ls ad bhrkls lrkhb`zlals, pdr`hahs ad ihdx`stdbi`l y dbtrlal db v`mhr adn klrilah ID (vàlsd Lbdxh L ad nl muël _YID@).

?.? @BYQLNLAH_DY P KLBQDBDAH_DY

Nhs `bstlnlahrds y klbtdbdahrds ad nls `bstlnli`hbds ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl `bidba`hs, l qud sd rdj`drd dn lplrtlah lbtdr`hr, iukpn`rìb nhs rdqu`s`ths qud, plrl dnnhs, dstlondid dn _dmnlkdbth ad `bstlnli`hbds ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl `bidba`hs, lprholah phr dn _dln Adirdth <01?/<009, ad 4 ad bhv`dkord, y a`sphsì`hbds qud nh ihkpndkdbtlb.

?.9 Y@YQDKLY AD ADQDII@ÙB AD @BIDBA@H Y`stdkl qud pdrk`td adtditlr ub `bidba`h db dn t`dkph kìs ihrth phsònd y dk`t`r nls sdülnds ad lnlrkl y ad nhiln`zli`ùb ladiulals plrl qud pudalb lahptlrsd nls kdaàls lprhp`lals. Sudad trlbsk`t`r ubl sdüln ad lnlrkl ad `bidba`h, phr dedkpnh5

•

•

L a`sphs`t`vhs ad lnlrkl ad `bidba`h v`sulnds h lua`hv`sulnds. L ub sdrvì`h ad ohkodrhs, kda`lbtd ub a`sphs`t`vh ad trlbsk`s`ùb ad lnlrkl ad `bidba`h.

•

L ub dqu`ph luthkìtìh ad ihbtrhn h ad nuigl ihbtrl `bidba`hs, kda`lbtd ub a`sphs`t`vh ad ihbtrhn ad nhs s`stdkls luthkìtìhs ad prhtdii`ùb y ad nuigl ihbtrl `bidba`hs.

?.9.< Y@YQDKLY LTQHKÌQ@IHY AD ADQDII@ÙB AD @BIDBA@HY

Yd `bstlnlrìb s`stdkls luthkìtìhs ad adtdii`ùb ad `bidba`hs db nhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h ad nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds iulbah db dnnhs sd adslrrhnndb5 LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

71


Lit`vàlads ad prhauii`ùb, khbtled, trlbsjhrkli`ùb, rdplrli`ùb u htrls a`st`btls ln lnklidblk`dbth s`5 <.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph L y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 933 k? h supdr`hr. ?.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph O, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds ?

kda`h y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad ?.333 k h supdr`hr. 9.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph O, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds lnth y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad <.333 k? h supdr`hr. 1.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph I, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds kda`h y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 9.333 k? h supdr`hr. 4.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph I, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds lnth y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad ?.333 k? h supdr`hr. Lit`vàlads ad lnklidblk`dbth s`5 <.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph L y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad <43 k? h supdr`hr. ?.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph O, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds kda`h y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad <.333 k? h supdr`hr. 9.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs t`ph O, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds lnth y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 433 k? h supdr`hr. 1.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph I, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds kda`h y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad <.433 k? h supdr`hr. 4.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph I, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds lnth y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 733 k? h supdr`hr. BHQL5 iulbah ds dx`mònd nl `bstlnli`ùb ad ub s`stdkl luthkìtìh ad adtdii`ùb ad `bidba`h y nls ihbaì`hbds adn a`sdüh (lplrtlah < ad dstd lbdxh) adb numlr ln ush ad adtdithrds tàrkìhs, lqudnnl pharì sust`tu`rsd phr ubl `bstlnli`ùb ad rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs ad lmul.


74


?.9.? Y@YQDKLY KLBTLNDY AD LNL_KL AD @BIDBA@H

Dstìb ihbst`tuàhs phr ub ihbeubth ad punslahrds qud pdrk`t`rìb trlbsk`t`r vhnubtlr`lkdbtd phr nhs hiuplbtds adn sdithr, ubl sdüln l ubl idbtrln ad ihbtrhn y sdüln`zli`ùb pdrklbdbtdkdbtd v`m`nlal, ad tln jhrkl qud sdl jìi`nkdbtd àdbt`jìlond nl zhbl db qud gl sàh lit`vlah dn punslahr.

Yd `bstlnlrìb tlbth db nhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h, ihkh db lqudnnls ìrdls ad `bidba`h ahbad dx`stlb plrlkdbths vdrtìlnds (p`nlrds h plrdads) qud pdrk`tlb nl uoìli`ùb ad nhs punslahrds.

Yd `bstlnlrìb s`stdkls klbulnds ad lnlrkl ad `bidba`h db nhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h ad nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds iulbah db dnnhs sd adslrrhnndb5

Lit`vàlads ad prhauii`ùb, khbtled, trlbsjhrkli`ùb, rdplrli`ùb u htrls a`st`btls ln lnklidblk`dbth, s`5 <µ Yu supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad <.333 k? h supdr`hr, h ?µ Bh sd rdqu`drd nl `bstlnli`ùb ad s`stdkls luthkìtìhs ad adtdii`ùb ad `bidba`hs, sdmõb dn lplrtlah 9.< ad dstd lbdxh. Lit`vàlads ad lnklidblk`dbth, s`5 <µ Yu supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 733 k? h supdr`hr, h ?µ Bh sd rdqu`drd nl `bstlnli`ùb ad s`stdkls luthkìtìhs ad adtdii`ùb ad `bidba`hs, sdmõb dn lplrtlah 9.< ad dstd lbdxh. Iulbah sdl rdqudràl nl `bstlnli`ùb ad ub s`stdkl klbuln ad lnlrkl ad `bidba`h, sd s`tulrì, db thah ilsh, ub punslahr eubth l ilal slnàl ad dvliuli`ùb adn sdithr ad `bidba`h, y nl a`stlbi`l kìx`kl l rdihrrdr adsad iulnqu`dr pubth glstl lnilbzlr ub punslahr bh adod supdrlr nhs ?4 k. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

7:


?.9.9 Y@YQDKL AD @BYQLNLI@ÙB

LNL_KL

L

@BYQLNL_

DB

BTDYQ_L

Pl qud budstrh tlnndr t`dbd ihkh ihbsàdrli`hbds5

Da`jì`h ad Q`ph L ,Q`dbd kls ad 933k. Ydmõb dn pr`kdr pubth adn lplrtlah l) adn ?.9.< tdbdkhs qud ds hon`mlthr`h nl `bstlnli`ùb ad ub s`stdkl luthkìtìh ad adtdii`ùb ad `bidba`hs. Dsths sd adodrìb ihnhilr ad jhrkl qud thal nl supdrjì`d ad nl blvd qudad prhtdmàl.

Db dstd sd prhphbdb adtdithrds ad `bidba`h ùptìhs. Dsths shb ilplids ad prhtdmdr ub ìrdl ad :3 k?, nh qud bhs mdbdrl ub rla`h ad 1.9=k. Y`b dkolrmh, plrl qud thal nl supdrjì`d qudad ihkpndtlkdbtd prhtdmàl `bstlnìbahnhs db ubl rda iularlbmunlr tdbdkhs qud thklr5

  ∕?1.9=∝ ∕?  :.<7  Y`dbah5

 nl a`stlbi`l qud gly dbtrd ilal adtdithr  dn rla`h qud lolril ilal adtdithr Dstl jùrkunl blid ad thklr ihkh rdjdrdbi`l ub tr`ìbmunh rditìbmunh. Tbl vdz `kpndkdbtlal dstl a`stròui`ùb gdkhs hotdbàh qud shb bdidslr`hs5

:? adtdithrds LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

7=


?.1 Y@YQDKLY AD IHKTB@ILI@ÙB AD LNL_KL Y`stdkl qud pdrk`td dk`t`r sdülnds liõstìls y/h v`sulnds l nhs hiuplbtds ad ub da`jì`h. Sudad dstlr `btdmrlal eubth ihb dn s`stdkl luthkìtìh ad adtdii`ùb ad `bidba`hs db ub k`skh s`stdkl.

Yd `bstlnlrìb s`stdkls ad ihkubìli`ùb ad lnlrkl db thahs nhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h ad nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds, s` nl sukl ad nl supdrjì`d ihbstruàl ad thahs nhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h adn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln ds a d <3.333 k? h supdr`hr.

Yd `bstlnlrìb tlbth db nhs sdithrds ihkh db nls ìrdls ad `bidba`h ad nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds.

Nl sdüln liõstìl trlbsk`tàl phr dn s`stdkl ad ihkubìli`ùb ad lnlrkl ad `bidba`h pdrk`t`rì a`jdrdbi`lr s` sd trltl ad ubl lnlrkl phr "dkdrmdbi`l plri`ln" h phr "dkdrmdbi`l mdbdrln", y sdrì prdjdrdbtd dn ush ad ub s`stdkl ad kdmljhbël.

Ihkh phadkhs ihkprholr budstrl `bstlnli`ùb t`dbd ubl supdrjì`d ad <=:7k ?

Shr nh qud phadkhs adi`r qud5

Bh ds bdidslr`h ub s`stdkl ad ihkubìli`ùb ad lnlrkl .


77


?.4 Y@YQDKLY AD LOLYQDI@K@DBQH AD LMTL IHBQ_L @BIDBA@HY Yd `bstlnlrì ub s`stdkl ad lolstdi`k`dbth ad lmul ihbtrl `bidba`hs ("rda ad lmul ihbtrl `bidba`hs"), s`5 Nh dx`mdb nls a`sphsì`hbds v`mdbtds qud rdmunlb lit`vàlads `baustr`lnds sdithr`lnds h dspdiëjìls, ad liudrah ihb dn lrtëiunh < adn _YI@D@.

Iulbah sdl bdidslr`h plrl alr sdrvì`h, db nls ihbaì`hbds ad ilualn, prds`ùb y rdsdrvl ilniunlahs, l ubh h vlr`hs s`stdkls ad nuigl ihbtrl `bidba`hs, tlnds ihkh5

•

_da ad ohils ad `bidba`h dqu`plals (O@D).

•

_da ad gàrlbtds dxtdr`hrds.

•

_hi`lahrds luthkìtìhs.

•

•

Lmul punvdr`zlal. Dspukl.

Iulbah db ubl `bstlnli`ùb ad ub dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln ihdx`stlb vlr`hs ad dsths s`stdkls, dn ilualn y rdsdrvl ad lmul sd ilniunlrìb ihbsàdrlbah nl s`kuntlbdàla ad hpdrli`ùb këb`kl qud l ihbt`buli`ùb sd dstlondid, y qud sd rdsukd db nl tlonl laeubtl.

Y`stdkls ad O@D d gàrlbtds5

•

•

V<[ + V?[ ilsh (l) Da`jì`hs ihb pnlbtls ln b`vdn ad rlslbtd shnlkdbtd5 Ilualn ad lmul rdqudràh phr dn s`stdkl ad gàrlbtds (\ G).

_dsdrvl ad lmul bdidslr`l plrl dn s`stdkl ad gàrlbtds (_ G).

V<[ + V?[ ilsh (o) Da`jì`hs ihb pnlbtls shord rlslbtd5 LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD •

70


•

Yukl ad ilualnds rdqudràhs plrl O@D (\O) y plrl gàrlbtds (\ G). Yukl ad rdsdrvl ad lmul bdidslr`l plrl O@D (_O) y plrl gàrlbtds (_G).

•

•

Y`stdkls ad O@D y ad rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs V<[ + V9[5

Ilualn ad lmul rdqudràh plrl rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs (\_L). _dsdrvl ad lmul bdidslr`l plrl rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs (__L).

•

Y`stdkls ad O@D, ad gàrlbtds y ad rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs V<[ + V?[ + V9[5

•

Yukl ad ilualnds adn 43 phr i`dbth rdqudràh plrl gàrlbtds (3,4 \G) sdmõb tlonl adn lplrtlah =.?, y dn rdqudràh plrl rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs (\_L).

•

•

•

•

Yukl adn 43 phr i`dbth ad nl rdsdrvl ad lmul bdidslr`l plrl gàrlbtds (3,4 _G) y nl bdidslr`l plrl rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs (_ _L).

Y`stdkls ad gàrlbtds y ad rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs V?[ + V9[5

Dn ilualn këb`kh dx`mònd sdrì dn bdidslr`h plrl dn s`stdkl qud rdqu`drd dn klyhr ilualn.

Nl rdsdrvl këb`kl dx`mònd sdrì nl bdidslr`l plrl nl `bstlnli`ùb adn s`stdkl qud rdqu`drl nl klyhr rdsdrvl ad lmul.

•

Y`stdkls ad gàrlbtds y ad lmul punvdr`zlal V?[ + V1[5

•

Dn ilualn këb`kh dx`mònd sdrì dn bdidslr`h plrl nl `bstlnli`ùb adn s`stdkl qud rdqu`drl dn klyhr ilualn.


03


•

•

•

•


Y`stdkls ad gàrlbtds y ad dspukl V?[ + V4[5

Dn ilualn këb`kh dx`mònd sdrì dn bdidslr`h plrl nl `bstlnli`ùb adn s`stdkl qud rdqu`drl dn klyhr ilualn.


•

Y`stdkls ad gàrlbtds, ad lmul punvdr`zlal y ad dspukl V?[ + V1[ + V4[5

•

Yukl ad ilualnds rdqudràhs plrl lmul punvdr`zlal (\ LS) y plrl dspukl (\D), y db thah ilsh, ihkh këb`kh, dn ilualn ad gàrlbtds.

•

Yukl ad rdsdrvls ad lmul bdidslr`l plrl lmul punvdr`zlal (_ LS) y plrl dspukl (_D), qud, db thah ilsh, sdrì nl rdsdrvl bdidslr`l plrl dn s`stdkl ad gàrlbtds.

•

•

Y`stdkls ad rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs y ad lmul punvdr`zlal V9[ + V1[5

Dn ilualn këb`kh dx`mònd sdrì dn bdidslr`h plrl dn s`stdkl qud rdqu`drl dn klyhr ilualn.

•

Nl rdsdrvl këb`kl dx`mònd sdrì nl bdidslr`l plrl nl `bstlnli`ùb adn s`stdkl

•

qud rdqu`drl nl klyhr rdsdrvl ad lmul.


0<


•

•

•

Y`stdkls ad rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs y ad dspukl V9[ + V4[5

Dn ilualn këb`kh dx`mònd sdrì dn bdidslr`h plrl nl `bstlnli`ùb adn s`stdkl qud rdqu`drl klyhr ilualn.


•

Y`stdkls ad lmul punvdr`zlal y ad dspukl V1[ + V4[5

•

Yukl ad ilualnds rdqudràhs plrl lmul punvdr`zlal (\LS) y plrl dspukl (\D).

•

Yukl ad rdsdrvls ad lmul bdidslr`l plrl lmul punvdr`zlal (_ LS) y plrl dspukl (_D).

ILQDMH_ËL AD LOLYQDI@K@DBQH (sdmõb bhrkl TBD ?9.433) Yd lahptlrì ihbjhrkd l nhs s`stdkls ad dxt`bi`ùb `bstlnlahs

O@D

Iltdmhrël @@@

Gàrlbtds

Iltdmhrël @@

Lmul punvdr`zlal

Iltdmhrël @

Dspukl

Iltdmhrël @

_hi`lahrds luthkìtìhs (sdmõb Bhrkl TBD-DB

0?


Q@SH AD @BYQLNLI@ÙB

_HI@LAH_DY O@D V<[

G@A_LBQDY V?[

(l) \G/_G) V<[ O@D

LMTL

LTQHKÌQ@IHY STNZD_@ULAL V9[ V1[

DYSTKL V4[

\_L/__L

\O/_O

3,4 \G+\_L 3,4 _G+__L

V?[ G@A_LBQDY

3,4 \G + \LS/

(l) \G/_G

\G/_G

\ klyhr _ klyhr

\ klyhr, _ klyhr (ubl `bstln.)

3.4 \G \LS + \D _LS + _D V9[ _HI@LAH_DY LTQHKÌQ@IH

\ klyhr _ _L/__l

\ klyhr _ klyhr

\_L/__L

\ klyhr _ klyhr

\ klyhr _ klyhr

\LS/_LS

\ klyhr _ klyhr

\LS + \D _LS + _D

Y

V1[

\ klyhr _ klyhr

\LS+ \D

klyhr (ubl `bstln.)

\LS + \D _LS + _D

_LS + _D V4[ DYSTKL

\ klyhr _ klyhr

\D/_D

Qlonl <0. Iìniunh gàrìunìh ad lolstdi`k`dbth.


09


?.4.< IÌNITNHY G@A_ÌTN@IHY SL_L BTDYQ_L @BYQLNLI@ÙB

Db dstd ilsh ihkh kìs ladnlbtd sd `baìl ds bdidslr`h dqu`plr nl `bstlnli`ùb ihb rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs, ub gàrlbtd y O@DY. Gly qud `binu`r htrhs dndkdbths ad prhtdii`ùb jrdbtd l `bidba`hs, pdrh dsths bh bdids`tlb dstlr ihbditlahs l nl rda ad lolstdi`k`dbth ad lmul.

Shr tlbth, gly qud lpnìlr5

Y`stdkls ad O@D, ad gàrlbtds y ad rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs V<[ + V?[ + V9[5 Yukl ad ilualnds adn 43 phr i`dbth rdqudràh plrl gàrlbtds (3,4 \ G) y dn rdqudràh plrl rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs (\ _L). Yukl adn 43 phr i`dbth ad nl rdsdrvl ad lmul bdidslr`l plrl gàrlbtds (3,4 _G) y nl bdidslr`l plrl rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs (_ _L).

3.4∝    
01


?.: Y@YQDKLY AD G@A_LBQDY DWQD_@H_DY Yhb s`stdkls ad lolstdi`k`dbth ad lmul plrl ush dxinus`vh adn Iudrph ad Ohkodrhs y pdrshbln adoàlkdbtd jhrklah.

