Goyykfc zzfw Nfobhncë zzkghw { { wv fm mf g zzo fc low Wkw zzfbhw Flëg zzykgow jf Po zzfcgkh
Pyomfwoy1 Nhiykfl Olnvâ c
Hlvbcow1 Nhiykfl Ph}fq Aochzdhc Whlkchw Lfochyjo Pføh Nocqhlo Xvkøocfw 98 Avcko 9080
Âcjkgf Pènkch# 7
Kczyojvggk÷c# Ghpâzvlo 81 Lh Bhncfzowmfyh#
:
Ghpâzvlo 91 Lhw Zoybfczhw Wolhyfw#
89
Ghpâzvlo 71 Kcgkjfcgkh jf lhw GKN fc low WFP#
90
Ghpâzvlo :1 Pyfghvgkocfw phyh f}kzhy vch powkilf ghzèwzyomf#
79
Gocglvwkocfw#
::
Yfmfyfcgkhw#
:6
9
Kczyojvggk÷c Jfczyo jf fwzf jogvbfczo wf hioyjhyè fl zfbh jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw { wv fmfgzo fc low wkwzfbhw flëgzykgow jf pozfcgkh# Phyh fwzo, fw cfgfwhyko jhy vch iyf}f kczyojvggk÷c jf gocgfpzow mvcjhbfczhlfw gobo lo woc fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo zfyyfwzyf, lh bhncfzowmfyh { lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw# Fc fl pykbfy ghpâzvlo wf }fyè xvf fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo zfyyfwzyf }hyâh h lo lhyno jf low høow, hwâ gobo zhbikëc lh moybh jf lh bhncfzowmfyh# Hjfbèw wf ftplkghyè lh kbpoyzhcgkh jf powffy vch bhncfzowmfyh, h jkmfyfcgkh jf ozyow plhcfzhw xvf co lh powffc# Fc fl wfnvcjo ghpâzvlo wf hioyjhyè fl zfbh jf lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw, ftplkghcjo lhw fzhphw jf low gkglow wolhyfw, lo xvf kczyojvgkyè hl mfc÷bfco jf lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw# Wf bowzyhyè fc xvë gocwkwzfc, g÷bo wf pyojvgfc { wv kcgkjfcgkh fc lh bhncfzowmfyh# Fc fl zfygfy ghpâzvlo wf fcgvfczyh fl gfczyo jfl zyhihao, wf bowzyhyè lhw powkilfw gocwfgvfcgkhw jf vch pfcfzyhgk÷c gocwkjfyhilf jf goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw fc low wkwzfbhw flëgzykgow jf pozfcgkh# Hjfbèw wf bowzyhyèc kbènfcfw, wf hioyjhyèc low jhøow xvf pvfjfc llfnhy h oghwkochy lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw { lhw pëyjkjhw nloihlfw xvf wf pvfjfc nfcfyhy fc zëybkcow jf vc wvpvfwzo# Fc fl gvhyzo ghpâzvlo wf plhczfhc jkwzkczhw wolvgkocfw phyh f}kzhy vch powkilf powkilf ghzèwzyomf jfzochjh poy vc hvbfczo fc lh hgzk}kjhj wolhy# Wf hchlkqhyè lh fmfgzk}kjhj f kbplfbfczhgk÷c jf lhw powkilfw wolvgkocfw hplkghjhw poy phâwfw xvf wf pyfphyhc phyh vch powkilf jfihglf fcfynëzkgh#
7
Ghpâzvlo 81 Lh Bhncfzowmfyh Dhwzh fl wknlo T]K fl dobiyf co kczv{÷ xvf lh Zkfyyh wf gobpoyzhih gobo vc nknhczfwgo kbèc# Jfwjf fczocgfw, jk}fywow gkfczâmkgow wf hplkghyoc hl fwzvjko jfl bhncfzkwbo zfyyfwzyf, goczykiv{fcjo jf bhcfyh mvcjhbfczhl h hvbfczhy fl gocogkbkfczo { lh gobpyfcwk÷c jf fwzf mfc÷bfco# Lh ftkwzfcgkh jfl ghbpo bhncëzkgo jf lh Zkfyyh fw gocogkjh jfwjf ëpoghw bv{ hczknvhw, poy wvw hplkghgkocfw h lh ch}fnhgk÷c h zyh}ëw jf lh iyñavlh# Fl pykbfy kczfczo poy ftplkghy fl GBZ, wf jfif hl mâwkgo kcnlfw ^kllkhb Nklifyz $86:8"8=07+# Nklifyz wvpvwo xvf fc fl gfczyo jf lh Zkfyyh ftkwzâh vc kbèc nknhczfwgo, xvf oyknkchih fl ghbpo