MAKALAH PRAKTIKUM BIOKIMIA KLINIS “Antioksidan dan Oksidasi Biologi”
Disusun Oleh: Dina Haryanti
108102000035
Faritz Azhar
108102000031
Septi Purnamasari
108102000027
Siti Mardiyanti Said
108102000029
Sivia Nurulliana
108102000025
Ummu Hikamah
108102000010
KELOMPOK 4 FARMASI 5 A
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN DAN ILMU KESEHATAN UIN SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
10
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ANTIOKSIDAN DAN OKSIDASI BIOLOGI 1.1 Tujuan Percobaan
1. Memperlihatkan proses oksidasi senyawa fenol oleh polifenol oksidase (PPO) dalam kentang. 2. Memperlihatkan efek antioksidan vitamin c terhadap oksidasi fenol oleh PPO kentang. 3. Memperlihatkan bahwa minyak bila mengalami oksidasi dapat menjadi tengik. 4. Menetapkan kadar peroksida lipid dalam cairan biologis.
1.2 Waktu dan Tempat
21 oktober 2010 di Lab Biokimia Klinis
1.3 Tinjauan Pustaka a. Uji Oksidase dalam Kentang dan Pengaruh Pemberia Vitamin C
Fenol atau asam karbolat atau benzenol adalah zat kristal tak berwarna yang memiliki bau khas. Rumus kimianya adalah C 6H5OH dan strukturnya memiliki gugus hidroksil (-OH) yang berikatan dengan cincin fenil. Kata fenol juga merujuk pada beberapa zat yang memiliki cincin aromatik yang berikatan dengan gugus hidroksil. Fenol memiliki kelarutan terbatas dalam air, yakni 8,3 gram/100 ml. Fenol memiliki +
sifat yang cenderung asam, artinya dapat melepaskan ion H dari gugus hidroksilnya. Pengeluaran ion tersebut menjadikan anion fenoksida C 6H5O yang dapat dilarutkan dalam air.
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Dibandingkan dengan alkohol alifatik lainnya, fenol bersifat lebih asam. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan mereaksikan fenol dengan NaOH, di mana fenol dapat +
melepaskan H . Pada keadaan yang sama, alkohol alifatik lainnya tidak dapat bereaksi seperti itu. Pelepasan ini diakibatkan pelengkapan orbital antara satusatunya pasangan oksigen dan sistem aromatik, yang mendelokalisasi beban negatif melalui cincin tersebut dan menstabilkan anionnya. Fenol didapatkan melalui oksidasi sebagian pada benzena atau asam benzoat dengan proses Raschig. Fenol juga dapat diperoleh sebagai hasil dari oksidasi batu bara. Fenol merupakan komponen utama pada antiseptik dagang, triklorofenol atau dikenal sebagai TCP (trichlorophenol). Fenol juga merupakan bagian komposisi beberapa anestitika oral, misalnya semprotan kloraseptik. Fenol berfungsi dalam pembuatan obat-obatan (bagian dari produksi aspirin, pembasmi rumput liar, dan lainnya). Fenol yang terkonsentrasi dapat mengakibatkan mengakibatkan pembakaran kimiawi pada kulit yang terbuka. Rumus bangun fenol dapat dilihat pada gambar 1 di bawah ini. Fenol merupakan komponen utama pada anstiseptik dagang, triklorofenol atau dikenal sebagai TCP (trichlorophenol). Fenol juga merupakan bagian komposisi beberapa anestitika oral, misalnya semprotan kloraseptik. Fenol berfungsi dalam pembuatan obat-obatan (bagian dari produksi aspirin) pembasmi rumput liar, dan lainnya. Fenol yang terkonsentrasi dapat mengakibatkan pembakaran kimiawi pada kulit yang terbuka. Enzim merupakan protein yang dihasilkan oleh sel hidup yang bertindak sebagai katalis dalam reaksi kimia organik, yang dapat mengubah bahan sedangkan dia sendiri tidak mengalami perubahan. Enzim tersebut dapat terus bekerja setelah kematian organisme. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, kinerja fenol dalam enzim,
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dihilangkan dengan menggunakan enzim extra-cellular peroksidase dengan pH optimal 7-8. Pada pH netral, proses tersebut meningkat, namun mengalami penurunan seiring dengan meningkatnya meningkatnya suhu dari 0 -30 C. Kentang (Solanum tuberosum) mudah sekali mengalami pencoklatan (browning), bila penenganannya kurang baik , salah satu factor yang mempengaruhi adalah asam askorbat, tirosin, enzim polifenol oksidase dan oksigen yang tersedia. Reaksi pencoklatan dapat terjadi melalui dua proses yaitu proses pencoklatan enzimatik, disebabkan adanya enzim PPO dan tirosin yang berperan sebagai substrat sedangkan proses non enzimatis disebabkan karena reaksi Meillard, karamelisasi 18
