Manual Caja Bancos

Iblb  Jbkihy }gzyoùk YRC

ÁKDOIG B+ OKTZHDWIIOÙK B+2+ Mokbcodbd B+:+ Jhthkgy wtoco|bdhy gk gc yoytgab B+9+ Okezgyh bc yoytgab 2+ TBJCBY EGKÏZOIBY 2+2+ Vcbk dg Iwgktby Kbiohkbcgy 2+:+ Igktzh dg Ihythy  Tzbkymgzgkioby Tzbkymgzgkio by 2+9+ Tbjcb dg Bkg~hy 2+4 Tbjcb dg Ahkgdb 2+4+2+ Tovh dg Ahkgdb 2+4+:+ Ihk}gzyoùk dg Ahkgdb 2+4+9+ Tbjcb tovhy dg Ibajoh 2+7+ Tbjcb dg Ywjdobzohy 2+=+ Tbjcb tovh Dhiwagkthy 2+5+ Abktgkoaogkth dg zgtgkiohkgy 2+>+ Ihkigvthy dg ebythy 2+>+ Ihkigvthy Egkgzbcgy 2+?+ Icbyg dg Iwgktb 2+26+ Abktgkoaogkth dg Vgzigviohkgy :+ ABKGLH DG IBLB :+2+ Tbjcby dg Iblb :+2+2+ Tbjcb dg Iblb :+2+:+ Tbjcb dg Hvgzbiohkgy :+2+9+ Tbjcb dg Ihkigvthy :+:+ Hvgzbiohkgy dg Iblb :+:+2 Bvgztwzb dobzob dg Iblb :+:+: Zgeoytzh dg Ah}oaogkthy :+:+9 Bzrwgh dg Iblb :+:+4+ Iogzzg dobzoh dg Iblb :+:+7+ Tzbkymgzgkiob Tzbkymgzgkio b gktzg iblby :+9+ Abkglh dg Iblb Inoib :+9+2+ Zgeoytzbz Ah}oaogkthy :+9+:+ Zgvhztgy dg Iblb Inoib

7 7 = 5 5 > ? 22 22 2: 29 29 24 2= 2= 25 2> 2> 2? 2? 2? :6 :: :4 :7 := 96 92 9: 94 94 9?

Vbe 2


:+9+9+ Oavzoaoz Ihavzhjbktg gk Iblb :+9+4+ Iogzzg  bvgztwzb dg iblb inoib :+4+ Zgvhztgy dg Iblb :+4+2+ Ah}oaogkthy Ihavcgthy dg Iblb :+4+:+ Ah}oaogkthy dg Iblb Zgywagk :+4+9+ Ah}oaogkthy dg Iblb Dgtbccg :+4+4+ Ybcdhy Ihkyhcodbdhy dg Iblb :+4+7+ Ihavzhjbktgy Ihktbjcgy 9+ ABKGLH DG JBKIHY 9+2+ Tbjcb dg Jbkihy 9+2+2+ Abktgkoaogkth dg Jbkihy 9+2+:+ Tbjcb dg Jbkihy 9+2+9+ Tbjcb dg Hvgzbiohkgy 9+2+4+ Tbjcb dg Ihkigvthy 9+2+7+ Tbjcb dg Tovh dg Iwgktb 9+2+=+ Üctoah küagzh dg Dhiwagkth 9+2+5+ Tbjcb dg Tbzlgtby dg Izïdoth 9+2+>+ Gytbdh dg Hvgzbiohkgy 9+:+ Ah}oaogkthy Ah}oaogkthy 9+:+2+ Zgeoytzh dg Hvgzbiohkgy 9+:+:+ Tzbkymgzgkiob gktzg jbkihy 9+:+9+ Ibajob Gytbdh dg Hvgzbioùk 9+:+4+ Gktzgeby b Zgkdoz 9+9+ Ihkywctby 9+9+2+ Ah}oaogkthy dg Jbkihy 9+4+ Zgvhztgy 9+4+2+ Zgvhztg Agkywbc dg Ah}oaogkthy 9+4+:+ Ah}oaogkthy dg Jbkihy .Ihkyhcodbdh(Dgtbccbdh/ .Ihkyhcodbdh( Dgtbccbdh/ 9+4+9+ Ah}oaogkthy Jbkihy ~ Tovh dg Hvgzbioùk 9+4+4+ Ybcdhy Ihkyhcodbdhy dg Jbkihy 9+4+7+ Ihavzhjbktgy Ihktbjcgy gk Jbkihy 9+4+=+ Oavzgyoùk dg Ingrwg# ]hwingz 9+4+5+ Oavzgyoùk dg zgtgkioùk 9+4+>+ Oavzgyoùk dg zgtgkioùk dgtbccbdh

9? 46 46 42 4: 49 44 47 4= 45 45 4> 76 72 79 74 77 75 7> 7> =2 =2 =2 =9 =9 =4 =7 == =5 => =? 56 5: 5: Vbe :


9+4+? Zgvhztg dobzoh dg Ah}oaogkthy 9+4+26+ Zgvhztg dg ingrwgy 9+4+22+ Zgvhztg dg ingrwgy vhz vzh}ggdhz 9+4+2:+ Zgvhztg vhz zgeoytzh dg zgtgkiohkgy 4+ VZHIGYHY _ IHKYWCTBY 4+2+ Egkgzbioùk dg byogkthy 4+2+2+ Iblb 4+2+:+ Jbkihy 4+2+9+ Vgzigviohkgy 4+:+ Tzbkymgzgkiob dg byogkthy 4+:+2+ Iblb 4+:+:+ Iblb inoib 4+9+ Vzhigyh dg ybcdhy 4+9+2+ Iblb 4+9+:+ Jbkihy 4+4+ Ihkywctb dg ybcdhy 4+4+2+ Ihkywctb dg ybcdhy dg jbkihy 4+4+:+ Ihkywctb dg ybcdhy dg iblb 4+7+ Ihkywctb dg dhiwagkthy ibkigcbdhy 4+=+ Vzhigyh dg tzbkymgzgkiob 4+5+ Tzbkymgzgkiob dg zgtgkiohkgy 4+>+ Tzbkymgzgkiob dg vgzigviohkgy

59 54 54 57 57 57 57 5= 5= 55 55 55 5> 5> 5? 5? 5? >6 >2 >2 >: >:

7+ IHKIOCOBIOÙK JBKIBZOB 7+2+ Abktgkoaogkth 7+2+2+ Kh zgeoytzbdh gk cojzhy 7+2+:+ Ah}oaogkthy vgkdogktgy ihkiocobioùk 7+2+9+ Ybcdhy 7+:+ Ihkywctb 7+:+2+ Ihkywctby dg G~tzbith 7+:+:+ Ihkywctby dg Ah}oaogkth 7+:+9+ Ihkywctby dg Ybcdhy 7+:+4+ Ihkywctby dg Ihkiocobioùk 7+9+ Vzhigyhy 7+9+2+ Okihzvhzbz Ah}oaogkthy

>: >: >: >4 >4 >7 >7 >= >5 >> >? >?

Vbe 9


7+9+:+ Vzhigyh dg Ihkiocobioùk 7+9+:+2+ Ihkiocobioùk 7+9+:+:+ Bkwcbz Ihkiocobioùk 7+9+9+ Iogzzg Agkywbc 7+9+4+ Bkwcbz iogzzg dgc Agy 7+4+ Zgvhztgy 7+4+2+ Zgvhztg dg G~tzbith 7+4+:+ Zgvhztg dg Ah}oaogkthy 7+4+9+ Zgvhztg dg Ybcdhy 7+4+4+ Zgvhztg dg Ihkiocobioùk =+ WTOCODBDGY =+2+ Izgbz =+2+2+ Bdaokoytzbdhz Bdaokoytzbdh z =+2+:+ Gavzgyb =+2+9+ Wywbzoh =+:+ Ibajobz dg Gavzgyb Bito}b =+9+ Ibajobz dg Mginb dg Tzbjblh =+4+ Hvgzbiohkgy Gyvgiobcgy =+4+2+ Jchrwgbz h Dgyjchrwgbz Iblb h Jbkihy =+4+:+ Ahdomoibz Ybcdhy Okoiobcgy =+4+9+ Zgbvgztwzbz Iblb dg wk dáb =+7+ Ibciwcbdhzb =+=+ Mhzabth dg zgtgkiohkgy =+5+ Tgcgizïdoth Tgcgizïdot h =+>+ Oavhztbz zgtgkiohkgy =+?+ Ibajobz mhkdh dg vbktbccb

?6 ?6 ?2 ?: ?9 ?4 ?4 ?5 ?5 ?5 ?5 ?> ?> ?? 269 264 264 264 264 267 265 265 265 265 26> 26>

Vbe 4


MOKBCODBD Gc abkwbc dg Iblb  Jbkihy# togkg vhz mokbcodbd mokbcodbd g~vcoibz# dg wkb abkgzb mâioc  dodâitoib gc abkglh dgc yhmtubzg YtbzYhmt ’ IBLB _ JBKIHY }gzyoùk YRC# dg abkgzb rwg chy wywbzohy vwgdbk hvgzbz  bdaokoytzbz mâiocagktg thdby cby jhkdbdgy rwg togkg gytg aùdwch+

B:+ JHTHKGY WTOCO\BDHY GK GC YOYTGAB Chy jhthkgy dg glgiwioùk wybdhy gk gc yoytgab yhk chy yoewogktgy< Jhtùk vbzb okezgybz wk kwg}h zgeoytzh Jhtùk vbzb ahdomoibz bceük zgeoytzh zgeoytzh izgbdh Jhtùk vbzb gcoaokbz bceük zgeoytzh Jhtùk vbzb ybcoz dgc yoytgab Jhtùk vbzb cb ihkmhzaodbd dg cb hvgzbioùk+ Jhtùk vbzb ezbjbz chy dbthy okezgybdhy+

Jhtùk vbzb oavzoaoz# }oywbco|bz wk zgvhztg+ Vbe 7


Jhtùk vbzb ihkywctbz wk zgeoytzh

Gy aw oavhztbktg zgihkhigz zgihkhigz g odgktomoibz cb mokbcodbd dg ibdb wkb dg cby tgicby dg mwkioùk# cby iwbcgy yogavzg yg okdoibk gk cb üctoab cákgb dg cb vbktbccb+ Khtb+! Cb tgicb PM2Q yoz}g vbzb ihkywctbz cb tbjcb dg bwdb yhjzg cb okmhzabioùk b okezgybz+

B9+ OKEZGYH BC YOYTGAB B+9+2+ Okezgyh dgc bdaokoytzbdhz dgc yoytgab Bc bjzozyg gc Yhmtubzg YtbzYhmt ’ IBLB _ JBKIHY# JBKIHY# gk cb }gktbkb rwg yg bjzg gk cb vbktbccb# gc Bdaokoytzbdhz h Wywbzoh dgc Vzhezbab# ygcgiiohkbzâ cb gavzgyb gk cb iwbc dgygb tzbjblbz# gcgeozâ gcgeozâ rwg tovh dg biigyh rwg tgkdzâ .yo okezgyb ihah ihah bdaokoytzbdhz h ihah wywbzoh/#  doeotbzâ doeotbzâ yw iùdoeh  ihktzbygòb# cwgeh nbzâ wk icoi` gk gc Jhtùk dg –Bigvtbz‑+

Khtb+! Khtb+! Vhz dgmgith gc iùdoeh dg Bdaokoytzbdhz gy< Gktgz  gc Vbyyuhzd< Yhmt+ Yhmt+

Vbe =


2+ TBJCBY EGKÏZOIBY Gytb hvioùk dgc Agkü Vzokiovbc yoz}g vbzb bitwbco|bz cb Jbyg dg Dbthy zgrwgzodhy vbzb gmgitwbz gc Vzhigyh dg Iblb  Jbkihy# yg iwgktb ihk chy yoewogktgy Ywj+ Agküy< 2+2+ Vcbk dg Iwgktby Kbiohkbc Gc Vcbk dg Iwgktby gy cb tbjcb aây oavhztbktg dgc yoytgab# vhz ch rwg gy kgigybzoh bygewzbzyg rwg gytg ihzzgitbagktg dgmokodh0 cb gytzwitwzb dgc Vcbk dg Iwgktby dg dgmokg bc ahagkth dg izgbz cb gavzgyb .gk gc Yoytgab dg Ihktbjocodbd/+

Vbzb okezgybz wkb kwg}b iwgktb tgkdzâ rwg nbigz Icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ g

okezgybz chy yoewogktgy dbthy<

µ Iùdoeh dg cb Iwgktb< Okezgyb gc iùdoeh dg cb iwgktb ihktbjcg# ygeük cb gytzwitwzb dgmokodb dgc Vcbk dg Iwgktby+ µ Dgyizovioùk

< Okezgybz gc khajzg dg cb iwgktb ihktbjcg

µ

< Bvbzgigzâ bwthaâtoibagktg dgyvwïy dg nbjgz zgeoytzbdh gc iùdoeh dg iwgktb+

Ko}gc dg Iwgktb Tovh dg Bkg~h

µ

Icbyg dg Iwgktb

< Vgzaotg ywjdo}odoz wkb iwgktb vbzb abhz bkâcoyoy gavcgbkdh iùdoehy ihavcgagktbzohy ccbabdhy Iùdoehy dg Bkg~hy < Yg okezgyb gc Tovh dg Iwgktb .Ok}gktbzohy# zgywctbdhy vhz mwkioùk# zgywctbdhy vhz kbtwzbcg|b# mwkioùk  kbtwzbcg|b# oktgzagdohy/ Yhch yg okezgybzâ vbzb iwgktby dg vzoagz ko}gc# gc yoytgab bwthaâtoibagktg byoekbzb gc aoyah tovh b cby iwgktby dg ko}gc okmgzohz+

Vbe 5


2+: IGKTZH DG IHYTHY _ TZBKYMGZGKIOBY Gk gytg ywjagkü yg dgmokgk chy domgzgktgy igktzhy dg ihythy# âzgby bdaokoytzbto}by# ygiiohkgy h dgvbztbagkthy gk cby rwg gytb dgmokodb wkb gavzgyb+

Vbzb izgbz wk kwg}h igktzh dg ihythy nbigahy icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ g

okezgybahy chy yoewogktgy dbthy< µ

Iùdoeh

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dgc igktzh dg ihyth+

Dgyizovioùk

< Zgeoytzb gc khajzg dgc igktzh dg ihyth+

Vbe >


2+9+ TBJCB DG BKG^HY Chy bkg~hy yhk iùdoehy ihavcgagktbzohy rwg vgzaotgk wk aglhz bkâcoyoy  ihktzhc+ Yg vwgdgk dgmokoz nbytb ?? Tovhy dg Bkg~hy#  dgktzh dg ibdb bkg~h izgbz okkwagzbjcgy iùdoehy dg bkâcoyoy+

Vbzb izgbz wk Tovh dg Bkg~h nbigahy icoi gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑  zgeoytzbahy chy

yoewogktgy dbthy< µ

Iùdoeh

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dg Bkg~h+

µ

Dgyizovioùk

< Zgeoytzb gc khajzg dgc Bkg~h+

Vbe ?