?.:.< BDIDY@ALADY Yd `bstlnlrì ub s`stdkl ad gàrlbtds dxtdr`hrds s`5 Nh dx`mdb nls a`sphsì`hbds v`mdbtds qud rdmunlb lit`vàlads `baustr`lnds sdithr`lnds h dspdiëjìls, ad liudrah ihb dn lrtëiunh < adn rdmnlkdbth _YI@D@ y ihbiurrdb nls i`riubstlbi`ls qud sd rdjndelb db nl tlonl s`mu`dbtd5 Ihbj`murli`ùb ad nl zhbl ad Yupdrjì`d adn sdithr h _`dsmh @btrëbsdih

`bidba`h L

O

I

AhD

ìrdl ad `bidba`h (k?) Oleh

Kda`h

2933

BH

YË

2<333 2<333

YË* BH

YË BH

YË

2?433

BH

YË

YË

29433

YË

YË

YË

2?333 29433

BH

BH

YË

BH

YË

YË

24333

YË

YË

2<4333

YË

YË

Lnth

Qlonl ?3. Gàrlbtds dxtdr`hrds db jubi`ùb ad nl ihbj`murli`ùb ad nl zhbl, su supdrjì`d ihbstruàl y su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih.

Bh ds bdidslr`h iulbah dn r`dsmh ds oleh <. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

04


?.:.? @KSNLBQLI@ÙB

Dn bõkdrh ad gàrlbtds dxtdr`hrds qud adodb `bstlnlrsd sd adtdrk`blrì gli`dbah qud sd iukpnlb nls ihbaì`hbds s`mu`dbtds5

Nl zhbl prhtdmàl phr ilal ubh ad dnnhs ds nl iuo`drtl phr ub rla`h ad 13 k, kdaàhs ghr`zhbtlnkdbtd adsad dn dkpnlzlk`dbth adn gàrlbtd. Ln kdbhs ubh ad nhs gàrlbtds (s`tulah, l sdr phsònd, db nl dbtrlal) adodrì tdbdr ubl slnàl ad <33 kk. Nl a`stlbi`l dbtrd dn dkpnlzlk`dbth ad ilal gàrlbtd y dn nëk`td dxtdr`hr adn da`jì`h h zhbl prhtdmàhs, kdaàl pdrpdbaìunlrkdbtd l nl jliglal, adod sdr ln kdbhs ad i`bih k. Y` dx`stdb v`lnds qud a`jìuntdb iukpn`r ihb dstls a`stlbi`ls, sd eust`jìlrìb nls rdlnkdbtd lahptlals. Iulbah, phr rlzhbds ad uoìli`ùb, nls ihbaì`hbds nhilnds bh pdrk`tlb nl rdln`zli`ùb ad nl `bstlnli`ùb ad gàrlbtds dxtdr`hrds adodrì eust`jìlrsd rlzhblal y jdgli`dbtdkdbtd.


0:


?.:.9 ILTALN _D\TD_@AH P LTQHBHKËL

Nls bdidsàlads ad lmul plrl prhtdmdr ilal ubl ad nls zhbls (ìrdls h sdithrds ad `bidba`h) qud rdqu`drdb ub s`stdkl ad gàrlbtds sd glrì ad

IHBJ@MT_LI@ÙB ADN

B@ZDN AD _@DYMH @BQ_ËBYDIH

DYQLONDI@K@DB

QH Q@SH L O I AyD

OLEH

KDA@H

LNQH

ILTALN

LTQHBHK@L

ILTALN

LTQHB.

ILTALN

LTQHB.

N/K

(K@B)

(N/K@B)

(K@B)

(N/K@B)

(K@B)

433 433 433 <333

93 93 93 93

<333 <333 <433 ?333

:3 :3 :3 :3

<333 ?333 9333

03 03 03

Qlonl ?<. Bdidsàlads ad lmul plrl gàrlbtds dxtdr`hrds. BHQLY5 Iulbah db ub dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln, ihbst`tuàh phr ihbj`murli`hbds ad t`ph I, A h D, dx`stlb lnklidblk`dbths ad prhauiths ihkoustònds db dn dxtdr`hr, nhs ilualnds `baìlahs db nl tlonl sd `birdkdbtlrìb db 433 n/k`b. Nl prds`ùb këb`kl db nls ohils ad slnàl ad nhs gàrlbtds sdrì ad i`bih olr iulbah sd dstàb adsilrmlbah nhs ilualnds `baìlahs. Slrl dstlondi`k`dbths plrl nhs qud phr su uoìli`ùb dstà eust`jìlal nl bh rdln`zli`ùb ad ubl `bstlnli`ùb dspdiëjìl, s` dx`std rda põonìl ad gàrlbtds, adodrì `baìlrsd db dn prhydith nl s`tuli`ùb adn gàrlbtd kìs prùx`kh y nl prds`ùb këb`kl mlrlbt`zlal.


0=


?.:.1 TYH AD G@A_LBQDY DB BTDYQ_L @BYQLNLI@ÙB

Shr dsth k`skh yl qud dn dstlondi`k`dbth ds ad t`ph L y t`dbd ubl adbsàla ad ilrml ad t`ph KDA@H 9 ds bdidslr`h nl `bstlnli`ùb ad ub s`stdkl ad gàrlbtds.

Yhnh sdrì bdidslr`l nl `bstlnli`ùb ad ub gàrlbtd. Dn rdmnlkdbth hon`ml l `bstlnlr ubh ilal 13 k pdrh ln tdbdr nl jliglal 91 iukpn`khs dstd rdqu`s`th ihb ub shnh gàrlbtd.

Dstd sd `bstlnlrì db nl vël põonìl, db dn dspli`h ihkprdbaàh dbtrd nl dbtrlal l nl rdidpi`ùb y nl dbtrlal ln tlnndr l trlvàs adn phrtùb.

Db iulbth l nls ihbsàdrli`hbds ad iìniunh vlkhs l thklr nhs alths ad nl Qlonl ?<.

<333N/k y :3 k`buths ad luthbhkël


07


?.:.4 IHBY@AD_LI@HBDY MDBD_LNDY AD G@A_LBQDY

Nl `baìli`hb db nhs pnlbhs sd nndvlrl l iloh ad liudrah ihb nl bhrkl (TBD?939?)

@nustrli`ùb :. Y`kohnhmël plrl pnlbhs.

Ydüln`zli`ùb ad nl s`tuli`ùb ad ub gàrlbtd (TBD-?93?9)

Ydüln rditlbmunlr ad jhbah onlbih, ihb ubl olbal ad dbklrqud dxtdr`hr ad ihnhr rheh, ihb nhs s`mbhs `btdr`hrds ad ihnhr bdmrh.

Yd ut`n`zlrì plrl `baìlr nl s`tuli`ùb ad ub gàrlbtd y/h ubl judbtd ad lolstdi`k`dbth ad lmul.

@nustrli`ùb =. Ilrtdn s`tuli`ùb gàrlbtd. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

00


Ahbad5 •

•

G <335 Gàrlbtd ad <33 kk ad a`ìkdtrh.
Hpdrli`hbds ad klbtdb`k`dbth l nndvlr l iloh sdmõb nl bhrklt`vl (_dln-Adirdth174/<00=)

Ilal trds kdsds5 •

Ihkprholr nl liidsò`nàla l su dbthrbh y nl sdüln`zli`ùb ad nhs gàrlbtds dbtdrrlahs.

•

@bspdii`ùb v`suln ihkprholbah nl dstlbqudàla adn ihbeubth.

•

\u`tlr nls tlpls ad nls slnàls, dbmrlslr nls rhsils y ihkprholr dn dstlah ad nls eubtls ad nhs rlihrds.

Ilal sd`s kdsds5 •

•

Dbmrlslr nl tudril ad lii`hblk`dbth h rdnndblr nl iìklrl ad lid`td adn k`skh. Lor`r y idrrlr dn gàrlbtd, ihkprholbah dn jubi`hblk`dbth ihrrdith ad nl vìnvunl pr`bi`pln y adn s`stdkl ad ardbled.


<33


?.= DWQ@BQH_DY AD @BIDBA@H Yd `bstlnlrìb dxt`bthrds ad `bidba`h phrtìt`nds db thahs nhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h ad nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds.

Bhtl5 db nls zhbls ad nhs lnklidblk`dbths hpdrlahs luthkìtìlkdbtd, db nhs qud nl lit`vàla `kpàd dn liidsh ad pdrshbls, pharì eust`jìlrsd nl bh `bstlnli`ùb ad dxt`bthrds

Dn lmdbtd dxt`bthr ut`n`zlah sdrì sdndii`hblah ad liudrah ihb nl tlonl @-< adn lpàbaìd < adn _dmnlkdbth ad @bstlnli`hbds ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl `bidba`hs, lprholah phr dn _dln Adirdth <01?/<009, ad 4 ad bhv`dkord.

Iulbah db dn sdithr ad `bidba`h ihdx`stlb ihkoustònds ad nl inlsd L y ad nl inlsd O, sd ihbsàdrlrì qud nl inlsd ad judmh adn sdithr ad `bidba`h ds L h O iulbah nl ilrml ad judmh lphrtlal phr nhs ihkoustònds ad inlsd L h ad inlsd O, rdspdit`vlkdbtd, sdl, ln kdbhs, dn 03 phr i`dbth ad nl ilrml ad judmh adn sdithr. Db htrh ilsh, nl inlsd ad judmh adn sdithr ad `bidba`h sd ihbsàdrlrì L-O. Y` nl inlsd ad judmh adn sdithr ad `bidba`h ds L h O, sd adtdrk`blrì nl ahtli`ùb ad dxt`bthrds adn sdithr ad `bidba`h ad liudrah ihb nl tlonl 9.< adn _@I@D@ h ihb nl tlonl 9.? adn _@I@D@, rdspdit`vlkdbtd.

Y` nl inlsd ad judmh adn sdithr ad `bidba`h ds L-O, sd adtdrk`blrì nl ahtli`ùb ad dxt`bthrds adn sdithr ad `bidba`h suklbah nhs bdidslr`hs plrl ilal inlsd ad judmh (L y O), dvlnulahs `badpdba`dbtdkdbtd, sdmõb nl tlonl 9.< y nl tlonl 9.?, rdspdit`vlkdbtd.

Iulbah db dn sdithr ad `bidba`h dx`stlb ihkoustònds ad inlsd I qud pudalb lphrtlr ubl ilrml ad judmh qud sdl, ln kdbhs, dn 03 phr i`dbth ad nl ilrml ad judmh adn sdithr, sd adtdrk`blrì nl ahtli`ùb ad dxt`bthrds ad liudrah ihb nl rdmnlkdbtli`ùb sdithr`ln LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ <3< QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD


dspdiëjìl qud nds ljditd. Db htrh ilsh, bh sd `birdkdbtlrì nl ahtli`ùb ad dxt`bthrds s` nhs bdidslr`hs phr nl prdsdbi`l ad htrhs ihkoustònds (L y/h O) shb lpths plrl judmhs ad inlsd I.

Iulbah db dn sdithr ad `bidba`h dx`stlb ihkoustònds ad inlsd A, sd ut`n`zlrìb lmdbtds dxt`bthrds ad ilrlitdrëstìls dspdiëjìls ladiulals l nl blturlndzl adn ihkoustònd, qud pharìb prhyditlrsd shord dn judmh ihb dxt`bthrds, h kda`hs klbulnds, ad liudrah ihb nl s`tuli`ùb y nls rdihkdbali`hbds plrtìunlrds adn jlorìlbtd adn lmdbtd dxt`bthr.

M_LAH AD _@DYMH DJ@ILI@L Ì_DL KÌW@KL S_HQDM@AL @BQ_ËBYDIH ADN YDIQH_ KËB@KL ADNDWQ@BQH_ YDIQH_ AD@BIDBA@H AD @BIDBA@H Glstl :33 k? (ub dxt`bthr kìs OLEH ?< L phr ilal ?33 k?, h jrlii`ùb, db

KDA@H

?< L

dxidsh) Glstl 133 k? (ub dxt`bthr kìs phr ilal ?33 k?, h jrlii`ùb, db dxidsh) Glstl 933 k? (ub dxt`bthr kìs

LNQH

91 L

phr ilal ?33 k?, h jrlii`ùb, db dxidsh)

Qlonl ?? adtdrk`bli`ùb ad nl ahtli`ùb ad dxt`bthrds phrtìt`nds db sdithrds ad `bidba`h ihb ilrml ad judmh lphrtlal phr ihkoustònds ad inlsd l.


<3?


ZHNTKDB KÌW@KH, Z (<), AD IHKOTYQ@ONDY NË\T@AHY DB DN YDIQH_ AD @BIDBA@H (<) (?)

Z > ?3

?3 > Z > 43

43 > Z > <33

<33 > Z >?33

DJ@ILI@L KËB@KL ADN <<9 O <<9 O <11 O ?99 O DWQ@BQH_ Qlonl ?9 adtdrk`bli`ùb ad nl ahtli`ùb ad dxt`bthrds phrtìt`nds db sdithrds ad `bidba`h ihb ilrml ad judmh lphrtlal phr ihkoustònds ad inlsd o.

BHQLY5 Iulbah kìs adn 43 phr i`dbth adn vhnukdb ad nhs ihkoustònds nëquàhs, Z, dstà ihbtdbàh db rdi`p`dbtds kdtìnìhs pdrjditlkdbtd idrrlahs, nl djìli`l këb`kl adn dxt`bthr pudad rdaui`rsd l nl `bkda`ltlkdbtd lbtdr`hr ad nl inlsd O, sdmõb nl Bhrkl TBD-DB 9-=. Iulbah dn vhnukdb ad ihkoustònds nëquàhs db dn sdithr ad `bidba`h, Z, supdrd nhs ?33 n, sd `birdkdbtlrì nl ahtli`ùb ad dxt`bthrds phrtìt`nds ihb dxt`bthrds kùv`nds shord rudals, ad 43 fm ad phnvh OI, h LOI, l rlzùb ad5 Tb dxt`bthr, s`5

?33 n > Z ≡ =43 n. Ahs dxt`bthrds, s`5

=43 n > Z ≡ ?333 n.

Y` dn vhnukdb ad ihkoustònds ad inlsd O supdrl nhs ?333 n, sd adtdrk`blrì nl prhtdii`ùb adn sdithr ad `bidba`h ad liudrah ihb nl rdmnlkdbtli`ùb sdithr`ln dspdiëjìl qud nh ljditd.

Bh sd pdrk`td dn dkpndh ad lmdbtds dxt`bthrds ihbauithrds ad nl dnditrìàla shord judmhs qud sd adslrrhnnlb db prdsdbi`l ad lplrlths, iularhs, ihbauithrds y htrhs dndkdbths oleh tdbs`ùb dnàitrìl supdr`hr l ?1 Z. Nl prhtdii`ùb ad dsths sd rdln`zlrì ihb dxt`bthrds ad a`ùxàh ad ilrohbh, h phnvh sdih OI h LOI, iuyl ilrml sd adtdrk`blrì sdmõb dn tlklüh adn hoedth prhtdmàh ihb ub vlnhr këb`kh ad i`bih fm ad a`ùxàh ad ilrohbh y sd`s fm ad phnvh sdih OI h LOI. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

<39


Dn dkpnlzlk`dbth ad nhs dxt`bthrds phrtìt`nds ad `bidba`h pdrk`t`rì qud sdlb jìi`nkdbtd v`sònds y liidsònds, dstlrìb s`tulahs prùx`khs l nhs pubths ahbad sd dst`kd klyhr prholo`nàla ad `bì`lrsd dn `bidba`h y su a`stròui`ùb sdrì tln qud dn rdihrràh kìx`kh ghr`zhbtln, adsad iulnqu`dr pubth adn sdithr ad `bidba`h glstl dn dxt`bthr, bh supdrd <4 k.

?.=.< @BYQLNLI@ÙB AD DWQ@BQH_DY DB SH_QÌQ@NDY

Yd `bstlnlrìb dxt`bthrds phrtìt`nds db thals nls ìrdls ad `bidba`h ad nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds (ad t`ph A y t`ph D), dxidpth db nls ìrdls iuyh b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih sdl oleh <.

Nl ahtli`ùb dstlrì ad liudrah ihb nh dstlondiàh db nhs lplrtlahs lbtdr`hrds, dxidpth dn rdihrràh kìx`kh glstl ubh ad dnnhs, qud pharì lkpn`lrsd l ?4 k.

Nhs dxt`bthrds ad `bidba`h, sus ilrlitdrëstìls y dspdi`jìli`hbds sd leustlrìb ln „_dmnlkdbth ad Lplrlths l Srds`ùb‛ y l su `bstruii`ùb tàibìl ihkpndkdbtlr`l K@DLS4.

Ls`k`skh nhs rdi`p`dbtds ad nhs dxt`bthrds ad `bidba`h adodrìb iukpn`r ihb nhs rdqu`s`ths dsdbi`lnds ad sdmuràla ad nl A`rdit`vl 0=/?9/IDD „Dqu`phs l prds`ùb‛ trlbspudstl l trlvàs adn _dln Adirdth =:0/<000, ad = ad klyh.


<31


?.=.? @BYQLNLI@ÙB AD DWQ@BQH_DY DB BTDYQ_L @BYQLNLI@ÙB

Pl qud bh tdbdkhs ihkoustònds ad t`ph L bh ds bdidslr`h thklr db ihbsàdrli`ùb nl tlonl Qlonl ?? adtdrk`bli`ùb ad nl ahtli`ùb ad dxt`bthrds phrtìt`nds db sdithrds ad `bidba`h ihb ilrml ad judmh lphrtlal phr ihkoustònds ad inlsd l

Eubth l nhs iularhs dnàitrìhs pr`bi`plnds sd `bstlnlrìb dxt`bthrds phrtìt`nds ad a`ùxàh ad ilrohbh h phnvh sdih ad nhs t`phs OI h LOI.

Slrl dn rdsth ad nl `bstlnli`ùb sd uslrìb dxt`bthrds ad t`ph LO.

Yd `bstlnlrìb dxt`bthrds phrtìt`nds ad jhrkl qud bh glyl kìs ad <4 kdtrhs adsad iulnqu`dr pubth. Yd s`tulrìb idril ad nhs pubths qud klyhr r`dsmh `kpn`qudb.

Qdb`dbah ub thtln ad = dxt`bthrds5 •

Ahs ad t`ph LOI eubth l nhs iularhs dnàitrìhs pr`bi`plnds.