atau oksidasi asam askorbat (Richardson, 1983 dalam ).Proses pencoklatan yang terjadi akan mengurangi kualitas produk dan menurunkan minat konsumen 18
(Friedman,1990 dalam ). Proses pencoklatan sebenarnya dimulai dari kentang yang dikupas, dipotong-potong, oksidasi asam askorbat, senyawa phenol seperti senyawa tirosin
sebagai
substrat,
akan
dikatalisis
enzim PPO menjadi
quinon
dan
berpolimerisasi membentuk o quinon, sehingga menghasilkan warna kecoklatan. Penentuan asam askorbat dalam varietas kentang digunakan untuk proses penghambatan pencoklatan kentang atau proses browning (inhibitor), karena menurut Mondy,1993, asam askorbat dapat menghambat enzim PPO pembentuk melanin. Antioksidan merupakan zat yang mampu memperlambat atau mencegah proses oksidasi. Zat ini secara nyata mampu memperlambat atau menghambat oksidasi, zat yang mudah teroksidasi meskipun dalam konsentrasi rendah. Antioksidan juga didefinisikan sebagai senyawa-senyawa yang melindungi sel dari efek berbahaya radikal bebas oksigen reaktif jika berkaitan dengan penyakit,
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tidak
berpasangan
dan
mencari
pasangan
elektron
dalam
makromolekul
biologi.Protein lipida dan DNA dari sel manusia yang sehat merupakan sumber pasangan elektron yang baik. Kondisi oksidasi dapat menyebabkan kerusakan protein dan DNA, kanker, penuaan, dan penyakit lainnya. Komponen kimia yang berperan sebagai antioksidan adalah senyawa golongan fenolik dan polifenolik. Senyawa-senyawa golongan tersebut banyak terdapat dialam, terutama pada tumbuh-tumbuhan, dan memiliki kemampuan untuk menangkap radikal bebas. Antioksidan yang banyak ditemukan pada bahan pangan, antara lain vitamin E, vitamin C, dan karotenoid. Antioksidan diharapkan aman dalam penggunaan atau tidak toksik, efektif pada konsentrasi rendah (0,01-0,02%), tersedia dengan harga cukup terjangkau, dan tahan terhadap proses pengolahan produk. Antioksidan penting dalam melawan radikal bebas, tetapi dalam kapasitas berlebih menyebabkan kerusakan sel. Berdasarkan asalnya, antioksidan terdiri atas antioksigen yang berasal dari dalam tubuh (endogen) dan dari luar tubuh (eksogen). Adakalanya sistem antioksidan endogen tidak cukup mampu mengatasi stres oksidatif yang berlebihan. Stres oksidatif merupakan keadaan saat mekanisme antioksidan tidak cukup untuk memecah spesi oksigen reaktif. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan antioksidan dari luar (eksogen) untuk mengatasinya Berdasarkan mekanisme kerjanya, antioksidan dibedakan menjadi antioksidan primer yang dapat bereaksi dengan radikal bebas atau mengubahnya menjadi produk yang stabil , dan antioksidan sekunder atau antioksidan preventif yang dapat mengurangi laju awal reaksi rantai serta antioksidan tersier. Mekanisme kerja antioksidan selular menurut Ong et al. (1995) antara lain, antioksidan yang
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menjadi kurang toksik; mencegah kemampuan oksigen reaktif; dan memperbaiki kerusakan yang timbul. Antioksidan primer berperan untuk mencegah pembentukan radikal bebas baru dengan memutus reaksi berantai dan mengubahnya menjadi produk yang lebih stabil. Contoh antioksidan primer, ialah enzim superoksida dimustase (SOD), katalase, dan glutation dimustase. Sedangkan, Antioksidan sekunder berfungsi menangkap senyawa radikal serta mencegah terjadinya reaksi berantai. Contoh antioksidan sekunder diantaranya yaitu vitamin E, Vitamin C, dan β -karoten. Dan
Antioksidan tersier berfungsi memperbaiki kerusakan sel dan jaringan yang disebabkan oleh radikal bebas, Contohnya yaitu enzim yang memperbaiki DNA pada inti sel adalah metionin sulfoksida reduktase. b. Uji Ketengikan Lemak Reaksi oksidasi lemak/minyak merupakan reaksi yang terjadi jika ada kontak antara oksigen dengan minyak atau lemak. Reaksi ini mengakibatkan minyak atau lemak rusak yang ditandai dengan bau tengik. Pada reaksi oksidasi lemak/minyak ini terjadi proses oksidasi asam lemak tidak ti dak jenuh yang akan menghasilkan peroksida