jfzfgzhjo poy lhw iyñavlhw# Fc fl høo 8=00 ^kllkhb Nklifyz pvilkg÷ lh oiyh zkzvlhjh “Jf bhncfzf‒, gocwkjfyhjh gobo fl pykbfy zyhzhjo jf bhncfzkwbo# Nklifyz zhll÷ vc kbèc fc moybh jf iolh { fwzvjk÷ lh jkwzykivgk÷c jfl ghbpo bhncëzkgo fc wv wvpfymkgkf# Fcgoczy÷ xvf lh kcglkchgk÷c jfl ghbpo fc fwzf kbèc fwmëykgo gokcgkjâh goc lo xvf wf whiâh hgfygh jf lh jkwzykivgk÷c jfl ghbpo zfyyfwzyf# Jf fwzf ftpfykbfczo gocglv{÷ xvf lh Zkfyyh fyh vc nknhczfwgo kbèc fwmëykgo# Mknvyh 8#8 ^kllkhb Nklifyz
Fwzf bojflo, hvcxvf klvwzyhzk}o jf lhw lâcfhw jf mvfyqh jfl ghbpo bhncëzkgo zfyyfwzyf, co fw yfhlkwzh#
Mknvyh 8#9 Bojflo gobñc jfl Ghbpo Bhncëzkgo
:
8#8#" GHBPO BHNCËZKGO ZFYYFWZYF# Fc fl cñglfo jf cvfwzyo plhcfzh ftkwzf vch iolh jf dkfyyo w÷lkjo, h vch zfbpfyhzvyh hpyotkbhjhbfczf knvhl jf ghlkfczf h lh wvpfymkgkf jfl wol# Low kc}fwzknhjoyfw lo llhbhc fl )cñglfo kczfyco)# Yfhlbfczf fw vc bvcjo fc fl kczfykoy jf ozyo bvcjo# Fl cñglfo kczfykoy zkfcf vc zhbhøo jfl >0& jf lh lvch# Nkyh goc pfyâojo pyopko, xvf fw jf 0,9± nyhjow jf locnkzvj poy høo bèw yèpkjo xvf fl jf lh wvpfymkgkf jf lh Zkfyyh, { gvfczh goc wv pyopko ogëhco1 vch ghph bv{ pyomvcjh jf dkfyyo lâxvkjo gocogkjo gobo fl )cñglfo ftzfyco)# Fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo jf lh Zkfyyh wf oyknkch fc fwzf ogëhco jf dkfyyo, fl gvhl fw vc mlvkjo gocjvgzoy jf lh flfgzykgkjhj fc gocwzhczf bo}kbkfczo# Jfwghcwhcjo woiyf fl ghlkfczf cñglfo kczfykoy, fl cñglfo ftzfyco lâxvkjo wf hnkzh mvykowo gobo fl hnvh woiyf vch whyzëc hl mvfno# Fl cñglfo ftzfykoy wvmyf zhbikëc )dvyhghcfw), yfbolkcow nfcfyhjow poy lhw mvfyqhw jf Goykolkw, pyojvgkjhw poy lh yozhgk÷c zfyyfwzyf# Fwzow gobplfaow bo}kbkfczow nfcfyhc fl bhncfzkwbo jf cvfwzyo plhcfzh h zyh}ëw jf vc pyogfwo llhbhjo fmfgzo jkchbo# Mknvyh 8#7 Fwzyvgzvyh jf lh Zkfyyh
8#8#8" FMFGZO JÂCHBO
Fc fl wknlo TKT, Dhcw G# Ofywzfj fcgoczy÷ xvf lhw goyykfczfw flëgzykghw nfcfyhc ghbpow bhncëzkgow fwzhilfw# Bkfczyhw xvf Bkgdhfl Mhyhjh{ jfwgviyk÷ xvf ghbpow }hykhilfw kcjvgfc goyykfczfw flëgzykghw, fc fwpkyhw gocjvgzoyhw# Fwzf ñlzkbo dfgdo wf gocogf gobo Lf{ jf Kcjvggk÷c jf Mhyhjh{# Vwhcjo low dfgdow jfwgvikfyzow poy Ofywzfj { Mhyhjh{, Aowfpd Lhyboy, fc 8;8;, powzvlh lh ftkwzfcgkh jf vc Jkchbo Hvzokcjvgkjo fc fl cñglfo ftzfykoy jf lh Zkfyyh, fl gvhl oyknkch cvfwzyo ghbpo bhncëzkgo# Phyh fczfcjfy vc pogo bfaoy fwzf bojflo, cow }hljyfbow jf lh Mkn Co9# Fc fwzf jkhnyhbh pojfbow }fy gobo lh goyykfczf $k+, xvf gkygvlh fc fl gkygvkzo, nfcfyh vc ghbpo bhncëzkgo $I+# Fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo kcjvgkjo jfgyfgf goc fl zkfbpo, hl knvhl xvf lh goyykfczf, jfikjo h lh yfwkwzfcgkh jfl gocjvgzoy# Wkc fbihyno, fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo }hykhilf xvf hzyh}kfwh fl jkwgo nkyhzoyko, kcjvgf vch goyykfczf fw ëwzf# Lh goyykfczf kcjvgkjh yfmvfyqh lh goyykfczf kckgkhl, { poy fcjf, hl ghbpo I# Fwzf pyogfwo wf yfpkzf fc vc gkglo kczfybkchilf, jhcjo oyknfc hl Jkchbo Hvzokcjvgkjo# U8#8R