•

4 ad t`ph LO rdplrtàhs phr dn rdsth ad nl `bstlnli`ùb

?.=.9 IL_LIQD_ËYQ@ILY AD NHY DWQ@BQH_DY Qhahs nhs dxt`bthrds adodb iukpn`r nl bhrkl (TBD-?9<<3)5 • • • • • • •

Adodrìb sdr ad ihnhr _HEH Ihbtlrlb ihb nl dt`qudtl ad klrilah y pnlil ad a`sdüh Klrilah „ID‛ Dstlrìb s`tulahs l ubl lnturl kìx`kl ad <.=3k ad lnth. Adodb ihnhilrsd db numlrds v`sònds y liidsònds. Srùx`khs l nhs pubths ad ut`n`zli`ùb. Srùx`khs l nls slnàls ad dvliuli`ùb.

Slrl ub klbtdb`k`dbth ladiulah sdmõb `baìl (LYDSDPH muël dxt`bthrds). LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

<34


Ilal trds kdsds (t`tunlr h dkprdsl klbtdbdahrl)5 •

• • •

Ihkprholi`ùb ad ubl oudbl liidsò`nàla, sdüln`zli`ùb y oudb dstlah lplrdbtd ad ihbsdrvli`ùb. @bspdii`ùb hiunlr a sdmurhs, prdi`bths, `bsir`pi`hbds, dt`qudtl y klbmudrl. Ihkprholi`ùb adn dstlah ad nl ilrml. @bspdii`ùb hiunlr mdbdrln.

Ilal lüh (dkprdsl klbtdbdahrl)5 • •

•

Ihkprholi`ùb adn pdsh y prds`ùb. Db dn ilsh ad dxt`bthrds ad phnvh ihb ohtdnnëb ad mls ad `kpuns`ùb, sd ihkprholrì dn oudb dstlah adn lmdbtd dxt`bthr y dn pdsh y lspdith dxtdrbh adn ohtdnnëb. @bspdii`ùb hiunlr adn dstlah dxtdrbh ad klbmudrl, ohqu`nnl h nlbzl, vìnvunls y plrtds kdiìbìls.

Ilal i`bih lühs (dkprdsl klbtdbdahrl)5 •

L plrt`r ad nl jdigl ad t`korlah adn dxt`bthr sd prhidadrì dn rdt`korlah adn k`skh.


<3:


?.7 Y@YQDKLY AD OHILY AD @BIDBA@H D\T@SLALY (O@D) Nhs s`stdkls ad ohils ad `bidba`h dqu`plals dstìb ihkpudsths phr ubl judbtd ad lolstdi`k`dbth ad lmul, ubl rda ad tuodrëls plrl nl ln`kdbtli`ùb ad lmul y nhs dqu`phs ad ohils ad `bidba`h dqu`plals (O@D) bdidslr`hs.

?.7.< _D\TD_@K@DBQHY

Yd `bstlnlrìb s`stdkls ad ohils ad `bidba`h dqu`plals db nhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h ad nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds s`5

•

Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph L y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 933 k? h supdr`hr.

•

Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph O, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds kda`h y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 433 k ? h supdr`hr.

•

Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph O, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds lnth y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad ?33 k ? h supdr`hr.

•

Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph I, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds kda`h y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad <333 k ? h supdr`hr.

•

•

Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph I, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds lnth y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 433 k ? h supdr`hr. Yhb dstlondi`k`dbths ad ihbj`murli`hbds ad t`ph A h D, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds lnth y nl supdrjì`d hiuplal ds ad 4.333 k? h supdr`hr.

Bhtl5 db nls zhbls ad nhs lnklidblk`dbths hpdrlahs luthkìtìlkdbtd, db nhs qud nl lit`vàla `kpàd dn liidsh ad pdrshbls, pharì eust`jìlrsd nl bh `bstlnli`ùb ad ohils ad `bidba`h dqu`plals.


<3=


?.7.? Q`ph ad O@D y bdidsàlads ad lmul Ladkìs ad nhs rdqu`s`ths dstlondiàhs db dn _dmnlkdbth ad `bstlnli`hbds ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl `bidba`hs, plrl su a`sphsì`ùb y ilrlitdrëstìls sd iukpn`rìb nls s`mu`dbtds ihbaì`hbds gàrìunìls5

M_LAH AD _@DYMH @BQ_@BYDIH ADN YDIQH_ AD

Q@DKSH AD

Q@SH AD O@D

Y@KTNQLBD@ALA

OLEH

AB ?4 kk

?

:3 k`b

KDA@H

AB 14 kk*

?

:3 k`b

LNQH

AB 14 kk*

9

03 k`b

LTQHBHK@L

@BIDBA@H

Qlonl ?1 O@DY sdmõb dn mrlah adn sdithr.

*Yd lak`t`rì O@D ?4 kk ihkh thkl laì`hbln adn 14kk, y sd ihbsàdrlrì, l nhs djdiths ad iìniunh gàrìunìh, ihkh O@D ad 14 kk. **Nls O@D ad 14 kk sùnh adodrëlb sdr ut`n`zlals phr pdrshbln adoàlkdbtd jhrklah. Dn ilualn ub`tlr`h sdrì dn ihrrdsphba`dbtd l lpnìlr l nl prds`ùb a`bìkìl a`sphbònd db nl dbtrlal ad nl O@D, iulbah jubi`hbdb s`kuntìbdlkdbtd dn bõkdrh ad O@D `baìlah, dn jlithr "F" adn ihbeubth, prhphri`hblah phr dn jlorìlbtd adn dqu`ph. Nhs a`ìkdtrhs dqu`vlndbtds këb`khs sdrìb <3 kk plrl O@D ad ?4 y <9 kk plrl nls O@D ad 14 kk. Yd adodrì ihkprholr qud nl prds`ùb db nl ohqu`nnl bh sdl `bjdr`hr l ahs olr b` supdr`hr l i`bih olr, y, s` judrl bdidslr`h, sd a`sphbarìb a`sphs`t`vhs rdauithrds ad prds`ùb.


<37


?.7.9 O@DY DB BTDYQ_L @BYQLNLI@ÙB

Pl qud budstrl `bstlnli`ùb supdrl nhs 933k? qud bhs aìd dn tëtunh l) adn lplrtlah ?.7.< ds bdidslr`l nl `bstlnli`ùb ad O@DY.

Yd `bstlnlrìb O@DY ad ?4kk lubqud ln sdr budstrl `bstlnli`ùb ad t`ph Kda`h thklrdkhs ihkh vlnhr ad iìniunh 14kk ihb ubl s`kuntlbdàla ad ? y ub t`dkph ad luthbhkël ad :3 k`buths.

Lsë, sdrì bdidslr`l nl `bstlnli`ùb ad5

1 O@DY.


<30


?.7.1 IÌNITNH ETYQ@J@ILQ@ZH

Slrl dn iìniunh ad nl `bstlnli`ùb sd gl tdbàh db iudbtl nh dstlondiàh db nls _dmnls Qàibìls adn IDS_DZDB y nl Bhrkl Oìsìl BOD-IS@-0:.

Nhs alths qud sd glb thklah ad plrtàl plrl nl rda glb sàh nhs s`mu`dbtds5 _da ad ohils ad `bidba`h5

- Ilualn phr ohil ....... ? n/sdm. ;
Nl `bstlnli`ùb sdrì ilplz ad lphrtlr dn ilualn qud l ihbt`buli`ùb sd hot`dbd, ihbsàdrlbah, jubi`hblbah ln k`skh t`dkph nls ahs ohils kìs lndelals5

ILTALN ; n/k`b.O@D x ? O@D ; ?13 n/k`b. (Nh qud dqu`vlnd l <1.1k¹/g.)

Nl rda ad ohils ad `bidba`h, rdqu`drdb ubl prds`ùb këb`kl ad 9,4 Fm/ik¿ db pubtl ad nlbzl, sdmõb dstlondid IDS_DZDB.

Slrl iìniunh ad nl prds`ùb sd gl adtdrk`blah nl pàraàl ad ilrml db nls tuodrëls, tdb`dbah db iudbtl nls prds`hbds lbtdr`hrkdbtd `baìlals.


<<3


Slrl dn iìniunh ad nls pàraàls ad ilrml db nl pubtl ad nlbzl ad nls ohils ad `bidba`hs, plrt`khs ad nhs s`mu`dbtds plrìkdtrhs5

•

•

Srds`ùb db nl rda ad lmul kubì`pln5 4,33 Fm/ik¿. Srds`ùb a`bìkìl bdidslr`l db nl pubtl ad nlbzl ad nl klbmudrl ad nl ohil ad `bidba`hs5 Këb`kl ad 9,4 Fm/ik¿ y kìx`kl ad 4 Fm/ik¿.

•

Ilualn këb`kh plrl klbmudrl ad 14kk ad a`ìk.5 1 n/s. Sàraàl ad ilrml db nl tuodrël ad nl ihnukbl ad lidrh ad ?,4" ad a`ìkdtrh 9? kk. i.l.

•

Sàraàl ad ilrml db nl klbmudrl ad nl ohil ad `bidba`hs ad 14 kk ad

•

a`ìkdtrh 033 kk.i.l.

•

Nhbm`tua kìx`kl ad nl klbmudrl ad nl ohil ad `bidba`hs5 ?4 k.

•

Bµ ad iurvls ad 03µ `binuàls db nl ihnukbl5 9.

•

Bµ ad Q `binuàls db nl ihnukbl59.

•

Nhbm`tua dqu`vlndbtd ad ilal iurvl5 3,=? k.

•

Nhbm`tua dqu`vlndbtd ad nl Q ad adr`vli`ùb5 3,4? k.

•

Ad liudrah ihb nhs alths prdsdbtlahs tdbardkhs5

•

Nhbm`tua dqu`vlndbtd ad nl ihnukbl5

Qrlkh n`bdln kìs adsjlvhrlond ; 1+14+93+4+? ;7: k. Iurvls ad 03µ5 9x3,=? ; ?.<: k. < Q ad ?,4" l ?"5 3.4? k. N ; 7: + ?.<: + 3.4? ; 77.:7 k.


<<<


•

Sàraàl ad ilrml db nl tuodrël ad nl ihnukbl5 77.:7 x 9? ; ?79= kk.i.l.

•

Sàraàl ad ilrml db ahs klbmudrls jubi`hblbah s`kuntìbdlkdbtd5 ? x 033 ; <.733 kk.i.l.

•

Sàraàl ad ilrml adoàl l nl lnturl klbhkàtrìl5 ?333 kk.i.l.

•

Sàraàl ad ilrml thtln db nl ohil ad `bidba`hs kìs adsjlvhrlond5 ?79= + <.733+?333 ; :.:9= kk.i.l. ; 1.99Fm/ik¿.

Shr nh tlbth plrl ubl prds`ùb db nl rda ad 4 Fm/ik¿., nl prds`ùb a`bìkìl db nl pubtl ad nlbzl ad nl klbmudrl kìs adsjlvhrlond y ihb ahs ad àstls db jubi`hblk`dbth s`kuntìbdh, sdrì ad 1.99Fm/ik¿.

?.7.4 IL_LYQD_ËYQ@ILY AD NLY O@DY

Dstls ubàlads ad dxt`bi`ùb, qud ut`n`zlb lmul ihkh lmdbtd dxt`bthr, sd glb a`stròuàhs phr lkols pnlbtls adn da`jì`h, ihb dn ir`tdr`h jubalkdbtln ad qud b`bmõb t`ph ad supdrjì`d, qudad judrl adn lnilbid adn lmul prhyditlal adsad nl ohqu`nnl.


<

Yd `bstlnlrìb ahs Ohils ad @bidba`h db nl pnlbtl ad tlnndr y prdsdbtlrìb nls s`mu`dbtds ilrlitdrëstìls5

[email protected]. ad ?4 kk ad a`ìkdtrh, dqu`plals ihb ?4 k ad klbmudrl ad ?4 kk ad a`ìkdtrh `btdr`hr, ahtlals ad advlbladrl, nlbzl ad tr`pnd djdith, vìnvunl ad mnhoh, klbùkdtrh ad 3 l <4 Fm/ik¿, ilo`bl kdtìnìl ihb pdrj`nds db iglpl p`btlal db rheh y ir`stln ad i`drrd ihb ndtrdrh ad _ÙKSLYD DB ILYH AD @BIDBA@H.

Nl a`stlbi`l kìx`kl adn idbtrh ad ubl [email protected]. ihb rdnli`ùb ln sudnh sdrì ad <,4 k.

Yd gl prdv`sth ad liudrah ihb nl BOD, ubl s`kuntlbdàla ad ahs O@DY ihb ub ilualn këb`kh ad <,: n/s phr [email protected]., l ubl prds`ùb ad 9,4 Fm/ik¿ db pubtl ad nlbzl ihb ubl adklbal ad ilualn ad <33 n/k`b. phr O@D.

Nls O@DY sdrìb adn t`ph dspdi`jìlah, ihb dn thtln ad ihkphbdbtds, i`tlahs db nl rdjdràl bhrkl, ihb nls s`mu`dbtds pubtuln`zli`hbds5

•

Dn ilrrdtd sdrì loltònd.

•

Nhs rlihrds, sdrìb ad lndli`ùb ad lnuk`b`h.

•

Nl ilel, sdrì ad khbtlr db supdrjì`d.

Nl tuodrël dkpndlal, sdrì ad lidrh dnditrhshnalah db inlsd bdmrl bhrkl A@B y su lilolah ihb ahs ilpls ad `kpr`kli`ùb y ahs ilpls ad dsklntd s`btàtìh db ihnhr rheh h o`db db kltdr`ln ad phn`dt`ndbh. Nhs a`ìkdtrhs ad nl tuodrël sdrìb nhs klrilahs db pnlbhs.


<<9


Nhs shphrtds, sdrìb adn t`ph bhrkln`zlah, ihbstruàhs db pdrj`nds ad lidrh, tlko`àb bhrkln`zlahs y lilolahs db olüh ad ilak`h.

Qhah plsh ad kurh h jhrelah, adodrì rdln`zlrsd ihb ilsqu`nnh ad tuodrël ad ub tlklüh supdr`hr ln plslbtd.

?.0 Y@YQDKLY AD IHNTKBL YDIL Dn s`stdkl ad ihnukbl sdil iukpn`rì ihb nh a`spudsth db dn _dln Adirdth <01?/<009, ad 4 ad bhv`dkord, phr dn qud sd lprudol dn _dmnlkdbth ad @bstlnli`hbds ad Srhtdii`ùb Ihbtrl @bidba`hs.

Yd `bstlnlrìb s`stdkls ad ihnukbl sdil db nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds s` shb ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih kda`h h lnth y su lnturl ad dvliuli`ùb ds ad <4 k h supdr`hr. Nls ohils ad slnàl ad nl ihnukbl sdil dstlrìb s`tulals db rdi`bths ad dsilndrls h db vdstëounhs prdv`hs l dnnls.

Ihkh budstrl `bstlnli`ùb bh t`dbd kìs ad <4 kdtrhs5

Bh ds bdidslr`h `bstlnlrnl


<<1


?.<3 Y@YQDKLY AD _HI@LAH_DY LTQHKÌQ@IHY AD LMTL Yd `bstlnlrìb s`stdkls ad rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs ad lmul db nhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h ad nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds iulbah db dnnhs sd adslrrhnndb5

Lit`vàlads ad prhauii`ùb, khbtleds, trlbsjhrkli`ùb, rdplrli`ùb u htrls a`st`btls ln lnklidblk`dbth s`5

<.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph L, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds kda`h y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 433 k? h supdr`hr. ?.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph O, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds kda`h y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad ?433 k ? h supdr`hr. 9.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph O, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds lnth y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad <333 k ? h supdr`hr. 1.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph I, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds kda`h y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 9433 k ? h supdr`hr. 4.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph I, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds lnth y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad ?333 k ? h supdr`hr.

Lit`vàlads ad lnklidblk`dbth s`5

<.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph L, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds kda`h y ?

su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 933 k h supdr`hr. ?.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph O, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds kda`h y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad <433 k ? h supdr`hr. 9.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph O, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds lnth y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad 733 k ? h supdr`hr. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

<<4


1.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph I, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds kda`h y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad ?333 k ? h supdr`hr. 4.µ Dstìb uoìlahs db da`jì`hs ad t`ph I, su b`vdn ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih ds lnth y su supdrjì`d thtln ihbstruàl ds ad <333 k ? h supdr`hr.

BHQL5

Iulbah sd rdlnìd nl `bstlnli`ùb ad ub s`stdkl ad rhi`lahrds luthkìtìhs ad lmul, ihbiurrdbtdkdbtd ihb nl ad ub s`stdkl luthkìtìh ad adtdii`ùb ad `bidba`h qud dkpndd adtdithrds tàrkìhs ad liudrah ihb nls ihbaì`hbds ad a`sdüh ,qudalrì ilbidnlal nl dx`mdbi`l adn s`stdkl ad adtdii`ùb.

Ds bdidslr`l nl `bstlnli`ùb yl qud budstrl `bstlnli`ùb t`dbd kìs ad 433k ? ihb ubl ilrml ln judmh ad t`ph kda`h.


<<:


?.<3.< ADQD_K@BLI@ÙB AD NL INLYD AD _@DYMH ADN NHILN

Lbtds ad dkpdzlr dn a`sdüh ad nl rda ad rhi`lahrds, glid jlntl adtdrk`blr nl inlsd ad r`dsmh ihrrdsphba`dbtd ln nhiln l prhtdmdr. Ad nl bhrkl (TBD-
_H?

Qlonl ?4. _`dsmh hra`blr`h ad `bidba`h TBD.


<<=


?.<3.? ADBY@ALA AD A@YDÜH P Ì_DL AD HSD_LI@ÙB

Ihb dn tàrk`bh „adbsàla ad a`sdüh‛ sd dbt`dbad dn ilualn qud nl rda ds ilplz ad adsilrmlr rdnlt`vlkdbtd l ub kdtrh iularlah ad supdrjì`d, k`dbtrls dn „Ìrdl ad hpdrli`ùb‛ ds dn ìrdl kìx`kl shord nl iuln sd suphbd, plrl djdiths ad a`sdüh, qud sd lor`rìb nhs rhi`lahrds db ilsh ad `bidba`h. Nl adbsàla ad a`sdüh ad nhs rhi`lahrds adod sdr `muln h supdr`hr l nh dspdi`jìlah db nl ¡Drrhr! Bh sd dbiudbtrl dn hr`mdb ad nl r djdrdbi`l., pdrtdbdi`dbtd l nl bhrkl (TBD-
Qlonl ?:. Ir`tdr`hs ad a`sdüh plrl _N, _h y _DS.