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Untuk menghindari terjadinya oksidasi maka digunakan antioksidan. Antioksidan adalah bahan bahan tambahan yang digunakan untuk untuk melindungi komponenkomponen makanan yang bersifat tidak jenuh (mempunyai ikatan rangkap), terutama lemak dan minyak. Meskipun demikian antioksidan antioksidan dapat pula digunakan digunakan untuk melindungi komponen lain seperti vitamin dan pigmen, yang juga banyak mengandung ikatan rangkap di dalam strukturnya. Mekanisme kerja antioksidan secara umum adalah menghambat oksidasi lemak. Untuk mempermudah pemahaman pemahaman tentang mekanisme kerja antioksidan antioksidan perlu dijelaskan lebih dahulu dahulu mekanisme oksidasi oksidasi lemak. Oksidasi lemak terdiri terdiri dari tiga tahap utama yaitu inisiasi, propagasi, dan terminasi. Pada tahap inisiasi terjadi pembentukan radikal asam lemak, yaitu suatu senyawa turunan asam lemak yang bersifat tidak stabil dan sangat reaktif akibat dari hilangnya satu atom hidrogen (reaksi 1). Pada tahap selanjutnya, yaitu propagasi, radikal asam lemak akan bereaksi dengan oksigen membentuk radikal peroksi (reaksi 2). Radikal peroksi lebih lanjut akan akan menyerang asam lemak menghasilkan menghasilkan hidroperoksida dan radikal asam lemak baru (reaksi 3). Inisiasi
: RH —- R* + H*
(1)
Propagasi
: R* + O2 —–ROO*
(2)
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Terminasi
: ROO* +ROO* —- non radikal
(reaksi 4)
R* + ROO* —- non radikal R* + R* —– non radikal Adanya ion-ion logam seperti besi, tembaga, iodium, dll, dapat mendorong terjadinya oksidasi lemak, pada uji ketengikan lemak ini digunakan kalium iodida, dimana minyak tidak jenuh yang mengalami oksidasi, ikatan rangkapnya dapat berubah menjadi peroksida lemak yang ditandai dengan terjadinya ketengikan. Ikatan rangkap akan mengadisi iodium (I2) sehingga ikatan rangkap pada minyak hilang. Bersamaan dengan itu warna iodium pun akan hil ang. c. Uji Peroksida Lipid dalam Cairan Biologis
Lipid merupakan sekelompok senyawa heterogen, meliputi lemak, minyak, steroid, malam (wax), dan senyawa terkait, yang berkaitan lebih karena sifat fisiknya daripada sifat kimianya. Lipid memiliki sifat umum berupa : relative tidak larut dalam air, dan larut dalam pelarut nonpolar misalnya eter dan kloroform. Peroksidasi
(auto-oksidasi)
lipid
yang
terpajan
oleh
oksigen
bertanggungjawab tidak saja terhadap pembusukan makanan (rancidity,tengik), tetapi juga kerusakan jaringan in vivo. Peroksidasi ini dapat menjadi penyebab
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Proses keseluruhan dapat diperlihatkan sebagai berikut: 1. Inisiasi ROOH + logam
(n)+
®
ROO + logam
(n-1)+
+
®
+ H X + RH
®
R + XH
2. Propagasi ®
®
R + O2
ROO
®
®
ROO + RH
ROOH + R , dst
3. Terminasi ®
®
ROO + ROO ®
®
ROO ®
+R ®
R +R
ROOR + O2 ROOR RR
Karena precursor molecular untuk proses inisiasi umumnya adalah produk hidroperoksida ROOH, peroksidasi lipid adalah suatu reaksi berantai yang berpotensi merugikan. Untuk mengendalikan dan mengurangi peroksidasi lipid, baik manusia dalam aktivitasnya maupun alam menggunakan antioksidan. Propel galat, hidroksianisol terbutilasi (BHA), dan hidroksitoluen terbutilasi (BHT) adalah antioksidan yang digunakan sebagai zat tambahan makanan. Antioksidan alami antara lain adalah vitamin E (tokoferol) yang larut lipid, dan urat serta vitamin C yang larut air. Betakaroten adalah suatu antioksidan pada PO 2 rendah. Antioksidan terbagi menjadi dua kelas : 1) antioksidan preventif yang
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cair untuk mengakap radikal bebas superoksida (O 2); urat; dan vitamin E yang ®
bekerja dalam fase lipid untuk menangkap radikal ROO
Peroksidasi juga dikatalisis in vivo oleh senyawa heme dan oleh lipoksigenase yang terdapat di trombosit dan leukosit. Produk lain auto-oksidasi atau atau oksidasi enzimatik yang penting secara fisiologis adalah oksisterol (dibentuk dari kolesterol) dan isoprostan (prostanoid).
