RUMAH SAKIT VITA VI TA INSANI PEMATANG PEMATANG SIANTAR TAHUN TAHUN 2016 20 16
PENGELOLAAN LOGISTIK KEPERAWATAN RUMAH SAKIT VITA INSANI PEMATANG SIANTAR TAHUN 2016
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. LATAR BELAKANG Keberhas!a" #r$a"sas %e"&a'a ()*)a" ++),)"$ #!eh 'e"$e!#!aa" - a&(#r-a,(#r a"(ara !a" Ma"/ M#"e/ Ma&h"e/ Me(h#+e +a" Ma(era!. Pe"$e!#!aa" a"$ se%ba"$ +a" ba, +ar ,e!%a -a&(#r (erseb)( a,a" %e%ber,a" ,e'a)asa" ,e'a+a ,#s()%er ba, ,#s()%er "(er"a! %a)')" e,s(er"a!. R)%ah sa,( a"$ (e!ah (era,re+(as sehar)s"a (e!ah %e%!, 'e"$e!#!aa" a"$ ba, +a" (ers(a"+ar (er%as), !%a -a&(#r (erseb)(. Pa+a ,ese%'a(a" "/ a,a" %e%bahas se&ara ,h)s)s (e"(a"$ 'e"$e!#!aa" Ma(era! a(a) !#$s(& ,e'eraa(a". Keberhas!a" 'e"$e!#!aa" !#$s(, r)%ah sa,( (er$a"()"$ 'a+a ,#%'e(e"s +ar %a"a*er !#$s(, r)%ah sa,(. Ma"a*er ber-)"$s )"(), %e"$e!#!a !#$s(, %e!a!) -)"$s a"(ara !a" %e"$+e"(-,as/ %ere"&a"a,a" 'e"$a+aa"/ 'e"+s(rb)sa" a!a( h"$$a %e"$e%ba"$,a" ss(e% 'e"$e!#!aa" !#$s(, a"$ e-e,(- +a" e-se". Pe"$a+aa" a!a( a"$ (e'a( +a" ber-)"$s +e"$a" ba, a,a" %e%'er!a"&ar ,e$a(a" 'e!aa"a" 'ase" seh"$$a ber+a%'a, ba$ 'e""$,a(a" %)() 'e!aa"a" se&ara )%)%. Ma"a*er !#$s(, *)$a har)s %a%') %e"$a"(s'as ,e*a+a" +ar)ra(/ %e%b)a( s,a!a 'r#r(as ser(a %e!a,),a" 'er)baha" a"$ +b)()h,a" )"(), 'e"&a'aa" ()*)a" )%)% r)%ah sa,(. Ma"a*e%e" !#$s(, *)$a har)s %e"&a'a e-se"s +a" e-e,(-(as.
Ma"a*er
!#$s(,
%e%!,
,e%a%')a"
)"(),
%e"&e$ah
a(a)
%e%"%a!,a" 'e%b#r#sa"/ ,er)sa,a"/ ,a+a!)arsa/ ,eh!a"$a" a!a( (erseb)( a"$ a,a" %e%!, +a%'a, ,e'a+a 'e"$e!)ara" a(a)')" baa #'eras#"a! r)%ah sa,(. Me")r)( 'e%a"-aa(a""a/ baha" a(a) a!a( a"$ har)s +se+a,a" r)%ah sa,( +,e!#%'#,,a" %e"*a+ 'erse+aa" -ar%as a"(ara !a"3 #ba(/ baha" ,%a/ $as %e+,/ 'era!a(a" ,eseha(a"4/ 'erse+aa" %a,a"a"/ 'erse+aa" !#$s(, )%)% +a" (e,",.
B. TU5UAN 1 T)*)a" U%)% Me"$e(ah) %a"a*e%e" !#$s(, ,e'eraa(a" +a" %a%') %e"$+e"(-,as ,ea+aa" %a"a*e%e" !#$s(, +a!a% sa() 'e!aa"a" ,eseha(a" h"$$a %e%ber,a" )s)!a" 'erba,a" a"$ +'er!),a".