Vbzb okezgybz cb zgcbioùk dg bkg~hy .ihah cb zgcbioùk dg vzh}ggdhzgy/ yg db dhjcg icoi` gk gc bkg~h rwg yg dgygg  yg bjzozâ wkb kwg}b }gktbkb+

Gk gytb }gktbkb yg vwgdg izgbz# gdotbz h gcoaokbz chy bkg~hy rwg yg dgygg+

Vbe 26


2+4 TBJCB DG AHKGDBY Gk gytg ywj!agkü awgytzb chy tovhy dg ahkgdb ihk chy rwg tzbjblb gc yoytgab  chy tovhy dg ibajoh dg ahkgdb g~tzbklgzb+ Yg Iwgktb ihk chy yoewogktgy Ywj+ Agküy< 2+4+2 Tovh dg Ahkgdb Awgytzb chy dhy tovhy dg ahkgdb ihk chy rwg tzbjblb gc yoytgab< Ahkgdb g~tzbklgzb  Ahkgdb Kbiohkbc+

Vbe 22


2+4+:+Ihk}gzyoùk dg Ahkgdb Okdoib chy tovhy dg ihk}gzyoùk dg ahkgdb< T(I IHAVZB

< Tovh dg ibajoh dg ihavzb+

T(I ]GKTB

< Tovh dg ibajoh dg }gktb+

T(I GYVGIOBC

< Tovh dg ibajoh gyvgiobc# gytg tovh dg ibajoh yg wtoco|b gk gc ibyh rwg yg dgygg rwg cb hvgzbioùk rwg yg zgeoytzg tgkeb wk tovh dg ibajoh doytokth bc dg cb tbjcb# vhz ch rwg bc gcgeoz gytb hvioùk yg vhdzâ doeotbz gc tovh dg ibajoh+

T(I HTZB MGINB < Tovh dg ibajoh dg htzby mginby# gytg tovh dg ibajoh vgzaotg gcgeoz gc tovh dg ibajoh dg htzb mginb doytoktb b cb dgc dhiwagkth rwg yg zgeoytzb+

2+4+9+ Tbjcby dg tovh dg Ibajoh Gk gytb tbjcb yg okezgyb gc tovh dg ibajoh dobzoh dg cb Ahkgdb G~tzbklgzb+ Gytb tbjcb gy dg ibzâitgz hjcoebthzoh dgjg gytbz bitwbco|bdb dgjodh b rwg gc yoytgab ch wtoco|b gk ibdb zgeoytzh dg hvgzbiohkgy<

Vbe 2:


Vbzb okezgybz chy tovhy dg ibajoh dobzohy yùch doeotbzgahy T(I Ihavzb  T(I ]TB gk cb mginb zgyvgito}b+ µ

T(I Ihavzb

< Zgeoytzb gc tovh dg ibajoh dg ihavzb+

µ

T(I ]gktb

< Zgeoytzb gc tovh dg ibajoh dg }gktb+

Khtb+! Gk gc ibyh dg rwg yg dgygg ibajobz gc tovh dg ibajoh dg wkb mginb# yg nbig gc ibajoh rwg yg dgygg dozgitbagktg+ 2+7 TBJCB DG YWJDOBZOHY Gy wkb icbyomoibioùk# dg wk tovh dg cojzh dg bw~ocobz# dhkdg yg icbyomoib chy ah}oaogkthy ihktbjcgy vbzb wk aglhz hzdgkbaogkth dg cb okmhzabioùk+

Vbe 29


Vbzb izgbz kwg}hy ywjdobzohy dbahy icoi gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ g okezgybahy chy

yoewogktgy dbthy<

µ Iùdoeh dg Ywjdobzoh < Yg okezgyb gc iùdoeh dgc ywjdobzoh+ µ Dgyizovioùk

< Yg okezgyb gc khajzg dgc ywjdobzoh+

µ Khajzg jzg}g

< Zgeoytzb cby okoiobcgy dg cb dgyizovioùk okezgybdb+

µ Ywjdobzoh bvgzt+8+

< YO< gk ibyh dg izgbzyg gc ywjdobzoh dg bvgztwzb KH< Ibyh Ihktzbzoh

2+=+ TBJCB TOVH DG DHIWAGKTHY Gytb tbjcb awgytzb chy tovhy dg dhiwagkthy b wtoco|bz gk cby hvgzbiohkgy aby mzgiwgktgy+

Vbe 24


Vbzb izgbz bceük dhiwagkth nbigahy icoi gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ g okezgybahy chy

yoewogktgy dbthy< µ

Iùdoeh

< Yg okezgyb gc iùdoeh dgc dhiwagkth+

µ Dgyizovioùk

< Yg okezgyb gc khajzg dgc dhiwagkth# vgzaotg nbytb nbytb :7 ibzbitgzgy bcmbkwaïzoihy+

µ

Iùdoeh YWKBT

< Yg okezgyb gc iùdoeh byoekbdh vhz cb YWKBT# vbzb gc tovh dg dhiwagkth zgeoytzbdh+

µ

Zgytb ihav+(]gkt+ ihav+(]gkt+

< YO< YO< vbzb chy dhiwagkthy rwg zgytbk ihavzby h }gktby KH< Ibyh Ihktzbzoh+

µ

Zgr+ Dhi+ Zgm+8

< YO< gk ibyh dg rwg gc dhiwagkth zgrwogzb dg wk dhiwagkth dg zgmgzgkiob# KH< gk ibyh dg kh zgrwgzozch+

µ

Bzino}h vbzb IHB

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh kgigybzoh vbzb cb oktgzmbyg ihk gc IHB

Vbe 27


2+5+ ABKTGKOAOGKTH DG ZGTGKIOHKGY Dgydg gytb hvioùk yg cg vwgdg dbz abktgkoaogkth b chy ihavzhj}bktgy vhz zgtgkioùk rwg yg nbbk nginh gk gc aùdwch+ Dgydg brwá yg vwgdg oavzoaoz# bjkwcbz h gdotbz wk ihavzhjbktg b zgeoytzbdh

2+>+ IHKIGVTHY DG EBYTHY Gk gytb hvioùk doeotbzgahy chy vhyojcgy ihkigvthy dg ebthy rwg vwdogygk hiwzzoz# chy dbthy b ccgkbz yhk chy yoewogktgy

Vbe 2=


2+?+ IHKIGVTHY EGKGZBCGY Gk gytb tbjcb yg dgmokgk }bzobjcgy kgigybzoby vbzb chy vzhigyhy

Vbzb izgbz bceük ihkigvth egkgzbc# yg nbig icoi gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑

chy yoewogktgy dbthy<

g okezgybahy

µ

Iùdoeh

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dgc ihkigvth b okezgybz+

µ

Dgyizovioùk

< Zgeoytzb gc khajzg dgc ihkigvth+

µ

Tovh Ihktgkodh

< Vwdogkdh ygz< Ibzâitgz# kwaïzoih h cùeoih+

µ

Ihktgkodh

< Zgeoytzb gc ihktgkodh dgc ihkigvth+

Vbe 25


2+?+ ICBYG DG IWGKTB Vbzb gyvgiomoibz ihah gytâk icbyomoibdby cby iwgktby ihktbjcgy dg biwgzdh b yw Kbtwzbcg|b

2+26+ ABKTGKOAOGKTH DG VGZIGVIOHKGY Dgydg gytb hvioùk yg gaotgk cby vgzigviohkgy vbzb gc icogktg# bc dbz icoi` gk Kwg}h

Vbe 2>


Gcgeoz gc icogktg  zgeoytzbz gc dhiwagkth bc iwbc gytb bmgith gytb vgzigvioùk+

Vbe 2?


:+ ABKGLH DG IBLB Gk gytb hvioùk dgc agkü vzokiovbc yg }g cb jbyg dg dbthy gk ch rwg zgyvgitb bc abkglh dgc gmgito}h+ Yg iwgktb ihk chy yoewogktgy Ywjagküy<

:+2+ TBJCBY DG IBLB Gk Gytg Ywj+ Agkü yg ihkmoewzbk thdhy chy dbthy kgigybzohy vbzb gc mwkiohkbaogkth dgc chy vzhigyhy gk iblb+ :+2+2+ Tbjcb dg Iblb Yg ihkmoewzbk cby iblby rwg }b b abkglbz cb gavzgyb# cby iwbcgy }bk b gytbz gkcb|bdby ihk yw zgyvgito}b iwgktb ihktbjcg+

Vbzb okezgybz cby iblby dbahy icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ g okezgybahy chy

yoewogktgy dbthy µ

Iùdoeh

< Yg okezgyb gc iùdoeh dg cb iblb+

µ

Dgyizovioùk

< Zgeoytzb gc khajzg dg cb iblb+

µ

Iwgktb

< yg zgeoytzb cb iwgktb ihktbjcg rwg abkglb gyb iblb Vbe :6


µ

Zgyvhkybjcg

< Zgeoytzb b cb vgzyhkb gkibzebdb dg abkglbz cb iblb

µ

Dhiwagkth

< Zgeoytzb gc dhiwagkth dg odgktodbd dg cb vgzyhkb

µ

Wywbzoh

< Yg zgeoytzb gc khajzg dg cb vgzyhkb rwg gytbzâ b ibzeh dg cb iblb+

µ :+2+:+ Tbjcb dg Hvgzbiohkgy Yg zgeoytzb chy tovhy dg hvgzbiohkgy .ihah okezgyhy h ybcodby dg dokgzh/ rwg ygzâk zgeoytzbdby vhz iblb+ Gc iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Vbe :2


Vbzb okezgybz chy Tovhy dg Hvgzbiohkgy nbigahy icoi gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ g okezgybahy chy yoewogktgy dbthy+

µ

Tovh hvgzbioùk

< Ihkmoewzbahy yo gy wk okezgyh h wkb wkb ybcodb dg iblb+

µ

Iùdoeh hvgzbioùk+

< Yg okezgyb gc iùdoeh dgc tovh dg hvgzbioùk# gc rwg ygzâ byoekbdh vhz gc wywbzoh+

µ

Dgyizovioùk

< Zgeoytzb gc khajzg dgc tovh dg hvgzbioùk+

µ

Tovh Dhi+ Wybdh

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg gc tovh dg dhiwagkth rwg ygzâ wybdh gk gc zgeoytzh dg iblb# vbzb gytb hvgzbioùk+

µ

Kwa+ Bwthaâtoib Bwthaâtoib

< YO< YO< Yo yg zgbco|b cb kwagzbioùk bwthaâtoibagktg KH< KH< Yo yg zgbco|b cb kwagzbioùk abkwbcagktg+

µ

Mhzab dg vbeh

< Yg okezgyb cb mhzab dg vbeh

:+2+9+ Tbjcb dg ihkigvthy Yg zgeoytzb chy tovhy dg ihkigvthy rwg yg abkglbzâk vbzb gc okezgyh h ybcodb dg dokgzh vhz iblb# gythy ihkigvthy ygzâk byoekbdhy ygeük gc tovh dg hvgzbiohkgy izgbdby bktgzohzagktg+

Vbe ::


Vbzb zgeoytzbz chy ihkigvthy dg iblb dbahy icoi gk gc jhtùk Kwg}h g okezgybahy chy yoewogktgy dbthy

µ

Tovh hvgzbioùk iblb+

µ

Hvgzbioùk

< Zgeoytzb yo gy wk okezgyh h wkb ybcodb dg < Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg cb hvgzbioùk b cb iwbc vgztgkgigzâ gyg ihkigvth+ Vbe :9


µ

Iùdoeh

< Yg zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dgc ihkigvth rwg yg gytb izgbkdh+

µ

Dgyizovioùk

< Yg okezgyb gc khajzg dgc tovh dg hvgzbioùk+

µ

Iwgktb Ihktbjcg

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg cb iwgktb rwg ygzâ cb ihktzb vbztodb dg cb iwgktb dg iblb# iwbkdh yg wtocoig gytg ihkigvth+

µ Gy Tzbkymgzgkiob

< YO Gk gc ibyh dg rwg gc ihkigvth ygb ihkmoewzbdh ihk wkb iwgktb vwgktg vbzb zgbco|bz cb tzbkymgzgkiob gktzg c ihkigvth ygzâ ihkyodgzbdh ihah wkb tzbkymgzgkiob gktzg jbkihy+ KH< KH< ibyh ihktzbzoh

µ

< Gytb hvioùk yg ihkmoewzb gk ibyh dg tgkgz oktgzmbyg ihk gc yoytgab dg ihktbjocodbd #

Oktgzmbigy

vhkogkdh –62‑

:+:+ HVGZBIOHKGY DG IBLB Gk gytg Ywjagkü yg zgeoytzbk thdby cby hvgzbiohkgy rwg yg abkglbk vhz iblb+ :+:+2+ Bvgztwzb Bvgztwzb Dobzob dg Iblb Vbzb vhdgz okezgybz ah}oaogkthy dg iblb# gy kgigybzoh zgbco|bz cb bvgztwzb dgc dáb gk rwg yg dgygb tzbjblbz# vhz ch rwg iwbkdh yg tzbjblg gk iblb gy kgigybzoh nbigz wkb bvgztwzb  iogzzg dobzoh dg iblb vhz ibdb dáb rwg yg tzbjblg+ Gk gytb hvioùk yg zgbco|b cb bvgztwzb dg iblb dobzobagktg# vbzb gcch yg okezgybzâ gc iùdoeh dg cb iwgktb ihk gc rwg yg dbzâ okoioh b iblb dgc dáb+ Yg vwgdg hjtgkgz bwdb vzgyohkbkdh bc tgicb M2+ Vbzb zgbco|bz cb bvgztwzb dg iblb dg wk dáb# yg dgjg nbjgz igzzbdh cb iblb dgc dáb bktgzohz h iblb dg cb üctoab mginb vzhigybdb+

Vbe :4


Wkb }g| Okezgybdh gc iùdoeh dg iblb  gc tovh dg ibajoh# yg hjtogkg wk iwbdzh dhkdg bvbzgigzâ cb mginb b vbztoz dg cb iwbc yg thabzâk chy ybcdhy okoiobcgy# gy dgioz cb mginb gk cb rwg yg zgbco|ù gc üctoah iogzzg dg iblb+

