Trabajo Colaborativo Fundamentos de Química
"#$%&%$#' (%' )#*+% *# ,& #-(#'+)#&.% $/0#'% #1 ('%$#0% *# $%''%0+2& *# ,& )#./1 34''+$% 56789:;;<=> / (/'.+' *# 1/ ,.+1+?/$+2& *# 0,0./&$+/0 *# *+@#'#&.# &/.,'/1#?/A
BCD#.+E% F#'/1 "#$%&%$#' (%' )#*+% *# ,& #-(#'+)#&.% $/0#'% #1 ('%$#0% *# $%''%0+2& $%''%0+2& *# ,& )#./1 34''+$% 56789:;;<=> / (/'.+' *# 1/ ,.+1+?/$+2& *# 0,0./&$+/0 *# *+@#'#&.# &/.,'/1#?/A BCD#.+E%0 G0(#$H@+$%0 • • • • •
•
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
3/0#00 1& 2&+# 345#.67#$)&* 8).&9&:/ ;<=;>;=?@1A $/ 8%./I "#$%& #$ '(#$)& *&+ ,&+#+ & -#+&../**&.0 G/D *%0 3/0#00 '&*6,6'&9*# 5#./ .#B(6+6)/ /9*6%.&)/.6/ 5&.& 5/-#. 5&.)6'65&. #$ *& +6%(6#$)# ,&+#CA #$ -/$-# '&-& ($/ ).&9&:& #* #45#.67#$)/ #$ '&+& D *(#%/ 5&+& & *& ,&+# %.(5&* / -# ".&9&:/ E/*&9/.&)6F/0 1&+ -/+ ,&+#+ +/$ /9*6%&)/.6&+0 G6 +# 5&.)6'65& #$ *& ,&+# #45#.67#$)&* D $/ #$ *& ,&+# %.(5&* *& $/)& +#.H -# I0I0 J%&.#-.% M0 +)(%'./&.# .#' $1/'%0 1%0 $%&$#(.%0 D 1/0 '#/$$+% N,# +&.#'C+#& #& 1%0 ('%$#0%0 *# $%''%0+2& *# 1/ O+*/ *+/'+/A ;%0 ('%$#0%0 *# $%''%0+2& (,#*#& #0./' 0,P#.%0 / 1%0 )/.#'+/1#0 (%' #11%0 #0 $#0/'+% #&.#&*#' 0,0 ('%$#0%0 N,Q)+$%0 D 1/0 +&.#'/$$+% $%& #1 )#*+% /)E+#&.#A J# @%')/ H#'/1 1/ $%''%0+2& 0# *#@+ $%)% 1/ *#0.',$$+2& 1#&./ D ('%H'#0+C/ *# ,& )#./1 (%' 1/ /$$+2& *# ,& /H#&.# #-.#'+%' $,D/ /@#$./$+2& N,Q)+$/ % @Q0+$%RN,Q)+$/ 1+)+./ 1/ C+*/ K.+1 *# 1/0 (+#?/0 )#.F1+$/0 (%'N,# *#.#'+%'/ # +&$1,0% (,#*# /@#$./' 1/ +&.#H'+*/* @Q0+$/ *# %EP#.%0 D #0.',$.,'/0A M0 /0Q N,# 0# 1# /.'+E,D# /$$+2& $%''%0+C/ /1 /+'# #& $%)E+&/$+2& $%& 1/ L,)#*/*I $%&./)+&/$+% H/0#%0/0 D (/'.Q$,1/0 021+*/0I 1/ $,/1 (,#*# C/'+/' *# /$,#'*% / 1/ (%0+$+2& H#%H'F@+$/I #& ?%&/0 +&*,0.'+/1#0 (%' #P#)(1%I 0# (,#*#& #&$%&.'/' /1./0 $%&$#&.'/$+% *# F$+*% 0,1@K'+$% #& #1 /+'#A ;/ $%''%0+2& 0# #-.+#&*# ('F$.+$/)#&.# / .%*%0 1%0 )/.#'+/1#0 ('%$#0/*%0 (%' #1 L%)E'#I #& 1%0 )/.#'+/1#0 (%1+)4'+$%0 D $#'F)+$%0 0# *#&%)+&/ *#H'/*/$+2& D 0# ('%*,$# /1 0#' /./$/*%0 N,Q)+$/)#&.# (%' *+0%1C#&.#0 %'HF&+$%0 % 0/1#0I 0+& #)E/'H%I #& 1%0 )#./1#0 #0 ,&% *# 1%0 )/.#'+/1#0 *%&*# )/D%')#&.# 0# #0.,*+/& 0,0 #@#$.%0I #&.'# #0.%0I 1/ C#1%$+*/* $%& N,# 0# *#.#'+%'/& 1%0 )#./1#0 D 1/0 @%')/0 #& N,# 0# (,#*# $%&.'%1/'A M&