2 T)*)a" ,h)s)s
a. Ma%') %e"$+e"(-,as ,ea+aa" saa( " (e"(a"$ 'e"$e!#!aa" !#$s(, ,e'eraa(a".
b. Me%b)a( ss(e% 'e"$e!#!aa" !#$s(, ,e'eraa(a" %)!a +ar 'ere"&a"aa" 'e"$a+aa"/ 'e%e!haraa"/ ea!)as +a" 'e"$e%ba"$a" ss(e% (erseb)(.
BAB II
TIN5AUAN PUSTAKA
A. PENGERTIAN Sa$a"3 1772/ %e"a(a,a" %a"a*e%e" a+a!ah se" %e%'er#!eh has! %e!a!) berba$a ,e$a(a" a"$ +!a,),a" #!eh #ra"$ !a"/ se+a"$,a" !#$s(, a+a!ah baha" )"(), ,e$a(a" #'eras#"a! a"$ s-a("a habs 'a,a. Ma"a*e%e" !#$s(, a+a!ah s)a() !%) 'e"$e(ah)a" +a" a(a) se" ser(a 'r#ses %e"$e"a 'ere"&a"aa" +a" 'e"e"()a" ,eb)()ha" 'e"$a+aa"/ 'e"%'a"a"/ 'e"a!)ra" +a" 'e%e!haraa" ser(a 'e"$ha')sa" %a(era!8a!a(a!a(. S)ba$a3 17794/ seh"$$a %a"a*e%e" !#$s(, %a%') %e"*aab ()*)a" +a" ba$a%a"a &ara %e"&a'a ()*)a" +e"$a" ,e(erse+aa" baha" !#$s(, se(a' saa( b!a +b)()h,a" +a" +'er$)"a,a" se&ara e-se" +a" e-e,(-. Da!a% ss(e% a+%"s(ras %a"a*e%e" !#$s(, S)ba$a %e"a(a,a" seba$a ber,)(3
Unsur manajemen: Man Money Material Machine Method
Fungsi manajemen: Planning Organizing Actuating Controlling
Fungsi logistic: Fungsi perencanaan Fungsi penganggaran Fungsi Pengadaan Fungsi penyimpanan Fungsi penyaluran Fungsi penghapusan Fungsi Pengendalian
Pe!a,sa"aa" %a"a*e%e" a"$ ba,/ %a,a )"s)r)"s)r %a"a*e%e" +'r#ses %e!a!) -)"$s-)"$s %a"a*e%e" +a" -)"$s (erseb)( %er)'a,a" 'e$a"$a" )%)% )"(), +a'a( (erse!e"$$ara"a -)"$s-)"$s !#$s(,.
B. :UNGSI MANA5EMEN LOGISTIK :)"$s !#$s(, +a'a( +s)s)" +a!a% be"(), s,e%a s,!)s ,e$a(a" !#$s(, seba$a ber,)( M)s(,sar3 200;43
Perencanaan
Penghapusan
Penganggaran
Pengendalian (control)
Pendistribusian
Pengadaan
Penyimpanan
Mas"$%as"$ -)"$s !#$s(, (erseb)( sa!"$ berh)b)"$a" sa() +e"$a" a"$ !a". U"(), () ,(a bahas sa() 'ersa() -)"$s !#$s(, (erseb)(.
1 :)"$s Pere"&a"aa" Pe"$er(a" )%)% a+a!ah 'r#ses )"(), %er)%)s,a" sasara" +a" %e"e"(),a" !a"$,ah!a"$,ah a"$ har)s +!a,sa"a,a" )"(), %e"&a'a ()*)a" a"$ (e!ah +(e"(),a". Se+a"$,a" se&ara ,h)s)s 'ere"&a"a" !#$s(, a+a!ah %ere"&a"a,a" ,eb)()ha" !#$s(, a"$ 'e!a,sa"aa""a +!a,),a" #!eh se%)a &a!#" 'e%a,a )ser4 ,e%)+a" +a*),a" ses)a +e"$a" a!)r a"$ ber!a,) + %as"$
%as"$
#r$a"sas
M)s(,asar3
200;4.