Mknvyh 8#: Bojflo wkbplkmkghjo jfl jâchbo
6
Fc fl ghwo jf lh Zkfyyh fl bojflo fw bvgdo bèw gobplfao, pfyo fl pykcgkpko ièwkgo fw fl bkwbo1 lh yozhgk÷c jf lh zkfyyh fwzhilfgfc vc mlvao jf phyzâgvlhw ghynhjhw fc fl cñglfo ftzfykoy jfl plhcfzh5 fwzhw ghynhw fc bo}kbkfczo gocwzkzv{fc lhw goyykfczfw flëgzykghw xvf oyknkchc vc ghbpo bhncëzkgo# Fl ghbpo kckgkhl pyojvgkjo kczfyhgzñh goc fl cñglfo fc bo}kbkfczo { f kcjvgf goyykfczfw xvf yfmvfyqhc fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo kckgkhl# Fwzf pyogfwo goczkcvhyè, bkfczyhw co gfwf lh yozhgk÷c zfyyfwzyf# Lh zfoyâh jfl jâchbo mvf pyopvfwzh poy fl mâwkgo hbfykghco jf oyknfc hlfbèc ^hlzfy B# Flwhwwfy { fl nfomâwkgo iykzèckgo Fj~hyj Ivllhyj jvyhczf bfjkhjow jf8;00# Hvcxvf wf pyopvwkfyoc ozyow bfghckwbow phyh lh nfcfyhgk÷c jfl ghbpo bhncëzkgo, w÷lo fl gocgfpzo jâchbo wf gocwkjfyh wfykhbfczf do{#
8#9#" BOJFLOW YFHLFW JFL GHBPO BHNCËZKGO B HNCËZKGO ZFYYFWZYF# Vzklkqhcjo lhw fgvhgkocfw jf lh bhncfzodkjyojkcèbkgh, yhbh jf lh mâwkgh xvf wf ogvph jf low mlvkjow gocjvgzoyfw { low ghbpow bhncëzkgow, gkfczâmkgow jf lh CHWH dhc gyfhjo vc bojflo jfl kczfykoy jf lh Zkfyyh fc vc wvpfygobpvzhjoy# Fl womz~hyf xvf dhc gyfhjo ghlkfczh fl cñglfo kczfyco, yfbo}kfcjo fl ogëhco bfzèlkgo xvf mlozh woiyf ël, { jfwpvëw ghlgvlhc fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo yfwvlzhczf# Fafgvzhc fl pyonyhbh wkbvlhcjo fl pyogfwo h lo lhyno jf bklfw jf høow { oiwfy}hc lo xvf wvgfjf# Low yfwvlzhjow yfmlfahc lo xvf yfhlbfczf ogvyyf fc lh Zkfyyh1 fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo gyfgf { jfgyfgf, low polow wf bvf}fc, { oghwkochlbfczf wf hlzfychc# Low gkfczâmkgow dhc hpyfcjkjo xvf fl ghbiko fw coybhl { xvf co jfif ftzyhøhycow# Lh mvfczf jfl ghbpo, fl cñglfo ftzfykoy fwzè, jf poy wk, mvykowh, hyyfbolkchjh { zvyivlfczh# )Hdâ hihao fwzè fl ghow), hpvczh vco jf low gkfczâmkgow# Low ghbikow xvf jfzfgzhbow fc lh wvpfymkgkf jfl plhcfzh woc vc wknco jf fwf ghow kczfykoy#
Mknvyh 8#6# Bojflow jfl ghbpo bhncëzkgo jf lh Zkfyyh yfhlkqhjow goc vc wvpfygobpvzhjoy# Fl jf lh kqxvkfyjh fw vc ghbpo bhncëzkgo jkpolhy coybhl, zâpkgo jf low lhynow pfyâojow fczyf lhw kc}fywkocfw fc lh polhykjhj# Fl jf lh jfyfgdh fw lh glhwf jf gobplkghjo ghbpo U8#9R bhncëzkgo xvf bvfwzyh lh Zkfyyh jvyhczf low zyhwzoycow jf vch kc}fywk÷c#
=
Wf dh fwzvjkhjo lo xvf wvgfjf jvyhczf vch kc}fywk÷c fc lh polhykjhj bhncëzkgh# Lh kc}fywk÷c zhyjh vcow pogow bklfw jf høow fc gobplfzhywf { jvyhczf fwf zkfbpo, goczyhyko h lh gyffcgkh popvlhy, fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo co jfwhphyfgf# Lhw lâcfhw jf mvfyqh bhncëzkgh fc lhw pyotkbkjhjfw jf lh wvpfymkgkf zfyyfwzyf wf fcyowghc { wf fcbhyhøhc { low polow bhncëzkgow hphyfgfc kcfwpfyhjhbfczf fc lvnhyfw pogo hgowzvbiyhjow# Fl polo wvy bhncëzkgo pojyâh fbfynfy fc Èmykgh, poy fafbplo, o fl polo coyzf pojyâh wvynky fc Zhdkzâ# Ftzyhøo# Pfyo hñc hwâ, wknvf wkfcjo vc ghbpo bhncëzkgo plhcfzhyko, { wknvf pyozfnkëcjocow jf lh yhjkhgk÷c fwphgkhl { jf lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw#
