APPROVAL SHEET
The complete report of Plant Physiology with title ““Osmotic Osmotic Influence of Mineral Concentration toward Water Absorption and Plant Growth ” created by: Name
: Rissa Megavitry
Reg. Number
: 091404177
Class
: ICP
Group
: IV (Fourth)
After it’s checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, it has fulfilled requirement.
Makassar,
May 2011
Assistant Coordinator
Assistant
Muh. Nur Qadry S.
Shandra Santika Nur
(081404189)
Known as, Lecturer of Responsibility
Drs. Ismail, M.S 19611231 198603 1 015
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Introduction
Plant will grow normally, fertile, and active if the cells full with water. When the plant lacking of water, so the water contents will decrease and its growth rate which determinate by rate of all functions are also decrease. If this condition taking place in long time so the plant will die. Water is a solute substance which inside of it exist the molecule which needed by plant. Although in the plant which active in grow, the lacking of water can be the divider factor of its growth, but dryness condition still has the positive effect for endurance live of an organism. Resembling with decrease of cell’s activity, its sensitivity to physic factors and chemical from its environment also decrease. On that account, although seeds are dry and won’t germinate, they’ll never die by high temperature or low which can become lethal for vegetative plant. In reality, plant adapted in dry condition or low temperature often entangles the low water condition. Root will absorb water by osmosis. So, water absorption by plant might do by controlling the water potential of solution where the plants exist. If osmotic potential of external solution lower than osmotic potential of root cell, the water can enter from solution to root system. If water potential of external solution very low so can impede the water absorption by root can cause the growth plant will impede. Entered water will push cell wall out, so cell wall can extend become bigger. So that’s why this observation must did to know the osmotic influence of mineral concentration through water absorption and plant growth so we can understand the influence of mineral salt for root plant. B. Purpose
To know the osmotic potential from mineral salt concentration through water absorption and plant growth.
C. Benefit
The students know how the concentration of mineral salt can influence the osmotic potential through water absorption and plant growth.
CHAPTER II PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Plant cell has the different characteristic from the animal cell, especially for the cell wall in plant. Cell wall in high plant is the matrix which inside of it there’s skeleton that cellulose compound as micro fibril or smooth thread. This matrix compose from some compounds that hemicelluloses, pectin, biologic plastic, protein and fat. Generally, the cell wall distinguish become primary cell wall and secondary cell wall. The difference of both cell walls based on the flexibility, thickness; compose of micro fibril and its growth. All the activity of plant cell depends on the existence of cell wall. Cell wall also functions as the way of water exchange, foods and mineral salt to the cell (Anonymous a, 2011). Water is the 89-95% of plant weight which lives in the water. Inside of cell, water needed as the solvent of nutrition, besides that water also as the substrate or reactant for the various biochemical reactions, and also the cause of enzyme formation. Plant which experiences water deficiency will wilt even dead. There’re five main mechanisms which move the water from one place to the other place, that through: diffusion, osmosis, capillary pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and gravitation (Anonymous b, 2011). Root will absorb water by osmosis. So, water absorption by plant might do by controlling the water potential of solution where the plants exist. If osmotic potential of external solution lower than osmotic potential of root cell, the water can enter from solution to root system. With increasingly the concentration of solutes so by entered the water to root will be slower until the direction of water possible will flip over. If water potential of external solution very low so can impede the water absorption by root and can cause the growth plant will impede. The cell expand during dilation process occur because water potential which entered will push the cell wall to outside, so cell wall can extend become bigger (Ismail, 2011).
Osmotic potential is the potential which caused by the solute substance. The sign is always negative. Pressure potential is the potential which caused by hydrostatic pressure of cell contain to cell wall. The value is positive, zero or can also negative. Adding of pressure (formation turgor pressure) caused the pressure potential become more positive. Matrix potential caused by water bond in protoplasm colloid and surface (cell wall). Matrix potential is negative sign, but in generally the cell which has vacuole, its value can be ignoring (Ismail, 2011). Salinity of ground is one of main factor that caused degradation of ground. Effect of salinity shown really dominant in arid area and semi-arid which caused by bad water management in irrigation area. Endurance of a plant towards salinity is the result of osmotic potential and effect of ion strength when difference of every species of plant. Alleviation of osmotic potential of plant cell with netto solute accumulation, considered as a main mechanism to tolerance the higher salt level. The alleviation of +
-
osmotic potential can explore as accumulation result from ions activity as: Na , Cl , +
K , and fit organic solute (carbohydrate, amino acid, prolin, betain, etc). Osmotic potential between root and leaf contribution is system of water absorption and turgor pressure of plant. Be sides, water in plant cell become remittent caused by that solute accumulation, has direct relation with homeostasis degree from ions, ratio of C/N, free radical movement, and stabilization of macromolecule and cell organelle (Anonymous c, 2011).