S)ba$a
%e"a(a,a"
'ere"&a"aa" a+a!ah has! ra"$,)%a" +ar ,a(a" ()$as '#,#,/ $a$asa"/ 'e"$e(ah)a"/ 'e"$a!a%a" +a" ,ea+aa" a(a) !"$,)"$a" a"$ %er)'a,a" &ara (ere"&a"a +a!a% %e%)a( ,e"$"a" +a" )saha %er)%)s,a" +asar +a" 'e+#%a" ("+a,a" Pe"$e!#!aa" !#$s(, &e"+er)"$ se%a," ,#%'!e,s +a!a% 'e!a,sa"a""a seh"$$a a,a" sa"$a( s)!( +a!a% 'e"$e"+a!a" a'ab!a (+a, ++asar #!eh 'ere"&a"aa" a"$ ba,. Pere"&a"aa" a"$ ba, %e")"()( a+a"a ss(e% %#"(#r"$/ ea!)as +a" re'#r("$ a"$ %e%a+a +a" ber-)"$s seba$a )%'a" ba!, )"(), ("+a,a" 'e"$a"+a!a" (erha+a' +es+es a"$ (er*a+. S)a() re"&a"a har)s + +),)"$ #!eh se%)a 'ha,/ re"&a"a a"$ +'a,sa,a" a,a" s)!( %e"+a'a(,a" +),)"$a" bah,a" seba!,"a a,a" bera,ba(
(+a, !a"&ar +a!a% 'e!a,sa"aa""a. D baah " a,a" +!),s,a" ba$a" ,er*asa%a a"(ara '%'"a"/ 'ere"&a"a/ 'e!a,sa"a +a" 'e"$aas S)ba$a3 17794.
Pimpinan/Staf
Pe"$,a*a"
Pe"$e"+a!a"
Persiapan
"
Pelaksana
Sasaran
Pe"$aasa"
Pengawas
Da!a% s)a() ,e$a(a" +ar (aha' 'ersa'a"/ 'e!a,sa"aa" sa%'a +e"$a" 'e"&a'aa" ()*)a" Sasara" 4 + 'er!),a" ,er*asa%a a"$ (er)s %e"er)s a"(ara '%'"a" 8 s(a-/ 'ere"&a"a/ 'e!a,sa"a +a" 'e"$aas +e"$a" %as"$%as"$ ,e$a(a" a"$ +!a,),a" ses)a +e"$a" )raa" ()$as %as"$%as"$. Se!)r)h ,e$a(a" +arah,a" 'a+a 'e"&a'aa" ()*)a" )"(), %e"&a'a sasara"4 #r$a"sas. Pere"&a"aa" +a'a( +ba$ ,e +a!a% 'er#+e'er#+e seba$a ber,)(3
a. Re"&a"a *a"$,a 'a"*a"$ L#"$ ra"$e4 b. Re"&a"a *a"$,a %e"e"$ah M+ ra"$e4 c. Re"&a"a *a"$,a 'e"+e, Sh#r( ra"$e4 Per#+sas +a!a% s)a() 'ere"&a"aa" se,a!$)s %er)'a,a" )saha 'e"e"()a" s,a!a 'er#r(as se&ara %e"e!)r)h +a" ber$)"a )"(), )saha ("+a, !a"*)( a"$ (er'er"&. Me!a!) -)"$s 'ere"&a"aa" +a" 'e"e"()a" ,eb)()ha" " a,a" %e"$has!,a" a"(ara !a"3
a. Re"&a"a Pe%be!a" b. Re"&a"a Rehab!(as c. Re"&a"a Ds!#,as
d. Re"&a"a Sea e. Re"&a"a Pe%b)a(a". Da!a% (aha'a" 'ere"&a"aa" !#$s(, 'a+a )%)%"a +a'a( %e"*aab +a" %e"%')!,a" 'er"a(aa" seba$a ber,)(3
a. A'a,ah a"$ + b)()h,a" ha(4 )"(), %e"e"(),a" *e"s bara"$ a"$ (e'a( b. Bera'a a"$ + b)()h,a" h# %)&h/ h# %a"4 )"(), %e"e"(),a" *)%!ah a"$ (e'a(