8#7#" GHBIKOW FC FL GHBPO BHNCËZKGO# Fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo jf lh Zkfyyh zhbikëc fwzè wvmykfcjo ozyo zkpo jf ghbikow1 lhw hnvahw jf lhw iyñavlhw fc Èmykgh, poy fafbplo, owgklhc ghwk vc nyhjo poy jëghjh# [ nloihlbfczf fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo wf dh jfiklkzhjo vc 80& jfwjf fl wknlo TKT# Poy bv{ ftzyhøow xvf cow phyfqghc fwzow ghbikow, woc bojfyhjow wk low gobphyhbow goc low hghfgkjow jvyhczf fl phwhjo fc fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo zfyyfwzyf# Hlnvchw }fgfw fl ghbpo wf kc}kfyzf poy gobplfzo# Fl polo coyzf { fl wvy kczfyghbikhc wvw pvfwzow# Wfbfahczfw kc}fywkocfw, yfnkwzyhjhw fc fl bhncfzkwbo jf hczknvhw yoghw, woc kbpyfjfgkilfw# ]kfcfc fc kczfy}hlow kyyfnvlhyfw, hpyotkbhjhbfczf vch }fq ghjh 700#000 høow5 fl ñlzkbo zv}o lvnhy dhgf >40#000 høow# ¿Wf hpyotkbh vc cvf}o ghbiko? Chjkf lo whif#
8#7#8#" GHBIKOW FC FL POLO COYZF#
Fl polo coyzf bhncëzkgo hgzvhlbfczf fwzè wkzvhjo h vcow 8#=00 eb jfl polo Coyzf nfonyèmkgo, gfygh jf lh kwlh jf Ihzdvywz, fc lh phyzf wfpzfczykochl jf Ghchjè, fc fl zfyykzoyko jf Cvch}vz#
Mknvyh 8#= Bo}kbkfczo jfl polo coyzf Bhncëzkgo jf lh Zkfyyh h zyh}ëw jfl èyzkgo ghchjkfcwf jfwjf 8;00 dhwzh fl 9086 # U8#7R
>
8#7#9#" GHBIKOW FC FL POLO WVY# Fl polo wvy bhncëzkgo wf vikghih fc fl zfyykzoyko hczèyzkgo, hvcxvf }hyâh gocwzhczfbfczf, llfnhcjo h ghbikhy wv powkgk÷c fc fl plhcfzh, gkygvcwzhcgkh xvf wf dh jhjo fc cvbfyowhw oghwkocfw gobo gocwfgvfcgkh jf lhw pyopkfjhjfw jfl ghbpo bhncëzkgo zfyyfwzyf#
Mknvyh 8#= Bo}kbkfczo jfl polo wvy Bhncëzkgo jf lh Zkfyyh h zyh}ëw jfl èyzkgo ghchjkfcwf jfwjf 8;00 dhwzh fl 9086# U8#:R
8#:#" LH BHNCFZOWMFYH B HNCFZOWMFYH## Lh bhncfzowmfyh fw vch yfnk÷c hlyfjfjoy jf vc plhcfzh fc lh xvf fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo jf ëwzf jfw}âh lh bh{oy phyzf jfl }kfczo wolhy moybhcjo vc fwgvjo pyozfgzoy goczyh lhw phyzâgvlhw ghynhjhw jf hlzh fcfynâh pyogfjfczfw jfl Wol# Hvcxvf fl plhcfzh fw fwmëykgo { fl cñglfo zhbikëc, fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo zkfcf moybh phyfgkjh h lh jf vch llhbh, zvbihjh poy hggk÷c jfl }kfczo# Fc fwzf ghwo, jfl }kfczo wolhy, xvf gobpykbf fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo { ftzkfcjf lh bhncfzowmfyh fc lh phyzf jf lh Zkfyyh fc lh xvf fw jf cogdf fc vc bobfczo jhjo# Lh bhncfzowmfyh yojfh fc moybh kyyfnvlhy h lh Zkfyyh, { wf ftzkfcjf jfwjf lh bkwbh wvpfymkgkf jfl plhcfzh dhwzh bèw hllè jf lh Mknvyh 8#> Bhncfzowmfyh { vikghgk÷c Lvch, lh xvf fwzè vikghjh h vcow 740#000 jf low polow ekl÷bfzyow# Poy lo xvf cvfwzyo whzëlkzf “wf bfzf‒ fc lh bhncfzowmfyh zfyyfwzyf hl bo}fywf fc ghjh vch jf wvw ÷yikzhw# Lh bhncfzowmfyh co w÷lo zkfcf lh pyopkfjhj jf dhgfy bo}fy h lh hnvah jf vch iyñavlh, wkco mvcjhbfczhlbfczf, zkfcf lh powkiklkjhj jf “hzyhphy‒ h lh bh{oyâh jf hxvfllhw phyzâgvlhw, flfgzyocfw { pyozocfw, xvf }kfcfc }khahcjo h nyhc }flogkjhj jfwjf fl Wol#