Gambar diatas merupakan reaksi terjadinya peroksidasi lipid. Reaksi dimulai oleh suatu radikal bebaas yang sudah ada (X’), oleh sinar, atau oleh ion logam.
Malondialdehid hanya dibentuk oleh asam lemak dengan tiga atau lebih ikatan rangkap dan digunakan sebagai ukuran peroksidasi lipid bersama dengan etana dari dua karbon terminal asam lemak ω3 dan pentane dari lima karbon terminal asam lemak ω6.
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1.4 Materi Metode
Uji oksidase dalam kentang dan pengaruh pemberian vitamin C
Bahan:
1. Ekstrak kentang 2. Larutan fenol 1% 3. Larutan pirogalol 1% 4. Larutan vitamin C
Cara kerja
BAHAN
Ekstrak kentang Larutan vitamin C Larutan fenol 1% Larutan pirogalol 1% Kocok tabung
Tabung 1 5 10 tetes -
2 5 10 tetes 10 tetes -
Uji ketengikan lemak
Bahan
1. Minyak kelapa dan minyak jagung 2. Minyak kelapa yang telah dipanaskan berulang 3. Kalium iodide
3 5 10 tetes
4 5 10 tetes 10 tetes
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Uji peroksida lipid dalam cairan biologis
Bahan
1. Hemolisat darah 2. Larutan asam trikloroasetat 3. Larutan TBA 0,67 % Cara kerja BAHAN Uji 1 Uji 2 Hemolisat darah (ml) 1 1 Aquadest (ml) Larutan TCA 10%, dingin (ml) 2 2 Aduk dan sentrifugasi (4000 rpm), ambil supernatan Larutan TBA 0,67 % (ml) 3 3 Didihkan 10 menit. Setelah Setelah dingin, baca pada pada 532 nm Hasil: Kadar MDA 1.5 Hasil Pengamatan dan Lampiran Foto
Uji 3 1 2
3
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Ekstrak kentang (5ml) 3
+ larutan pirogalol
Coklat Tua
Coklat tua
Coklat muda
Coklat muda
1% (10 tetes) Ekstrak kentang (5ml) + larutan pirogalol 4 1% (10 tetes) + larutan vit C
ampiran Gambar Pembuatan Larutan vitamin C
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Pembuatan Ekstrak Kentang
Pembuatan Ekatrak kentang. Kentang di blender lalu di saring dan diambil filtratnya lalu dimasu dimasukan kan tabu tabun n reaksi reaksi
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Uji Ketengikan Lemak Kelompok 5 a. Menggunakan minyak kelapa baru
Percobaan 1
40 tetes KI yang ditambahkan hingga berubah warna
menjadi coklat
Percobaan 2
41
tetes KI yang ditambahkan hingga berubah warna
menjadi coklat b. Menggunakan minyak kelapa bekas (setelah dipakai/dipanaskan berkalikali)
Percobaan 1
35 tetes KI yang ditambahkan hingga berubah warna
menjadi coklat
Percobaan 2
36 tetes KI yang ditambahkan hingga berubah warna
menjadi coklat Tabung
1
Bahan
Hasil
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Uji Peroksida Lemak a. Penentuan kadar MDA pada uji 1 Kadar MDA
b. Penentuan kadar MDA pada uji 2 Kadar MDA
c. Penentuan kadar MDA pada blanko Kadar MDA
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Hasil vortex tabung 1, tabung 2 dan blanko
Hemolisat darah + TCA setelah di sentrifugasi
Hasil sentrifugasi
Pemisahan supernatan dan endapan hemolisat darah
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menghasilkan warna coklat yang jika terjadi pada buah potong, akan menurunkan kualitas buah. Dalam bahan pangan seperti kentang, kelompok enzim oksidase tersebut dan senyawa fenol tersedia secara alami. Enzim yang bertanggung jawab dalam reaksi pencoklatan enzimatis adalah oksidase yang disebut fenolase, fenoloksidase, tirosinase, polifenolase, atau katekolase. Enzim polifenol oksidase atau fenolase terdiri dari 2 tipe enzim, yaitu odifenol dan p-difenol. PPO termasuk dalam golongan enzim oksidoreduktase. Substrat untuk PPO dalam tanaman biasanya asam amino tirosin dan komponen polifenolik seperti katekin, asam kafeat, dan asam klorogenat.