c. B!a%a"a +b)()h,a" he"4 )"(), %e"e"(),a" a,() a"$ (e'a( d. D %a"a +b)()h,a" here4 )"(), %e"e"(),a" (e%'a( a"$ (e'a( e. Sa'a a"$ %e"$)r)s a(a) sa'a a"$ %e"$$)"a,a" h#4 )"(), %e"e"(),a" #ra"$ a(a) )"( a"$ (e'a(
f. Ba$a%a"a +se!e"$$ara,a" h#4 )"(), %e"e"(),a" 'r#ses a"$ (e'a( g. Me"$a'a + b)()h,a" h4 )"(), %e"$e&e, a'a,ah ,e')()sa" a"$ + a%b! be"arbe"ar (e'a(
2 :)"$s Pe"$a"$$ara" Pe"$a"$$ara" b)+$e(("$4/ a+a!ah se%)a ,e$a(a" +a" )saha )"(), %er)%)s,a" 'er"&a" 'e"e"() ,eb)()ha" +a!a% s)a() s,a!a (er(e"()8s,a!a s(a"+ar a() s,a!a %a(a )a"$ +a" *)%!ah baa S)ba$a < M)s(,asar4 Da!a% -)"$s 'e"$a"$$ara"/ se%)a re"&a"are"&a"a +ar -)"$s 'ere"&a"aa" +a" 'e"e"() ,eb)()ha" +,a* !ebh !a"*)( )"(), +ses)a,a" +e"$a" besar"a baa +ar +a"a+a"a a"$ (erse+a. De"$a" %e"$e(ah) ha%ba(a" ha%ba(a" +a" ,e(erba(asa" a"$ +,a* se&ara se,sa%a %a,a a"$$ara" (erseb)( %er)'a,a" a"$$ara" a"$ re!ab!e. A'ab!a se%)a 'ere"&a"aa" +a" 'e"e"() ,eb)()ha" (e!ah +&e, ber)!a"$ ,a! +a" +,e(ah) )"()"$ r)$"a ser(a (e!ah +#!ah +a!a% re"&a"a baa ,ese!)r)ha"/ %a,a 'e"e+aa" +a"a (erseb)( (+a, b#!eh +$a"$$) !a$/ ,e&)a! +a!a% ,ea+aa" (er'a,sa. Pe"$a()ra" ,e)a"$a" a"$ *e!as/ se+erha" +a" (+a, r)%( a,a" sa"$a( %e%ba"() ,e$a(a". Da!a% %e")s)s" a"$$ara" (er+a'a( bebera'a ha! a"$ har)s + 'erha(,a" a"(ara !a" a+a!ah3
a. Pera()ra"='era()ra" (er,a(
b. Per(%ba"$a" '#!(,/ s#sa!/ e,#"#% +a" (eh"#!#$ c. Ha!ha! a"$ berh)b)"$a" +e"$a" a"$$ara" d. Pe"$a()ra" a"$$ara" se'er(3 s)%ber baa 'e"+a'a(a" sa%'a +e"$a" 'e$a()ra" !#$s(, S)%ber a"$$ara" + s)a() r)%ah sa,( ber%a&a%%a&a%/ (er$a"()"$ 'a+a "s(()s a"$ a+a a'a,ah %!, 'e%er"(ah a(a) sas(a. Pa+a R)%ah sa,( Pe%er"(ah/ s)%ber a"$$ara" +a'a( berasa! +ar Da"a S)bs+ Ba''e"as/ De',es/ Pe%+a4 +a" +ar 'e"er%aa" r)%ah sa,(. Se+a"$,a" 'a+a r)%ah sa,( sas(a s)%ber a"$$ara" berasa! +ar
Da"a S)bs+ >aasa" +a" D#"a()r4/
Pe"er%aa" r)%ah sa,( +a" Da"a +ar 'ha, ,e($a M)s(,asar4. A!#,as a"$$ara" !#$s(, R)%ah Sa,( 90 ? @0 ? +a!a% be"(), #ba( #ba(a" +a" baha" -ar%as/ a!a( ()!s ,a"(#r/ &e(a,a"/ a!a( r)%ah (a"$$a/ baha" %a,a"a"/ a!a( ,ebersha" +a" s),) &a+a"$.