Yd pudad vdr qud plrl _H? nl bhrkl rdqu`drd ubl adbsàla ad a`sdüh ad kk/k`b, qud dqu`vlndb l 4 n/k. Ihbsàdrlbah qud db dn ilsh db dxlkdb bh dx`stdb phsò`nàlads ad alüh phr g`dnh y nl tdkpdrlturl lko`dbtd bh supdrl nhs 04 ³I, nl rda ad rhi`lahrds qud sd vl l `bstlnlr ds ubl `bstlnli`ùb khelal, ds adi`r, ds ubl `bstlnli`ùb pdrklbdbtdkdbtd prdsur`zlal ihb lmul. Shr nh tlbth, ad nl tlonl lbtdr`hr ad slil qud dn ìrdl ad hpdrli`ùb ihrrdsphba`dbtd ds ad <11 k?. Nl supdrjì`d kìx`kl ihbtrhnlal phr ub shnh pudsth ad ihbtrhn khelah sd adauid ad nl ¡Drrhr! Bh sd dbiudbtrl dn hr`mdb ad nl rdjdrdbi`l. y p lrl r`dsmh hra`blr`h t`dbd qud sdr kdbhr ad
<<7


Qlonl ?=. Inls`jìli`ùb adn r`dsmh sdmõb supdrjì`ds.

?.<3.9 A@YQ_@OTI@ÙB AD NH _HI@LAH_DY P Ì_DL AD IHOD_QT_L KÌW@KL

Glid jlntl adtdrk`blr lghrl nl a`stròui`ùb ad nhs rhi`lahrds y nl supdrjì`d kìx`kl ad ihodrturl phr rhi`lahr6 ihbsàdrlbah s`dkprd _H?, db jubi`ùb ad nl phsì`ùb adn rhi`lahr sd gl5

Qlonl ?7. Yupdrjì`d kìx`kl y sdplrli`ùb plrl rhi`lahrds (dxidpth ad plrda). _hi`lahrds bhrklnds5 •

•

Yupdrjì`d kìx. phr rhi`lahr5 Lklx;
_hi`lahrds ad plrda •

Yupdrjì`d kìx. phr rhi`lahr5 Lklx;0k?.

•

A`stlbi`l dbtrd rhi`lahr y plrda5 ? k.


<<0


Nl a`stlbi`l dbtrd rhi`lahrds bhrklnds sd ilniunl ad jhrkl lbìnhml l nl rda ad adtdithrds.

  ∕??∝ ∕?  .   Ihbsàdrlbah lghrl nl phsì`ùb ad rhi`lahrds db rdnli`ùb l k`dkorhs dstruiturlnds, nl bhrkl (TBD-
Tbl vdz gdigl a`stròuàhs dsths db dn pnlbh sd adodrìb `bstlnlr ub thtln ad5

?<: rhi`lahrds.



?.<3.1 IÌNITNHY G@A_ÌTN@IHY

Pl qud sd trltl ad ubl rda sdbi`nnl sd vl l glidr ub iìniunh klbuln adn s`stdkl prhpudsth.

L.

Ihbaì`hbds ad a`sdüh. Yd dkp`dzl lbtds ad thah l sdndii`hblr dn t`ph ad rhi`lahr plrl nl `bstlnli`ùb6 dsths

shb a`jdrdbtds sdmõb nl inlsd ad r`dsmh adn nhiln l prhtdmdr. Adsad nl s`mu`dbtd tlonl sd pudad dndm`r ubh ad nhs rhi`lahrds `baìlahs plrl r`dsmh hra`blr`h _H, nhs iulnds t`dbdb ub jlithr F ; 73.

Qlonl ?0. _hi`lahr plrl _H.

Dn ilualn l dk`t`r phr ilal rhi`lahr ds `muln l5 \rhi;Lklx x a ;


Db nl iuln5

Lklx 5 ds nl supdrjì`d kìx`kl phr rhi`lahr db dn ilsh ad _H?. a; 4kk/k`b.

Nl prds`ùb këb`kl ad ln`kdbtli`ùb plrl _H, sdmõb bhrkl TBD t`dbd qud sdr5 p23.94 olr.

Dstl sd pudad ilniunlr ihkh5

    :373  3.4:?=  Db ilsh ad `bidba`h sd vl l lit`vlr shnlkdbtd ub ìrdl ad hpdrli`ùb , nl iuln dstì ihbst`tuàl ad ub bõkdrh ad rhi`lahrds hotdbàh plrt`dbah dn ìrdl ad hpdrli`ùb phr dn ìrdl ad ihodrturl kìx`kl ad < rhi`lahr5

<11     
           / LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD


?.<3.4 SÀ_A@ALY AD IL_ML AD NL @BYQLNLI@ÙB

Slrl nndvlr l iloh nhs iìniunhs gàrìunìhs db rdnli`ùb l nhs a`ìkdtrhs qud sd adodrìb dkpndlr db nhs tuohs qud lolstdidb l nhs rhi`lahrds sd lpnìlrìb nls s`mu`dbtds jhrkunls.

     ∊      Ahbad5 N

5 Nhbm`tua ad nl Quodrël (k).

\

5 _lbmh ad Jnueh adn N`quàh (k¹/g).

a v

5 A`ìkdtrh @btdrbh Quodrël (k). 5 Zdnhiàla adn Lmul (k/s).

∊p

5 Ilëal ad Srds`ùb (Sl).

ξ YM

5 Ihdjì`dbtd ad Jrìi`ùb. 5 Mrlvdala dspdiëjìl adn lmul.

Slrl nndvlrnh l iloh `kphbdkhs ubls ihbaì`hbds, ilniunlkhs dn a`ìkdtrh këb`kh, y uslkhs dn s`mu`dbtd kls prùx`kh. Tbl vdz tdbàh dstd, sd vudnvdb l ilniunlr nhs vlnhrds `kpudsths lbtdr`hrkdbtd.

Shr tlbth, sd vl l bdids`tlr nls s`mu`dbtds ihbauii`hbds5 •

Ihndithr qud lolstdid l thals nls nëbdls.

•

Nëbdls ad <1 k ihb : rhi`lahrds.



Ylnvh nl nëbdl ad hjì`bl `bjdr`hr thahs nhs rhi`lahrds dstìb l 4 k ad lnth nh qud glid qud il`ml 3.4 olrds laì`hblnds.

Slrl nndvlr l iloh dn a`kdbs`hblk`dbth ad nl `bstlnli`ùb gly qud suphbdr qud sd al ihk`dbzh ub judmh db nl zhbl kìs adsjlvhrlond. DN ìrdl qud sd dkpndl ds nl qud ihrrdsphbad ihb dn ìrdl ad hpdrli`ùb, <11k?. Slrl dnnhs sd pudadb alr ahs dsidblr`hs phsònds5

•

Ìrdl db dn tlnndr ad rdplrli`ùb ihb nh qud sd vdrëlb ljditlals 1 nëbdls.

•

Uhbl ad hjì`bls nh qud ljditlrël shnlkdbtd l ahs nëbdls.

Ihndithr5

Jèlkhs5 A`stlbi`l5 93k. Zdnhiàla kìx`kl5 ? k/s. Ilualn kìx`kh5 =43n/k`b;
Hotdbdkhs5 Qlklüh ad Quodrël5 AB<33. A`ìkdtrh @btdrbh Quodrël5 <33 kk ; 1‛. Zdnhiàla adn Lmul5 <.97 k/s. Ilëal ad Srds`ùb5 3.37 olrds.



Nëbdl ad <1 k ihb : rhi`lahrds ilal ubl (hjì`bls)5

Db dstd ilsh jèlkhs ubl a`stlbi`l ad = k s`kunlbah ubl ilrml ub`jhrkdkdbtd rdplrtàl. Shr ilal nëbdl i`riunl ub ilualn ad 9:3n/k`b ; : n/s

Jèlkhs5 A`stlbi`l5 =k. Zdnhiàla kìx`kl5 ? k/s. Ilualn kìx`kh5 9:3 n/k`b ; : n/s

Hotdbdkhs5 Qlklüh ad Quodrël5 AB:4. A`ìkdtrh @btdrbh Quodrël5:4 kk ;? » „. Zdnhiàla adn Lmul5 <.:
Nëbdl ad <1 k ihb : rhi`lahrds ilal ubl (zhbl ad rdplrli`hbds)5

Lghrl ilal nëbdl tdbarì ub kìx`kh ad 1 rhi`lahrds s`kuntìbdlkdbtd phr nh qud dn ilualn thtln gly qud a`và`rnh dbtrd 9 nëbdls. Db dstd ilsh jèlkhs ubl a`stlbi`l ad <3 k yl qud dn ìrdl ad hpdrli`ùb dstì kìs lndelal. Shr ilal nëbdl i`riunl ub ilualn ad =?3/9 ; ?13 n/k`b ; 1 n/s



Jèlkhs5 A`stlbi`l5 <3k. Zdnhiàla kìx`kl5 ? k/s. Ilualn kìx`kh5 ?43 n/k`b ; 1.<: n/s

Hotdbdkhs5 Qlklüh ad Quodrël5 AB43. A`ìkdtrh @btdrbh Quodrël5:4 kk ;?„. Zdnhiàla adn Lmul5 <.=7k/s. Ilëal ad Srds`ùb5 3.3:1olrds.

Sdraàls ad prds`ùb (Olr) Nëbdl

×

Sunmlals

<1x:

13x= Hjì`bl

(k/s)

1''

N`bdln 3,37

Klbhkàtrìl Qhtln 3.4 3,47

<,97

AB43

?''

3,3:1

3,:11

<,=7

AB:4

?
3,3?=

3,94=

<,:<

Ihndithr AB<33

Qlnndr

Zdnhiàla

-3,?4

Qlonl 93 rdsukdb ad iìniunhs rhi`lahrds.

Ihkh sd pudad vdr thahs nhs rhi`lahrds dstìb l kìs ad 3.4 olrds ad prds`ùb qud shb bdidslr`hs plrl qud pudalb jubi`hblr ihrrditlkdbtd.



?.<< Y@YQDKLY AD LMTL STNZD_@ULAL Yd `bstlnlrìb s`stdkls ad lmul punvdr`zlal iulbah phr nl ihbj`murli`ùb, ihbtdbàh, prhidsh y uoìli`ùb adn r`dsmh sdl bdidslr`h rdjr`mdrlr plrtds ad dstd plrl lsdmurlr nl dstlo`nàla ad su dstruiturl, y dv`tlr nhs djdiths adn ilnhr ad rla`li`ùb dk`tàh phr htrh r`dsmh idrilbh. P db lqudnnhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h y ìrdls ad `bidba`h ahbad sdl prdidpt`vl su `bstlnli`ùb ad liudrah ihb nls a`sphsì`hbds v`mdbtds qud rdmunlb nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl `bidba`hs db lit`vàlads `baustr`lnds sdithr`lnds h dspdiëjìls (lrtëiunh < ad dstd rdmnlkdbth).

Bh ds bdidslr`h



?.
Bh ds bdidslr`h



?.<9 Y@YQDKLY AD DWQ@BI@ÙB SH_ SHNZH Yd `bstlnlrìb s`stdkls ad dxt`bi`ùb phr phnvh db lqudnnhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h ahbad sdl prdidpt`vl su `bstlnli`ùb ad liudrah ihb nls a`sphsì`hbds v`mdbtds qud rdmunlb nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl `bidba`hs db lit`vàlads `baustr`lnds sdithr`lnds h dspdiëjìls (lrtëiunh < adn _YI@D@).

Bh ds bdidslr`h



?.<1 Y@YQDKLY AD DWQ@BI@ÙB SH_ LMDBQDY DWQ@BQH_DY MLYDHYHY Yd `bstlnlrìb s`stdkls ad dxt`bi`ùb phr lmdbtds dxt`bthrds mlsdhshs db nhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h ad nhs dstlondi`k`dbths `baustr`lnds iulbah5 Ydl prdidpt`vl su `bstlnli`ùb ad liudrah ihb nls a`sphsì`hbds v`mdbtds qud rdmunlb nl prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl `bidba`hs db lit`vàlads `baustr`lnds sdithr`lnds h dspdiëjìls (lrtëiunh < adn _YI@D@). Ihbst`tuylb rdi`bths ahbad sd uo`qudb dqu`phs dnditrùbìhs, idbtrhs ad iìniunh, olbihs ad alths, idbtrhs ad ihbtrhn h kdaàl y lbìnhmhs y nl prhtdii`ùb ihb s`stdkls ad lmul pudal alülr aìghs dqu`phs.

Bh ds bdidslr`h.


<93


?.<4 Y@YQDKLY AD LNTKO_LAH AD DKD_MDBI@L Ihbtlrìb ihb ubl `bstlnli`ùb ad lnukorlah ad dkdrmdbi`l ad nls vëls ad dvliuli`ùb nhs sdithrds ad `bidba`h ad nhs da`jì`hs `baustr`lnds iulbah5

•

•

•

Dstàb s`tulahs db pnlbtl oleh rlslbtd. Dstàb s`tulahs db iulnqu`dr pnlbtl shord rlslbtd, iulbah nl hiupli`ùb, S, sdl `muln h klyhr ad <3 pdrshbls y sdlb ad r`dsmh `btrëbsdih kda`h h lnth. Db iulnqu`dr ilsh, iulbah nl hiupli`ùb, S, sdl `muln h klyhr ad ?4 pdrshbls.

IHBQL_ÌB IHB TBL @BYQLNLI@ÙB AD LNTKO_LAH AD DKD_MDBI@L

Nhs nhilnds h dspli`hs ahbad dstàb `bstlnlahs iularhs, idbtrhs ad ihbtrhn h klbahs ad nls `bstlnli`hbds tàibìls ad sdrvì`hs (i`tlals db dn lbdxh @@.7 ad dstd rdmnlkdbth) h ad nhs prhidshs qud sd adslrrhnnlb db dn dstlondi`k`dbth `baustr`ln. Nhs nhilnds h dspli`hs ahbad dstàb `bstlnlahs nhs dqu`phs idbtrlnds h nhs iularhs ad ihbtrhn ad nhs s`stdkls ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl `bidba`hs

Nl `bstlnli`ùb ad nhs s`stdkls ad lnukorlah ad dkdrmdbi`l iukpn`rì nls s`mu`dbtds ihbaì`hbds5 Ydrì jèl, dstlrì prhv`stl ad judbtd prhp`l ad dbdrmël y dbtrlrì luthkìtìlkdbtd db jubi`hblk`dbth ln prhaui`rsd ub jlnnh adn =3 phr i`dbth ad su tdbs`ùb bhk`bln ad sdrvì`h. Klbtdbarì nls ihbaì`hbds ad sdrvì`h aurlbtd ubl ghrl, ihkh këb`kh, adsad dn khkdbth db qud sd prhauzil dn jlnnh.


<9<


Srhphri`hblrì ubl `nuk`blbi`l ad ub nx, ihkh këb`kh, db dn b`vdn adn sudnh db nhs rdihrràhs ad dvliuli`ùb. Nl `nuk`blbi`l sdrì, ihkh këb`kh, ad i`bih nx db nhs dspli`hs adj`bàhs db dn lplrtlah <:.? ad dstd lbdxh. Nl ub`jhrkàla ad nl `nuk`bli`ùb prhphri`hblal db nhs a`st`bths pubths ad ilal zhbl sdrì tln qud dn ihi`dbtd dbtrd nl `nuk`blbi`l kìx`kl y nl këb`kl sdl kdbhr qud 13. Nhs b`vdnds ad `nuk`bli`ùb dstlondiàhs adodb hotdbdrsd ihbsàdrlbah bunh dn jlithr ad rdjndx`ùb ad plrdads y tdighs y ihbtdkpnlbah ub jlithr ad klbtdb`k`dbth qud ihkprdbal nl rdauii`ùb adn rdba`k`dbth nuk`bhsh adoàh ln dbvdedi`k`dbth ad nls nìkplrls y l nl sui`dala ad nls nuk`blr`ls.

Shr tlbth, sd `bstlnlrì ub s`stdkl ad lnukorlah ad dkdrmdbi`l sdmõb nls dspdi`jìli`hbds lbtdr`hrkdbtd alals. Db dspdi`ln, sd s`tulrìb dbi`kl ad thals nls pudrtls, rdihrràhs ad dkdrmdbi`l y slnàls.


<9?


?.<: YDÜLN@ULI@ÙB Yd prhidadrì l nl sdüln`zli`ùb ad nls slnàls ad ush glo`tuln h ad dkdrmdbi`l, lsë ihkh nl ad nhs kda`hs ad prhtdii`ùb ihbtrl `bidba`hs ad ut`n`zli`ùb klbuln, iulbah bh sdlb jìi`nkdbtd nhiln`zlonds adsad lnmõb pubth ad nl zhbl prhtdmàl, tdb`dbah db iudbtl nh a`spudsth db dn _dmnlkdbth ad sdüln`zli`ùb ad nhs idbtrhs ad trloleh, lprholah phr dn (_dln-Adirdth-174/<00=), ad <1 ad lor`n, shord a`sphsì`hbds këb`kls db kltdr`l ad sdüln`zli`ùb ad sdmuràla y slnua db dn trloleh. Nl sdüln`zli`ùb adodrì sdmu`r nls s`mu`dbtds bhrkls5 (TBD-?9399), (TBD-?9391) y (TBD-?9394).