Bc vzgyohkbz gc jhtùk bigvtbz bvbzgigzâ gc agkyblg dg bvgztwzb dobzob dg iblb<

:+:+:+ Zgeoytzh dg ah}oaogkthy ah}oaogkthy Gk gytb hvioùk yg zgbco|b gc zgeoytzh dg ah}oaogkthy zgbco|bdhy gk iblb+ Vbzb zgeoytzbz chy ah}oaogkthy vzg}obagktg yg dgjoù zgbco|bz cb bvgztwzb dg iblb# cwgeh bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg }gktbkb# gk cb iwbc zgeoytzbzâ gc iùdoeh dg cb iblb gk cb iwbc dgygb tzbjblbz+

Vbe :7


Bc Vwcybz gc jhtùk bigvtbz yg hjtgkdzâ gc yoewogktg iwbdzh<

Vbzb okoiobz gc ah}oaogkth dg iblb yg vzhigdgzâ b dbz icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑+ Gk

ibyh dg rwg b yg nbbk zgeoytzbdh ah}oaogkthy# gythy vwgdgk ygz ahdomoibdhy# gcoaokbdhy# h bkwcbdhy+

Vbzb iwbcrwogzb dg gytby hviohkgy yg togkg cb yoewogktg }gktbkb# dhkdg vzoagzh yg ccgkbzâ chy chy dbthy dg cb vbztg ywvgzohz .cb ibjgigzb/+ µ

Ygi+

< Zgeoytzb gc küagzh dg ah}oaogkth dg iblb+ Vbe :=


µ

Tovh

< Zgeoytzb yo gy ah}oaogkth dg okezgyh h dg ybcodb+

µ Hvgzbioùk

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg gc tovh dg hvgzbioùk rwg yg gytâ zgeoytzbkdh+

µ Dhiwagkthy

< Zgeoytzb gc tovh dg dhiwagkth  gc küagzh dgc dhiwagkth agdobktg gc iwbc yg gytâ zgbco|bkdh gc ah}oaogkth dg ybcodb h okezgyh+

µ

Bkg~h

< Zgeoytzb dg rwoïk vzh}ogkg gc okezgyh h vbzb rwoïk gy cb ybcodb dgvgkdogkdh dgc ah}oaogkth rwg yg gytï okezgybkdh+

µ

Zgmgzgkiob

< Zgeoytzb dg mhzab aây dgtbccbdb gc ahto}h gc ah}oaogkth+

Dgyvwïy dg nbjgz zgeoytzbdh zgeoytzbdh chy dbthy dg cb ibjgigzb yg vzhigdgzâ vzhigdgzâ b dbz icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Ezbjbz‑ vbzb rwg yg bito}gk c by yoewogktgy hviohkgy dg ah}oaogkth#  yg dbzâ icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ .gk cb vbztg dg Ihkigvthy/+ 



Gk ibyh dg tgkgz oktgzmbig ihk gc aùdwch dg ihktbjocodbd# bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg vbktbccb# dhkdg yg okezgybzâk chy dbthy dgc dhiwagkth rwg yg gytb ibkigcbkdh h ihjzbkdh ihk yw ahkth zgyvgito}h+ Gk cb ibyoccb dg –Ihkigvth‑ yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg gc ihkigvth zgyvgito}h+

Gk gc ibyh dg rwg yg tgkeb oktgzmbig ihk gc aùdwch dg Iwgktby vhz Ihjzbz# bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg vbktbccb<

Vbe :5


Gk gytb }gktbkb yg gcoeg chy dhiwagkthy rwg yg dgygg ibkigcbz yg cg abzibzâ nbiogkdh icoi` gk gc iwbdzbdh gk cb ihcwakb dg –Ygi+‑<  yg dbzâ icoi` gk gc jhtùk dg –Bigvtbz‑ 

Gk gc ibyh dg rwg yg tgkeb tgkeb oktgzmbig ihk gc aùdwch dg Mbitwzbioùk# bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg vbktbccb# ihk cb zgcbioùk dg dhiwagkthy vzhezbabdhy vbzb gyb mginb# chy dhiwagkthy rwg yg dgygg ibkigcbz yg cg abzibzâ nbiogkdh icoi` gk gc iwbdzbdh gk cb ihcwakb dg –Tovh Dhi+‑<  yg dbzâ icoi` gk gc jhtùk dg –Bigvtbz



Gk gc ibyh dg rwg yg tgkeb oktgzmbig ihk gc aùdwch dg Iwgktby vhz Vbebz# bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg vbktbccb# ihk cb zgcbioùk dg dhiwagkthy vzhezbabdhy Vbe :>


vbzb gyb mginb# chy dhiwagkthy rwg yg dgygg ibkigcbz yg cg abzibzâ nbiogkdh icoi` gk gc iwbdzbdh gk cb ihcwakb dg –Ygi+‑<  yg dbzâ icoi` gk gc jhtùk dg –Bigvt bz

Cwgeh dg ccgkbz cb vbztg dg –Ihkigvthy‑# yg ccgkb gc –Dgtbccg dg Ah}oaogkth‑<

µ

Dgtbccg ah}oaogkth < Zgeoytzb cb ibktodbd dgc ah}oaogkth iblb# cb iwbc ygzâ okezgybdb gk gc ibyoccgzh ihzzgyvhkdogktg dgvgkdogkdh dg cb mhzab ihah yg gytï zgbco|bkdh gc okezgyh h ybcodb dg iblb  dgc tovh dg ahkgdb  mokbcagktg dbahy icoi gk gc jhtùk Ezbjbz

:+:+9+ Bzrwgh dg Iblb Gk gytb hvioùk yg zgbco|b gc bzrwgh dg iblb dg mhzab bwthaâtoib# ihkiocobkdh thdhy chy ah}oaogkthy rwg yg nbbk okezgybdh dwzbktg gc dáb gk iblb+ Gc iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Vbe :?


Wkb }g| okezgybdh gc vbzâagtzh ihzzgyvhkdogktg bvbzgigzâ wk agkyblg vzgewktbkdh yo yg dgygb oavzoaoz chy zgywctbdhy dgc bzrwgh dg iblb<

Bc Nbigz icoi` gk gc jhtùk bigvtbz gc wywbzoh hjtgkdzâ wk zgvhztg yhjzg gc bzrwgh dg iblb rwg yg gmgitwù# gc ahdgch dg doinh zgvhztg gy gc yoewogktg<

Vbe 96


:+:+4+ Iogzzg Dobzoh dg Iblb Gk gytb hvioùk yg zgbco|b gc iogzzg dobzoh dg iblb dg mhzab bwthaâtoib# wkb ihkdoioùk kgigybzob vbzb zgbco|bz gc iogzzg dobzoh dg iblb gy rwg nbb nbjodh ah}oaogkthy dg iblb dwzbktg gc dáb+ Gc iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc+ yoewogktg<

Bc nbigz icoi gk gc jhtùk bigvtbz gc yoytgab cg vgdozâ rwg ihkmozag gc iogzzg dg iblb# b tzb}ïy dgc yoewogktg iwbdzh<

Cwgeh dgc iogzzg dg Iblb Iblb yg ahytzbzâ wk iwbdzh dg ihkmhzaodbd dgc iogzzg iogzzg

Vbe 92


:+:+7+ Tzbkymgzgkiob gktzg iblby B tzb}ïy dg gytb hvioùk# yg vwgdg nbigz wkb tzbkymgzgkiob gktzb iblby dgktzh dgc yoytgab gk wk yhch ah}oaogkth+ Yg cg ahytzbzâ cb yoewogktg oabegk<

Yg gcoeg cb iblb dg hzoegk  dgyvwïy yg dgmokg gc tovh dg ahkgdb gk rwg yg zgbco|bzâ cb tzbkybiioùk ihah yg awgytzb

Vbe 9:


Ygewodbagktg bc dbz icoi gk kwg}h yg cg vgdozâ cb iblb dg dgytokh  yw ahkgdb<

Dgyvwïy yg dgjg ihavcgtbz cb ibjgigzb  dgtbccg dgc ah}oaogkth ihah b ihktokwbioùk yg awgytzb# ihk chy ihkigvthy dg ybcodb  gktzbdb b iblb okdoibkdh chy küagzhy dg dhiwagkthy zgyvgito}hy  gc ahkth dg cb tzbkybiioùk

:+9+ ABKGLH DG IBLB INOIB Gk gytg ywjagkü yg zgeoytzbk thdby cby hvgzbiohkgy rwg yg zgbco|bk vhz iblb inoib+ :+9+2+ Zgeoytzbz Ah}oaogkthy Gk gytb hvioùk yg zgeoytzbk thdhy chy ah}oaogkthy dobzohy dg iblb inoib# vwdogkdh okezgybz# ahdomoibz h gcoaokbz wk ah}oaogkth b zgbco|bdh+

Vbe 99


Vzoagzh nb rwg zgeoytzbz cb odgktomoibioùk dg iblb inoib# nbiogkdh icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ dhkdg bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg }gktbkb<

µ

Iùdoeh

< Yg okezgyb gc iùdoeh dg cb iblb inoib# cb rwg ygzâ dgyoekbdb vhz gc wywbzoh+

µ

Dgyizovioùk

< Yg okezgyb gc khajzg dg cb iblb inoib

µ

Mginb izgbioùk

< Zgeoytzb cb mginb dgc ah}oaogkth dg iblb inoib+

µ

Iwgktb

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg cb iwgktb ihktbjcg ihzzgyvhkdogktg b cb iblb inoib+

Vbe 94


µ

Ahkgdb

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg gc tovh dg ahkgdb dgc ah}oaogkth dg iblb+

µ

Zgyvhkybjcg

< Zgeoytzb gc khajzg dgc zgyvhkybjcg dgc ah}oaogkth dg iblb inoib+

µ

Dhiwagkth

< Zgeoytzb gc dhiwagkth dg odgktodbd dgc zgyvhkybjcg dgc ah}oaogkth dg iblb inoib+

Dgyvwïy dg nbjgz okezgybdh chy dbthy zgmgzodhy b cb iblb inoib# yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Ah}oa+‑# yg hjtgkdzâ gc yoewogkt g iwbdzh<

Gk Gytg iwbdzh okdoibzâ cb mginb gk cb rwg yg zgeoytzbzâk chy ah}oaogkthy# wkb }g| okdoibdb cb mginb dg zgeoytzh bvbzgigzâ gc yoewogktg iwbdzh<

Vbe 97

Iblb  Jbkihy }gzyoùk YRC Vbzb okezgybz wk ah}oaogkth yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑  bvbzgigzâ cb

yoewogktg }gktbkb# dhkdg okezgybzâk gc ah}oaogkth rwg yg dgygg+

Gk gytg iwbdzh yg vwgdg ezbjbz wk kwg}h ah}oaogkth# gdotbz h gcoaokbz wk ah}oaogkth dg iblb b zgbco|bdh# vbzb iwbcrwogzb dg gytby hviohkgy yg iwgktb ihk chy yoewogktgy ibavhy< µ Ygiwgkiob

< Zgeoytzb küagzh vhz dgmgith+

µ

Tovh

< Zgeoytzb gc tovh dg ah}oaogkth dg iblb# vwdogkdh ygz dg okezgyh h ybcodb

+ Ihavzby

< Gytg ingi` yoz}g vbzb dgiodoz yo gc ihavzhjbktg gy wkb ihavzb# gk gyg ibyh nbjocotbzb h dgynbjocotbzâ bcewkhy ibavhy

µ

< Zgeoytzb cb mginb dgc ah}oaogkth dg iblb inoib+

Mginb

µ Ihkigvth

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg gc ihkigvth aây bdgiwbdh vbzb gc ah}oaogkth dg iblb+

+ Ahkgdb

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg gc tovh dg ahkgdb bc rwg vgztgkgig gc ah}oaogkth rwg yg gytb zgeoytzbkdh

+ Bkg~h

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg gc bkg~h dgc ah}oaogkth dg iblb inoib+

+ Tovh dg dhiwagkth

< Doeotg gc kwagzh dg dhiwagkth dg zgmgzgkiob Vbe 9=


+ Dgytokh

< Zgeoytzbz gc tovh dg ah}oaogkth ezb}bdh kh ezb}bdh+

µ Ihk}gzyoùk

< Zgeoytzb ihk rwï tovh dg ibajoh ygzâ okezgybdh gc ah}oaogkth dg iblb inoib+ Yg hjtgkdzâ bwdb ihk cb tgicb M2

+ Mginb dg Ibajoh

< Cb mginb dgc tovh dg ibajoh

+ T(I H T(I Gyvgiobc

< Gc ahkth dgc tovh dg ibajoh

+

Ahkth O+E+]+

< Yg zgeoytzb gc ahkth ihzzgyvhkdogktg bc OE] dgc ah}oaogkth dg iblb+ Gytb ibyoccb yg bito}bzâ dgvgkdogkdh dg yo gy wkb iwgktb vhz vbebz h ihjzbz# ibyh ihktzbzoh# yo mwgzb wk zgiojh vhz nhkhzbzohy yg bito}bzâk cby ibyoccby vhytgzohzgy+

µ

Thtbc

< Yg zgeoytzb gc ahkth thtbc dgc zgiojh vhz nhkhzbzohy+

µ

O+Z+4tb+

< Yg zgeoytzb gc ahkth rwg yg vbeb vhz gc oavwgyth b cb zgktb dg iwbztb ibtgehzáb+

µ

O+G+Y+

< Yg zgeoytzb zgeoytzb gc ahkth rwg yg vbeb vhz gc oavwgyth g~tzbhzdokbzoh dg yhcodbzodbd+

µ

Ahkth

< Yg zgeoytzb gc ahkth thtbc dgc dhiwagkth+

Dgyvwïy dg ezbjbz chy ibavhy dg cb ibjgigzb gavg|bzgahy b ccgkbz chy ibavhy dgc dgtbccg ygeük yg okdoib + Ihkigvth

< Yg okezgyb gc ihkigvth dg okezgyh h ybcodb

+ Bkg~h

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg gc bkg~h dgc ah}oaogkth dg iblb inoib+

µ

Itzh+ Ihyth

< Zgeoytzb gc igktzh dg ihythy bc rwg ygzâk ibzebdhy chy ah}oaogkthy+

µ

Dgyt+

< Zgeoytzb b rwï iwgktb ygzâ dozoeodh gc ah}oaogkth rwg tw}h cb gavzgyb+

µ

Tovh dg Dhiwagkth <

+

Oavhztg

Zgeoytzb bcewkb zgmgzgkiob rwg lwytomorwg gc ah}oaogkth dg cb gavzgyb+

< Zgeoytzb gc oavhztg dgc ah}oaogkth ah }oaogkth

Dgyvwïy dg okezgybz chy dbthy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Ezbjbz‑+

Vbe 95


Bc vzgyohkbz gc jhtùk ihktbjoco|bz yg vwgdg ihktbjoco|bz chy ah}oaogkthy dg ibkigcbioùk  vzh}oyoùk dg iblb inoib+ :+9+:+ Zgvhztgy dg iblb inoib 

Dgtbccg dg Ah}oaogkthy vhz Igktzh dg Ihythy

Gk gytb hvioùk hjtgkdzâ wk zgvhztg dg chy ah}oaogkthy icbyomoibdhy vhz gc igktzh dg ihyth bc iwbc mwg dgytokbdh gc ihavzhjbktg# gk wk zbkeh dg mginby



Ah}oaogkthy

Gk gytb hvioùk hjtgkdzâ wk zgvhztg dg chy ah}oaogkthy gk wk zbkeh dg mginby  b wkb ahkgdb+



Bzrwgh dg Iblb Inoib

Gk gytb hvioùk hjtgkdzâ wk zgvhztg dg dgc bzrwgh dobzoh dg wkb iblb inoib+

Vbe 9>


:+9+9+ Oavzoaoz ihavzhjbktg gk iblb Gk gytb hvioùk yg zgbco|b cb oavzgyoùk dg chy ihavzhjbktgy ihktbjcgy gaotodhy vhz iblb inoib# vzg}obagktg yg dgjg zgbco|bz cb ihktbjoco|bioùk dg chy ah}oaogkthy dg iblb inoib# gc mhzawcbzoh dg okezgyh dg vbzâagtzhy gy gc aoyah rwg gk cby dhy hviohkgy bktgzohzgy  gc ükoih dbth b okezgybz gy gc dgc iùdoeh dg iblb+

:+9+4+ Iogzzg(Bvgztwzb Iogzzg(Bvgztwzb dg iblb inoib

Gk gytb hvioùk yg vhdzâk igzzbz h bjzoz cby iblby inoiby Vbe 9?