4
8#:#8#" FWZYVGZVYH NFCFYHL JF LH BHNCFZOWMFYH# Lh bhncfzowmfyh $600"=0#000 eb+ goczkfcf nyhc phyzf jf lh ftowmfyh $>00"80#000 eb+, { fw lh phyzf bèw ftzfych { hbplkh jf lh hzb÷wmfyh zfyyfwzyf# Fw jfgky, gobkfcqh h vcow 600 eb jf hlzvyh, poy fcgkbh jf lh kocowmfyh, jocjf lhw phyzâgvlhw kockqhjhw jf lh hzb÷wmfyh kczfyhggkochc goc bh{oy kczfcwkjhj goc fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo zfyyfwzyf# Lh bhncfzowmfyh kczfyhggkoch goc fl }kfczo wolhy fc vch yfnk÷c Mknvyh 8#4 Bhncfzowmfyh { ghphw jf jfcobkchjh bhncfzophvwh xvf wf fcgvfczyh h lh Hzb÷wmfyh vcow =0#000 eb jf lh Zkfyyh fc lh jkyfggk÷c Zkfyyh"Wol { h bvgdh bh{oy jkwzhcgkh fc lh jkyfggk÷c opvfwzh# Poy jflhczf jf lh bhncfzophvwh wf fcgvfczyh lh wvpfymkgkf jf gdoxvf fczyf fl }kfczo wolhy { fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo# Fc fwzh yfnk÷c fl plhwbh wolhy wf myfch yèpkjhbfczf hczfw jf wfy jfw}khjo poy fl yfwzo jf lh bhncfzowmfyh# Lhw phyzâgvlhw ghynhjhw jfl }kfczo wolhy woc hyyhwzyhjhw poy fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo woiyf low polow bhncëzkgow jhcjo lvnhy h lh moybhgk÷c jf hvyoyhw polhyfw, ioyfhlfw fc fl dfbkwmfyko coyzf { hvwzyhlfw fc fl dfbkwmfyko wvy# Fc fl lhjo co klvbkchjo lhw lâcfhw jf ghbpo wf jfmoybhc { hlhynhc hyyhwzyhjhw poy fl }kfczo wolhy hlghcqhcjo vc zhbhøo jf 700#000 eb fc lh jkyfggk÷c opvfwzh hl Wol# H vcow pogow bkllhyfw jf eb jf lh wvpfymkgkf zfyyfwzyf wf fcgvfczyh vch yfnk÷c fc fl fgvhjoy bhncëzkgo fc fl xvf bvgdhw jf lhw phyzâgvlhw ghynhjhw woc hzyhphjhw { hgflfyhjhw moybhcjo low gkczvyocfw jf ]hc Hllfc o gkczvyocfw jf yhjkhgk÷c#
Mknvyh 8#; Fwzyvgzvyh Bhncfzowmfyh
;
8#:#9#" KBPOYZHCGKH JF JF LH BHNCFZOWMFYH FC LHW NKG# Hlnvcow gkfczâmkgow pkfcwhc xvf wkc lh bhncfzowmfyh lh Zkfyyh dhiyâh pfyjkjo lh bh{oyâh jfl hnvh jf lh hzb÷wmfyh { low ogëhcow fc fl fwphgko, jfikjo hl kbphgzo jf phyzâgvlhw fcfynëzkghw xvf jkwogkhyâhc low èzobow jf dkjy÷nfco { otânfco pfybkzkfcjo fwghphy low lknfyow èzobow jf dkjy÷nfco, poy lo xvf fl plhcfzh wf phyfgfyâh bvgdo bèw h Bhyzf# Wf fwzkbh xvf fwzf pvjo wfy vc mhgzoy kbpoyzhczf fc lh pëyjkjh jf hnvh jf lh hzb÷wmfyh pykbkzk}h Bhygkhch# Fwzè ghph bhncëzkgh f}kzh xvf lhw olfhjhw jf goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw { yh{ow V] hzyh}kfwfc cvfwzyh hzb÷wmfyh, wkc jfwghyzhy xvf hlnvchw jf fllhw llfnhc h pfcfzyhy { gocwfnvky vc fwpfgzègvlo jfcobkchjo hvyoyh ioyfhl fc fl gkflo jf low polow coyzf { wvy jf lh zkfyyh# Lh bhncfzowmfyh zfyyfwzyf co fw ñckgh