1
[ POLIT CNICO GRANCOL GRANCOLOMBIANO OMBIANO ]
#1 $/0% *# 1%0 )#./1#0I 1/ $%''%0+2& #0 #1 (/0% *#1 )#./1 *#1 #0./*% 1+E'# /1 $%)E+&/*% )#*+/&.# ,& ('%$#0% *# %-+*/$+2& D (/'/ N,# #0.% %$,''/ *#E# $#*#' #1#$.'% S%-+*/'0#TI #0 *#$+' N,# 0%1% 0# 11#C/'F / $/E% #& ('#0#&$+/ *# #*#7#$)/+ /46-&$)#+I #0 *#$+'I $/(/$#0 *# $/(./' #1#$.'%A 6/'/ #1 L+#''%I (%' #P#)(1%I (,#*#& */'0# 1/0 0+H,+#&.#0 .'/&0@%')/$+%U
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
01
3/0# G-(#'+)#&./1A
2-%& +&-# #- ,#34(-(%) )5'(6&%),() 7&,& 7)8#, 7&,%(/(7&, #* '& +&-# 6,47&'1 "#5# &894*%&, :;< =>?< +)%)6,&+@& 8# -4 #A7#,($#*%) 8#5(8&$#*%# $&,/&8& /)* *)$5,# B +#/C& B '& %&5'& 8# ,#-4'%&8)- &5&9) ,#'&/()*&8&1 ?& +)%) B '& %&5'& 8#5#* -45(,-# #* #' +),) 8#' 6,47) B 8#5#* -#, D(-(5'#- 7&,& #' %4%), B 7&,& ')- 8#$E- (*%#6,&*%#-1 ;) &894*%# &,/C(D)-1 F#D(-# #* 7,#64*%&- +,#/4#*%#- /)$) -45(, +)%)- #* #' +),)1 G#/C& "2
XY (,&.+11/0 *# /$#'%Z XY $%(/0WC/0%0 (1F0.+$/0 .'/&0(/'#&.#0 % [ '#$+(+#&.#0 0,@+$+#&.#)#&.# /)(1+%0 B+&./ *# #&)/0$/'/' % 0L/'(+# M0)/1.# *# ,V/0 .'/&0(/'#&.# 6+&.,'/ $/0#'/ / E/0# *# /H,/
J&+#%K.#+# B(# $/ +#&$ 5($)6**&+ -# &*(76$6/A &'#./ 6$/46-&9*#A %&*F&$6L&-&+ / '/$ &*%K$ )65/ -# .#'(9.676#$)/0
=)'4/()*#• • • • •
O+&/H'# \/0#%0/ B%$/RB%1/ <$#+.# *# $%$+&/
[ FUNDAMENTOS DE QU MICA ]
"
• • •
]1/&N,#/*%' SB1%'%-T ;+)(+/*%' *# L%'&%0 S% 0,0./&$+/ 0+)+1/' *# 1+)(+#?/T ;QN,+*% 1/C/(1/.%0
H,)/#8($(#*%) 01 =#1#$$+% XY (,&.+11/0 *# +H,/1#0 $/'/$.#'Q0.+$/0I 1+)(+# ),D E+#& $%& ,&/ $%& ,&/ 1+P/ @+&/ /0#H,'F&*%0# *# #1+)+&/' $,/1N,+#' +)(,'#?/A
P1
,-./)00$% %). ('1-2()3)'./&
,-./)00$% ('1-2)'(/$% 1&. 4)./-($
,-./)00$% ('1-2)'(/$% 1&. '%3$0/'
J1 J+0(%&H/ *# XY C/0%0 .'/&0(/'#&.#0 /H',(/*%0 #& [ 0#'+#0 *# ^ C/0%0 $/*/ ,&/A N1 _/'$/' 1%0 C/0%0 *# $/*/ ,&/ *# 1/0 0#'+#0 #&,)#'F&*%1%0 *# ` / ^ D (%0.#'+%')#&.# /H'#H/' 1/0 0,0./&$+/0 S0%1,$+%T #& #1 %'*#& N,# 0# +&*+$/ #& 1/ ./E1/ `A
Q1 J+0.'+E,D/ 1/0 ^ (,&.+11/0 0+& '#$,E'+)+#&.% #& 1%0 ^ C/0%0 *# 1/ 0#'+# `A R1 J+0.'+E,D/ 1/0 ^ (,&.+11/0 $%& '#$,E'+)+#&.% *# #0)/1.# #& 1%0 ^ C/0%0 *# 1/ 0#'+# XA S1 J+0.'+E,D/ 1/0 ^ (,&.+11/0 $%& '#$,E'+)+#&.% *# (+&.,'/ #& 1%0 ^ C/0%0 *# 1/ 0#'+# [A !