:+4+ ZGVHZTGY DG IBLB Gk gytg ywjagkü gc wywbzoh vwgdg wjoibz  wtoco|bz chy zgvhztgy rwg yg egkgzbk dg cby hvgzbiohkgy dg iblb  chy dbthy zgeoytzbdhy gk gccb# dg gytg ywjagkü# yg egkgzbk cby yoewogktgy hviohkgy

:+4+2+ Ah}oaogkthy Ihavcgthy dg Iblb B tzb}ïy dg gytb hvioùk gc wywbzoh gy ibvb| dg egkgzbz wk zgvhztg ihk thdhy chy ah}oaogkthy rwg mwgzhk egkgzbdhy vhz wkb h vhz }bzoby iblby# bc biigdgz b gytb hvioùk bvbzgig gc yoewogktg iwbdzh<

Vbe 46


Gk gytb }gktbkb gc wywbzoh vwgdg ygcgiiohkbz wkb h thdby cby iblby rwg bvbzgigk gk coytb# vwgdg dbz wk zbkeh dg mginby  gcgeoz wk tovh dg ahkgdb+ Wkb }g| ygcgiiohkbdb cb iblb(y# yg nbig icoi gk gc jhtùk –Bigvtbz‑ gc ahdgch dg zgvhztg egkgzbdh gy gc yoewogktg<

:+4+: Ah}oaogkthy dg Iblb Zgywagk B domgzgkiob dgc Zgvhztg bktgzohz gk gytg yg vzgygktb cb okmhzabioùk dg chy ah}oaogkthy dg cby iblby vgzh b abkgzb dg zgywagk cb vbktbccb vbzb ihkmoewzbz gc zgvhztg gy yoaocbz b cb dg ah}oaogkthy ihavcgthy<

Vbe 42


Wkb }g| rwg yg ygcgiiohkb cb.y/ iblb.y/ yg nbig icoi gk gc jhtùk bigvtbz# gc zgvhztg egkgzbdh ygzâ ihah yg }g b ihktokwbioùk<

:+4+9+ Ah}oaogkthy dg iblb dgtbccg Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg egkgzbz wk zgvhztg awinh aây dgtbccbdh rwg chy bktgzohzgy yhjzg chy ah}oaogkthy dg iblb# dgjodh b rwg# yo gk bceük ibyh ygb kgigybzoh yg vhdzâ gcgeoz# gc dgtbccg dg wkh h bcewkhy ah}oaogkthy gk wkb iblb gyvgiámoib# vbzb gytb hvioùk vzoagzh yg biigdg b cb yoewogktg vbktbccb<

Vbe 4:


Wkb }g| ygcgiiohkbdb cb iblb rwg yg dgygb zgvhztbz gkthkigy yg nbig icoi gk gc jhtùk bigvtbz dg gyb mhzab bvbzgigzâ gc yoewogktg iwbdzh ihk cby hvgzbiohkgy  gc yetg ihk chy ihkigvthy b gcgeoz vbzb cb gaoyoùk dgc zgvhztg+

Wkb }g| rwg yg nb ygcgiiohkbdh chy ah}oaogkthy rwg yg ahytzbzâk gk gc zgvhztg yg nbig icoi gk gc jhtùk bigvtbz  dg gytb mhzab yg vzgygktbzâ gc yoewogktg zgvhztg<

Vbe 49


:+4+4+ Ybcdhy Ihkyhcodbdhy dg Iblb Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg egkgzbz ybcdhy ihkyhcodbdhy dg cb iblb rwg yg dgygg  dg cb aoyab mhzab yg izgbzb wk zgvhztg ihk chy dbthy dg cb aoyab# vzoagzh ygcgiiohkbahy cb iblb ihzzgyvhkdogktg  gc zbkeh dg mginby<

Wkb }g| okezgybdhy gythy dbthy yg yg vzhigdgzâ b egkgzbz wk ahdgch dg zgvhztg ygaglbktg bc yoewogktg<

Vbe 44


:+4+7+ Ihavzhjbktgy Ihktbjcgy Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg egkgzbz wk coytbdh dg chy ihavzhjbktgy ihktbjcgy rwg yg izgbzhk bc ahagkth dg ihktbjoco|bz chy ah}oaogkthy dg iblb# vzoagzh vzoagzh yg dgjg okezgybz cb iblb  gc zbkeh dg mginby rwg yg dgygb ahytzbz gk gc zgvhztg<

Bc okdoibz chy dbthy g~vcoibdhy bktgzohzagktg bvbzgigzâ wk zgvhztg# coytbkdh thdhy chy ihavzhjbktgy egkgzbdhy+

Vbe 47


9+ ABKGLH DG JBKIHY Gk gytb hvioùk dgc Agkü Vzokiovbc yg okezgyb cb jbyg dg dbthy gk ch rwg zgyvgitb bc abkglh dg chy jbkihy+ Yg iwgktb ihk chy yoewogktgy Ywjagküy<

9+2+ Tbjcby dg Jbkihy Gk gytg Ywjagkü yg ihkmoewzb cb jbyg dg dbthy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy bc abkglh dg jbkihy

Vbe 4=


9+2+2+ Abktgkoaogkth dg Jbkihy

Gk gytb hvioùk yg okezgybk chy jbkihy ihk chy rwg hvgzb cb gavzgyb< Vbzb okezgybz wk kwg}h jbkih yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑  bvbzgigzâ wk

iwbdzh ihk cby yoewogktgy hviohkgy< Iùdoeh dgc Jbkih

< Iùdoeh ihzzgcbto}h dg cb tbjcb vzokiovbc dg Jbkihy+

Dgyizovioùk

< Khajzg dgc Jbkih

Mhza+ Ingrwg(]hwingz < Iùdoeh dg Mhzabth dgc zgvhztg vbzb cby Gavzgyby rwg oavzoagk ingrwg gk mhzabth ihktokwh

Vbzb izgbz cby iwgktb ihzzogktgy jbkibzoby dg ibdb jbkih# yg db dhjcg Icoi` Icoi` gk ibdb jbkih#  bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg }gktbkb ihk cb zgcbioùk dg gytby+

Vbe 45


9+2+:+ Tbjcby dg Jbkih Yg zgeoytzb chy jbkihy ihk chy rwg tzbjblbzâ cb gavzgyb+ Gc Iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Vbzb okezgybz wk zgeoytzh dbahy icoi gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ g okezgybz chy yoewogktgy

dbthy µ

Iùdoeh

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dg cb iwgktb jbkihy+

Vbe 4>


µ

Jbkih

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dgc jbkih# yg vwgdg hjtgkgz bwdb vzgyohkbkdh cb tgicb M2+

µ

Iwgktb Ihktbjcg

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dg iwgktb ihktbjcg dgc ihkigvth dg jbkih+

µ

Iwgktb Jbkibzob

< Zgeoytzb gc küagzh dg iwgktb jbkibzob ygeük gc jbkih okdoibdh+

µ

Tovh Dhiwagkth

< Zgeoytzb gc tovh dg dhiwagkth b abkglbzyg ihk agkiohkbdh jbkih+

µ

Tovh dg Ahkgdb

< Zgeoytzb gc tovh dg ahkgdb dg cb iwgktb jbkibzob+

µ

Tovh dg Iwgktb

< Zgeoytzb gc tovh dg iwgktb Jbkibzob+

µ

Zgyvhkybjcg

< Zgeoytzb b cb vgzyhkb gkibzebdb dg abkglbz gytb iwgktb+

µ

Dhi Odgktodbd

< Zgeoytzb gc dhiwagkth dg Odgktodbd dg cb vgzyhkb zgyvhkybjcg+

Bc dbz icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Ezbjbz‑ yg ezbjbzâ cb okmhzabioùk okezgybdb+

Vbe 4?


9+2+9+ Tbjcb dg Hvgzbiohkgy Yg zgeoytzb chy tovhy dg hvgzbiohkgy rwg ygzâk zgbco|bdby vhz jbkih+ Gc Iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Vbzb okezgybz wk tovh dg hvgzbioùk dbahy icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ g okezgybahy

chy yoewogktgy dbthy< µ

Tovh Hvgzbioùk Hvgzbio ùk

< Zgeoytzb yo gy wk okezgyh h wkb ybcodb dg iblb+

µ

Iùdoeh Hvgzbioùk

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dgc tovh dg hvgzbioùk# cb rwg ygzâ dgyoekbdb vhz gc wywbzoh+

µ

Dgyizovioùk

< Zgeoytzb gc khajzg dgc tovh dg hvgzbioùk+

µ

Tovh Dhi+ Wybdh

< Zgeoytzb cby okoiobcgy dgc tovh dg dhiwagkth wybdh gk gc zgeoytzh dg iblb+

µ

Kwagzbioùk Kwagzbio ùk Bwtha+

< YO< Zgbco|b cb kwagzbioùk bwthaâtoibagktg KH< Zgbco|b cb kwagzbioùk abkwbcagktg+

µ

Vbe 76


9+2+4+ Tbjcby dg Ihkigvthy Yg zgeoytzb chy tovhy dg ihkigvthy rwg yg abkglbzâk vbzb gc okezgyh h ybcodb dg dokgzh vhz jbkihy# gythy ihkigvthy ygzâk byoekbdhy ygeük gc tovh dg hvgzbiohkgy izgbdby bktgzohzagktg+ Gc iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Vbzb okezgybz bceük zgeoytzh dbahy icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ g okezgybahy chy yoewogktgy dbthy µ

Tovh hvgzbioùk

< Zgeoytzb yo gy wk okezgyh h wkb ybcodb dg iblb+

µ

Hvgzbioùk

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg cb hvgzbioùk b cb iwbc vgztgkgigzâ gyg ihkigvth+ Vbe 72


µ

Iùdoeh

< Yg zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dgc ihkigvth rwg yg gytb izgbkdh+

µ

Dgyizovioùk

< Yg okezgyb gc khajzg dgc tovh dg hvgzbioùk+

µ

Iwgktb Ihktbjcg

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg cb iwgktb rwg ygzâ cb ihkigvth+

µ Gy Tzbkymgzgkiob

< YO Gk gc ibyh dg rwg gc ihkigvth ygb ihkmoewzbdh ihk wkb iwgktb vwgktg vbzb zgbco|bz cb tzbkymgzgkiob gktzg c ihkigvth ygzâ ihkyodgzbdh ihah wkb tzbkymgzgkiob gktzg jbkihy+ KH< KH< ibyh ihktzbzoh

µ

< Gytb hvioùk yg ihkmoewzb gk ibyh dg tgkgz oktgzmbig

Oktgzmbigy

ihk gc yoytgab dg ihktbjocodbd# vhkogkdh –62‑

9+2+7+ Tbjcby dg Tovhy Iwgktb Yg zgeoytzb chy tovhy dg iwgktby jbkibzoby rwg ygzâk abkglbdhy vhz cb gavzgyb vbzb wk jbkih dgtgzaokbdh+ Gc Iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Vbe 7:


Vbzb izgbz dbahy icoi gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑# g okezgybahy chy yoewogktgy dbthy

<

µ

Iùdoeh

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh byoekbdh vhz gc wywbzoh bc tovh dg iwgktb izïdoth+

µ

Dgyizovioùk

< Zgeoytzb cb dgyizovioùk dgc tovh dg iwgktb+

9+2+7+ Wctoah Küagzh dg Dhiwagkth Yg Zgeoytzb gc üctoah küagzh dg dhiwagkth gaotodh vhz ibdb jbkih b mb}hz dg cb gavzgyb+ Gc Iwbdzh b Ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Vbe 79


Wkb }g| gcgeodh gc jbkih vbzb gc iwbc yg okezgybzâ gc üctoah –Küagzh‑ dg dhiwagkth# yg vzgyohkbzâ gc jhtùk –Ygcgiiohkbz‑  bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg }gktbkb<

Vbzb izgbz dbahy icoi gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑# g okezgybahy chy yoewogktgy dbthy< µ

Tovh Dhiwagkth

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dgc tovh dg dhiwagkth b gaotoz vhz gc jbkih ygcgiiohkbdh# yg hjtgkdzâ bwdb ihk cb tgicb M2+

µ

Küagzh

< Zgeoytzb gc üctoah küagzh dg dhiwagkth rwg gc jbkih doh b cb gavzgyb+

Vbe 74


9+2+=+ Tbjcby dg tbzlgtb dg izïdoth Yg zgeoytzb cby tbzlgtby dg izïdoth rwg ygzâk abkglbdhy vhz cb gavzgyb gk chy jbkihy+ Gc iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Vbzb okezgybz gc tovh dg tbzlgtby dbahy icoi gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ g okezgybahy cb okmhzabioùk yoewogktg< µ

Iùdoeh

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dgc tovh dg Tbzlgtb dg Izïdoth b gaotoz vhz chy jbkihy+