:)"$s Pe"$a+aa" Pe"$a+aa" a+a!ah se%)a ,e$a(aa" +a" )saha )"(), %e"a%bah +a" %e%e")h ,eb)()ha" bara"$ +a" *asa ber+asar,a" 'era()ra" a"$ ber!a,) +e"$a" %e"&'(a,a" ses)a() a"$ (a+"a be!)% a+a %e"*a+ a+a. Ke$a(a" " (er%as), +a!a% )saha )"(), (e(a' %e%'er(aha",a" ses)a() a"$ (e!ah a+a +a!a% ba(as ba(as e-se"s. S)ba$a3 17794. Se+a"$,a" M)s(,asar ber'e"+a'a( -)"$s 'e"$a+aa" %er)'a,a" ,e$a(a" )"(), %erea!sas a(a) %e)*)+,a" ,eb)()ha" a"$ (e!ah +re"&a"a,a" a(a) (e!ah +se()*) sebe!)%"a. Pe"$a+aa" (+a, se!a!) har)s +!a,sa"a,a" +e"$a" 'e%be!a" (e(a' ++asar,a" +e"$a" '!ha" berba$a a!(er"a(- a"$ 'a!"$ (e'a( +a" e-se" )"(), ,e'e"("$a" #r$a"sas. ara=&ara a"$ +a'a( +!a,),a" )"(), %e"*a!a",a" -)"$s 'e"$a+aa" a+a!ah3
a. Pe%be!a" b. Pe"eaa" c. Pe%"*a%a" d. Pe%bera" hbah 4 e. Pe"),ara" f. Pe%b)a(a" g. Perba,a"
Pr#ses 'e"$a+a" 'era!a(a" +a" 'er!e"$,a'a" 'a+a )%)%"a +!a,sa"a,a" +e"$a" (aha'a" seba$a ber,)(3
a. Pere"&a"aa" +a" 'e"e"()a" ,eb)()ha" b. Pe")s)s"a" +#,)%e" (e"+er c. Pe"$,!a"a"8'e"a%'aa" )a"+a"$a" !e!a"$ d. Pe%as),a" +a" 'e%b),)a" 'e"aara" e. Ea!)as 'e"aara" f. Pe"$)s)!a" +a" 'e"e"()a" 'e%e"a"$ g. Masa sa"$$ah h. Pe")"*),a" 'e%e"a"$ i. Pe"$a()ra" ,#"(ra, j. Pe!a,sa"aa" ,#"(ra, Me"$"$a( -)"$s 'e"$a+aa" a+a!ah -)"$s (eh"s a"$ %e"a"$,)( 'ha, !)ar %a,a 'e"$e"+a!a" -)"$s 'e"$a+aa" 'er!) %e"+a'a(,a" 'erha(a". Pe"$e"+a!a" +!a,sa"a,a" +ar aa! ,e$a(a" sa%'a +e"$a" 'e%e!haraa". Keb*a,a" 'e%er"(ah a"$ %e"$a()r (e"(a"$ 'e"$a+aa" bara"$ a+a!ah Ke''res N#. C0 (ah)" 200. Bebera'a ha! a"$ har)s +'erha(,a" 'a+a -)"$s 'e"$a+aa" a"(ara !a"3
a. K#+e e(, 'e"$a+aa" K#+e e(, 'e"$a+aa" a"$ +,e%),a,a" #!eh Ge#r$e W. A!*a"/ a"(ara !a"3 H)b)"$a" 'rba+ +e"$a" 'ara 'e+a$a"$ sa"$a( 'er!)/ "a%)" se#ra"$
•
'e%be! har)s (e(a' (+a, ber'ha, +a!a% se%)a (aha' 'er+a$a"$a" •
T+a, b#!eh a+a ,e(era"$a" #ra"$ +a!a%/ ,e'a+a sa'a')".