!
# $
% &
)
#$%&% %'()' *
% &
' (
# $
% &
' (
!
# $
)
#$%&% %'()' "
' (
)
#$%&% %'()' +
T1 J#P# /$.,/' (%' .'#0 *Q/0I '#.+'# 1/0 (,&.+11/0 D %E0#'C# 1% N,# L/ 0,$#*+*%A G/H/ ,& '#H+0.'% @%.%H'F@+$% *# 0, ('F$.+$/A
U1 "#H+0.'# 0,0 %E0#'C/$+% #& 1/ 0+H,+#&.# ./E1/ `I .#&+#&*% #& $,#&./ $/)E+% *# $%1%'/$+2& *# 1/ 0,0./&$+/I /(/'+$+2& *# '#0+*,%0I $/)E+% #& 1/0 (,&.+11/0 , %.'/0 $/'/$.#'Q0.+$/0 N,# +*#&.+@+N,#A
3
[ POLIT CNICO GRANCOLOMBIANO ]
I&5'& 01 G(+)&$'6&
0 P J N Q R S T
M9+#.F&'6/$#+ G#.6# N 6,&.+11/ 0+& '#$,C'+)+#&.%
M9+#.F&'6/$#+ G#.6# N 6,&.+11/ K #0)/1.#
M9+#.F&'6/$#+ G#.6# N 6,&.+11/ K (+&.,'/
=%1,$+2& 0/1+&/ L+&/M'# N1/&O,#/*%' P$1%'%-Q J%$/R$%1/ <$#+.# *# $%$+&/
0V1 "#/1+$# '#H+0.'% 3%.%H'F@+$% *# 0, #-(#'+)#&.% .#&+#&*% #& $,#&./ @%.%0 1%0 '#$+(+#&.#0 D 1/0 0+H,+#&.#0 '#$%)#&*/$+%A =%1% 0#'F& $/1+@+$/*/0 0+ $,)(1#& 1%0 0+H,+#&.#0 '#N,+0+.%0A
<;2W2 X;MLI>YFK ?< L: "2Z2 MF O; =: ;>OZF2 L>OH?2I> [ ?< G2L\< "2 F2; "2 ?< HF^LIML<1 ;) $&,/&, 8(6(%&'$#*%#
8%./U 9#&H/ #& $,#&./ N,# #0./ @%.%H'/@Q/ 0%1% #0 +&@%')/.+C/ &% L/$# '#@#'#&$+/ /1 *#0/''%11% *#1 #-(#'+)#&.% 0%1+$+./*%A
[ FUNDAMENTOS DE QU MICA ]
5
P1 3/0# 9'/C/D% J%1/C%'/.+E%A 2' /)*-)'(8&8) +(*&'K 8#5# -45(,-# &' '(*_ 8(-74#-%) 7&,& #'') #* -4 +),)1 ;) -# ,#/(5#* 8)/4$#*%)- +4#,& 8# #'1 2-%# 8)/4$#*%) 8#5# (, ),6&*(`&8)K /)* 4*& 7&6(*& 8# 7,#-#*%&/(a* /)* #' *)$5,# 8# ')- 7&,%(/(7&*%#& ')- /4&'#- -# '#- 8&,E '& /&'(+(/&/(a*1 =)') -# /&'(+(/& #-%# /)*-)'(8&8)1 G#/C& "2
•
J7G=9:B8<":B
J#E# /E%'*/' *# )/'/ $%)(1#./ D $%& #1 @+& *# $,)(1+' $%& 1%0 %EP#.+C%0 #0(#$Q@+$%0 1/0 0+H,+#&.#0 ('#H,&./0 .#&+#&*% #& $,#&./ #1 ,0% *# *+/H'/)/0I $,/*'%0 $%)(/'/.+C%0 DW% )/(/0 $%&$#(.,/1#0 D 1/ E+E1+%H'/@Q/ 0#'+/ N,# 0%(%'.# 0,0 /&F1+0+0A J#E#& .#' #& $,#&./ E+E1+%H'/@Q/ S8a"_<= <6
J#0(,40 *# *+0$,.+' D $%)(/'/' 1%0 '#0,1./*%0 %E.#&+*%0 #& 1/ ('+)#'/ @/0#I 11#&/'F& &,#C/)#&.# 1/ ./E1/A G(+)&$'6&