µ

Dgyizovioùk

< Zgeoytzb gc khajzg dgc tovh dg Tbzlgtb dg Izïdoth dg chy jbkihy+

Vbe 77


9+2+>+ Gytbdh dg Hvgzbiohkgy Yg zgeoytzb chy tovhy dg gytbdh dg hvgzbiohkgy rwg ygzâk abkglbdhy vhz cb gavzgyb ihk chy jbkihy+ Gc iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Vbzb okezgybz chy tovhy dg Gytbdh dg hvgzbioùk dbahy icoi gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ g

okezgybahy cb okmhzabioùk yoewogktg< µ

Iùdoeh

< Zgeoytzb gc iùdoeh dgc tovh dg gytbdh dg hvgzbioùk+

µ

Dgyizovioùk

< Zgeoytzb gc khajzg dgc tovh dgc gytbdh dg hvgzbioùk+

Vbe 7=


Khtb+! Gytb hvioùk gy hviohkbc#  kh hjcoebthzob+ 9+:+ AH]OAOGKTHY Gk gytg ywjagkü yg zgeoytzbk thdhy chy ah}oaogkthy zgbco|bdhy vhz jbkihy+ Yg iwgktb ihk cby yoewogktgy hviohkgy+ 9+:+2+ Zgeoytzh dg Hvgzbiohkgy Gk gytb hvioùk yg zgbco|b gc zgeoytzh dg ah}oaogkthy zgbco|bdhy vhz jbkihy+

Bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg }gktbkb# gk cb iwbc yg zgeoytzbzâ gc iùdoeh dgc jbkih gk gc rwg yg dgygb tzbjblbz+ Yg vwgdg hjtgkgz bwdb vzgyohkbkdh cb tgicb M2+ Gc iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg< Dgyvwïy dg nbjgz okezgybdh gc iùdoeh dg jbkih# yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Bigvtbz‑

 bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg }gktbkb<

Vbe 75


Vbzb okoiobz gc ah}oaogkth dg jbkih yg vzhigdgzâ b dbz icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑+

Gk ibyh dg rwg b yg nbbk zgeoytzbdh ah}oaogkthy# gythy vwgdgk ygz ahdomoibdhy# gcoaokbdhy h bkwcbdhy+ Vbzb iwbcrwogzb dg gytby hviohkgy yg togkg cb yoewogktg }gktbkb# dhkdg vzoagzh yg ccgkbzâ chy chy dbthy dg cb vbztg ywvgzohz .cb ibjgigzb/+

Vbe 7>


µ

Ygi+

< Zgeoytzb gc Küagzh dg ah}oaogkth dg iblb+

µ

Tovh

< Zgeoytzb yo gy ah}oaogkth dg okezgyh h ybcodb+

µ

Hvgzbioùk

< Yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg gc tovh dg hvgzbioùk rwg yg gytâ zgeoytzbkdh+

µ

Dhiwagkthy

< Zgeoytzb gc tovh dg dhiwagkth  gc küagzh dgc dhiwagkth agdobktg gc iwbc yg gytâ zgbco|bkdh gc ah}oaogkth dg ybcodb h okezgyh

µ

Bkg~h

< Zgeoytzb dg rwoïk vzh}ogkg gc okezgyh h vbzb rwogk gy cb ybcodb dgvgkdogkdh dgc ah}oaogkth rwg yg gytg okezgybkdh+

µ

Zgmgzgkiob

< Zgeoytzb dg mhzab aây dgtbccbdb gc ahto}h dgc ah}oaogkth+

µ

Gytbdh

< Zgeoytzb gc gytbdh gk rwg yg gkiwgktzb dgtgzaokbdb iwgktb jbkibzob .hviohkbc/+

µ

Tovh dg Ibajoh

< Zgeoytzb gc tovh dg ibajoh b cb mginb dgc ah}oaogkth+

Dgyvwïy dg nbjgz zgeoytzbdh zgeoytzbdh chy dbthy dg cb ibjgigzb yg vzhigdgzâ vzhigdgzâ b dbz icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Ezbjbz‑ vbzb rwg yg bito}gk cby yoewogktgy hviohkgy dg ah}oaogkth#  yg dbzâ icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑ .gk cb vbztg dg Ihkigvthy/+ 

Gk ibyh dg tgkgz oktgzmbig ihk gc aùdwch dg ihktbjocodbd# bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg vbktbccb# dhkdg yg okezgybzâk chy dbthy dgc dhiwagkth rwg yg gytb ibkigcbkdh h ihjzbkdh ihk yw ahkth zgyvgito}h+ Gk cb ibyoccb dg –Ihkigvth‑ yg vzgyohkb M2  yg gcoeg gc ihkigvth zgyvgito}h+

Vbe 7?


µ

Ygiwgkiob

< Zgeoytzb cb ygiwgkiob dgc ah}oaogkth zgbco|bdh vhz jbkih+

µ

Ihkigvth

< Zgeoytzb gc ihkigvth dgc ah}oaogkth dg jbkih+

µ

Bkg~h

< Zgeoytzb gc tovh dg bkg~h ihk gc rwg yg zgbco|b gc ah}oaogkth vhz jbkihy+

µ

Dhiwagkth

< Zgeoytzb gc tovh dg dhiwagkth gaotodh vbzb cb egkgzbioùk dg doinh ah}oaogkth+

µ

Ahkth

< Zgeoytzb gc ahkth dgc ah}oaogkth dgc jbkih+

µ

Iwgktb

< Zgeoytzb cb iwgktb ihktbjcg egkgzbdb vhz doinh ah}oaogkth+

µ

Igktzh Ihythy

< Zgeoytzb gc igktzh dg ihythy bc rwg ygzâ gkibzebdh doinh ah}oaogkth+

µ

Zgmgzgkiob

< Zgeoytzb wkb zgmgzgkiob rwg gyvgiomorwg aây bc dgtbccg gc ahto}h dgc ah}oaogkth+

Khtb+! Gk gc ibyh dg tgkgz oktgzmbig ihk chy aùdwchy dg Mbitwzbioùk# Iwgktby vhz Vbebz h Mbitwzbioùk# bvbzgigzâk cby aoyaby }gktbkby rwg gk iblb# yg vwgdg ihkywctbz gk cby vâeokby :5  :>+ 9+:+:+ Tzbkymgzgkiob gktzg Jbkihy Gk gytb hvioùk yg zgeoytzb wkb tzbkymgzgkiob dg dokgzh gktzg jbkihy+ Gk cb vbktbccb rwg ybcg b ihktokwbioùk yg okezgyb gc jbkih rwg }b b zgbco|bz cb tzbkymgzgkiob .jbkih dgc iwbc }b b ybcoz gc dokgzh/+ Yg vwgdg hjtgkgz bwdb vzgyohkbkdh cb tgicb M2+ Gc iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Wkb }g| Okezgybdh gc iùdoeh# bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg }gktbkb<

Vbe =6


Brwá yg vwgdg zgbco|bz kwg}hy ah}oaogkthy dg tzbkymgzgkiob gktzg jbkihy# tzbkymgzgkiob dg jbkihy b iblb# ihkywctbz wkb tzbkymgzgkiob zgbco|bdb h gcoaokbz wkb tzbkymgzgkiob zgeoytzbdb+ Vbzb okezgybz wkb tzbkymgzgkiob yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑  bvbzgigzâ gc yoewogktg iwbdzh

Yg gcoeg yo b jbkihy h iblb yg }b b zgbco|bz cb tzbkymgzgkiob# cwgeh yg ookezgybzâ gc iùdoeh dgc jbkih h iblb dg dgytokh# bc iwbc yg gytb zgbco|bkdh cb tzbkymgzgkiob+ Dgyvwïy yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Bigvtbz‑  bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg }gktbkb# dhkdg

yg okezgybzâk chy dbthy kgigybzohy<

Vbe =2


Khtb+! Vzg}obagktg b nbigz wkb tzbkymgzgkiob yg dgjoù nbjgz izgbdh gk gc vcbk dg iwgktby wkb iwgktb vwgktg .glgavch 26+9+62/# cb iwbc }b oz ihk chy ihkigvthy# dg okezgyh  ybcodb# rwg yg izgbzâk vbzb cb tzbkymgzgkiob+ Ihkigvth dg okezgyh <

Tzbkymgzgkiob dg Jbkih .gytg ihkigvth yg izgb tbkth gk chy ihkigvthy dg iblb ihah dg jbkihy/+ +! Tzbkymgzgkiob b Jbkih h Iblb Ihkigvth dg ybcodb +!

9+:+9+ Ibajoh dgc Gytbdh dg cb Hvgzbioùk Gk gytb hvioùk yg zgbco|b gc ibajoh dg gytbdh dg cby hvgzbiohkgy zgbco|bdby# vbzb gcch yg dgjg okezgybz vzoagzh gc iùdoeh dgc jbkih ihk gc iwbc yg zgbco|ù gc ah}oaogkth+ Gc iwbdzh b ahytzbz ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Vbe =:


Vzoagzh nb rwg vhygyohkbzyg yhjzg gc ah}oaogkth yhjzg gc iwbc yg dgygb zgbco|bz doinh ibajoh# yg db icoi` icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Ibajoh‑  yg yg zgokezgybz gc iùdoeh dgc kwg}h tovh dg gytbdh dg hvgzbioùk rwg yg dgygb+

9+:+4+ Gktzgeby b Zgkdoz Gk gytb hvioùk yg zgbco|bk cby zgkdoiohkgy dg chy dhiwagkthy dg tovh ybcodb gk iblb h jbkihy

Vbe =9


Vbzb ibzebz chy dhiwagkthy vgkdogktgy dg zgkdoz dbz icoi` gk Okihzvhzbz Ah}oaogkthy Jbkihy h Iblb+

Vbzb zgbco|bz cb zgkdoioùk dg wk dhiwagkth dgjg ygcgiiohkbzch  dbz icoi` gak zgkdoioùk dg iwgktb

Bc dbz icoi` gk kwg}h yg zgbco|b cb zgkdoioùk cb iwbc vgzaotozâ doyaokwoz gc ybcdh dgc dhiwagkth b zgkdoz Vbe =4


9+9+ IHKYWCTBY Gk gytg ywjagkü yg zgbco|bk cby ihkywctby dg chy ah}oaogkthy zgbco|bdhy vhz cb gavzgyb gk jbkihy+ 9+9+2+ Ah}oaogkthy Ah}oaogkthy dg Jbkihy Gk Gytb hvioùk yg zgbco|bk cby ihkywctby zgmgzodby b chy ah}oaogkthy dg chy jbkihy# vbzb gcch yg dgjg okezgybz gc iùdoeh dgc jbkih yhjzg gc iwbc yg dgygb nbigz cb ihkywctb# yg hjtgkdzâ wkb }gktbkb dhkdg okezgybzâ gc iùdoeh dgc jbkih  bvbzgigzâ wkb }gktbkb ihk cb zgcbioùk dg ah}oaogkthy+

Vbe =7


Yg ygcgiiohkb gc ah}oaogkth rwg yg dgygb }gz  yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Ihkywctb‑

 cb vbktbccb khy ahytzbzâ okmhzabioùk aây dgtbccbdb dgc ah}oaogkth ihk chy yoewogktgy dbthy<

9+4+ ZGVHZTGY Gk gytb hvioùk dg zgvhztgy yg vwgdgk egkgzbz thdh chy zgvhztgy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy b chy ah}oaogkthy dg jbkihy+

Vbe ==


9+4+2+ Zgvhztg Agkywbc dg Ah}oaogkthy Ah}oaogkthy Gk Gc Zgvhztg Agkywbc dg Ah}oaogkthy gc wywbzoh tgkdzâ hvioùk b zgiojoz okmhzabioùk yhjzg chy ah}oaogkthy zgbco|bdhy gk gc agy bitwbc bc biigdgz b gytb hvioùk bvbzgigzâ gc yoewogktg iwbdzh+

Gk doinb }gktbkb gc wywbzoh vwgdg abzibz yhch chy jbkihy rwg yg dgygbk }oywbco|bz gk gc zgvhztg#  nbigz icoi gk gc jhtùk bigvtbz# wkb }g| zgbco|bdh gytg vzhigyh# bvbzgigzâ htzb vbktbccb gk cb iwbc gc wywbzoh okdoibzâ yo dgygb gc zgvhztg dg mhzab egkgzbc h icbyomoibdh vhz Gytbdhy+ Vbe =5


Gc yoytgab gaotozâ wk zgvhztg yoaocbz bc vzgygktbdh b ihktokwbioùk<

9+4+:+ Ah}oaogkthy dg Jbkihy .Ihkyhcodbdh(Dgtbccbdh/ .Ihkyhcodbdh(Dgtbccbdh/ Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg egkgzbz wk zgvhztg awinh aây dgtbccbdh rwg chy bktgzohzgy yhjzg chy ah}oaogkthy dg jbkihy# dgjodh b rwg# yo gk bceük ibyh ygb kgigybzoh yg vhdzâ gcgeoz# gc dgtbccg dg wkh h bcewkhy ah}oaogkthy gk wk jbkih gyvgiámoih# vbzb gytb hvioùk vzoagzh yg biigdg b cb yoewogktg vbktbccb<

Vbe =>


Wkb }g| ygcgiiohkbdh gc jbkih rwg yg dgygb zgvhztbz# yg nbig icoi gk gc jhtùk –Bigvtbz‑ dg gyb mhzab bvbzgigzâ gc yoewogktg iwbdzh ihk ibdb wkh dg chy

ah}oaogkthy rwg yg egkgzbzhk gk gc jbkih ygcgiiohkbdh

Wkb }g| rwg yg nb ygcgiiohkbdh chy ah}oaogkthy rwg yg ahytzbzâk gk gc zgvhztg yg nbig icoi gk gc jhtùk –Bigvtbz‑  dg gytb mhzab yg vzgygktbzâ gc yoewogktg zgvhztg<

Vbe =?