CHAPTER III OBSERVATION METHOD
A. Date and Time th
Day/Date : Wednesday/May, 18 2011 Time
: 08.00 – 09.30 am WITA
Place
: Laboratory Biology FMIPA at 2
nd
floor, west side
B. Tools and Materials 1. Tools
a. 8 pieces of bottle b. Ruler 2. Materials
a. Phaseolus radiatus b. Cotton c. Vaseline d. Solution CaCl 2 0.01 M, 0.02 M, 0.03 M, 0.04 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M e. Aquades C. Work Procedures
1. Prepared all of tools and materials. 2. Filled 7 bottles with CaCl 2 solution in different concentration and 1 bottle filled with distillation water as the control. Gave label for each bottle. 3. Took 16 sprouts age + 10 days. Selected the health and good in growth. 4. Entered 2 sprouts for each bottle and spragged with cotton in order the sprout keeps upright and the root soaked in solution. Keep the cotton didn’t touch the solution. Did it for all bottles. 5. Measured and recorded the stalk above cotyledon used ruler. 6. Marked the high of solution for each bottles.
7. Watched the condition of solution for 2 days. Monitored the condition of plant. 8. Did it during 1 week and made a table which showed the relation between stalk growth and water absorb for each plant.
CHAPTER IV OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Observation Result
Table of sprout growth Bottles
Length of the Plant (cm) Initial
Final
Increase
Plant Condition Day-2
Day-4
Day-6
7.5
(Aquades)
7.7
2
8.7
(0.01 M)
7.6
3
7.9
(0.02 M)
8.5
4 (0.03 M)
10.1
Alteration (cm)
of length
1
Solution
9.5
2.0
Health
9.7
2.2
0.2
9.7
2.2
-
10.1
2.4
10.3
2.6
0.2
10.3
2.6
-
8.8
0.1
8.8
0.1
-
8.8
0.1
-
8.1
0.5
8.2
0.6
0.1
8.2
0.6
-
9.0
1.1
9.4
1.5
0.1
9.4
1.5
-
11.0
2.5
11.3
2.8
0.2
11.3
2.8
-
11.5
1.4
11.9
1.8
Health
Wilt
Wilt
Health
Health
Health
Wilt
Wilt
Die
Wilt
Wilt
Wilt
Wilt
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
0.3
0.4
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4 0.2
9.2
5
7.4
(0.04 M)
7.6
6
9.6
(0.05 M)
9.4
7
6.3
(0.1 M)
6.7
8
7.4
(0.2 M)
7.6
11.9
1.8
-
11.4
2.2
11.4
2.2
-
11.4
2.2
-
8.8
1.4
9.2
1.8
0.2
9.2
1.8
-
9.7
2.1
9.9
2.3
0.2
9.9
2.3
-
10.4
0.8
11.9
2.3
0.4
11.9
2.3
-
10.1
0.7
10.3
0.9
0.1
10.3
0.9
-
7.8
1.5
8.4
2.1
0.3
8.4
2.1
-
9.0
2.3
9.0
2.3
-
9.0
2.3
-
9.6
2.2
10.0
2.6
0.3
10.0
2.6
-
10.2
2.6
10.7
3.1
0.4
10.7
3.1
-
Wilt
Health
Wilt
Health
Wilt
Health
Health
Wilt
Health
Die
Wilt
Wilt
Wilt
Wilt
Wilt
Die
Wilt
Wilt
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
Die
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.6
B. Discussion
In this observation, we used CaCl 2 0.01 M, 0.02 M, 0.03 M, 0.04 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M, and aquadest. Based on observation result, shown that alteration of sprout from morphology and CaCl 2 solution also aquadest for each bottle. In this observation, we watch for long alteration of plant from cotyledon until point of its leaf. Biggest long alteration of plant is in bottle of CaCl
2
0.2 M
that 3.1 cm increase of length and the shortest is in bottle of 0.01 M that 0.1 cm increase of length. The condition of plant until the last of observation is all of plant was die. In 2
nd
day just in plant in bottle aquadest, CaCl 2 0.02 M, and CaCl 2
0.1 M which health, meanwhile the other plants are die and become wilt. The most plant which used of water is plant in bottle CaCl 2 0.02 M, 0.1 M and 0.2 M and the fewest plant which used of water is plant in bottle CaCl 2 0.01 M. Wilted and death in plants due to potential nutrient salt outside the cell is higher or PA roots decreased as compared with the water in plant cells. Thus, water will flow from high potential to low potential so that the plants will lack water, although the actual available water in significant amounts but the plant is unable to absorb water and minerals on the bottle, because the potential difference is quite large. Based on theory, calcium are absorbed in form ion Ca
+
to support the
good growth. Calcium not translocation to phloem so occur deficiency, caused famine in young tissue, so tissue become shrink and change in shape because lack in calcium, and also meristem area become die earlier. Also in chlorine -
which absorb in form ion Cl , commonly Cl absorb more of what plant need, so its excessive used. Function of Cl is in cell fission and active in control osmosis.