fc fl Wkwzfbh Wolhy { zojow low plhcfzhw goc ghbpo bhncëzkgo, Bfygvyko, Añpkzfy, Whzvyco, Vyhco, { Cfpzvco powffc vch bhncfzowmfyh pyopkh# Nhckbfjfw, whzëlkzf jf Añpkzfy, zkfcf vc ghbpo bhncëzkgo jfbhwkhjo jëikl phyh hzyhphy fl plhwbh jfl }kfczo wolhy# Bhyzf zkfcf vch bv{ jëikl bhncfzkqhgk÷c wvpfymkgkhl wkc bhncfzowmfyh ftzfykoy# H jkmfyfcgkh jf low plhcfzhw gobo Bhyzf o ]fcvw, lh hzb÷wmfyh jf lh Zkfyyh wf gocwkjfyhih kczoghilf jfczyo jf cvfwzyo ghbpo bhncëzkgo pyozfgzoy# Pfyo vc cvf}o fwzvjko jkgf xvf fl wol lfczhbfczf )}h yoihcjo) cvfwzyh hzb÷wmfyh h vc ykzbo wvpfykoy hl jf Bhyzf o ]fcvw# Zhl }fq lo bèw woypyfcjfczf fw xvf cvfwzyh pykcgkphl jfmfcwh wolhy pvfjh wfy vc joilf hnfczf, fw jfgky, xvf fwzë h{vjhcjo f kcwzknhcjo fwzf yoio# Bhyzf, poy fafbplo, pyoihilfbfczf gobfcq÷ goc vch fwpfwh hzb÷wmfyh wkbklhy h lh Zkfyyh# Pfyo wkc vc ghbpo bhncëzkgo phyh pyozfnfy lh hzb÷wmfyh bhygkhch, fl }kfczo wolhy $xvf fc yfhlkjhj, fw vch goyykfczf jf phyzâgvlhw ghynhjhw jfl wol+, lh dh kjo fyowkochcjo dhwzh flkbkchylh# ]fcvw, zhbikëc ghyfgf jf vch bhncfzowmfyh { fwzè wkfcjo jfwpoahjo jf lh hzb÷wmfyh xvf lo gviyf# Hgzvhlbfczf wv zhwh jf pëyjkjh dh wvpfyhjo lh jf Bhyzf# Nfcfyhlbfczf, flonkhjh gobo vch yfwfy}h pyozfgzoyh goczyh lh mvfyqh iyvzh jfl wol, lh bhncfzowmfyh jf lh Zkfyyh, fc yfhlkjhj h{vjh h lhw phyzâgvlhw fcfynëzkghw jfl wol h lhcqhy mvfyh vch pfxvføh myhggk÷c jf cvfwzyh hzb÷wmfyh, wfnñc fl cvf}o fwzvjko# Jf dfgdo, fwzhbow pfyjkfcjo bèw otânfco { bèw dkjy÷nfco kcglvwo jfl xvf do{ pkfyjf ]fcvw), wføhlh Gdykw Yvwwfll, pyomfwoy jf mâwkgh fwphgkhl jf lh Vck}fywkjhj jf Ghlkmoyckh, Low Ècnflfw# )H bfcvjo goczhbow h cvfwzyow golfnhw { h cowozyow bkwbow, lo hmoyzvchjow xvf wobow jf }k}ky fc fwzf plhcfzh, poyxvf zfcfbow fwzf fwgvjo bhncëzkgo xvf cow pyozfnf)5 { wkc jvjh xvf fw hwâ, pfyo zhbikëc dfbow llfnhjo h lh gocglvwk÷c jf xvf, gvhcjo wf zyhzh jf lh hzb÷wmfyh, fwo co fw gobplfzhbfczf gkfyzo), høhjâo Yvwwfll# U8#6R
80
8#:#7#" G×BO HGZVH LH BHNCFZOWMFYH# Vc fxvkpo kczfychgkochl jf kc}fwzknhjoyfw dh dfgdo vc wfnvkbkfczo jf hzb÷wmfyhw plhcfzhykhw, vzklkqhcjo lh bkwk÷c Bhyw Ftpyfww, jf lh Hnfcgkh Fwphgkhl Fvyopfh, phyh ]fcvw { Bhyzf { lh Wbhll Ftployfy Bkwwkoc $WBFT+, jf lh CHWH phyh lh Zkfyyh# WBFT hlifynh zhbikëc vc kcwzyvbfczo phyh bfjky lh hgzk}kjhj bhncëzkgh jf lh Zkfyyh#) Fc lh Zkfyyh, lh bhncfzowmfyh hgzñh gobo vc golfgzoy jf fcfynâh xvf kczfyhgzñh goc fl bhzfykhl xvf }kfcf jfl wol, { pvfjf ftzyhfy fcfynâh jfl }kfczo wolhy)# Wkc fbihyno, gvhcjo jfl ghbpo bhncëzkgo jf lh Zkfyyh ghchlkqh fwh fcfynâh dhgkh lh phyzf wvpfykoy jf lh hzb÷wmfyh, ëwzh wf }h ghlfczhcjo, { pfybkzf xvf myhnbfczow jf fcfynâh fwghpfc h lo lhyno jf low bkwbow ghchlfw xvf nvkhyoc jkgdh fcfynâh# Lh pyfgkwk÷c mâwkgh co wf dh flhioyhjo hñc, pfyo zhbpogo dh{ bozk}o jf hlhybh#Hl ykzbo hgzvhl, cvfwzyo hgzvhl kc}fczhyko hzbowmëykgo pvfjf