0 P J N Q R S T
M9+#.F&'6/$#+ G#.6# N 6,&.+11/ 0+& '#$,C'+)+#&.%
M9+#.F&'6/$#+ G#.6# N 6,&.+11/ K #0)/1.#
M9+#.F&'6/$#+ G#.6# N 6,&.+11/ K (+&.,'/
=%1,$+2& 0/1+&/ L+&/M'# N1/&O,#/*%' P$1%'%-Q J%$/R$%1/ <$#+.# *# $%$+&/
XA J#E#& .%)/' 1/0 @%.%0 *#1 #-(#'+)#&.% *# 0,0 $%)(/V#'%0 S*# 1/ ('+)#'/ @/0#T D L/$#' ,& $%11/H#I %'H/&+?/*% *%&*# 0# #C+*#&$+#& 1%0 &%)E'#0 D 1/ (/'.+$+(/$+2& *# $/*/ +&.#H'/&.#A [A B,F1 #0 1/ @,&$+2& *#1 #0)/1.#b c,4 %.'%0 )4.%*%0 0# ,.+1+?/& / &+C#1 +&*,0.'+/1b YA J#0$'+E/ 1/ /1.#'/$+2& N,Q)+$/ N,# 0# */ #& 1%0 )#./1#0 N,# #-(#'+)#&./& $%''%0+2&I c,4 @/$.%'#0 @/C%'#$#& 1/ /(/'+$+2& *# $%''%0+2&b dA B2)% #1 @#&2)#&% *# 1/ $%''%0+2& 0# '#1/$+%&/ $%& 0,0 /$.+C+*/*#0 ('%@#0+%&/1#0 % $%.+*+/&/0A B+.# #P#)(1%0A eA 9#&+#&*% #& $,#&./ #1 $%)(%'./)+#&.% *# 1/ $%''%0+2&I #-(1+$/' 1/0 *+@#'#&$+/0 N,# 0# ('#0#&./& #& 1/0 X 0+.,/$+% 0+H,+#&.#0U
5
[ POLIT CNICO GRANCOLOMBIANO ]
/A J+0(%' *# ,& F&%*% H'/&*# ,&+*% / ,& $F.%*% (#N,#V%A EA J+0(%' ,& F&%*% (#N,#V% ,&+*% / ,& $F.%*% H'/&*#A fA B2)% 0# '#1/$+%&/ #1 (G $%& 1%0 ('%$#0%0 *# %-+*/$+2& *# 1%0 )#./1#0b =,0.#&.# 0, '#0(,#0./ +&$1,D#&*% ,& *+/H'/)/I H'/@+$/ % #$,/$+2&I N,# 1# (#')+./ *#0$'+E+' #1 ('%$#0%A ^A =#HK& 1/ ./E1/ *# (%.#&$+/1#0 #0.F&*/' *# '#*,$$+2&I g#0 )F0 ('%E/E1# N,# #-(#'+)#&.# $%''%0+2& $%& )F0 @/$+1+*/* #1 L+#''% N,# #1 /1,)+&+%b M-(1+N,#A 6%' N,4 1/0 E/''/0 *# /1,)+&+% &% 0# $%''%#& $%& ./&./ @/$+1+*/* $%)% 1/0 (1/$/0 *# L+#''%b GTG"J:JB=
01 7.+1+$# 1%0 */.%0 *# ,&/ ./E1/ *# (%.#&$+/1#0 #0.F&*/' *# '#*,$$+2& / XdhB S$%&0,1./' E+E1%H'/@+/TI (/'/ $1/0+@+$/' $/*/ ,&/ *# 1/0 0+H,+#&.#0 #0(#$+#0 $%)% /H#&.# %-+*/&.#I '#*,$.%' % ,&/ $%)E+&/$+2&I #-(1+N,# 0, #1#$$+2&U /A EA $A *A #A @A
S8a[TR` <1S0T ]'X S1T :R` 3#iX