9+4+9+ Zgvhztgy dg Ah}oaogkthy Ah}oaogkthy vhz Tovh dg Hvgzbioùk+ Gk gytb hvioùk yg egkgzbzâk chy zgvhztgy dg chy ah}oaogkthy dg wkh h }bzohy Jbkihy icbyomoibdhy vhz gc tovh dg hvgzbioùk+ Bc biigdgz b gytb hvioùk bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg vbktbccb gk cb iwbc yg dgjgzâ ygcgiiohkbz chy Jbkihy ihk chy rwg yg }b b zgbco|bz gc zgvhztg+

Wkb }g| Ygcgiiohkbdh gc h chy jbkihy yg egkgzbzâ gc yoewogktg Zgvhztg<

Vbe 56


9+4+4+ Ybcdhy Ihkyhcodbdhy dg jbkihy Agdobktg gytb hvioùk yg vhdzâ egkgzbz chy ybcdhy ihkyhcodbdhy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy b wk jbkih dgtgzaokbdh# bc biigdgz b gytb hvioùk yg hjtgkdzâ cb }gktbkb yoewogktg<

Vbe 52


Bc dgtgzaokbz chy vbzâagtzhy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy yg egkgzbzâ gc yoewogktg ahdgch dg zgvhztg<

9+4+7+ Ihavzhjbktgy Ihktbjcgy gk Jbkihy+ Gk gytb hvioùk gc zgvhztg b egkgzbz ahytzbzâ cb okmhzabioùk bigzib dg chy ihavzhjbktgy ihktbjcgy rwg yg egkgzgk gk jbkihy# vbzb gytb hvioùk gc wywbzoh biigdgzâ b cb yoewogktg yoewogktg vbktbccb+

Cwgeh dg gyth gc wywbzoh dgjgzâ ygcgiiohkbz gc h chy chy jbkihy rwg ygzâk vbztg dgc zgvhztg  gc zbkeh dg mginby rwg yg dgygb ahytzbz gk gc aoyah# bc mokbc gc zgvhztg tgkdzâ gc yoewogktg cb mhzab<

Vbe 5:


9+4+=+ Oavzgyoùk dg Ingrwg ]hwingz Gk gytb hvioùk yg oavzoaozâk chy ]hwingz dg chy ingrwgy dg wk jbkih dgtgzaokbdh# vbzb gyth bvbzgigzâ wkb hvioùk gk cb rwg yg cg vgdozâ bc wywbzoh rwg okdorwg gc jbkih  wk zbkeh dg mginby <

_ b ihktokwbioùk bvbzgigzâk chy ingrwgy doyvhkojcgy vbzb oavzoaoz<

Vbe 59


Ygcgiiohkbahy gc h chy ingrwgy  nbigahy icoi gk bigvtbz

9+4+5+ Oavzgyoùk dg Zgtgkioùk Gytb hvioùk cg ahytzbzâ gc zgvhztg dg cby zgtgkiohkgy hzdgkbdhy vhz küagzh dg dhiwagkth# vhz mginb dg dhiwagkth h vhz bkg~h

Vbe 54


9+4+>+ Oavzgyoùk dg zgtgkioùk dgtbccbdh Gk gytb hvioùk yg ahytzbzâ wk zgvhztg dg zgtgkiohkgy awinh aây dgtbccbdh+ Yg cg yhcoiotbzâ rwg okdorwg gc jbkih  gc zbkeh dg mginby dgktzh dg wk agy vbzb gc zgvhztg+

9+4+?+ Zgvhztg Dobzoh dg Ah}oaogkthy ’ Zgvhztg vhz Zbkeh dg Mginby Gk gytb hvioùk dg zgvhztg dobzoh dg ah}oaogkthy gc wywbzoh vhdzâ hjtgkgz wkb hvioùk dg chy ah}oaogkthy rwg yg zgbco|bk ygeük zbkeh dg mginby vhz ibdb jbkih ihk gc rwg doinb gavzgyb tzbjblg# bc okezgybz b gytb hvioùk yg vhdzâ }gz cb yoewogktg vbktbccb<

Vbe 57


9+4+?+ Zgvhztg Dobzoh dg Ah}oaogkthy ’ Zgvhztg vhz Dáb Gk gytb hvioùk dg zgvhztg dobzoh dg ah}oaogkthy gc wywbzoh vhdzâ hjtgkgz wkb hvioùk dg chy ah}oaogkthy rwg yg zgbco|bk dobzobagktg vhz ibdb jbkih ihk gc rwg doinb gavzgyb tzbjblg# bc okezgybz b gytb hvioùk yg vhdzâ }gz cb yoewogktg vbktbccb<

9+4+26+ Zgvhztgy dg ingrwgy Gytg zgvhztg cg ahytzbzâ wk coytbdh dg chy ingrwgy gaotodhy bezwvbdhy vhz küagzh dg iwgktb  gytbdh dgc ingrwg+ Yg cg vwgdg nbigz wk moctzh vhz mginby bc zgvhztg

9+4+22+ Zgvhztg dg ingrwgy vhz vzh}ggdhz Gytg zgvhztg cg ahytzbzâ wk coytbdh dg ingrwgy gaotodhy ihktzb vzh}ggdhz

Vbe 5=


9+4+2:+ Zgvhztg vhz Zgeoytzh dg zgtgkioùk Gytb hvioùk ahytzbzâ wk zgvhztg biwawcbdh gk agygy dg zgtgkiohkgy gmgitwbdb+ Ygcgiiohkbzgahy gc agy dg okoioh  mok byá ihah cb ahkgdb gk cb rwg rwgzgahy }gz gc zgvhztg+

4+ VZHIGYHY _ IHKYWCTBY 4+2+ Egkgzbioùk dg byogkthy 4+2+2+ Iblb Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg egkgzbz chy byogkthy agkywbcgy dg cby domgzgktgy iblby zgeoytzbdby# b ygb gk ahkgdb kbiohkbc h ahkgdb g~tzbklgzb# cb }gktbkb vbzb okezgybz chy vbzâagtzhy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy gy cb yoewogktg<

Vbe 55


Wkb }g| okezgybdhy cb iblb ihk yw zgyvgito}b ahkgdb# yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Bigvtbz‑  yg egkgzbzâk bwthaâtoibagktg chy byogkthy ihktbjcgy# wkh vwgdg

hjtgkgz wkb }oytb vzg}ob dg chy byogkthy agkywbcgy rwg yg egkgzbzhk# vbzb gyth gc wywbzoh dgjg vzgyohkbz gc jhtùk –]gz Vzg}oh‑  gk cb vbztg jblb yg ahytzbzâ gc

byogkth ihzzgyvhkdogktg b hvgzbioùk zgeoytzbdb# yo yg gytb ihkmhzag ihk chy zgywctbdhy hjtgkodhy gk cb }oytb vzg}ob gc wywbzoh vwgdg vzhigdgz b tzbkymgzoz chy byogkthy bc ahdwch dg ihktbjocodbd+

4+2+:+ Jbkihy Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg egkgzbz chy byogkthy agkywbcgy dg chy domgzgktgy jbkihy# cb }gktbkb vbzb okezgybz chy vbzâagtzhy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy gy cb yoewogktg<

Vbe 5>


Wkb }g| okezgybdhy gc jbkih  gc agy# yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Bigvtbz‑  yg egkgzbzâk bwthaâtoibagktg chy byogkthy ihktbjcg# wkh vwgdg hjtgkgz wkb }oytb vzg}ob dg chy byogkthy agkywbcgy rwg yg egkgzbzhk# vbzb gyth gc wywbzoh dgjg vzgyohkbz gc jhtùk –]gz Vzg}oh‑  gk cb vbztg jblb yg ahytzbzâ gc byogkth

ihzzgyvhkdogktg b hvgzbioùk zgeoytzbdb# yo yg gytb ihkmhzag ihk chy zgywctbdhy hjtgkodhy gk cb }oytb vzg}ob gc wywbzoh vwgdg vzhigdgz b tzbkymgzoz chy byogkthy bc ahdwch dg ihktbjocodbd+ 4+2+9+ Vgzigviohkgy Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg egkgzbz chy byogkthy agkywbcgy dg cby vgzigviohkgy

Vbe 5?


4+:+ Tzbkymgzgkiob dg byogkthy 4+:+2+ Iblb B tzb}ïy dg gytb hvioùk# chy byogkthy egkgzbdhy gk cb hvioùk bktgzohz vhdzâk ygz tzbkymgzodhy bc ahdwch dg ihktbjocodbd# vbzb zgbco|bz chy vzhigyhy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy0 vbzb vhdgz tzbkymgzoz gythy dbthy dgjg okdoibz dg iwbc dg cby iblby g~oytgktgy gy rwg yg dgygb tzbkymgzoz cb cb okmhzabioùk gythy vbzâagtzhy yg okezgybk b tzb}ïy dgc yoewogktg iwbdzh<

Khtb+! Khtb+! Cb tzbkymgzgkiob dg byogkthy dg iblb# bc ahdwch dg ihktbjocodbd gy vhz ibdb dáb rwg yg bvgztwzh  yg zgeoytzbzhk ah}oaogkthy gk iblb+ 4+:+:+ Iblb inoib Gk gytb hvioùk thdhy chy byogkthy ihktbjcgy# egkgzbdhy vhz chy ah}oaogkthy zgbco|bdhy gk iblb inoib ygzâk tzbkymgzodhy b ihktbjocodbd dg mhzab bwthaâtoib# vbzb gyth yhch nb rwg okdoibz gc iùdoeh dg cb iblb b tzbkymgzoz+

Vbe >6


4+9+ Vzhigyh dg ybcdhy 4+9+2+ Iblb Gk gytb hvioùk yg bitwbco|bk chy ybcdhy dg cby iblby dg wk dáb b htzh+ Yhch dgjgahy ygcgiiohkbz cb iblb zgyvgito}b  gc vzhigyh bwthaâtoih ihzzgeozâ chy ybcdhy+

4+9+:+ Jbkihy Gk gytg ywjagkü yg bitwbco|bk chy ybcdhy jbkibzohy# vbzb gcch yg dgjg okezgybz gc iùdoeh dgc jbkih+ Gc iwbdzh rwg bvbzgigzâ gy yoaocbz bc iwbdzh bktgzohz dg Vzhigybz ybcdhy dg iblb+ Gytg vzhigyh yg zgbco|bzâ bwthaâtoibagktg# dgyvwïy dg ch iwbc bvbzgigzâ wk iwbdzh dg ihkmozabioùk dgc zgiâciwch dg chy ybcdhy<

4+4+ Ihkywctby dg ybcdhy 4+4+2+ Ihkywctby dg ybcdhy dg jbkihy Gk gytb hvioùk yg zgbco|bk cby ihkywctby zgmgzodby b chy ah}oaogkthy dg chy jbkihy# vbzb gcch yg abzib gc jbkih dgc rwg rwg yg dgygb }gz chy ybcdhy+

Vbe >2


Cwgeh yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Bigvtbz‑  yg hjtgkdzâ cb yoewogktg }gktbkb ihk chy

ybcdhy dg jbkihy<

4+4+:+ Ihkywctb dg ybcdhy dg iblb Gk gytg Ywj+ Agkü yg vwgdg zgbco|bz ihkywctby dg chy ybcdhy ihkyhcodbdhy dg ibdb iblb# vbzb gcch yg dgjg gcgeoz vzg}obagktg cb iblb yhjzg cb rwg yg dgygb cb ihkywctb  bwthaâtoibagktg chy ybcdhy bvbzgigzâk gk cb vbztg okmgzohz+

Vbe >:


4+7+ Ihkywctb dg dhiwagkthy dhiwagkthy ibkigcbdhy Gytb ihkywctb ag vgzaotg }oywbco|bz chy dhiwagkthy ibkigcbdhy vhz bkg~h# vhz tovh dg dhiwagkth# dgktzh dg wk zbkeh dg mginby

4+=+ Vzhigyh dg tzbkymgzgkiob Gytg vzhigyh vgzaotg cb tzbkymgzgkiob gktzg iblby  jbkihy

Vbe >9


4+5+ Tzbkymgzgkiob dg zgtgkiohkgy

4+>+ Tzbkymgzgkiob dg vgzigviohkgy

7+ IHKIOCOBIOÙK JBKIBZOB Gytb hvioùk dgc Agkü vzokiovbc yoz}g vbzb zgbco|bz cb ihkiocobioùk jbkibzob+ yg iwgktb ihk chy yoewogktgy ywj agküy<

Vbe >4


7+2+

Abktgkoaogkth

7+2+2+ Kh zgeoytzbdh gk cojzhy Gk gytg ywjagkü yg vwgdg okezgybz ah}oaogkthy rwg kh yg okezgybzhk vhz –Abkglh dg Jbkihy‑+ Vbzb gcch nb rwg ygcgiiohkbz g c iùdoeh dgc jbkih yhjzg gc iwbc yg dgygb okezgybz chy ah}oaogkthy rwg kh bvbzgigzâk gk aoy cojzhy ihktbjcgy vgzh yo bvbzgigzâk gk cb ihkiocobioùk jbkibzob+

Wkb }g| zgbco|bdb cb ygcgiioùk yg vzhigdg b cb doeotbioùk dg chy ah}oaogkthy rwg yg dgygg+ Yg hjtgkdzâ cb yoewogktg }gktbkb<

Vbe >7


Vbzb vhdgz vhdgz okezgybz kwg}hy ah}oaogkthy ah}oaogkthy dg chy g~tzbithy g~tzbithy jbkibzohy# yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑

yoewogktgy dbthy<      

 bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg }gktbkb# }gktbkb# dhkdg yg ccgkbzâk chy

Ygiwgkiob Dáb Tovh dg Dhiwagkth Dhiwagkth Ibzeh Bjhkh

Kwagzbioùk bwthaâtoib Mginb dgc ah}oaogkth jbkibzoh Icbyg dg dhiwagkth jbkibzoh Küagzh dg dhiwagkth Oavhztgy dgwdhzgy gk cb Itb+ Itg+ Oavhztgy bizggdhzgy gk cb Itb+ Itg+

Vbe >=


7+2+:+ Ah}oaogkth Vgkdogktg Ihkiocobioùk Gk gytg ywjagkü yg vwgdg okezgybz ah}oaogkthy rwg gytâk vgkdogktgy dg ihkiocobz bc okoioh dg hvgzbiohkgy gk gc yoytgab# tbkth gk chy zgeoytzbdh gk chy cojzhy h ch zgeoytzbdh gk chy gytbdhy dg chy jbkihy ihah yg awgytzb<

Vbe >5


7+2+9+ Ybcdhy Gk gytg ywjagkü yg vwgdg okezgybz chy ybcdhy dg cb ihkiocobioùk dgc agy bktgzohz bc okoioh dg hvgzbiohkgy gk gc yoytgab# tbkth dg ch zgeoytzbdh gk chy cojzhy h ch zgeoytzbdh gk chy gytbdhy dg iwgktby# ihah yg awgytzb<

7+:+ Ihkywctby Gk gytg Ywjagkü yg zgbco|bk cby ihkywctby zgmgzodby b cb ihkiocobioùk jbkibzob+ Yg togkgk cby yoewogktgy hviohkgy< 7+:+2+ Ihkywctby dgc G~tzbith Brwá yg vwgdg ihkywctbz chy ah}oaogkthy zgeoytzbdhy# dbthy rwg yhk hjtgkodhy dgc g~tzbith jbkibzoh+ Gc zgvhztg ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Vbe >>


Wkb }g| ygcgiiohkbdh gc jbkih rwg yg dgygb ihkywctbz wkh vwgdg ihkywctbz chy zgeoytzhy ihkiocobdhy chy kh ihkiocobdhy h thdhy# dg biwgzdh bc jhtùk rwg yg gcolb cwgeh yg ahytzbzâ cb ihkywctb dg cb yoewogktg mhzab<

7+:+:+ Ihkywctby dg Ah}oaogkthy Brwá yg vwgdg ihkywctbz chy ah}oaogkthy dg chy jbkihy# dbthy rwg yhk hjtgkodhy dgc ah}oaogkth dobzoh dg jbkihy+ Cb }gktbkb rwg bvbzgigzâ ygzâ cb yoewogktg< Vbe >?