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dilihat juga pengaruhnya pada purpurogalin. Penambahan vitamin C dapat menghambat proses pencoklatan pada ekstrak kentang. Hal itu dibuktikan pada praktikum ini, dimana tabung 2 yang berisi ekstrak kentang yang ditambahkan vitamin c lalu diberi larutan fenol dan kocok sebentar, mempunyai warna yang lebih orange dibanding dengan tabung 1 yang berisi ekstrak kentang dan fenol yang berwarna coklat. Selain itu tabung 3 yang berisi ekstra kentang dan larutan pirogalol 1% juga dibandingkan dengan tabung 4 yang berisi ekstrak kentang, larutan pirogalol 1% serta vitamin C. perbedaan warnaya pun terlihat, namun tidak sejelas perbedaan tabung 1 dan 2.
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ini bekerja antioksidan primer. Antioksidan skunder ini bekerja pada satu atau lebih mekanisme berikut (a) memberikan suasana asam pada medium (sistem makanan), (b) meregenerasi antioksidan utama, (c) mengkelat atau mendeaktifkan kontaminan logan prooksidan, (d) menangkap oksigen, (e) mengikat singlet oksigen dan mengubahnya ke bentuk triplet oksigen. Selain penambahan vitamin C sebagai penghambat proses browning ada hal-hal lain yang bisa dilakukan seperti : 1. Mengeluarkan senyawa senyawa fenol, yaitu dengan jalan membilas membilas terus menerus
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ganda, yang kadang-kadang berada dalam konfigurasi geometris cis. Asam lemak tidak jenuh paling melimpah memiliki satu atau dua ikatan ganda (masing-masing, asam lemak monoenoat dan dienoat); namun, asam lemak olefinik dengan tiga (trienoat) dan empat (tetraenoat) ikatan ganda juga ditemukan secara alamiah. Mula-mula minyak kelapa baru (I) dan minyak kelapa yang sudah dipanaskan (II) masing-masing disiapkan dalam gelas kimia sebanyak 0,5 ml. Kemudian ditambahkan tetesan KI (Kalium Iodida) ke dalamnya. Lalu hitung berapa tetes KI yang ditambahkan sampai kedua minyak tersebut berubah warna menjadi coklat
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kadar asam lemak bebas. Proses pemanasan pada suhu tinggi dapat mempercepat proses oksidasi.
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analisis kadar MDA. Dimana jumlah MDA yang terbentuk dapat diketahui berdasarkan kemampuan penyerapan cahaya pada panjang gelombang 532 nm.
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terdapat protein dalam darah yang dapat mengganggu proses selanjutnya, dan kemudian didinginkan. Disentrifugasi (4000 rpm) dan diambil supernatant dari masing
masing tabung. Kemudian masing
masing tabung ditambahkan 3ml
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Kemudian, selama dekomposisi termal lipoperoksida plasma menjadi MDA, asam lemak yang tidak terperoksidasi akan terperoksidasi. Inilah yang menjelaskan mengapa hasil penetapan MDA plasma tidak pernah maksimum bahkan setelah
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dan sensitif daripada metode Yagi tetapi hasilnya benar-benar berkorelasi dengan HPLC.
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