P1 B/1$,1# #1 (%.#&$+/1 #0.F&*/' *# 1/ $#1*/ SMjT (/'/ $/*/ '#/$$+2& / XdhB D 0,0.#&.# 0+ 0# #@#$.K/& #0(%&.F/)#&.# #& $%&*+$+% #0.F&*/'U /A X3#S0T i eGi` ! X3#i[i[G X SHT EA aX SHT i Y3#iX iYG i` ! Y3i`[ i XGXa S1T
J1 7& ('%$#0% *# #1#$.'%*#(%0+$+2& *# $%E'# ,.+1+?/ ,&/ $%''+#&.# *# `XId < (/'/ *+0%1C#' ,& F&%*% *# $%E'# SB,T D #1#$.'%*#(%0+./'1% #& ,& $F.%*% *# (1%)% S6ETA =+& '#/$$+% 0#$,&*/'+/0I $,F&.% .+#)(% ./'*/'F& #& *#(%0+./'0# edjj) H *# B, *#1 F&%*%A
N1 7& F&%*% *# 0/$'+@+$+% #& /1#/$+2& *# )/H+% *# [Id kH #0.F ,&+*% (%' L+1% *# B, '#C#0.+*% /1 $/0$% *# /$#'% *# ,& E/'$%A M1 F&%*% 0# $%''%# $%)(1#./)#&.# /1 $/E% *# lj *Q/0A gc,4 /)(#'/P# ('%*,$# #1 F&%*% *,'/&.# #0# .+#)(%b
Q1 7&/ $#1*/ *# $%&$#&.'/$+2& *# %-QH#&%I #0.F @%')/*/ (%' *%0 #1#$.'%*%0 *# m&A 7&% *# #11%0 #0.F 0,)#'H+*% #& /H,/ $%& E/P/ $%&$#&.'/$+2& #& %-QH#&%I #1 %.'%I #& /H,/ ),D /+'#/*/I $%& )/D%' $%&.#&+*% #& %-QH#&%A ;%0 *%0 #1#$.'%*%0 0# $%$./& $%& ,& $/E1# *# $%E'#A /A gB,F1 *# 1%0 *%0 #1#$.'%*%0 #-(#'+)#&./'F $%''%0+2&b EA 3%'),1/' 1/0 0#)+R'#/$$+%
R1 =# .+# ,&/ (+1/ H/1CF&+$/ $%)(,#0./ (%' ,& #1#$.'%*% *# ?+&$ #& ,&/ *+0%1,$+2& `_ *# m&=aY D ,& #1#$.'%*% *# &QN,#1 #& ,&/ *+0%1,$+2& `Id_ *# 8+=aYA ;/0 *+0%1,$+% #0.F& 0#(/'/*/0 (%' ,&/ (/'#* (%'%0/ N,# +)(+*# 1/ )#?$1/ )+#&.'/0 1%0 #1#$.'%*%0 0# $%$./& (%' )#*+% *# ,& $/E1# #-.#'&% $%& +&.#'',(.%'A
[ FUNDAMENTOS DE QU MICA ]
6
c,# 0,$#*# /1 $#''/' #1 +&.#'',(.%'b <&/1+$# D P,0.+@+N,#U /A gc,4 #1#$.'%*% N,# /$.K/ $%)% #1 F&%*% *# 1/ (+1/b EA gc,4 #1#$.'%*% N,# 0# $%''%# D N,4 #1#$.'%*% N,# 0# %-+*/b $A gB,F1 #0 1/ 3M_ ,(#.L& #*#')./7/).6L *# 1/ (+1/b )&O E/$+(*)&. )&9*&+ -# 5/)#$'6&*#+ #+)H$-&.
•
JB8J;7=:B8G= V "GJBWG8U
L&8& #-%48(&*%# 8#5#,E #-/,(5(, B /)$7&,%(, -4 #A7#,(#*/(& 7#,-)*&' 8# #-%# #A7#,($#*%)K &7,#*8(`&9#-K &*./8)%&-K #%/1 F#/4#,8# 34# #-%# &7),%# %&$5(.* /4#*%& #* '& /&'(+(/&/(a*1
7
[ POLIT CNICO GRANCOLOMBIANO ]