<99



<91


N@O_H @@@ @BQLNLI@ÙB AD L@_D IHKS_@K@AH


<94


@BA@ID AD @BYQLNLI@ÙB AD L@_D IHKS_@K@AH < MDBD_LN@ALADY XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX<9= ? A@YDÜH P A@KDBY@HBLAH XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX <9= 9 IÌNITNH ADN JNTEH AD L@_D BDIDYL_@H XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX <97 9.<

Q_LULAH AD NL @BYQLNLI@ÙB XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX <90

9.? 9.9

A@KDBY@HBLAH AD NLY ILBLN@ULI@HBDY XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX <90 S_DY@ÙB AD YTK@B@YQ_H XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX <1<

1 NHBM@QTA P ILTALN AD L@_ D DB ILAL Q_LKH P O HIL AD YL N @ AL . XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX<1< 4 SÀ_A@AL AD IL_ML KÌW@KL LAK@Y@OND DB NL @BYQLNLI@ÙB XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX <1? : YDNDII@ÙB ADN IHKS_DYH_ BDIDYL_@H XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX <1= = A@KDBY@HBLK@DBQH ADN ADSÙY@QH XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX <17 7 YDNDII@ÙB AD NL TB@ALA AD KLBQDB@K@DBQH XX XXX <17

N@YQL AD @NTYQ_LI@HBDY @BYQLN@ÙB AD L@_D IHKS_@K@AH Qlonl 9< Nhbm`tua ad nls ilbln`zli`hbds ......................................................................<1< Qlonl 9? iìniunh ilrmls kìx`kls ..................................................................................<1? Qlonl 99. Sàraàls ad nhs a`jdrdbtds dndkdbths ad ihbdx`ùb. .......................................<1? Qlonl 91. Quodrëls prhpudstls. ......................................................................................<1:


<9:


KDKH_@L @BQLNLI@ÙB L@_D IHKS_@K@AH

< MDBD_LN@ALADY Db dn prdsdbtd ilpëtunh sd dxphbd dn prhida`k`dbth ad iìniunh y nhs rdsuntlahs hotdbàhs db dn a`sdüh ad nl `bstlnli`ùb ad L`rd Ihkpr`kàh

Dn a`sdüh ad aìgl `bstlnli`ùb sd rdln`zl ad ihbjhrkàla ihb nh a`spudsth db dn _dmnlkdbth ad dqu`phs l prds`ùb y db sus ihrrdsphba`dbtds @bstruii`hbds Qàibìls Ihkpndkdbtlr`ls. Ladkìs ad tdbdr db iudbtl nl bhrkl @YH 74=9.< db iulbth l nl ilnàla adn l`rd sd rdj`drd.

? A@YDÜH P A@KDBY@HBLAH

Dn hoedt`vh ad dstd prhydith ds a`sdülr ubl `bstlnli`ùb ad l`rd ihkpr`kàh qud sd `bstlnlrl db budstrh tlnndr kdiìbìh. Dstd adodrì slt`sjlidr nls s`mu`dbtds bdidsàlads5

•

Ilniunlr dn jnueh bdidslr`h ad l`rd ihkpr`kàh qud pdrk`tl mlrlbt`zlr ub ùpt`kh jubi`hblk`dbth ad nhs a`jdrdbtds dndkdbths ad nhs iulnds dstì ihkpudstl budstrl `bstlnli`ùb.

•

Ilniunlr nl rda ad l`rd ihkpr`kàh.

•

A`kdbs`hblr dn ihkprdshr plrl dn suk`b`strh ad l`rd ihkpr`kàh.

•

A`kdbs`hblr adn tlbqud ad l`rd ihkpr`kàh.

•

•

Ilniunlr nl ubàla ad klbtdb`k`dbth y dqu`phs bdidslr`hs qud mlrlbtìdb ub l`rd ihkpr`kàh n`kp`h, sdih y nuorìlah. A`sdülr dn s`stdkl dnàitrìh ad ln`kdbtli`ùb ln dqu`ph mdbdrlahr ad l`rd ihkpr`kàh y ad ihbtrhn.


<9=


9 IÌNITNH ADN JNTEH AD L@_D BDIDYL_@H Ad liudrah l nls bdidsàlads y ihkh pudad hosdrvlrsd db dn pnlbh @bstlnli`ùb ad L`rd Ihkpr`kàh, tdbdkhs ub thtln ad << pubths ad ihbsukh rdplrtàhs l nh nlrmh adn pdrëkdtrh adn tlnndr.

Dn ush ihkõb ad nls thkls sdrì plrl tlrdls dediutlals ihb gdrrlk`dbtls tlnds ihkh gdrrlk`dbtls ad `kpunsh, p`sthnls ad n`kp`dzl, dti.

Budstrl rda, lubqud sd trltd ad ubl rda idrrlal, t`dbd ubl t`phnhmël sdbi`nnl, lsë qud dn iìniunh adn jnueh thtln ad l`rd nh rdln`zlrdkhs oleh dn s`mu`dbtd ir`tdr`h5

•

Dndm`khs nl gdrrlk`dbtl ad kìx`kh ihbsukh ad l`rd plrl nl olsd ad iìniunh ad suk`b`strh db ilal thkl. Db budstrh ilsh sd trltl ad ubl gdrrlk`dbtl ad `kpunsh qud ihbsukd lprhx`klalkdbtd <43 n/k`b.

•

Dndm`khs ub ihdjì`dbtd ad s`kuntlbdàla ladiulah plrl dn ush ad gdrrlk`dbtls ln k`skh t`dkph. Db budstrh ilsh plrtìunlr, ad liudrah l nl lit`vàla `baustr`ln nndvlal l iloh db nhs tlnndrds, ihbinu`khs qud ubihdjì`dbtd ad s`kuntlbdàla

ad 9 sdrël olstlbtd lidrtlah. •

Dn ilualn thtln l lphrtlr sd hot`dbd ihkh rdsuntlah adn prhauith dbtrd dn ihdjì`dbtd ad s`kuntlbdàla phr dn ihbsukh ad nl gdrrlk`dbtl thklal ihkh olsd ad iìniunhs.

•

Ds rdihkdbalond ub shorda`kdbs`hblk`dbth ad nl ilbln`zli`ùb pr`bi`pln ad nl rda db ub 933% adn jnueh bhk`bln, yl qud dn lmrlvlk`dbth dihbùkìh hr`m`blah phr ubl phsònd lkpn`li`ùb phstdr`hr l nl `bstlnli`ùb `bì`ln, ds kuigh kìs dndvlah qud dn ihstd laì`hbln adn shorda`kdbs`hblk`dbth prdvdbt`vh.


<97


Db adj`b`t`vl, dn jnueh ad l`rd thklah plrl dn a`sdüh ad nl rda ds5

JB (n / s) ; 9x<43 ; 143 n / k`b (jnueh bhk`bln) Jlkpn (n / s) ;9x<43 x 9 ; <943 n / k`b (jnueh lkpn`lah)

9.< Q_LULAH AD NL @BYQLNLI@ÙB Db dn pnlbh @bstlnli`ùb ad L`rd Ihkpr`kàh sd dxphbd mrìjìlkdbtd nls a`st`btls ilbln`zli`hbds, pubths ad suk`b`strh, nhiln`zli`ùb adn ihkprdshr, trlydithr`ls ad nls tuodrëls, dti. Nhs vlnhrds lnilbzlahs db lplrtlahs phstdr`hrds glb sàh ilniunlahs ad liudrah l nl t`phnhmël y mdhkdtrël ad nl rda `nustrlal db aìgh pnlbh.

9.? A@KDBY@HBLAH AD NLY ILBLN@ULI@HBDY Db ubl rda ad l`rd ihkpr`kàh sd pudadb ihbsàdrlr trds t`phs ad tuodrëls5

•

Quodrël pr`bi`pln, h ihndithr mdbdrln.

•

Quodrëls sdiubalr`ls.

•

Quodrëls ad sdrvì`h.

Nl tuodrël pr`bi`pln ds nl qud slnd adsad dn ihkprdshr y ilbln`zl nl thtlnàla adn ilualn ad l`rd. Adodb tdbdr dn klyhr a`ìkdtrh phsònd. Yd adodb a`kdbs`hblr ad tln klbdrl qud pdrk`tl ubl lkpn`li`ùb adn 933 % adn ilualn ad l`rd bhk`bln. Nl vdnhiàla kìx`kl adn l`rd qud plsl phr dnnl, bh adod shordplslr nhs 7 k/s. LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

<90


Nls tuodrëls sdiubalr`ls thklb dn l`rd ad nl tuodrël pr`bi`pln rlk`jììbahsd phr nls zhbls ad trloleh, ad dnnls slndb nls tuodrëls ad sdrvì`h. Dn ilualn qud plsl phr àstls ds `muln l nl sukl adn ilualn ad thahs nhs pubths ad ihbsukh qud ln`kdbtlb. Nl vdnhiàla kìx`kl adn l`rd qud plsl phr aìgls tuodrëls bh adod shordplslr nhs 7 k/s.

Nls tuodrëls ad sdrvì`h shb nls qud ln`kdbtlb nhs dqu`phs bdukìtìhs. Nndvlb lihpnlk`dbths ad i`drrd rìpàh d `binuydb nls klbmudrls ad l`rd y nhs mruphs j`ntrh rdmunlahr - nuorìlahr db ilal pubth ad ihbsukh. Nl vdnhiàla kìx`kl adn l`rd qud plsl phr dnnl, bh adod shordplslr nhs <4 k/s.

Yd glb ad dv`tlr tuodrëls ad a`ìkdtrh `bjdr`hr l »‛ (
Htrh ir`tdr`h qud sd dkpndl ds dn ad jèlr ub kìx`kh ad : l <3 k/s ad vdnhiàla ad l`rd ihkpr`kàh phr nls tuodrëls.

Yd djditulrì ub rda`kdbs`hblah ad nls ilbln`zli`hbds y sd ihkprholrì qud db b`bmõb ilsh sd supdrlb nhs vlnhrds ad vdnhiàla y ilëal ad prds`ùb rdihkdbalahs, plrl dnnh db pr`kdr numlr ds bdidslr`h adtdrk`blr nls olsds ad iìniunh.


<13


9.9 S_DY@ÙB AD YTK@B@YQ_H Nhs dndkdbths bdukìtìhs adodb trlolelr ihb ubl prds`ùb (bhrkln`zlal) ad : olrds. Nhs ihkprdshrds ut`n`zlahs plrl s`stdkls bdukìtìhs alb ubl prds`ùb ad ut`n`zli`ùb ad = olrds, plrl ihkpdbslr nls pàraàls ad ilrml db nl `bstlnli`ùb.

1 NHBM@QTA P ILTALN AD L@_D DB ILAL Q_LKH P OHIL AD YLN@ AL . Db budstrh ilsh tdbdkhs ubl rda db lb`nnh qud ln`kdbtl thah dn tlnndr. Lsë, vlkhs l lbln`zlr dn ilsh kìs adsjlvhrlond qud sdrì iulbah tdbmlkhs nhs trds ihbsukhs db nl plrtd kìs lndelal ln ihkprdshr. Yd dbt`dbad, phr tlbth, qud dn ilualn `rl l plrtds `mulnds phr ilal rlkln adn lb`nnh. Ds adi`r, phadkhs lsdkdelr dstl t`phnhmël ihb nl ad ubl nëbdl ln`kdbtlal db lkohs dxtrdkhs. Ad liudrah l nl t`phnhmël y l nl mdhkdtrël ad budstrl rda, nhs ilualnds db ilal trlkh y db ilal ohil ad slnàl shb nhs s`mu`dbtds5

Ihbauith

Ilbln`zli`ùb Sr`bi`pln Ilbln`zli`ùb Ydiubalr`l Adrdigl Ilbln`zli`ùb Ydiubalr`l @zqu`dral Ilbln`zli`hbds ad Ydrvì`h

Nhbm`tua(k)

Ilualn (n/k`b)

9

143

=0

143/?

=0

143/?

9 (thals `mulnds)

9=,4 (thals `mulnds)

Ohils ad Ylnàl


Qlonl 9< Nhbm`tua ad nls ilbln`zli`hbds


<1<


4 SÀ_A@AL AD IL_ ML KÌW@KL LAK@Y@OND DB NL @BYQLNLI@ÙB

Db budstrh ilsh, tdbdkhs ub lb`nnh adn qud plrtdb thals nls ilbln`zli`hbds ad sdrvì`h. Gly qud tdbdr db iudbtl qud dn ilualn db dn ilsh kìs adsjlvhrlond ds nl k`tla adn kìx`kh prdv`sth. Dsth sd adod l qud dn ilualn sdrì nl sukl adn ilualn qud nndml adsad lkohs dxtrdkhs. Db nl s`mu`dbtd tlonl sd kudstrlb nls a`jdrdbtds nhbm`tuads adn s`stdkl.

Ihbauith

Nhbm`tua(k)

Ilualn (n/k`b)

Ilbln`zli`ùb Sr`bi`pln

9

143

Lb`nnh

<0.9+<4.=+:.:+<3+?:.4+11.40+:.= 1+?:.9+<; <4: k

143/?(*)

Ilbln`zli`hbds ad Ydrvì`hs

9 (thals `mulnds)


Ohils ad Ylnàl

9=,4 (thals `mulnds) (*) Srdv`s`ùb ad ubl lkpn`li`ùb adn 933% Qlonl 9? iìniunh ilrmls kìx`kls

pàraàls ad ilrml prhauiàls db nhs a`jdrdbtds dndkdbths ad ihbdx`ùb y liidshr`hs nls ihbtlo`n`zlrdkhs db jhrkl ad nhbm`tua dqu`vlndbtd sdmõb nl s`mu`dbtd tlonl5

NHBM@QTA D\T@ZLNDBQD AD DNDKDBQHY AD IHBDW@ÙB P LIIDYH_@HY (K) A`ìkdtrh bhk`bln tuodrëls Q@SH AD LIIDYH_@H <: ?3 ?4 9? 13 43 :4 73 <33

<,9= 3,=: <,07 9,0: 3,10

<,79 3,0< ?,: 4,<7 3,:1

?,11 <,? 9,:: =,9? 3,0<

9,? <,4? 1,77 0,14 <,?

3,:=

3,74

<,?

<,4?

?,=1

9,4:

1,77

:,1

<1?


Ad liudrah l ir`tdr`hs ad klbtdb`k`dbth budstrl `bstlnli`ùb `bihrphrl vìnvunls db ilal trlkh ad nl ilbln`zli`ùb pr`bi`pln (ihb dnnh ihbsdmu`khs ihbt`buàla db nl ln`kdbtli`ùb ad l`rd plrl thals nls thkls `binush iulbah sd rdlnìdb tlrdls ad rdplrli`ùb db lnmubl ad dnnls) y db ilal pubth ad ihbsukh. Ladkìs, dx`stdb iultrh ihahs l 03µ (ubh db ilal dsqu`bl), 0 Q±s ad plsh rdith (< qud o`juril nl ilbln`zli`ùb pr`bi`pln trls lsidbadr adsad dn ihkprdshr y 7 plrl nls ilbln`zli`hbds ad sdrvì`h) y
Ihkh yl gdkhs ihkdbtlah ihb lbtdr`hràla, nl ilëal kìx`kl ad prds`ùb db nls tuodrëls adod sdr kdbhr ad ub ?% ad nl prds`ùb adn ihkprdshr, ds adi`r, 3.<1 olr, db budstrh ilsh plrtìunlr (= olrds ad prds`ùb ad ln`kdbtli`ùb db dn ihkprdshr). Ihb dstd vlnhr y gli`dbah ush ad ub khadnh kltdkìtìh olslah db nl Jùrkunl ad _dbhulra phadkhs hotdbdr ub pr`kdr a`kdbs`hblah plrl nhs a`ìkdtrhs ad nls tuodrëls5

 ∟  ;

    .   .

•

Sl y So shb nls prds`hbds loshnutls db dn hr`mdb y db dn dxtrdkh (olr)

•

I_i ds dn ihdjì`dbtd ad _dbhulra iularìtìh (`muln l 17,:3)

•

r ds nl adbsàla rdnlt`vl adn mls

•

\ ds dn ilualn db Bk9/g

•

A ds dn a`ìkdtrh `btdr`hr ad nl ihbauii`ùb db k/s

•

Sb ds nl prds`ùb bhk`bln db olr

Db dn ilsh ad nl ilbln`zli`ùb pr`bi`pln tdbdkhs plrl nhs pubths L y O `baìlahs, lsuk`dbah nl kìx`kl ilëal ad prds`ùb ad 3.<1 olrds, ubl nhbm`tua dqu`vlndbtd ad 7= k y ub ilualn ad <9.4 Bk9/g, dn s`mu`dbtd a`ìkdtrh5



9.1=  . ∊

.

 

(

) . <0.77

9.1= ∝ 7= ∝ <9.4 ∝ 9


3.<1

.

<19


Slrl dn ilsh ad nls ilbln`zli`hbds ad sdrvì`h tdbardkhs ihbaì`hbds `mulnds db thals dnnls, l slodr, ilëal ad prds`ùb

S`;3.<1/1;3.394 olrds, ubl nhbm`tua ad 9 k y ub ilualn ad 0 Bk9/g, nh qud

suphbd ub a`ìkdtrh ad5



9.1=  . ∊

/.

 

9.1= ∝ 9 ∝ (0). 3.394

/.

 =.1=?

Tbl vdz hotdbàhs nhs a`ìkdtrhs adn a`kdbs`hblah prdv`h, `btrhaui`khs nls pàraàls ad ilrml prhauiàls db ilal dndkdbth ad ihbdx`ùb y liidshr`hs db jhrkl ad nhbm`tua dqu`vlndbtd, gli`dbah ush ad nl tlonl dxpudstl kìs lrròl5

• Ilbln`zli`ùb pr`bi`pln. Qdbdkhs = Q±s ad plsh rdith, 1 ihahs ad 03µ, 7 vìnvunls ad dsjdrl y = dndkdbths ad ihbdx`ùb dbtrd tuodrëls. Ihb thah sd t`dbd ubl nhbm`tua dqu`vlndbtd ad5

A ; =.7= kk ;2

A ; ?3 kk (kdaàl dstìbalr)

Ndqu ; =0+=x3.<7+1x3.9=+7x<.3=+=x3.9:;0?.7? k

•

Ilbln`zli`hbds ad sdrvì`h. Qdbdkhs < Q ad plsh rdith, < vìnvunl ad dsjdrl, < dndkdbth ad

ihbdx`ùb ad tuodrëls y ubl ubàla ad klbtdb`k`dbth (j`ntrh, rdmunlahr ad prds`ùb y nuorìli`ùb) iuyl pàraàl ad ilrml khadnlrdkhs phr 7.? kdtrhs ad nhbm`tua dqu`vlndbtd. Db thtln tdbdkhs5


<11


A ; 4.?= kk ;2 A ; <: kk (kdaàl dstìbalr) Ndqu ;9x<+ 3.<7x<+<.3=x
Ihb dstls budvls nhbm`tuads dqu`vlndbtds y ihb nhs a`ìkdtrhs hotdbàhs db dn prda`kdbs`hblk`dbth, ihkprholkhs s` sd iukpndb nhs ir`tdr`hs ad kìx`kl ilëal ad prds`ùb y kìx`kl vdnhiàla db nls ihbauii`hbds5 ∊

ihb U

≄ < plrl dn l`rd



   . ?   .