Dg cb aoyab mhzab rwg gk cb ihkywctb bktgzohz wkh togkg tzgy hviohkgy dg vzgygktbioùk dg chy ah}oaogkthy# Ihkiocobdhy# yok Ihkiocobz  thdhy# bc gcgeoz wkb dg gytby hviohkgy yg vzgygktbzâ gc iwbdzh ihk chy ah}oaogkthy ihkywctbdhy dg cb yoewogktg mhzab<

Vbe ?6


7+:+9+ Ihkywctby dg Ybcdhy Brwá yg vwdg ihkywctbz chy ybcdhy dg chy jbkihy# dbthy rwg yhk hjtgkodhy dgc ah}oaogkth dobzoh dg chy jbkihy  dgc g~tzbith jbkibzoh+ Gc iwbdzh ygzâ gc yoewogktg<

Dg cb aoyab mhzab rwg gk cby hviohkgy bktgzohzgy yg vzgygktbzâk chy ybcdhy g~oytgktgy dg biwgzdh jhtùk rwg yg gcolb vzgyohkbz# gk ibyh kh g~oytb kokeük Ybcdh bvbzgigzâ gc yoewogktg agkyblg dg b}oyh<

7+:+4+ Ihkywctby dg Ihkiocobioùk Brwá yg vwgdg ihkywctbz cby ihkiocobiohkgy zgbco|bdby dgc agy bitwbc# dbthy rwg yhk hjtgkodhy dg chy Vzhigyhy dg Ihkiocobioùk+ Cb }gktbkb rwg yg bjzozâ ygzâ cb yoewogktg<

Vbe ?2


Wkb }g| ygcgiiohkbdb gc jbkih b ihkywctbz# yg nbig icoi gk gc jhtùk –Ygcgiioùk‑  yg egkgzbzâ wk zgvhztg ihah gc rwg yg vzgygktb b ihktokwbioùk<

7+9+ VZHIGYHY Gk gytg Ywjagkü yg zgbco|bk chy vzhigyhy dg cb ihkiocobioùk jbkibzob yg iwgktb ihk cby yoewogktgy hviohkgy<

Vbe ?:


7+9+2+ Okihzvhzbz Ah}oaogkthy Gk gytg ywjagkü yg okihzvhzbzâk chy ah}oaogkthy dobzohy dg chy jbkihy zgeoytzbdhy+ Gytb hvioùk yg zgbco|b bktgy dg zgbco|bz wkb ihkiocobioùk jbkibzob# yg dgjg okdoibz dgydg rwg ywjdobzoh b rwg ywjdobzoh okihzvhzbz  cwgeh nbigz icoi gk ihktokwbz

7+9+:+ Vzhigyh dg ihkiocobioùk 7+9+:+2+ Ihkiocobioùk Agdobktg gytg vzhigyh yg ygcgiiohkbzbk chy dhiwagkthy dg jbkihy rwg yg ihkiocobzbk gk gc agy+ Dgyvwïy dg okihzvhzbz chy ah}oaogkthy dobzohy b chy okezgyhy vhz gc g~tzbith jbkibzoh# yg vzhigdgzâ bc vzhigyh dg ihkiocobioùk# vbzb gcch vzoagzh yg dgjg gcgeoz gc jbkih dgc rwg yg }b b zgbco|bz cb ihkiocobioùk  cwgeh# bc bvbzgigz gc yoewogktg iwbdzh# yg dgjg abzibz gk cb ihcwakb dg cb dgzginb gc dhiwagkth b ihkiocobz+

Vbe ?9


Dgyvwïy dg vzgyohkbz gc jhtùk ihkiocobz# bvbzgigzâ wkb ihkmozabioùk dg cb ihkiocobioùk bwthaâtoib dg chy jbkihy+ 7+9+:+:+ Bkwcbz Ihkiocobioùk Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg bkwcbz# thtbc h vbziobcagktg# cb ihkiocobioùk jbkibzob gmgitwbdb vzg}obagktg+ Bc ihzzgz gytg vzhigyh# gc yoytgab bkwcb cby ihkiocobiohkgy gmgitwbdby# vhkogkdh gk –Vgkdogktgy vhz Ihkiocobz‑ chy ah}oaogkthy bitwbco|bdhy

gk cb üctoab ihkiocobioùk+ Vzoagzh gc wywbzoh dgjg okdoibz gc jbkih ihk yw zgyvgito}b iwgktb jbkibzob dg cb rwg yg }b b bkwcbz cb Ihkiocobioùk Jbkibzob  cwgeh dbzâ icoi` gk gc jhtùk rwg yg zgrwogzb# gy dgioz# dg biwgzdh b ch rwg gc wywbzoh dgygg# vwgdg ygz gc jhtùk h gc jhtùk

!

Bkwcbioùk Vbziobc

< Iwbkdh yg dgygb gcoaokbz cb ihkiocobioùk dg bcewkhy ah}oaogkthy+ Vbzb bkwcbz cb ihkiocobioùk dg gythy dhiwagkthy yg rwotb cb abzib rwg togkgk gythy ah}oaogkthy+

!

Bkwcbioùk Thtbc

< Iwbkdh yg dgygb gcoaokbz cb ihkiocobioùk dg thdhy chy dhiwagkthy b cb }g|+

Vbe ?4


Wkb ]g| Okdoibdb iwbcrwogzb dg cby hviohkgy yg vzhigdgzâ b cb bkwcbioùk ihzzgyvhkdogktg bc mokbco|bz cb aoyab bvbzgigzâ wk agkyblg dg ihkmozabioùk dgc vzhigyh+

Khtb+! Khtb+! Gk ibyh dg rwg yg nbb zgbco|bdh gc iogzzg agkywbc# vzoagzh yg dgjg bkwcbz gc iogzzg agkywbc  cwgeh zgbco|bz cb bkwcbioùk dg cb ihkiocobioùk+ Dgyvwïy dg zgbco|bz wkb bkwcbioùk dg cb ihkiocobioùk# yg okihzvhzb ah}oaogkthy+ 7+9+9+ Iogzzg Agkywbc Gytb hvioùk gy vbzb rwg chy ah}oaogkthy rwg kh mwgzhk ibkigcbdhy gk gc agy rwg yg gytb tzbjblbkdh# vbygk b cb zgcbioùk dg ah}oaogkthy vhz ihkiocobz dgc agy yoewogktg+ Gc Iogzzg yg zgbco|bzâ dg mhzab oktgzkb  bvbzgigzâ wkb iwbdzh dg ihkmozabioùk dgc iogzzg agkywbc+

Vbe ?7


7+9+4+ Bkwcbz Iogzzg dg Agy Dgyvwïy dg nbjgz zgbco|bdh gc iogzzg agkywbc# yg togkg cb hvioùk dg bkwcbz gytg iogzzg# gk ibyh dg rwg bc ahagkth rwg yg zgbco|ù gc iogzzg agkywbc# bceük ah}oaogkth gytg abc zgeoytzbdh h nbb bceük zgeoytzh mbctbktg+ Gc yoytgab vodg vzoagzh wkb ihkmozabioùk dg cb bkwcbioùk dgc iogzzg agkywbc+ Dgyvwïy dg ihkmozabz cb bkwcbioùk gc yoytgab awgytzb wkb vbktbccb ahytzbkdh wk agkyblg dg cb bkwcbioùk yg zgbco|h gk mhzab ihzzgitb+

Vbe ?=


7+4+ ZGVHZTGY Gk cb hvioùk dg zgvhztgy gc wywbzoh vhdzâ egkgzbz chy zgvhztgy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy b thdh ch zgcbiohkbdh zgcbiohkbdh ihk gc âzgb âzgb dg ihkiocobioùk jbkibzob+ 7+4+2+ Zgvhztg dg G~tzbith Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg egkgzbz gc zgvhztg yhjzg chy g~tzbithy jbkibzohy dg wkh h thdhy chy jbkihy rwg gytâk zgeoytzbdhy gk gc yoytgab# bc okezgybz b gytb hvioùk vhdzâ bvzgiobz cb yoewogktg vbktbccb<

Brwá ygcgiiohkbzâ gc jbkih dgc rwg yg dgygb egkgzbz gc zgvhztg  cwgeh yg nbig icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Ygcgiioùk‑  bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg vbktbccb<

Vbe ?5


Gc wywbzoh dgjg gcgeoz wkb dg cby iwgktby rwg vgztgkgigk bc jbkih ygcgiiohkbdh+ Gc zgvhztg yg vwgdg egkgzbz ihk wkb h ihk }bzoby iwgktby# wkb }g| abzibdhy thdby cby iwgktby rwg yg dgygg rwg bvbzg|ibk gk gc zgvhztg# yg nbig icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Bigvtbz‑+

Cwgeh bvbzgigzâ wkb vbktbccb# gk cb iwbc yg dgjg okdoibz yo yg dgygb rwg gc zgvhztg yg egkgzg ihk rwogjzgy h ihktokwh# dg cb aoyab mhzab tbajoïk yg dgjg gyvgiomoibz yo yg dgygb zgbco|bz wk zgvhztg yhjzg chy ah}oaogkthy ihkiocobdhy# yok ihkiocobz h Thdhy chy ah}oaogkthy

Wkb }g| okdoibdby thdby gytby hviohkgy bvbzgigzâ gc yoewogktg ahdgch dg zgvhztg<

Vbe ?>


7+4+:+ Zgvhztg dg Ah}oaogkthy Ah}oaogkthy Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg egkgzbz gc zgvhztg yhjzg chy ah}oaogkthy jbkibzohy dg wkh h thdhy chy jbkihy rwg gytâk zgeoytzbdhy gk gc yoytgab# bc okezgybz b gytb hvioùk vhdzâ bvzgiobz cb yoewogktg vbktbccb<

Vbe ??


7+4+9+ Zgvhztg dg Ybcdhy Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg egkgzbz gc zgvhztg dg ybcdhy dgc agy bktgzohz dg chy ah}oaogkthy jbkibzohy dg wkh h thdhy chy jbkihy rwg gytâk zgeoytzbdhy gk gc yoytgab# bc okezgybz b gytb hvioùk vhdzâ bvzgiobz cb yoewogktg vbktbccb<

Vbe 266


Vbe 262


7+4+4+ Zgvhztg dg Ihkiocobioùk Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg egkgzbz gc zgvhztg dg cb ihkiocobioùk jbkibzob dg wkh h thdhy chy jbkihy rwg gytâk zgeoytzbdhy gk gc yoytgab# bc okezgybz b gytb hvioùk vhdzâ bvzgiobz cb yoewogktg vbktbccb<

Vbe 26:


=+ WTOCODBDGY Gkihktzbahy chy yoewogktgy ibavhy< µ

Izgbz< bdaokoytzbdhzgy# gavzgyb# Wywbzohy

µ

Ibajobz dg gavzgyb bito}b

µ

Ibajobz dg mginb dg tzbjblh

µ

Hvgzbiohkgy gyvgiobcgy< Igzzbz ( Bjzoz iblb jbkihy# Ahdomoibz ybcdhy okoiobcgy# zgbvgztwzbz iblb dg wk dáb+

µ

Ibciwcbdhzb

+ Mhzabth dg zgtgkiohkgy + Tgcgizïdoth + Ibajobz mhkdh dg vbktbccb =+2+ IZGBZ Gy wkb jbyg dg dbthy dhkdg yg zgeoytzbk thdhy chy dbthy dg cby gavzgyby# bdaokoytzbdhzgy  wywbzohy rwg tgkdzâk biigyh bc wyh dg gytg yoytgab+ Ibdb gavzgyb gy odgktomoibdb agdobktg wk iùdoeh rwg# byoekbdh vhz ükoib }g| vhz gc bdaokoytzbdhz bc ahagkth dg cb izgbioùk# kh vhdzâ ygz ibajobdh# ko zgbyoekbdh vbzb htzh átga+ =+2+2+ Izgbz Bdaokoytzbdhzgy Bdaokoytzbdhzgy Gy cb Jbyg dg Dbthy dhkdg yg zgeoytzbk b chy bdaokoytzbdhzgy+ Ibdb bdaokoytzbdhz gy odgktomoibdh agdobktg wk iùdoeh byoekbdh vhz ükoib }g| bc ahagkth dg izgbz bc bdaokoytzbdhz# gytg iùdoeh vwgdg ygz ahdomoibdh+

Vbe 269


Gy vhyojcg okezgybz b wk kwg}h bdaokoytzbdhz# gdotbz .ahdomoibz/ h gcoaokbz b wk bdaokoytzbdhz b g~oytgktg+ Cby tzgy hviohkgy togkgk chy aoyahy ibavhy+ Vbzb okezgybz wk bdaokoytzbdhz kwg}h nbigz icoi` gk –Kwg}h‑  yg hjtgkdzâ<

µ

Iùdoeh<

Yg Okdoib gc Iùdoeh dgc bdaokoytzbdhz

µ

Vbyyuhzd<

Yg Okdoib gc vbyyuhzd ihk gc rwg gc bdaokoytzbdhz vwgdg okezgybz bc yoytgab

µ

Ihkmozabz<

Gk gytg ibyoccgzh y dgjg }hc}gz b okezgybz gc vbyyuhzd vbzb tgkgz wkb ihkmozabioùk dgc aoyah# gc wywbzoh kh vhdzâ ezbjbz gc kwg}h bdaokoytzbdhz nbytb rwg ch doeotbdh gk cby ibyoccby vbyyuhzd  ihkmozabz ygb g~bitbagktg ch aoyah+

=+2+:+ Izgbz Gavzgyb Gy dhkdg yg zgeoytzbk thdby cby gavzgyby rwg tgkdzâk biigyh bc wyh dg gytg yoytgab+ Ibdb gavzgyb gy odgktomoibdb agdobktg wk iùdoeh rwg byoekbdh vhz ükoib }g| vhz gc bdaokoytzbdhz# bc ahagkth dg izgbz cb gavzgyb# gytg iùdoeh kh vwgdg ygz ahdomoibdh# ko zgbyoekbdh vbzb htzb gavzgyb+ Vbe 264


Gk cb vbztg ywvgzohz dgzginb dg gytg iwbdzh vwgdg bvzgiobz dhy jhthkgy< Izgbz JD

Yg wtoco|b iwbkdh yg dgygb egkgzbz cb jbyg dg dbthy vbzb cb gavzgyb

Bòhy

Yg wtoco|b vbzb okezgybz wk kwg}h bòh+

Vbzb izgbz wkb gavzgyb yg db icoi` gk gc jhtùk –Kwg}h‑  bvbzgigzâ gk cb vbktbccb

wkb }gktbkb ihk tzgy vgytbòby<<



!