•
Me%ber ba(as ,e'a+a se#ra"$ re,a"a" a+a!ah %e!a"$$ar e(,a
b. Pe!e!a"$a" 'e"$a+aa" bara"$ Se(a' %e"$a+a,a" 'e!e!a"$a" +a" 'e"$a+aa" bara"$ har)s +be"(), 'a"(a 'e"$a+aa" +a" 'e!a"$a" %!, "e$ara a"$ +(e"(),a" seba$a ber,)(3 •
Kea"$$#(aa" 'a"(a se,)ra"$,)ra"$"a @ #ra"$ (er+r +ar )"s)r3 Pere"&a"a/ 'e%,r 'e,er*aa" a"$ bersa"$,)(a"/ 'e"a$$)"$ *aab ,e)a"$a"/ 'e"a"$$)"$ *aab 'er!e"$,a'a"/ 'e"a"$$)"$ *aab (eh"s.
•
D!ara"$ +)+), seba$a a"$$#(a 'a"(a a+a!ah3 Ke'a!a ,a"(#r8sa()a" 'e,er*a8'e%%'" 'r#e,/ 'e$aa 'a+a "s'e,(#ra( *e"+era! a(a) )"( )"( a"$ ber-)"$s seba$a 'e%er,sa.
Pa"(a 'e!e!a"$a" +be"(), #!eh ,e'a!a ,a"(#r8sa()a" 'e,er*a8'e%%'"
•
'r#e, Masa ,er*a 'a"(a bera,hr ses)a +e"$a" ()$as"a se(e!ah 'e%e"a"$
•
'e!e!a"$a" +()"*), S)ba$a317794
9 :)"$s Pe"%'a"a" Pe"%'a"a" %er)'a,a" s)a() ,e$a(a" +a" )saha )"(), %e!a,),a" '"$e!#!aa" bara"$ 'erse+aa" + (e%'a( 'e"%'a"a". M)s(,asar3 200;4 Pe"%'a"a" ber-)"$s )"(), %e"*a%" 'e"*a+a!a" a"$ (e!ah +(e(a',a" +a!a% -)"$s-)"$s sebe!)%a +e"$a" 'e%e")ha" se(e'a((e'a("a +a" baa sere"+ahre"+ah"a. :)"$s " %e"&a,)' se%)a ,e$a(a" %e"$e"a 'e"$)r)sa"/ 'e"$e!#!aa" +a" 'e"%'a"a" bara"$. :)"$s a"$ !a" a+a!ah3 K)a!(as bara"$ +a'a( +'er(aha",a"/ bara"$ (erh"+ar +ar ,er)sa,a"/ 'e"&ara" bara"$ a"$ !ebh %)+ah +a" bara"$ a"$ a%a" +ar 'e"&)r. :a,(#r = -a,(#r a"$ 'er!) %e"+a'a( 'erha(a" +a!a% -)"$s 'e"%'a"a" a+a!ah3
a. Pe%!ha" !#,as A,sesb!(as/ )(!(as/ ,#%)",as/ bebas ba"*r/ %a%') %e"a%')"$ bara"$ a"$ +s%'a"/ ,ea%a"a" +a" sr,)!as )+ara a"$ ba,.
b. Bara"$ 5e"s/ be"(), bara"$ a(a) baha" a"$ +s%'a"4 5e"s +a" be"(), bara"$ +a'a( +$#!#"$,a" ,e +a!a%3
Bara"$ basa3 Ke"+araa"/ %#b! a%b)!a"&e/ a!a(a!a( bera(/ bra",ar/ ,)rs r#+a +!!.