 941

Nl kìx`kl ilëal ad prds`ùb lak`tàl db nls ihbauii`hbds ds dn <3% ad nl prds`ùb bhk`bln, ds adi`r, 3.<3xSb;3.= olrds. Dstl ilëal ad prds`ùb ds nl sukl ad nl ilëal ad prds`ùb db nl ilbln`zli`ùb pr`bi`pln y ad thals nls ilbln`zli`hbds ad sdrvì`h.

•

Ilbln`zli`hbds ad sdrvì`h5

∊ 

   . ?   .

; 9.1=

 .  .

; 3.331 

∊  ∜; ∊;<< x3.331;3.311 olrds Ilbln`zli`ùb pr`bi`pln5

∊ 9.1= ..  9.1= 0?.7? ∝ (<9..4∝ 9).  3.<7   ?3

Qhkh \; <9.4x9 pdbslbah db nl phsònd lkpn`li`ùb. Nl pàraàl ad ilrml thtln plrl budstrl rda ds phr tlbth ad5

∊SQhtln ; ∊Ssdrv + ∊Spr`bi ;3.311 + 3.<7 ; 3.??7 olrds > 3.= olrds ;2 Iukpnd Db iulbth ln ir`tdr`h ad vdnhiàla sd rdj`drd tdbdkhs nhs s`mu`dbtds rdsuntlahs5 LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_IËL L@ZL_ QTQH_5 ALB@DN MHKDU NH_DBQD

<14


Ilbln`zli`ùb pr`bi`pln5

  941  43.4=  43.4= <9.49 4. 7  2   ?3   Ilbln`zli`ùb ad sdrvì`h5

  941 43.4=  43.4= <:0 <.==  > 7  2 Ihkh ihbinus`ùb hjrdidkhs nhs s`mu`dbtds rdsuntlahs5

ILBLN@ULI@ÙB ILBLN@ULI@ÙB AD YD_Z@I@H

NHBM@QTA ADN KÙATNH :k :k

A@ÌKDQ_H

KLQD_@LN

IHBDW@HBDY

?3 kk

lnuk`b`h

dndkdbth pnìstìh

<: kk

lnuk`b`h

dndkdbth pnìstìh

Qlonl 91. Quodrëls prhpudstls.


<1:


: YDNDII@ÙB ADN IHKS_DYH_ BDIDYL_@H Nl sdndii`ùb adn t`ph ad ihkprdshr y ad su ilpliàla shb plrìkdtrhs irëtìhs db dn a`sdüh ad ubl `bstlnli`ùb ad l`rd ihkpr`kàh. Tbl lidrtlal dndii`ùb suphbd ub mrlb lghrrh dbdrmàtìh aurlbtd dn jubi`hblk`dbth bhrkln ad nl `bstlnli`ùb.

Nhs rdqudr`k`dbths ad budstrl rda qud ljditlb l nl dndii`ùb adn ihkprdshr shb nhs s`mu`dbtds5

•

Ilualn ad l`rd mdbdrlah ad 143 n/k`b (?= Bk9/g).

•

Srds`ùb bhk`bln ad trloleh = olrds.

•

Kìx`kl ilëal ad prds`ùb lak`tàl db nl `bstlnli`ùb 3.= olrds.

•

Bõkdrh ad klb`horls phr ghrl; U?3.

•

Nhiln`zli`ùb ihb vdbt`nli`ùb sujì`dbtd plrl nl ilptli`ùb ad l`rd. Zdr pnlbh @bstlnli`ùb L`rd Ihkpr`kàh.

Ihb thah, y trls dstua`lr a`vdrsls jìgls tàibìls ad a`st`bths jlorìlbtds, sd hptl phr `bstlnlr ub ihkprdshr ad p`stùb ihb nls s`mu`dbtds ilrlitdrëstìls5 Qhkh dn khadnh Ihkol <3433 L ad nl klril STYFL. •

Srds`ùb kìx`kl ad suk`b`strh glstl << olrds.

•

Ilualn djdit`vh
•

Shtdbi`l khthr lii`hblk`dbth5 <3 i.v. ; =9:3 ].

•

@bihrphrl adpùs`th ad 433n.

•

•

Y`stdkl dnàitrìh ad lii`hblk`dbth y ihbtrhn `bihrphrlah. A`kdbs`hbds vdrs`ùb `bshbhr`zlah (=9 aO(L))5 <013 x :33 x <9?3 kk.

•

Sdsh ?4: Fm.

•

Khadnh ihb jubi`hblk`dbth dxdbth ad lid`td.


<1=


= A@KDBY@HBLK@DBQH ADN ADSÙY@QH Lubqud bh dx`std ubl bhrkl mdbdrln ad iùkh glb ad a`kdbs`hblrsd nhs adpùs`ths, së ds i`drth qud adodrëlb a`sdülrsd db jubi`ùb ad nl adklbal y adn tlklüh adn ihkprdshr, ut`n`zlbah nhs lrrlbqud phr ghrl y nhs t`dkphs kìx`khs ad jubi`hblk`dbth adn ihkprdshr ihkh plrìkdtrhs ad a`sdüh.

Db mdbdrln, dn prhp`h jlorìlbtd adn ihkprdshr lihbsdel nl ilpliàla ad nhs adpùs`ths plrl sus prhauiths sdmõb lpnìli`ùb. Db budstrh ilsh plrtìunlr, y ihkh ds nh bhrkln db nls `bstlnli`hbds khadrbls, gdkhs sdndii`hblah ub ihkprdshr ihb su prhp`h adpùs`th.

7 YDNDII@ÙB AD NL TB@ALA AD KLBQDB@K@DBQH Dstd dndkdbth dstì ihkpudsth phr ub j`ntrh ad plrtëiunls ad olel djì`dbi`l, ub rdmunlahr ihb klbùkdtrh y ub nuorìlahr6 su jubi`ùb pr`bi`pln ds nl ad lihbaì`hblr ubl ihrr`dbtd adtdrk`blal plrl su ush db ubl kìqu`bl. Dn j`ntrh ad plrtëiunls s`rvd plrl dn`k`blr lnmubhs ihbtlk`blbtds ad t`ph sùnàh, dn rdmunlahr sd dbilrml ad a`sk`bu`r nl prds`ùb y dn nuorìlahr ahs`jìl ubl ilbtàla rdqudràl db lnmubls hils`hbds phr dn dqu`ph. Nl ubàla ad klbtdb`k`dbth rdprdsdbtl ubl ihko`bli`ùb ad nhs s`mu`dbtds dndkdbths5

•

J`ntrh ad l`rd ihkpr`kàh.

•

_dmunlahr ad prds`ùb.

•

Nuorìlahr ad l`rd ihkpr`kàh.

Adodb tdbdrsd db iudbtl nhs s`mu`dbtds pubths5

Dn ilualn thtln ad l`rd db k9/g ds adi`s`vh plrl nl dndii`ùb adn tlklüh ad ubàla. Y` dn ilualn ds adkls`lah mrlbad, sd prhauid db nls ubàlads ubl ilëal ad prds`ùb adkls`lah mrlbad. Shr dsh, ds `kprdsi`baònd rdspdtlr nhs vlnhrds `baìlahs phr dn jlorìlbtd.


<17


Nl prds`ùb ad trloleh bh adod shordplslr dn vlnhr dst`punlah db nl ubàla, y nl tdkpdrlturl bh adodrì sdr tlkphih supdr`hr l 43 I (vlnhrds kìx`khs plrl rdi`p`dbtd ad pnìstìh).

Db budstrh ilsh plrtìunlr, nl ubàla ad klbtdb`k`dbth dndmàl adod sdr ilplz ad klbdelr ub ilualn ad

9=.4 n/k`b (?.?4 k9/g) y ubl ilëal ad prds`ùb db nhbm`tua dqu`vlndbtd ihkh kìx`kh ad 7.? kdtrhs plrl ubl tuodrël ad ?3 kk ad a`ìkdtrh.


<10



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N@O_H @Z S_DYTSTDYQH


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< ILSËQTNH DNDIQ_@I@ALA @BYQLNLI@ÙB DNDIQ_@I@ALA <.< YTOILS@QTNH ILS.D< ILBLN@ULI@HBDY IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB

TAY NHBM@QTA LBIGT _L LNQT_L SL_I@LND Y

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<,01

?9?,73

k QTOH JNDW@OND IH__TMLAH A@ ÌK. ?0 KK N@O_D GLNÙMDBHY

Quoh jndxònd ihrrumlah nòrd ad glnùmdbhs ad a`lkdtrh ?0 kk plrl dkphtr lr, `binush p.p ad jèli`h-bds y p`dzlsdspdi`lnds. Ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nl nhbm`tua dediutlal

?1,43 D<.39

?,<4

4?,:7

k OLBADEL AD _DE@NNL ?33x<33 kk

Olbadel ad rde`nnl ad a`kdbs`hbds ?33x<33 kk,dnditrhi`bilal Inlsd 9 sdmõb TBD-DB :<49= plrllko`dbtds `btdr`hrds s`b ihbtlk`blbtds,jèlal ljhrelah kda`lbtd s`stdkl ad iudnmud ad nhbm`tua vl- r`londy shphrtd db hkdml. @binush p.p. ad p`dzls dspdi`lnds y ihbdx`hbds. Ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nlnhbm`tuadediutlal

<33,33 D<.31

<:,04

<.:04,33

k OLBADEL SD_JH_LAL ?33x74 kk

Olbadel pdrjhrlal ad a`kdbs`hbds ?33x74kk, ad lidrh mlnvlb`zlah Ilnsd ? sdmõb TBD-DB :<49= plrl lko`dbtds `btdr`hrds s`b ihbtlk`blbtds, jèlal l jhrelah kda`lbtd s`stdkl ad iudnmud adnhbm`tua vlr`lond y shphrtd ad lidrh mlnvlb`zlah db hkdml. @binush p.p. ad p`dzlsdspdi`lnds y ihbdx`hbds. ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nl nhbm`tua dediutlal

D<.34

D<.3:

<1?,33

<:,04

?.13:,03

?,33

<7,7?

9=,:1

ua Quoh vdrtìln tlnndr 17kk

ua Quoh vdrtìln tlnndr ?0kk


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<,33

1:,3:

1:,3:

k Olbadel pdrjhrlal

QHQLN YTOILSËQTNH ILS.D< ILBLN@ULI@HBDY......................

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k ILOND IHO_D

ILBQ@ ALA

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D?.3? G3=Z-F

9=3,33

3,1?

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3,:=

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D?.31 G3=Z-F

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D?.?<

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k ILOND IHO_D
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QHQLN YTOILSËQTNH ILS.D? ILONDY........................................


<.377,:1

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D9.<.3?

<=,14

?30,13

?9,33

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<,33

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D9.<.39

ua @BQD__TSQH_ LTQHKÌQ@IH KLMBDQHQÀ_K@IH O@SHNL_ AD ?3 L

@btdrrupthr luthkìtìh klmbdthtàrkìh o`phnlr ad ?3 L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln, ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQy bhrkls adnl ihkplüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàlnlilbtàladediutlal.

D9.<.31

ua @BQD__TS. LTQH. KLMBDQHQÀ_K@IH O@SHNL_ :fL (@@) AD 13L

@btdrrupthr luthkìtìh klmbdthtàrkìh o`phnlr ad 13 L ihb phadr ad ihrtd :333 L plrl vlr`hs t`phs adiurvls ad ihrtd. Ihb `baìlahr ad ihrtd db klbdtl y phsò`nàla ad lihpnd ad lux`n`lrds, tdbs`ùb ad l`snlk`dbth ad 433Z db IL y ahond l`snlk`dbth inlsd ?. Ydmõb bhrkls TBD, _DOQ y ad nl ihk- plüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nl ubàla dediutlal

?,33


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ua @BQD__TSQH_ LTQHKÌQ@IH KLMBDQHQÀ_K@IH Q_@SHNL_ AD ?3 L

@btdrrupthr luthkìtìh klmbdthtàrkìh tr`phnlr ad ?3L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln, ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQ y bhrkls adnl ihkplüëlsuk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàlnlilbtàladediutlal. D9.<.3=

ua @BQD__TSQH_ LTQHKÌQ@IH KLMBDQHQÀ_K@IH Q_@SHNL_ AD 9? L

@btdrrupthr luthkìtìh klmbdthtàrkìh tr`phnlr ad 9?L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln, ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQ y bhrkls adnl ihkplüëlsuk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàlnlilbtàladediutlal. D9.<.37

ua @BQD__TSQH_ LTQHKÌQ@IH KLMBDQHQÀ_K@IH Q_@SHNL_ AD 13 L

@btdrrupthr luthkìtìh klmbdthtàrkìh tr`phnlr ad 1=L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln, ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQ y bhrkls adnl ihkplüëlsuk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàlnlilbtàladediutlal. D9.<.30

ua @BQD__TSQH_ LTQHKÌQ@IH KLMBDQHQÀ_K@IH Q_@SHNL_ AD 43 L

@btdrrupthr luthkìtìh klmbdthtàrkìh tr`phnlr ad 1=L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln, ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQ y bhrkls adnl ihkplüëlsuk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàlnlilbtàladediutlal.

D9.<.<3

ua @BQD__TS. LTQH. ILEL KHNADLAL Q_ @SHNL_ ?4FL (@@@) AD <33L

@btdrrupthr luthkìtìh db ilel khnadlal tr`phnlr ad <33L y phadr ad ihrtd ad ?4fL plrl vlr`hs t`phs d iurvls a ad ihrtd. Ydmõb bhrkls TBD, _DOQ y ad nl ihkplüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nl ilbt`- ala dediutlal

QHQLN LSL_QLAH D9.< KLMBDQH_QD_K@IHY,


9.131,:?

<47


<.9.? LSL_QLAH D9.? A@JD_DBI@LNDY IÙA@MH

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D9.?.3<

ua @BQD__TSQH_ A@JD_D BI@LN @@, @BQ. B. ?4 L YDBY. 3,39 L

ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

@btdrrupthr a`jdrdbi`ln @@ ad ?4 L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln y 3,39 L ad sdbsò`nàla t`ph LI, ihbstruàh sdmõb_DOQ y bhrkls ad nl ihkplüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

D9.?.3?

4,33

43,4=

?4?,74

4,33

43,4=

?4?,74

4,33

?3?,30

<.3<3,14

?,33

943,30

=33,<7

ua @BQD__TSQH_ A@JD_D BI@LN @@, @BQ. B. 13 L YDBY. 3,39 L

@btdrrupthr a`jdrdbi`ln @@ ad 13 L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln y 3,39 L ad sdbsò`nàla t`ph LI, ihbstruàh sdmõb_DOQ y bhrkls ad nl ihkplüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

D9.?.39

ua @BQD__TSQH_ A@JD_DBI@LN @Z, @BQ. B. ?4 L YDBY. 3,39 L

@btdrrupthr a`jdrdbi`ln @Z ad ?4 L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln y 3,39 L ad sdbsò`nàla t`ph LI, ihbstruàhsdmõb _DOQy bhrkls ad nl ihkplüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

D9.?.31

ua @BQD__TSQH_ A@JD_D BI@LN @Z, @BQ. B. 13 L YDBY. 3,9 L

@btdrrupthr a`jdrdbi`ln @Z ad 13 L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln y 3,39 L ad sdbsò`nàla t`ph LI, ihbstruàhsdmõb _DOQy bhrkls ad nl ihkplüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

D9.?.34

ua @BQD__TSQH_ A@JD_DBI@LN @Z, @BQ. B. 13 L YDBY. 3,39 L

@btdrrupthr a`jdrdbi`ln @Z ad 13 L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln y 3,39 L ad sdbsò`nàla t`ph LI, ihbstruàhsdmõb _DOQy bhrkls ad nl ihkplüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

9,33


<40

?37,10

:?4,1=

S_HPDIQH @BYQLNLI@ÙB QLNND_ KDIÌIB@IH TB@ZD_Y@ALA AD M_LBLAL ?3<:/?3<= IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB


D9.?.3:

ua @BQD__TSQH_ A@JD_DBI@LN @Z, @BQ. B. :9 L YDBY. 3,39 L

ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

@btdrrupthr a`jdrdbi`ln @Z ad :9 L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln y 3,93 L ad sdbsò`nàla t`ph LI, ihbstruàhsdmõb _DOQy bhrklsad nl ihkplüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal. <,33

11:,30

QHQLN LSL_QLAH D9.? A@JD_DBI@LNDY .....................................

11:,30

9.?7=,70

<.9.9 LSL_QLAH D9.1 NML S_HQDII@HBDY

D9.1.3<

ua IL_QTIGH JTY@OND ?43 L @BQDBY@ALA LI-<

Kdaàl nl ilbtàla õt`n adsilrmlal

D9.1.3?

9,33

<3,44

9<,:4

<,33

0=4,7:

0=4,7:

ua @BQD__TSQH_ LTQ. ILEL KHNADLAL (@Z) AD ?43L. Q.I. 94FL

Kdaàl nl ilbtàla õt`n adsilrmlal

QHQLN LSL_QLAH D9.1 NML S_HQDII@HBDY..............................

<.33=,4<

QHQLN YTOILSËQTNH ILS.D9 S_HQDII@HBDY..........................

=.=33,3?


<:3


<.1 YTOILSËQTNH ILS.D1 KÙATNHY <.1.< LSL_QLAH D1.< ITLA_HY IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB


D1.<.3<

ua ILEL ITLA_H KLBAH P S_HQDI I@ÙB < A@J. + 1 KLMB .

ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

Ilel plrl iularhad klbah y prhtdii`ùb, plrl dkphtrlr ihb ilpliàla plrl ub `btdrrupthra`jdrdbi`ln y iultrh klmbdthtàrkìhs, `binush lyuals ad lnolü`ndrël y ihbdx`hbds6 ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

D1.<.3?