Dbthy Egkgzbcgy

!

Okmhzabioùk Dgtbccg

!

Gytzwitwzb dgc Vcbk dg Iwgktby

Dbthy Egkgzbcgy

Gk gytb vgytbòb yg okdoibzâk thdhy chy dbthy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy b chy dbthy egkgzbcgy dg cb gavzgyb h dg cb vgzyhkb Kbtwzbc ygeük ygb gc ibyh+

Vbe 267


µ

Tovh dg Dhiwagkth< Yg Okdoib ihk rwg tovh dg dhiwagkth yg }b b zgeoytzbz cb gavzgyb b ygb ihk Z+W+I+ h ihk bceük htzh Dhiwagkth+

µ

Küagzh dg Z+W+I+< Yg okdoib gc Küagzh dg Z+W+I+ dg cb gavzgyb# gyth yg db gk ibyh dg rwg yg nbb okdoibdh Z+W+I+ gk gc ibavh bktgzohz+

µ

Ihd+ ( Dgyizovioùk dgc Dhiwagkth< Ch rwg yg }g gk cb oabegk dg bzzojb gy gk ibyh dg rwg yg nbb gcgeodh cb hvioùk Htzhy Dhiwagkthy# gk gytg ibyh brwá yg okdoib gc iùdoeh dgc dhiwagkth# wkb }g| okdoibdh gc iùdoeh ihzzgyvhkdogktg gk gc ibyoccgzh rwg yg gkiwgktzb b cb dgzginb bvbzgigzâ bwthaâtoibagktg gc tovh dg dhiwagkth rwg yg }b b zgeoytzbz+

µ

Küagzh dg Dhiwagkth< Yg okdoib gc küagzh dg dhiwagkth rwg yg }b zgeoytzbz+

µ

Khajzg h Zb|ùk Yhiobc< Yg okdoib yo gc Khajzg b okdoibz gy dg wkb vgzyhkb Kbtwzbc h Lwzádoib+ Yo gy lwzádoib yg okdoibzâ Zb|ùk Yhiobc# gk ibyh ihktzbzoh yg okdoibzâ Khajzg+

µ

Zb|ùk Yhiobc< Gytg Ibyoccgzh bvbzgig gk ibyh dg rwg yg nbb gcgeodh Zb|ùk Yhiobc gk gc ibavh bktgzohz# brwá yg okdoibzâ gc khajzg dg cb vgzyhkb lwzádoib .khajzg dg cb gavzgyb/

µ

Bvgccodh Vbtgzkh< Gk ibyh dg rwg yg nbb gcgeodh Khajzg gk gc ibavh bktgzohz Yg Okdoibzâ gc Bvgccodh vbtgzkh dg cb vgzyhkb kbtwzbc+

µ

Bvgccodh Abtgzkh< Brwá yg okdoibzâ gc bvgccodh Abtgzkh dg cb vgzyhkb kbtwzbc+

µ

Khajzg< Brwá yg okdoib gc khajzg dg cb vgzyhkb kbtwzbc+

Vbe 26=

Iblb  Jbkihy }gzyoùk YRC 

Okmhzabioùk dg Dgtbccg

Gk cb yoewogktg vgytbòb yg zgeoytzbzâk dbthy aby dgtbccbdhy bigzib dg cb gavzgyb gk iwgytoùk# chy dbthy b okezgybz yhk chy yoewogktgy<



µ

Zb|ùk Yhiobc< Brwá bvbzgigzâ gc khajzg rwg yg okezgyh gk cb vgytbòb bktgzohz+

µ

Dozgiioùk< Brwá yg zgeoytzbzâ cb dozgiioùk dg cb gavzgyb+

µ

Tgcïmhkh< Yg okdoib gc küagzh tgcgmùkoih dg cb gavzgyb# gk ibyh g~oytb+

µ

Mb~< Yg okdoib gc küagzh dg mb~ dg cb gavzgyb# gk ibyh g~oytb+

µ

Zgvzgygktbktg< Yg okdoib gc khajzg dgc zgvzgygktbktg cgebc+

µ

Dhi< Yg okdoib gc Küagzh dg Dhiwagkth dg Odgktodbd+

µ

Vbktbccb< Brwá yg okdoib gc Tg~th rwg bvbzgigzâ gk thdby cby vbktbccby iwbkdh gytb gavzgyb ygb gcgeodb# yg zgihaogkdb rwg ygb wk khajzg rwg yg zgcbiohkg ihk cb gavzgyb+

µ

Zgvhztg< Brwá yg okdoib gc Tg~th rwg bvbzgigzâ gk thdhy chy Zgvhztgy iwbkdh gytb gavzgyb ygb gcgeodb# yg zgihaogkdb rwg ygb wk khajzg rwg yg zgcbiohkg ihk cb gavzgyb+

Gytzwitwzb dgc Vcbk dg Iwgktby

Gk gytb hvioùk yg okdoibk chy vbzâagtzhy kgigybzohy vbzb cb gytzwitwzbioùk dgc vcbk dg iwgktby# chy dbthy b zgeoytzbz brwá yhk chy yoewogktgy<

Vbe 265


µ

Gytzwitwzb dgc Vcbk dg Iwgktby< Ihah yg vwgdg bvzgiobz gk gytg iwbdzh gk cb vbztg ywvgzohz yg gkiwgktzbk = ibyoccgzhy# brwá yg dgjg okdoibz cb ibktodbd dg dáeothy rwg vhdzâ ihktgkgz wk Ko}gc gk gc vcbk dg iwgktby# gk ibyh dg rwg kh yg dgyggk tgkgz thdhy chy ko}gcgy gk gc vcbk dg iwgktb# gkthkigy chy ibyoccgzh dgc ko}gc rwg kh yg dgygb wybz yg zgccgkb ihk igzhy+

µ

Glgzioioh Ihktbjcg< Gk gytg ibyoccgzh yg okdoib gc Bòh dgc glgzioioh Ihktbjcg+

µ

Mginb Okoioh< Yg Okdoib gc dáb  gc agy gk dhkdg yg okoiobk chy ah}oaogkthy

µ

Mginb Mok< Yg Okdoib gc dáb  gc agy gk dhkdg yg iogzzbk h mokbco|bk chy ah}oaogkthy+

Gk gytb üctoab vgytbòb tbajoïk yg gkiwgktzb gc jhtùk ezbjbz  ybcoz+ =+2+9+ Izgbz Wywbzohy Gk gytb hvioùk dg Wywbzohy yg zgeoytzbk thdhy chy wywbzohy rwg tgkdzâk biigyh bc yoytgab# bdgaây tbajoïk yg okdoibzâ b rwg hviohkgy dgc yoytgab vhdzâ tgkgz biigyh doinh wywbzoh# chy wywbzohy yhch vwgdgk ygz okezgybdh vhz gc h chy bdaokoytzbdhzgy dgc yoytgab# chy dbthy b okezgybz yhk chy yoewogktgy<

Vbe 26>


µ

Iùdoeh Wywbzoh< Yg Okdoib gc Iùdoeh rwg tgkdzâ gc wywbzoh+

µ

Khajzg Wywbzoh< Yg Okdoib gc khajzg dgc Wywbzoh# gc rwg ïytg dgjgzâ okezgybz bc ahagkth dg okoiobzyg gc yoytgab

µ

Vbyyuhzd Wywbzoh< Yg Okdoib gc vbyyuhzd rwg tgkdzâ gc Wywbzoh gk agkioùk+

µ

Ihkmozabz< Brwá yg zgvotg gc vbyyuhzd vbzb cb ihkmozabioùk dgc aoyah+

Cwgeh dg okdoibz chy dbthy bktgzohzagktg g~vcoibdhy# yg dgjg okdoibz b rwg hviohkgy dgc agkü dg yoytgab tgkdzâ biigyh gc wywbzoh# yo gc wywbzoh dgjg nbigz wyh dg bcewkb hvioùk yg bito}bzâ gc ingi` rwg yg gkiwgktzb b cb o|rwogzdb dg cb hvioùk# dg gytb mhzab iwbkdh gc wywbzoh okezgyg bc yoytgab ihk yw vbyyuhzd cby hviohkgy rwg mwgzhk bito}bdby gk gytg iwbdzh bvbzgigzâk bito}by gk gc agkü# yo kh yg bito}bzhk brwá# tbavhih bvbzgigzâk bito}by gk gc yoytgab

=+:+ IBAJOBZ DG GAVZGYB BITO]B Gytb hvioùk vgzaotg ibajobz dg wkb gavzgyb b htzb tbajoïk yg vwgdg biigdgz b gytb hvioùk b tzb}ïy dg cb tgicb dg mwkioùk M2:# gc iwbdzh rwg bvbzgig gy gc yoewogktg<

Vbe 26?


Brwá yg ygcgiiohkb cb gavzgyb rwg yg dgygb abktgkgz bito}b  cb mginb dg tzbjblh  yg nbig icoi gk gc jhtùk bigvtbz+ =+9+ IBAJOBZ MGINB DG TZBJBLH Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg ibajobz dg mginb vbzb zgbco|bz vzhigyhy dg Iblb  Jbkihy dg mginby bktgzohzgy# tbajoïk yg vwgdg biigdgz b gytb hvioùk b tzb}ïy dg cb tgicb dg mwkioùk M?<

=+4+ HVGZBIOHKGY GYVGIOBCGY =+4+2+ Jchrwgbz h Dgyjchrwgbz Iblb ( Jbkihy Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg zgbco|bz hvgzbiohkgy ihah gc ibajoh g jbkih h iblb vbzb ihktokwbz ihk chy vzhigyhy dobzohy<

Vbe 226


Khtb+! Yo gk bcewkb hvhztwkodbd gc yoytgab yg iogzzb dg wk ahdh ihktzbzoh b ch khzabc# yg okezgyb b gytb hvioùk  yg rwotb cb abzib b cb iblb vbzb vhdgz okezgybz ah}oaogkthy kwg}bagktg+ =+4+:+ Ahdomoibz Ybcdhy Okoiobcgy Yg vwgdg ahdomoibz chy ybcdhy okoiobcgy b ygbk dg iblb h jbkihy# bc biigdgz b gytb hvioùk vzoagzbagktg bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg vbktbccb+

Gk gytb vbktbccb gc wywbzoh dgjg gcgeoz rwg ybcdhy yhk chy rwg yg dgygb ahdomoibz# b ygbk chy dg Iblb h chy dg Jbkihy# Bc gcgeoz cb hvioùk Iblb# bvbzgigzâ gc yoewogktg iwbdzh<

Vbe 222


Brwá yg okezgyb vzoagzbagktg iùdoeh dg cb iblb rwg yg dgygb ahdomoibz  cb mginb# cwgeh bvbzgigzâk chy ybcdhy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy vbzb yw ahdomoibioùk# wkb }g| mokbco|bdh gc vzhigyh yg dgjg nbigz icoi gk gc jhtùk –Ezbjbz‑# gk ibyh dg rwg kh yg dgygg ahdomoibz kbdb yg nbig icoi gk gc jhtùk –Ibkigcbz‑  yg ybcdzâ dg cb

vbktbccb+

Bc gcgeoz cb hvioùk Jbkihy# bvbzgigzâ cb yoewogktg vbktbccb<

Gk doinb vbktbccb gc wywbzoh okdoibzâ chy vbzâagtzhy ihzzgyvhkdogktgy b chy ybcdhy dgc jbkih rwg yg dgygb ahdomoibz# gy dgioz# dgjg okdoibz yo cb ahdomoibioùk yg nbzâ vhz Egkgzbcgy h vhz Gytbdhy# cwgeh yg okdoib gc Iùdoeh dg Jbkih  mokbcagktg# gc bòh  gc Agy rwg yg dgygb ahdomoibz# dg gytb mhzab yg vhdzâ ahdomoibz gc ybcdh ihzzgyvhkdogktg+

Vbe 22:


=+4+9+ Zgbvgztwzbz Iblb dg wk Dáb Gk gytb hvioùk gc wywbzoh vwgdg zgbvgztwzbz wkb Iblb rwg b nbb yodh igzzbdb gk wk dáb dgtgzaokbdh# vbzb zgbco|bz bcewkb ahdomoibioùk h ihzzgiioùk# rwg yg kgigyotg+

=+7+ Ibciwcbdhzb Gk gytb hvioùk yg vwgdg zgbco|bz hvgzbiohkgy dg iâciwch+

=+=+ Mhzabth dg zgtgkiohkgy Gk gytb hvioùk yg ihkmoewzb gc khajzg dgc zgvhztg vgzyhkbco|bdh vbzb gc mhzabth vzg oavzgyh dgc ihavzhjbktg dg zgtgkioùk

Vbe 229


=+5+ Tgcgizïdoth Gytb hvioùk ag vgzaotg egkgzbz gc bzino}h vbzb rwg gc tgcgizgdoth vwgdb oavhztbz chy ah}oaogkthy dg vbehy+

=+>+ Oavhztbz zgtgkiohkgy Gytb hvioùk ag vgzaotg ibvtwzbz gc bzino}h t~t dg cb YWKBT dhkdg yg ewbzdbk chy begktgy dg zgtgkioùk  jwgkhy ihktzojwgktgy vbzb abzibz h dgyabzibz dg mhzab bwthaâtoib gk cb moinb dgc vzh}ggdhz yo gytb bmgith h kh b cb zgtgkioùk+ Bc nbigz icoi gk }gzomoibz nbzâ gytg vzhigyh bwthaâtoih dg abzibdh

Vbe 224


=+?+ Ibajobz mhkdh dg vbktbccb Vhz gytb hvioùk Wd+ Vhdzâ vhkgz iwbcrwogz oabegk ihah mhkdh dg vbktbccb dg Vzhezbab+ Gcolb cb ibzvgtb dhkdg tgkeb iwbcrwogz tovh dg oabegk  nbeb icoi gk bvcoibz ihah yg awgytzb b ihktokwbioùk<

Vbe 227

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