jvyhy hl bfcow dhwzh xvf fl wol, "xvf hdoyh fwzè h lh bkzhj jf wv }kjh", wf }vfl}h vch nknhczf yoah { fc}vfl}h lh Zkfyyh#)Fc fwf bobfczo lh pëyjkjh jf hzb÷wmfyh wf }ol}fyè jfihzkilf)# Fl Wol fbkzf pfybhcfczfbfczf vc mlvao jf phyzâgvlhw, fl }kfczo wolhy, xvf gdogh goc fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo jf lh Zkfyyh# Lh bhncfzowmfyh, jf fwzyvgzvyh bv{ gobplfah, }f wv nfobfzyâh }hykhy zyhw lhw nyhcjfw fyvpgkocfw wolhyfw# Fc hlnvcow ghwow, fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo jfl }kfczo wolhy wf yfgobikch goc fl jf lh bhncfzowmfyh fc fl pvczo 8 wføhlhjo fc lh mknvyh jf hihao# Fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo zfyyfwzyf fw fczocgfw pfyzvyihjo { phyzâgvlhw hlbhgfchjhw fc lh doah jf plhwbh gyfhc lhw hvyoyhw ioyfhlfw { bfykjkochlfw# Gvhlfwxvkfyh xvf wfhc lhw gkygvcwzhcgkhw, jfikjo h lh hpfyzvyh jfl ghbpo bhncëzkgo zfyyfwzyf h low polow, kockqhjhw lhw phyzâgvlhw, xvf wfhc yfwvlzhczfw jf lhw fyvpgkocfw o jf lh yhjkhgk÷c g÷wbkgh nhlègzkgh, pfcfzyhc bèw mègklbfczf fc lhw hlzhw lhzkzvjfw#
Mknvyh 8#80 Fwxvfbh jf lh Bhncfzowmfyh, xvf pyozfnf lh Zkfyyh jf low fmfgzow jfl }kfczo wolhy#
88
Ghpâzvlo 91 Zoybfczhw Wolhyfw 9#8#" FL WOL Fl Wol, hwzyo gfczyhl jf cvfwzyo wkwzfbh wolhy fwzè h 8:;#6;>#4>8UEbR jf lh zkfyyh, goc vc jkèbfzyo jf 8#7;9#000UEbR fl gvhl fw 80; }fgfw bèw nyhcjf xvf fl jf lh zkfyyh, ghif jfwzhghy xvf wv bhwh jf 8, ;4 ;484 ⋆8070 UEnR yfpyfwfczh pyègzkghbfczf fl ;4,=& jf lh bhwh jfl wkwzfbh wolhy gobplfzo#
Mknvyh 9#8 Mozo gobphyhzk}h h fwghlh jfl Wol goc yfwpfgzo h low ozyow plhcfzhw jfl wkwzfbh wolhy
Fl wol gocwzh jf jkwzkczhw phyzfw jk}kjkjhw fc ghphw, jf lhw gvhlfw dhilhyfbow jf moybh kczyojvgzoykh phyh fczfcjfy fl gobpoyzhbkfczo jf fwzh fwzyfllh1 8+ Cñglfo $Kccfy Goyf+1 Phyzf gfczyhl jfl Wol, ogvph hpyotkbhjhbfczf 87;#000UEbR, fl gvhl yfpyfwfczh 8/6 jfl bkwbo, zhbikëc ogvph fl :0& jf wv bhwh { lh zfbpfyhzvyh zfbpfyh zvyh fw jf 86#000#000U° 86#000 #000U°ER# Hxvâ fw jocjf wvgfjfc zojhw zoj hw lhw yfhggkocfw zfybocvglfhyfw xvf hlkbfczhc jf fcfynâh h fwzh fwzyfllh# Fl nhw xvf wf fcgvfczyh fcgvfczyh fc fl cñglfo, fl gvhl fwzè fc vc fwzhjo jf plhwbh, wf pyfwvbf xvf dh{ vc :;& jf Dkjyonfco, vc :;& jf Dflko { vc 9& fwzè gobpvfwzo jf ozyow flfbfczo xvf zobhc fl phpfl jf ghzhlkqhjoyfw fc lhw yfhggkocfw zfybocvglfhyfw pyf}khbfczf bfcgkochjhw# 9+ Qoch Yhjkohgzk}h $Yhjkhzk}f Qocf+1 Yfnk÷c xvf gkygvcjh hl cñglfo, gobpyfcjf jfwjf low 8=0#000UEbR { low :46#000UEbR jfl gfczyo wolhy# Fwzh qoch goczkfcjf vc nhw zhc jfcwo, xvf zojh lh yhjkhgk÷c flfgzyobhncëzkgh { low mozocfw pyo}fckfczfw jfl cñglfo fw hiwoyikjh { yfbkzkjh bklfw jf }fgfw hczfw jf pojfy whlky dhgkh lhw ghphw wvpfykoyfw jf lh fwzyvgzvyh wolhy# 7+ Qoch Gocfgzk}h Gocfgzk}h $Goc}fgzkoc $Goc}fgzkoc Qocf+1 Fwzh yfnk÷c wf ftzkfcjf poy fcgkbh jf lh qoch yhjkohgzk}h, yhjko hgzk}h, lh l h zfbpfyhzvyh zfbpfyh zvyh jfwgkfcjf jfwgk fcjf jf vcow 9#000#700U° 9#000 #700U°ER h vcow 89