1,33

<3,=3

1?,73

<,33

<,33

?1=,::

?1=,::

9,33

74,0?

?4=,=:

ua ILEL S_HQDII@ÙB P KDA@AL, B@ZDN DNDIQ_@J. KDA@H IHBQLAH_ Q_@J.

Ilel ad prhtdii`ùb y kdaàl plrl b`dvdn ad dnditr`jìli`ùb kda`h, lptl plrl ub ihbtlahr tr`jìsìh, ihbstruàl ihb kltdr`l l`snlbtd ad inlsd l, rds`stdbtd l nhs lniln`s, luthdxt`bmuònd y prdi`btlond, ihbhr`jì`hs ad vdbt`nli`ùb y ihbdx`ùb ad ihbauithrds, ihbtdb`dbah trds jusònds ad <3 L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln, sdii`hblahr ad bdutrh y ohrbls ad ihbdx`ùb, ihnhilal db bìgh kurln, pdqudüh kltdr`ln, khbtled y lyuals ad lnolü`ndrël6 ihbstruàl sdmõb _DOQ y bhrkls ad nl kplüël ih suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

D1.<.39

ua ILEL MDBD_LN AD S_HQDII@ÙB, SL_L ?43 L

Ilel mdbdrln ad prhtdii`ùb, plrlubl `btdbsàla bhk`bln ad ?43 L, ihbstruàl ihb kltdr`ln l`snlbtdluthdxt`bmuònd, ihb hr`jì`hs plrl ihbauithrds, ihbtdb`dbah trds ihrtli`riu`ths jusònds ad 3?4L ad `btdbsàla bhk`bln, sdii`hblahr ad bdutrh y olrbds ad ihbdx`ùb, ihnhilal db bìgh kurln, `binush pubth ad pudstl l t`drrl, pdqudüh kltdr`ln, khbtled y lyuals ad

lnolü`ndrël6 ihbstruàl sdmõb _DOQy bhrkls ad nlihkplüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàlnl ilbtàla dediutlal.

D1.<.31

ua L_KL_@H KDQÌN. SL_L KLBAHY P A@YQ_

. <4 DNDK. YTSD_J@I@D

Lrklr`h plrl iularh ad klbah ya`stròui`ùb, plrl 0 dndkdbths, kdtìnìh, plrl dkphtrlr, ihb lplrdnnled, `binush lyuals ad al. lnoü`ndr`l y ihbdx`ùb, ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutl-

D1.<.34

ua L_KL_@H KDQÌN. SL_L KLBAHY P A@YQ_

. 93 DNDK. YTSD_J@I@D

Lrklr`h plrl iularh ad klbah y a`stròui`ùb, plrl 0 dndkdbths, kdtìnìh plrl khbtled supdrjì`ln, ihb lplrdnnled, `binush lyuals ad lnolü`ndrël y ihbdx`ùb, ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nl ilbt`- ala dediutlal.

?,33


03,?:

<73,4?

744,13

QHQLN LSL_QLAH D1.< ITLA_HY.................................................

<:<


<.1.? LSL_QLAH D1.? @BQD__TSQH_DY IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB


D1.?.3<

ua IHBQ_HN AD NTU IHBKTQLAH_ KHBQLED

ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

YTSD_J@I@LN

Subth ad nuz sdbi`nnh, db khbtled supdrjì`ln, `bstlnlah ihb ilond ad ihord G3=Z-F ad ?.4 kk? ad sdii`ùb bhk`bln, l`snlah ihb tuoh ad SZI rëmàh ad <9 kk ad a`ìkdtrh y < kk ad plrda, `btdrrupthrihbkutlahr ad ihrtd o`phnlr,jhrklah phr ilel dstlbil, kdilb`skh y, kudnnds ad lidrh `bhxàlond y ihbhs, `binush ilels ad ihbdx`hbds, mrlpls ihbstruàh sdmõb_DOQ,Kdaàl nl ubàl `bstlnlal.

D1.?.3?

?<,33

99,4:

=31,=:

4,33

9<,3<

<44,34

ua IHBQ_HN AD NT U @BQD__TSQH_ KHBQLED YTSD_J@I@LN

Subth ad nuz sdbi`nnh, db khbtled supdrjì`ln, `bstlnlah ihb ilond ad ihord G3=Z-F ad ?.4 kk? ad sdii`ùb bhk`bln, l`snlah ihb tuoh ad SZI rëmàh ad <9 kk ad a`ìkdtrh y < kk ad plrda, `btdrrupthrad ihrtd o`phnlr,jhrklah phr ilel dstlbil, kdilb`skh y tlpl lrtìunlal, ihnhilah ihb prdbsldsthpls, kudnnds ad lidrh `bhxàlond y ihbhs, `binush ilels ad ihbdx`hbds, mrlpls, lyuals ad lnolü`nd- rël y ihbdx`hbds6 ihbstruàh sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nl ubàl `bstlnlal.

QHQLN LSL_QLAH D1.? @BQD__TSQH_DY ....................................

740,7<

<.1.9 LSL_QLAH D1.9 QHKLY AD JTD_UL D1.9.3<

ua QHKL IH__@DBQD KHBQLED YTSD_J@I@LN 1W<: L IHB ?,

4 kk?

Qhkl ad ihrr`dbtd ad 1 thkls,db khbtled supdrjì`ln ad <: L ihb pudstl l t`drrl,`bstlnlal ihbilond ad ihord G3=Z-F ad ?,4 kk? ad sdii`ùb bhk`bln, l`snlah ihb tuoh ad SZI rëmàh ad <9 kk ad a`ìkdtrh y < kk ad plrda,thkl ad ihrr`dbtd jhrklal phr ilel dstlbil, kdilb`skh y tlpl lrtìunl- al, ihnhilah ihb prdbsldsthpls, kudnnds ad lidrh `bhxàlond y ihbhs, `binush ilels ad ihbdx`hbds, mrlpls, lyuals ad lnolü`ndrël y ihbdx`hbds6 ihbstruàl sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàlilbtàla nl dediutlal.

D1.9.3?

ua QHKL IH__@DBQD KHBQLED YTSD_J@I@LN ?W<: L IHB ?,

<:,33

9<,3:

10:,0:

?4,33

9<,3:

==:,43

4 kk?

Qhkl ad ihrr`dbtd ihb ahs thkls, db khbtled supdrjì`ln ad <: L ihb pudstl l t`drrl, `bstlnlal ihb ilond ad ihord G3=Z-F ad ?,4 kk? ad sdii`ùb bhk`bln, l`snlah ihb tuoh ad SZI rëmàh ad <9 kk ad a`ìkdtrh y < kk ad plrda, thkl ad ihrr`dbtd jhrklal phr ilel dstlbil, kdilb`skh y tlpl lrtìu-nlal, ihnhilah ihb prdbsldsthpls, kudnnds ad lidrh `bhxàlond y ihbhs, `binush ilels ad ihbdx`h-bds, mrlpls, lyuals ad lnolü`ndrël y ihbdx`hbds6 ihbstruàl sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl ilbtàla dediutlal

D1.9.39

ua STBQH Q@KO_D <,4 kk?

Subth ad t`kord ihb ilond ad ihord G3=Z-F ad <,4 kk? ad sdii`ùb bhk`bln, l`snlah ihb tuoh ad SZI jndxònd ad <9kk ad a`ìkdtrh, `binush zukolahr y kdilb`skh punslahr ad pr`kdrl ilnàla, p.p.ad ilelsad adr`vli`ùb y lyualsad lnolü`ndrël6ihbstruàh sdmõb_DOQ.Kdaàlnl ilbtàla dediutlal.

<,33

93,40

93,40

QHQLN LSL_QLAH D1.9QHKLY AD JTD_UL.................................

<.931,34

QHQLN YTOILSËQTNH ILS.D1 KÙATNHY ....................................

9.3<0,?:


<:?


<.4 YTOILSËQTNH ILS.D4 @NTK@BLI@ÙB IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB


D4.3<

ua D\T@SH LTQ. LNTKO_LAH DKD_M. P YDÜLN, :3

ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

NÕKDBDY

Dqu`ph lutùbhkh ad lnukorlah ad dkdrmdbi`l y sdüln`zli`ùbpdrklbdbtd, ad :3 nõkdbds db dkdr-mdbi`l, ihb nìkplrls `bilbadsidbtds, plrltdbs`ùb??3 Z, ubl ghrlad luthbhkëly plrliuor`rubl supdrjì`dad
D4.3?

<4,33

:<,:?

0?1,93

:,33

?9,47

<1<,17

9?,47

903,0:

1:,33

4:,73

?.:
1,33

<<,:?

1:,17

ua _DMNDQL JNTH_DYI DBQD, IHB QTOH AD NDA <: ] YTSD_J @I@LN

_dmndtl NDA, jhrklal phr ub tuoh ad NDA <: ] db khbtled supdrjì`ln, ihnhili`ùb y ihbdx`hbds6 `bstlnlah sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

D4.39

ua _DMNDQL JNTH_DYI DBQD, IHB QTOH AD NDA 9? ] YTSD_J @I@LN

_dmndtl NDA, jhrklal phr ahs tuoh adNDA <: ] db khbtled supdrjì`ln, ihnhili`ùb y ihbdx`hbds6`bstlnlah sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

A4.31

ua SLBDN NDA AD 13 ] :3W:3 DKSHQ_LAH

Nuk`blr`l plrl dkphtrlr, ad 93x93 kk, ihb s`stdkl ad unuk`bli`ùb NDA ad 13w, L.J. y liidshr`hs, `binush khbtled,

ihbdx`hbds y lyuals ad lnolü`ndrël6 `bstlnlah sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

D4.34

ua AH]BN@MGQ <: ]

Snljùb i`riunlr ad ?4 ik ad a`ìkdtrh, db khbtled supdrjì`ln, jhrklah phr ilrilsl kdtìnìl dsklntlal, dqu`ph dnàitrìh ad _DOQ. Kdaàllnubàla`bstlnlal. NDA , `binush pdqudüh kltdr`ln, ihnhili`ùb y ihbdx`hbds6 `bstlnlah sdmõb

D4.3:

ua JHIHY GL NHMDBHY 133]

Nuk`blr`l plrl ihnmlr db tdigh, jhrklalphr ilkplbl ad iglpl ad lidrh jhsjltlal y dsklntlal dbiln`dbtd, a`jushr ad nlkls ihbstruàls ihb iglpls ad lnuk`b`h , `mulnkdbtd dsklntlals db iln`dbtd, ohko`nnl ad glnhmbdhs kdtlnìhs ad 133w, dqu`ph dnàitrìh db L.J. `binush khbtled, ihbdx`hbds y lyuals ad lnolü`ndrël6 `bstlnlah sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

<.409,0:

4.=30,07

QHQLN YTOILSËQTNH ILS.D4 @NTK@BLI@ÙB ..............................


<9?,79

<:9


<.: YTOILSËQTNH ILS.D: IN@KLQ@ULI@ÙB IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB


D:.3<

ua D\T@SH LIHBA. L@_D,OHKO ILNH_ ,SH_ L@_D <733]

ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

Dqu`ph ad lihbaì`hblk`dbth ad l`rd ihkplith vdrtìln dbjr`lah phr l`rd, ad ?0333 jr`m/g ilpliàlathtln db ihbaì`hbdsbhrklndsad jubi`hblk`dbth db jrëh, kudond ad iglpl mlnvlb`zlal p`btlal ln ghr-bh, ihb l`snlk`dbth tdrkh-liõstìh, ihbtdb`dbah 5 ahs ihkprdshrds gdrkàtìhs ad : f] pht. los. il-al ubh ??3-3-973.43, oltdrëls ihbadbslahrl y dvlphrlahrl, i`riu`th ilrmlah ihb mls, ub vdbt`nlahr idbtr`jumh ad 9 IZ plrl ihba. y htrh ad ? IZ plrl dvlp., ilualn :733 k9/g, prds`ùb dst. a`sp. 2
D:.3?

4,33

71?,7<

1.?<1,34

?,33

<.33?,1?

?.331,71

ua D\T@SH LIHBA. L@_D,OHKO ILNH_ ,SH_ L@_D ?733]

Dqu`ph lutùbhkh ad lihbaì`hblk`dbth ad l`rd ihkplith ghr`zhbtln dbjr`la h phr l`rd, ad ?<333 jr`m/g ilpliàla thtln db ihbaì`hbds bhrklnds ad jubi`hblk`dbth db jrëh, kudond ad iglpl mlnvlb`zlal p`b- tlalln ghrbh, ihb l`snlk`dbth tdrkh-liõstìh, ihbtdb`dbah5 ub ihkprdshr gdrkdtìh ad =,: f] pht. los. ??3-3-973.9.43, oltdrëls ihbadbslahrl y dvlphrlahrl, i`ri u`th ilrmlah ihbmls _-??,ub vdbt`- nlahr idbtr`jumh ad <,4 IZ plrl ihba. y htrh ad < IZ plrl dvlp., ilualn 4333 k9/g, prds`ùb dst. a`sp. 2<3 kk.i.l. l 033 r.p.k., j`ntrh ad l`rd, iularh dnàitrìh ad klb`horl, prdshstlths ad lntl y olel, vìvunl ad dxplbs`ùb, s`jùb ad Iu adslmþd, ihnhilah shord lphyhs dnìstìhs, lyuals ad lnolü`- ndrël. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

D:.39

ua QD_KH LIY

Ilnadrl kurln, dnàitrìl, plrl ilndjlii`ùb phr lmul iln`dbtd, ad ?,4 l <4 f] (?<43 l
<,33

<=7,?=

<=7,?=

:.90=,<:

QHQLN YTOILSËQTNH ILS.D: IN@KLQ@ULI@ÙB..........................

<.= _dsukdb 99.707,97

QHQLN ILSËQTNH DNDIQ_@I@ALA @BYQLNLI@HB DNDIQ_@I@ALA ................................................................


<:1


? ILSËQTNH L@_D IHKS_@K@AH, @BYQLNLI@HB AD L@_D IHKS_@K@AH IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB

ILI.3<

ua IHBDW@HB IHKS_DYH_ L _DA


ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

<,33 ILI.3?

ILI.39

@KSH_QD

73,??

73,??

ua QHKLY DB QLNND_

<3,33

<.?:9,<3

<4:,33

<<,19

<.=79,37

<<,33

<3,<<

<<<,?<

<,33

93,0=

93,0=

k ILBLN@ULI@HB Z@YQL LID_H A@LK. 9/1" MLY BLQT_LN

Ilbln`zli`ùb v`stl, rdln`zlal ihb tuodrëlad lidrh bdmrh dst`rlal, s`b shnalaurl sdmõb TBD <031:,ilnàla TBD <0313 ad ?:,0kk a`ìk. dxtdr`hr (9/1") y ?,:4kk ad dspdshr, plrl mls blt urln, rdiò`- al l nl jìorìl y p`btlal, `binush p.p. ad ihahs, ub`hbds, plslkurhs ymrlpls ad jèli`ùb6 ihbstruàl sdmõb rdmnlkdbtli`ùb plrl `bstlnli`hbdsad mls y bhrkls ad nl ihkplüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nlnhbm`tua dediutlal.

ILI.31

ua ZÌNZTNL DYJD_L AB ?3 (9/1")

Zìnvunl dsjdrl AB ?3 (9/1") ihnhilal db ilbln`zli`ùb ad ml s blturln, ad eubtl pnlbl. @binush eubtls ykltdr`ln ihkpndkdbtlr`h plrlsu ihnhili`ùb, sdmõb sdmõbbhrkls TBD. Kdaàlnl ilbtàladediutl-al.

ILI.34

ua ZÌNZTNL DYJD_L AB 13 (<
Zìnvunl dsjdrl AB 13 7<
ILI.3:

k ILBLN@ULI@HB Z@YQL LID_H A@LK.
Ilbln`zli`ùb v`stl, rdln`zlal ihb tuodrëlad lidrh bdmrh dst`rlal, s`b shnalaurl sdmõb TBD <031:,ilnàla TBD <0313 ad ?:,0kk a`ìk. dxtdr`hr (9/1") y ?,:4kk ad dspdshr, plrl mls blt urln, rdiò`- al l nl jìorìl y p`btlal, `binush p.p. ad ihahs, ub`hbds, plslkurhs ymrlpls ad jèli`ùb6 ihbstruàl sdmõb rdmnlkdbtli`ùb plrl `bstlnli`hbdsad mls y bhrkls ad nl ihkplüël suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nlnhbm`tua dediutlal.

<4:,33


<<,19

<.=79,37

4.34<,::

QHQLN ILSËQTNH L@_D IHKS_@K @BYQLNLI@HB AD L@_D IHKS_@K@AH ...................................................

<:4


9 ILSËQTNH S_H @BIDBA@HY Y@YQDKL AD S_HQDII@ÙB IHBQ_L @BIDBA@HY

YTOILSËQTNH

9.< ILS.I@3< Y@YQDKL AD ADQDII@HB IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB

I@.<.3 <

k I@_IT@QH KHBHJÌY@IH ? IHBA. <,4 kk? YTSD_J@I@LN


ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

I`riu`th khbhjìsìh, `bstlnlah ihb ilond ad ihord ad ahs ihbauithrds G3=Z-F ad <,4 kk? ad sdi- i`ùb bhk`bln, l`snlah ihb tuoh ad SZI rëmàh ad <9 kk ad a`ìkdtrh y < kk ad plrda, db khbtled supdrjì`ln, `binush p.p. ad ilelsad adr`vli`ùb, mrlpls, p`dzls dspdi`lnds y lyuals ad lnolü`ndrël6 `bstlnlah sdmõb _DOQ. Kdaàl nl nhbm`tua dediutlal.

I@.<.3?

ua LZ@YLAH_ ÙSQ@IH-LIÕYQ@IH

443,33

9,34

<.:==,43

<:,33

?<,==

917,9?

<,33

<04,49

<04,49

@BQD_@H_

Lv`slahr ùptìh-liõstìh ad lnlrkl plrl `bstlnli`ùb `btdr`hr6 `bstlnlah sdmõb IQD y _@SI@. Kdaàl nl ilbt` ala dediutlal.