Bara"$ ,h)s)s3 Oba(#ba(a"/ a!a(a!a( %e+s +!!.
c. Pe"$a()ra" r)a"$ Be"(),be"(), (e%'a( 'e"%'a"a"/ re"&a"a 'e"%'a"a"/ 'e"$$)"aa" r)a"$ se&ara e-se" +a" 'e"$aasa" r)a"$a".
d. Pr#se+)r8ss(e% 'e"%'a"a" :#r%)!r-#r%)!r (ra"sa,s/ ,ar(),ar() &a(a(a"/ ,ar(),ar() 'e%er,saa"/ &ara 'e"$a%b!a" bara"$/ 'e"$ae(a" +!!.
e. Pe"$$)"aa" a!a( ba"() f. Pe"$a%a"a" +a" ,ese!a%a(a"
Pe"&e$aha" (erha+a' a'/ 'e"&)ra"/ ("+a,a" 'e"&e$aha" (erha+a' ,e&e!a,a"/ $a"$$)a" (erha+a' 'e"%'a"a" +a" ("+a,a" ,ea%a"a". @ :)"$s Pe"a!)ra" Ds(rb)s4 Pe"a!)ra" a(a) +s(rb)s %er)'a,a" ,e$a(a" a(a) )saha )"(), %e"$e!#!a 'e%"+aha" bara"$ +ar sa() (e%'a( ,e (e%'a( !a""a S)ba$a3 17794. :a,(#r a"$ %e%'e"$ar)h 'e"a!)ra" bara"$ a"(ara !a"3
a. Pr#ses A+%"s(ras b. Pr#ses 'e"a%'aa" ber(a +a(a+a(a "-#r%as4 c. Pr#ses 'e"$e!)ara" -s, bara"$ d. Pr#ses a"$,)(a" e. Pr#ses 'e%b#"$,ara" +a" 'e%)a(a" f. Pe!a,sa"aa" re"&a"are"&a"a a"$ (e!ah +(e"(),a" Ke(e!(a" +a" +s'!" a"$ ,e(a( +a!a% %e"a"$a" %asa!ah 'e"a!)ra" %er)'a,a" )"s)r a"$ sa"$a( 'e"("$ )"(), %e"&a'a ()*)a" a"$ +hara',a".
6 :)"$s Pe"$ha')sa" Pe"$ha')sa" a+a!ah ,$a(a" a(a) )saha 'e%bebasa" bara"$ +ar 'er(a"$$)"$*aaba" ses)a 'era()ra" +a" 'er)"+a"$)"+a"$a" a"$ ber!a,) S)ba$a3 17794. A!asa" 'e"$ha')sa" bara"$ a"(ara!a"3
a. Bara"$ h!a"$/ a,ba( ,esa!aha" se"+r/ ,e&e!a,aa"/ be"&a"a a!a%/ a+%"s(ras a"$ sa!ah/ (er&e&er a(a) (+a, +(e%),a"
b. Teh"s +a" e,#"#%s3 Se(e!ah "!a bara"$ +a"$$a' (+a, a+a %a"-aa("a. Kea+aa" (erseb)( +sebab,a" -a,(#r-a,(#r3 Ker)sa,aa" a"$ (+a, +a'a( +'erba,/ #bs#!e(e %e""$,a(,a" e-se"s a(a) e-e,(-(as4/ ,a+a!)arsa a() s)a() bara"$ (+a, b#!eh +'er$)"a,a" !a$ %e")r)( ,e(e"()a" a,() a"$ +(e(a',a"/ a)s a(a) +e(er#ras a() bara"$ %e"$)ra"$ ,are"a s)s)(/ %e"$)a' a(a) ha+!"$/ B)s), ,are"a (+a, %e%e")h s'es-,as seh"$$a bara"$ (+a, +a'a( +'er$)"a,a" !a$.
c. S)r'!)s +a" e,ses d. T+a, ber()a"3 Bara"$bara"$ a"$ (+a, +)r)s
e. Ra%'asa" a() bara"$bara"$ b),( +ar s)a() 'er,ara
Pr#$ra% 'e"$ha')sa" +a'a( +("*a) +ar +)a as'e, a"(ara !a"3
a. As'e, )r+s/ a+%"s(ras +a" 'r#se+)r Da!a% as'e, )r+s %e"&a,)' ha!ha3 Pe%be"(),a" 'a"(a 'e"!a/ +e"(-,as +a" "e"(arsas 'era()ra"'era()ra" a"$ %e"$,a(/ 'ersara(a" a(a) ,e(e"()a" (erha+a' bara"$ a"$ +ha')s/ 'e"e!esaa" ,ea*ba" sebe!)% bara"$ +ha')s.