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Water is a very essential substance for plant live in support all of its physiology processes. The amount of mineral concentration which dissolved in grows media of plant can influence the water absorption of root so cause physiology dryness. It caused by the difference of medium osmotic potential with root that too big, and root can’t absorb water. Excelsior the concentration of salt dissolved, so the risk of physiology dryness wills also excelsior. B. Suggestion
1. Assistant must be on time when attend in practicum and must lead the apprentice when the practicum goes on. 2. The tools in the laboratory must be complete in order the practicum can goes on good. 3. Apprentice must be on time and more carefully when does observation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Anonymous a. 2011. Fisiologi Tumbuhan Potensial Osmosis. iqbalali.com. Accessed st on 21 May 2011 Anonymous b. 2011. Air Dalam Tumbuhan. klimatologi.wordpress.com. Accessed on st 21 May 2011 Anonymous c. 2011. Pengaruh Osmotik Konsentrasi Garam Hara Terhadap Absobsi Air Dan Untuk Pertumbuhan Tanaman. arcturusarancione.wordpress.com. st
Accessed on 21 May 2011 Ismail. 2011. Penuntun Praktikum Fisiologi Tumbuhan. Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM: Makassar
Anonymous a
Sel tumbuhan memiliki ciri fisiologi yang berbeda dengan sel hewan khususnya dengan keberadaan dinding sel pada sel tumbuhan. Dinding sel pada tumbuhan tinggi merupakan matriks yang di dalamnya terdapat rangka, yaitu senyawa selulosa yang berwujud mikrofibril atau benang halus. Matriks pada dinding sel ini tersusun dari beberapa senyawa yaitu hemiselulosa, pektin, plastik biologik, protein dan lemak. Dinding sel secara umum dibedakan menjadi dinding sel primer dan dinding sel sekunder. Perbedaan antara kedua macam dinding ini terletak pada fleksibilitas, ketebalan, susunan mikrofibril dan pertumbuhannya. Seluruh aktivitas sel tumbuhan sangat tergantung dengan keberadaan dinding sel ini. Dinding sel selain berfungsi untuk proteksi isi sel juga berperan sebagai jalan keluar masuknya air, makanan dan garam-garam mineral ke dalam sel.
Anonymous b
Air merupakan 85 – 95 % berat tumbuhan herba yang hidup di air. Dalam sel, air diperlukan
sebagai
pelarut
unsur
hara
sehingga
dapat
digunakan
untuk
mengangkutnya; selain itu air diperlukan juga sebagai substrat atau reaktan untuk berbagai reaksi biokimia misalnya proses fotosintesis; dan air dapat menyebabkan terbentuknya enzim dalam tiga dimensi sehingga dapat digunakan untuk aktivitas katalisnya. Tanaman yang kekurangan air akan menjadi layu, dan apabila tidak diberikan air secepatnya akan terjadi layu permanen yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Terdapat lima mekanisme utama yang menggerakkan air dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain, yaitu melalui proses: difusi, osmosis, tekanan kapiler, tekanan hidrostatik, dan gravitasi.
Anonymous c
Salinitas tanah merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang menyebabkan degradasi tanah. Efek salinitas terlihat sangat dominan pada daerah arid dan semi-arid, yang disebabkan oleh manajemen air yang buruk di dalam daerah irigasi. Ketahanan suatu tanaman terhadap salinitas merupakan hasil dari potensial osmotik dan efek kekuatan ion, yang besarnya berbeda untuk setiap spesies tumbuhan. Pengurangan potensial osmotik sel tumbuhan dengan akumulasi solut netto, dianggap sebagai suatu mekanisme utama untuk mentoleransi kandungan garam yang lebih tinggi. Pengurangan potensial osmotik ini dapat ditelusuri sebagai hasil akumulasi +
-
+
dari aktivitas ion-ion anorganik seperti: Na , Cl , dan K dan solut organik yang cocok (karbohidrat, asam amino, prolin, betain, dll). Potensial osmotic antara akar dan daun berkontribusi dalam sistem penyerapan air dan tekanan turgor sel tumbuhan. Selain itu, air di dalam sel tumbuhan yang menjadi berkurang akibat akumulasi solut tersebut, memiliki hubungan langsung dengan derajat homeostatis dari ion-ion, nisbah C/N, pemindahan radikal bebas, serta stabilisasi makromolekul dan organel sel