I@.<.39

ua IDBQ_LN IHBZDBI@HBLN AD

? UHBLY

Idbtrln ad adtdii`ùb y ihbtrhn ad `bidba`hs,plrl ? zhbls, prhv`stl ad judbtd ad ln`kdbtli`ùb y oltd-r`ls ad dkdrmdbi`l6 `bstlnlah sdmõb IQD y _@SI@. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

I@.<.31

ua ADQDIQH_ ÙSQ@IH AD GTKHY

Adtdithr hptìh ad gukhs, ihbstruàh ihb pnìstìh tdrkhrrds`stdbtd, jhrklah phr zùilnh `btdrilko`lond ihb p`nhth ad lnlrkl y ohrbdsad ihbdx`ùb y ad slnàl plrl p`nhth rdkhth, dqu`ph ilptlahr ad idnunl jhthdnàitrìl, tdbs`ùbad ln`kdbtli`ùbl ?1 ZII, ghkhnhmlah, `binush pdqudüh kltdr`ln, ihbdx`hbds y khbtled6 `bstlnlah sdmõb IQ D y _@SI@. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

:9,33

QHQLN YTOILSËQTNH ILS.I@3< Y@YQDKL AD ADQDII@HB ......


43,1<

9.<=4,79

4.90=,<7

<::


9.? YTOILSËQTNH ILS.I@3? O@DY IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB


[email protected]?

k ILBLN@ULI@ÙB YTSD_J@I@ LN LI. BDM_H D YQ@_LAH A@ÌK. ?
ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

Ilbln`zli`ùb, db khbtled supdrjì`ln, rdln`zlal ihb tuodrëlad lidrh bdmrh dst`rlal,s`b shnalaurl, il- nàla sdmõb TBD <0313, ad =:,< kk a`ìk. dxtdr`hr (?
I@.?.3?

ua OHIL @BIDBA@H DKSHQ. KLBM. YDK@__ËM. A@ÌK ?4 k

<33,33

9=,::

9.=::,33

1,33

44=,44

?.?93,?3

k L_KL_@H

Ohil ad `bidba`h dqu`plal, dkphtrlal, jhrklal phr5 lrklr`h kdtìnìh p`btlah, pudrtl ad vàr`h y klrih ad lidrh irhklah, ihb advlbladrl ad iglplad lidrh pndmlal y p`btlal, loltònd, ihb thkl lx`ln, vìnvunl ad ?4 kk (<") ad i`drrd dsjdrìh, ad nltùb, klbmudrl ad ?4 k y ?4 kk ad a`ìk. ad trlkl sdk`rrëmàl,bh luthihnlpslond, plrl ubl prds`ùb ad <4 fm/ik? y ubl rds`stdbi`l lrlii`ùb t bh kdbhr ad <433 fm/ik?, nlbzl ad lnuk`b`h ad trds djdiths, ighrrh, punvdr`zli`ùb y plrh, klbùkdtrh ad 3 l <4 fm/ik?, shphrtd adn dqu`ph, `binush khbtled, ihbdx`ùb y lyuals ad lnolü`ndrël6 `bstlnlah sdmõb IQD y _@SI@. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

4.00:,?3

QHQLN YTOILSËQTNH ILS.I@3? O@DY ..........................................


<:=


9.9 YTOILSËQTNH ILS.I@39 _HI@LAH_DY IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB


[email protected]<

k ILBLN@ULI@ÙB YTSD_J@I@ LN LI. BDM_H D YQ@_LAH A@ÌK. 1"

ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

Ilbln`zli`ùb, db khbtledsupdrjì`ln, rdln`zlal ihb tuodrël ad lidrhbdmrh dst`rlal,s`b shnalaurl, il- nàla sdmõb TBD <0313, ad <<1,9 kk a`ìk. dxtdr`hr (1") y 1,4 kk ad dspdshr, (1") ub`hbds shnal- als, p`btlal ihb ubl klbh ad `kpr`kli`ùb ihb k`b`h ad pnhkh y ahs klbhs ad dsklntd s`btàtìh, p. p. ad p`dzls dspdi`lnds, plslkurhs y dndkdbths ad suedii`ùb, pdqudüh kltdr`ln y lyuals ad lnol- ü`ndrël6 `bstlnlal sdmõb IQD y _@SI@. Kdaàl nl nhbm`tua dediutlal.

[email protected]?

4?,33

?:,77

<.90=,=:

:1,33

9=,::

?.1<3,?1

117,33

?:,?:

<<.=:1,17

k ILBLN@ULI@ÙB YTSD_J@I@ LN LI. BDM_H D YQ@_LAH A@ÌK. ?
Ilbln`zli`ùb, db khbtled supdrjì`ln, rdln`zlal ihb tuodrël ad lidrh bdmrh dst`rlal, s`b shnalaurl, il - nàla sdmõb TBD <0313, ad =:,< kk a`ìk. dxtdr`hr (?
[email protected]

k ILBLN@ULI@ÙB YTSD_J@I@ LN LI. BDM_H D YQ@_LAH A@ÌK. ?"

Ilbln`zli`ùb, db khbtled supdrjì`ln, rdln`zlal ihb tuodrël ad lidrh bdmrh dst` rlal, s`b shnalaurl, il- nàla sdmõb TBD <0313, ad :3,9 kk a`ìk. dxtdr`hr (?")y 9,:4 kk addspdshr, ub`hbds rhsilals, p`btlal ihb ubl klbh ad `kpr`kli`ùb ihb k`b`h ad pnhkh y ahs klbhs ad dsklntd s`btàtìh, p. p. ad p`dzlsdspdi`lnds, plslkurhs y dndkdbths ad suedii`ùb, pdqudühkltdr`ln y lyuals ad lnolü`nd- rël6 `bstlnlal sdmõb IQD y _@SI@. Kdaàl nl nhbm`tua dediutlal.

[email protected]

ua _HI@LAH_ IHNMLBQD F73

_hi`lahr ihnmlbtd F73 rdspudstl stlbalra db orhbid irhklah, ihb oho`bl ad lihpnlk`dbth y pnljùb irhklah6 `bstlnlah sdmõb IQD. Kdaàh nl ubàla `bstlnlal.

?<:,33

QHQLN YTOILSËQTNH ILS.I@39 _HI@LAH_DY ..........................


0,:9

?.373,37

<=.:4?,4:

<:7


9.1 YTOILSËQTNH ILS.I@31 DWQ@BQH_DY IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB


[email protected] <

ua DWQ@BQH_ KHZ@N, AD SHNZH LO, IHB
ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

Dxt`bthr kùv`n, ad phnvh LOI, ihb
prds`ùb `bihrphrlal, vìnvunl ad adsilrml, ad ls`dbth ihb pl- nlbil plrl `btdrrupi`ùb6 klbùkdtrh, gdrrleds ad iudnmud, pnlil ad t`kord, `binush pdqudüh kltdr`ln,khbtled y lyuals ad lnolü`ndrël6 `bstlnlah sdmõb IQD. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal.

[email protected] ?

4,33

:9,:?

9<7,<3

?,33

73,<4

<:3,93

ua DWQ@BQH_ KÙZ@N, AD SHNZH LOI,
Dxt`bthr kùv`n, ad phnvh LOI, ihb
1=7,13

QHQLN YTOILSËQTNH ILS.I@31 DWQ@BQH_DY ............................


<:0


9.4 _DYQH AD DNDKDBQHY IÙA@MH

_DYTKDB


I@3<

ua LIHKDQ@AL AD LMTL SL_L _DA IHBQ_L@BIDBA@HY AD :3 L 03KK

ILBQ@ ALA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

Lihkdtàl ad lmuls plrl rda ihbtrl`bidba`hs, rdln`zlal db tuoh ad phn`dt`ndbh ad kda`l h lntl adbs`- ala, ad43 l 03 kk ad a`ìkdtrh dxtdr`hr, adsad dn pubth ad thkl glstl nl nnlvd ad rdm`strh,`binush p.p. ad p`dzls dspdi`lnds, horls ihkpndkdbtlr`ls y lyual ad lnolü`ndrël6 ihbstruàh sdmõb IQD y bhrkls ad nl ihkplüël

suk`b`strlahrl. Kdaàl nl ilbtàla dediutlal. <,33 I@3?

<.473,0:

<.473,0:

ua G@A_LBQD OLEH _LYL BQD
Gàrlbtd oleh rlslbtd, < ohil, ihbdx`ùb AHB<33, `binush rlihrds y tlpl TBD ad <33 kk. Qlpl y idrih rditlbmunlr y nnlvd ad lii`hblk`dbth6 `bstlnlah sdmõb IQD. Kdaàh nlubàla `bstlnlal. <,33

4?9,3?

4?9,3?

9.: _DYTKDB QHQLN ILSËQTNH S_H @BIDBA@HY Y@YQDKL AD S_HQDII@ÙB IHBQ_L @BIDBA@HY ..............................


9?.319,44

<=3


1 ILSËQTNH KL\T@BL_@L AD NL @BYQLNLI@ÙB IÙA@MH K.3<

K.3?

K.39

K.31

K.34

K.3:

K.3=

K.37

_DYTKDB

TAY NHBM@QTA LBIG T_L LNQT_L SL_I@LND Y

ILBQ@A LA

S_DI@H

@KSH_QD

<,33

?3.333,33

?3.333,33

<,33

733,33

733,33

<,33

9.433,33

9.433,33

<,33

9.9:4,33

9.9:4,33

<,33

9.?77,33

9.?77,33

1,33

<.=1?,33

:.0:7,33

<,33

<74,33

<74,33

<,33

=4,33

=4,33

ua ILO@BL AD S@BQT_L

ua FL_IGD_

ua IHKS_DYH_

ua ADYKHBQLAH_L

ua D\T@N@O_LAH_L

ua DNDZLAH_DY

ua KHQH_ SH_QHB

ua LNL_KL

97.<7<,33

QHQLN ILSËQTNH KL\T@BLY KL\T@BL_@L AD NL @BYQLNLI@HB ................................................................


<=<


4

_DYTKDB AD S_DYTSTDYQH

ILS@QTNH

DT_HY

_DYTKDB

DNDIQ_@I@AL @BYQLNLI@HB DNDIQ_@I@ALA L@_D IHKS_@K @BYQLNLI@HB AD L@_D IHKS_@K@AH S_H @BIDBA@HY Y@YQDKL AD S_HQDII@ÙB IHBQ_L @BIDBA@HY KL\T@BLY

%

99.707,33 9<.< 4.34<,:: 1,: 9?.319,44 ?0,9

KL\T@BL_@L AD NL @BYQLNLI@HB QHQLN DEDITI@ÙB KLQD_@LN <9,33 % Mlsths mdbdrlnd s .................. ........

97.<7<,33 91,0 <30.<=1.40

<1.<0?,11

:,33 % Odbdjì`h `baustr`ln ......... ........... .... :.443,19 YTKL AD M.M. y O.@.

?3=19.<7

<:,33 % @.Z.L. ......................................................................

<

QHQLN S_DYTSTDYQH IHBQ_LQL

?3.=7:.71

<43.=31,:<

QHQLN S_DYTSTDYQH MDBD_LN <43.=31,:3

Lsi`dbad dn prdsupudsth mdbdrln l nl dxprdslal ilbt` ala ad I@DBQH I@BITDBQL K@N YDQDI@DBQHY ITLQ_H ihb YDYDBQL IÀBQ@KHY Mrlblal, l <= ad klrzh ad ?3<=.

Dn prhkhthr


N l a`rdii`ùb jliuntlt`vl

<=?



<=9


N@O_H Z LBDWH AD SNLBHY


<=1


ËBA@ID LBDWH SNLBHY

BTKD_H

Y@QTLI@ÙB P IHQLY

<

JTD_UL

?

@NTK@BLI@ÙB

9

DY\TDKLY ITLA_H S_@BI@SLN

1

DY\TDKLY YTOITLA_H QLNND_

4

DY\TDKLY YTOITLA_HY HJ@I@BLY

:

UHBLY AD Q_LOLEH

=

DWQ@BQH_DY O@DY P _DIH__@AHY

7

ADQDIQH_DY

0

_HI@LAH_DY

<3

L@_D IHKS_@K@AH

<<


<=4

S_HATI@AH SH_ TB S_HATIQH DATILQ@ZH AD LTQHADYF

Olbih ad trloleh

:.33

   Ihkprdshr

0.49

<3.?3

Adskhbtlahrl rudals

F Y D A H Q T L D A H @Z Q L I T A D H Q I T A H _ S B T _ H S H A @ I T A H _ S

 hjì`bl :.<4  

:.<9

  

Dqu`nòrlahrl

Khthrds ilo`bl

Lrig`vh  

Dndvlahr Ilo`bl ad p`bturl

<4.33

Uhbl ad rudals ?17 

4.?9

Uhbl ad Nlvlah y   

7.=3

A`stròuàhr  

4.=3

Glnn  

9.73

<1.33 <3.?7

Lsdh  : 

91.33 ?.94

:.43

Hjì`bl<  

Ylnl ad eubtls  

?.1<

Uhbl ad rdplrli`hbds  

1.03

Hjì`bl?  

  

?.=3

Lsdh a`rdi  

:.43 0.?1

1.==

Dbtrlal ad vdgìunhs

Qlqu`nnls

4.33

4.=3

Olbih ad trloleh

Olbih ad trloleh

Hjì`bl   

<.:3

Dndvlahr

Dndvlahr

Dndvlahr

<.34

Lsdhs  

Olbih ad trloleh

<.34 <.33

4?.33

LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_I@L L@ZL_ QTQH_5  

    

JDIGL5 ETB@H ?3<=

BHKO_D AD SNLBH

       FYD A HQ TL D A HZ @ Q LITAD HQ ITA H_S BT _ HS HA @ ITA H_S    

 

DYILNL

 

"<5?33"

"<"

S _ H A T I @A H S H _ T B S _ H A T I Q H D A T I L Q @Z H A D L T Q H A D Y F


: < J I

7 < J I

YI<

3 < 1 ? ? J JJ I II

IJ??

IJ<=

IJ9<

IJ??

IJ<0

IJ9<

IJ??

IJ??


S _ H A T I @A H S H _ T B S _ H A T I Q

IJ??

IJ??

IJ?7 IJ9< YI1

< 9 J I

YI9

?1 ?? JJ II

IJ??

IJ??

IJ9< IJ9< IJ9<

IJ?? 7 J

IJ9<

IJ9<

I vdbt`n

IJ7 IJ0

4? ?? JJ II

IJ??

IJ0

IJ?9

IJ9< IJ?9

IJ?0

IJ9<

IJ9? 0 = J J II

: J I

0 J I

IJ9?

IJ?9 : 9 ? ? JJ II

IJ?9

IJ9?

IJ9?   

IJ?9

ITLA_H YDITBAL_@H Q.I. SLBQLNNLNDA ?W<: ]

IJ?=

SLBQLNNLNDA<: ] AHB]N@MGQ NDA<7 ]

IJ9? < < 3 << I J J< Y I IJ I

IJ4

LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_I@L L@ZL_ QTQH_5  

?9 << JJ? IIJ I

AHB]N@MGQ NDA<7 ] jHIHYGLNHMDBHY133]

14 << JJ9 II J I

    

BHKO_D AD SNLBH "JTD_UL"      FYD A HQ TL D A HZ @ Q LITAD HQ ITA H_S BT _ HS HA @ ITA H_S    

@BQD__TSQH_

?3 99 JJ II

IJ?9

OLYD <:L?p+Q OLYD ?3L1p+Q

JDIGL5 ETB@H ?3<= DYILNL

 

"<5?33"

"?"

H D A T I L Q @Z H A D L T Q H A D Y F





LNTKBH5 EHYD K@MTDN ML_I@L L@ZL_

QTQH_5  

    

JDIGL5 ETB@H ?3<=

BHKO_D AD SNLBH

       FYD A HQ TL D A HZ @ Q LITAD HQ ITA H_S BT _ HS HA @ ITA H_S    

DYILNL

 

"<5?33"

"9"





     QTQH_ 5  

JDIGL5

BHKO_D AD SNLBH

" ITLA_H S_@BI@SLN"

     FYD A HQ TL D A HZ @ Q LITAD HQ ITA H_S BT _ HS HA @ ITA H_S    

DYILNL

"X"

ETB@H ?3<=   "<"





     QTQH_5  

    

JDIGL5

BHKO_D AD SNLBH

" YTOITLA_HY QLNND_"

     FYD A HQ TL D A HZ @ Q LITAD HQ ITA H_S BT _ HS HA @ ITA H_S    

DYILNL

"X"

ETB@H ?3<=   "4"





       

JDIGL5

BHKO_D AD SNLBH

" ITLA_H S_@BI@SLN

     HJ@I@BL" FYD A HQ TL D A HZ @ Q LITAD HQ ITA H_S BT _ HS HA @ ITA H _S    

DYILNL

"X"

ETB@H ?3<=   ":"





       

JDIGL5

BHKO_D AD SNLBH

" ITLA_H S_@BI@SLN

     HJ@I@BL" FYD A HQ TL D A HZ @ Q LITAD HQ ITA H_S BT _ HS HA @ ITA H _S    

DYILNL

"X"

ETB@H ?3<=   "="






QTQH_5  

    

JDIGL5

ETB@H ?3<=

BHKO_D AD SNLBH

" DWQ@BQH_DY, O@DY, _DIH__@AHY

     FYD A HQ TL D A HZ @ Q LITAD HQ ITA H_S BT _ HS AD HA @DZLITLI@HB ITA H_S P NTIDY DKD_M"    

DYILNL

"<5?33"

  "7"





ADQDIQH_DY AD GTKH


QTQH_5  

    

BHKO_D AD SNLBH " ADQDIQH_DY AD GTKH"      FYD A HQ TL D A HZ @ Q LITAD HQ ITA H_S BT _ HS HA @ ITA H_S    


 

"<5?33"

"0"




IHNDIQH_


_HI@LAH_DY


QTQH_5  

    

BHKO_D AD SNLBH " _HI@LAH_DY"      FYD A HQ TL D A HZ @ Q LITAD HQ ITA H_S BT _ HS HA @ ITA H_S    


"<5?33"

  "<3"






QTQH_5  

    

BHKO_D AD SNLBH " L@_D IHKS_@K@AH"      FYD A HQ TL D A HZ @ Q LITAD HQ ITA H_S BT _ HS HA @ ITA H_S    


"<5?33"

  "<<"

TFG Taller Mecanico Jose Miguel Garcia Aivar

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