b. As'e, re"&a"a 'e!a,sa"a (eh"s Ea!)as/ re"&a"a 'e%saha" +a" 'e%b)a"$a" ser(a re"&a"a ("+a, !a"*)(. ara&ara 'e"$ha')sa" a"$ !a% +!a,),a" a"(ara!a"3
Pe%a"-aa(a"
!a"$s)"$3 Usaha %erehab!(as8%ere,#"+s ,#%'#"e"
,#%'#"e" a"$ %ash +a'a( +$)"a,a" ,e%ba! +a" +%as),,a" seba$a bara"$ 'erse+aa" bar).
Pe%a"-aa(a" ,e%ba!3 Usaha %e""$,a(,a" "!a e,#"#%s +ar bara"$ a"$ +ha')s %e"*a+ bara"$ !a"
Pe%"+aha"3M)(as ,e'a+a "s(a"s a"$ %e%er!),a" +a!a% ra"$,a 'e%a"-aa(a" !a"$s)"$
Hbah3 Pe%a"-aa(a" !a"$s)"$ a(a) 'e""$,a(a" '#(e"s ,e'a+a ba+a" a(a) 'ha, + !)ar "s(a"s Pe%er"(ah4
Pe"*)a!a"8Pe!e!a"$a"3 D*)a! ba, + baah (a"$a" a(a) +!e!a"$
Pe%)s"aha"3 Me"a"$,)( ,ea%a"a" +a" ,ese!a%a(a" !"$,)"$a"
; :)"$s Pe"$e"+a!a" Pe"$e"+a!a" a+a!ah ss(e% 'e"$aasa" +ar has! !a'#ra"/ 'e"!aa"/ 'e%a"(a)a" +a" 'e%er,saa" (erha+a' !a"$,ah!a"$,ah %a"a*e%e" !#$s(, a"$ se+a"$ a(a) (e!ah ber!a"$s)"$ M)s(,asar3 200;4. Be"(), ,e$a(a" 'e"$e"+a!a" a"(ara !a"3
a. Mer)%)s,a" (a(a!a,sa"a +a!a% be"(), %a")a!/ s(a"+ar/ ,r(era/ "#r%a/ "s(r),s +a" 'r#se+)r !a"
b. Me!a,sa"a,a" 'e"$a%a(a" M#"(#r"$4/ ea!)as +a" !a'#ra"/ $)"a %e"+a'a(,a" $a%bara" +a" "-#r%as (e"(a"$ 'e"%'a"$a" +a" *a!a""a 'e!a,sa"aa" +ar re"&a"a
c. Me!a,),a" ,)"*)"$a" s(a- $)"a %e"$+e"(-,as &ara&ara 'e!a,sa"aa" +a!a% ra"$,a 'e"&a'aa" ()*)a"
d. Me!a,),a" s)'ers A$ar 'e!a,sa"aa" 'e"$e"+a!a" +a'a( ber*a!a" +e"$a" ba, +'er!),a" sara"asara"a 'e"$e"+a!a" seba$a ber,)(3
a. S(r),()r #r$a"sas a"$ ba, b. Ss(e% "-#r%as a"$ %e%a+a c. K!as-,as a"$ se!a!) %e"$,)( 'er,e%ba"$a" %e")*) s(a"+ar+sas d. Pe"++,a" +a" 'e!a(ha" e. A"$$ara" a"$ &),)' %e%a+a
DA:TAR PUSTAKA
A!*a" Ge#r$e W 17@C 4P)r&has"$ Ha"b##, 2 "+ E+(#"/ Ne >#r,/ M& M& Gra H!!
M)s(,asar 200; 4 K)!ah Ma"a*e%e" S)%ber Daa Me")sa/ T+a, + P)b!,as,a"
S)ba$a M S/ 1779 4 FMa"a*e%e" L#$s(, &e(a,a" ,ee%'a( 5a,ar(a 3 PT G)")"$ A$)"$