=#000U°ER# Fw vch qoch jf bvgdh hnkzhgk÷c jocjf gky gvlh fl plhwbh ghlkfczf dhgkh fl ftzfykoy { fl plhwbh myko wf dvcjf, gyfhcjo hwâ “gkglocfw‒ goc lh yozhgk÷c jfl Wol# Fwzow pyogfwow gocfgzk}ow woc oiwfy}hjow fc lh wvpfymkgkf jfl Wol gobo pfxvføow nyècvlow { wñpfy nyècvlow fc moybh jf gfljhw jf 7#000UEbR jf yhjko# :+ Mozowmfyh $Pdozowpdfyf+1 Fw lh yfnk÷c }kwkilf jfl wol { yojfh lh qoch gocfgzk}h, zkfcf vc fwpfwoy jf vcow 700UEbR, fw nhwfowh { jf vch ihah jfcwkjhj# Low nhwfw jf fwzh yfnk÷c fwzèc mvfyzfbfczf kockqhjow { goc lh ghphgkjhj jf hiwoyify { fbkzky yhjkhgk÷c# Wf whif xvf lh bh{oy ghczkjhj jf lh yhjkhgk÷c xvf yfgkif lh Zkfyyh pyo}kfcf jf fwzh ghph { wv zfbpfyhzvyh fw gfyghch h low 6#400U°ER# Ftkwzfc phyzfw jf lh wvpfy mkgkf goc zfbpfyhzvyhw bèw ihahw, jfcobkchjhw jfcobkchj hw bhcgdhw wolhyfw, w olhyfw, wf fcgvfczyhc fcgvfcz yhc h 7#400U° 7# 400U°ER { wf pyfwfczhc kczfcwow ykqow bhncëzkgow# Low mozocfw jfwpyfcjkjow jf fwzh qoch jfboyhc hpyotkbhjhbfczf vcow 4 bkcvzow fc llfnhyh h lh Zkfyyh# 6+ Gyob÷wmfyh $Gdyobowpdfyf+1 Ghph ftzfykoy h lh mozowmfyh hvc bèw zyhcwphyfczf# Zkfcf vc fwpfwoy hpyotkbhjo jf 80#000UEbR { fw kbpowkilf oiwfy}hylh wkc mklzyow fwpfgkhlfw hl wfy ophghjh poy fl bh{oy iykllo jf lh mozowmfyh# Fc fl fglkpwf wolhy, wf pvfjf oiwfy}hy cozoykhbfczf lh gyobowmfyh fc goloyfw yoakqow# =+ Goyoch Wolhy $Goyoch+1 Fwzh yfnk÷c fwzè moybhjh poy lhw ghphw bèw zfcvfw jf lh hzbowmfyh wvpfykoy, wv zfbpfyhzvyh fw jf low bkllocfw jf nyhjow Efl}kc, vc }hloy bvgdo bh{oy hl jf lh mozowmfyh { lh gyobowmfyh, fwzf ghbiko jyèwzkgo jf lh zfbpfyhzvyh fw vco jf low fcknbhw bèw nyhcjfw jfl fwzvjko wolhy# Wf pyfwvbf xvf fwzh hlzh zfbpfyhzvyh fw poy lh hlzh }flogkjhj xvf hlghcqh lh bhzfykh goyochl xvf wf pyophnhc fc lhw lâcfhw jf ghbpo Mknvyh 9#9 Fwzyvgzvyh jfl Wol bhncëzkgo fc fwzh phyzf jf lh hzbowmfyh h vch bv{ ihah jfcwkjhj# Jf fwzh yfnk÷c wf jh chgkbkfczo h lo xvf wf jfcobkch }kfczow wolhyfw#
87
Jfwpvëw jf hchlkqhy lhw phyzfw jfl wol, pojfbow hmkybhy lh gobplfakjhj jf fwzf fczf pfyzfcfgkfczf h cvfwzyo wkwzfbh wolhy { fw bèw mègkl gobpyfcjfy lh kcgkjfcgkh xvf zkfcf fc cvfwzyo plhcfzh jfikjo h wvw nyhcjfw jkbfcwkocfw5 zhczo fc jkèbfzyo, bhwh { fcfynâh goczfckjh {/o zyhcwbkzkjh# Zhbikëc wf kczyojvao fl gocgfpzo jf bhcgdhw wolhyfw, fl gvhl wf pyomvcjkqhyh jfczyo jf fwzf ghpâzvlo, {h xvf zkfcf vch fwzyfgdh yflhgk÷c goc low gkglow { lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw# 9#8#8#" GKGLO WOLHY# Wf whif xvf fl Wol fw vch fwzyfllh hgzk}h $bhncëzkgh+ { }hykhilf# Ftkwzfc yfnkwzyow, jfwjf 84:; fc hjflhczf, jocjf wf jfzhllh lh ghczkjhj jkhykh jf bhcgdhw wolhyfw { jfwjf 8=80 wf gocogf, nyhgkhw h Nhlklfo { wv zflfwgopko, fl gocgfpzo jf bhcgdh wolhy# Goc lo hczfykoy wf dh jfbowzyhjo xvf fl cvbfyo jf bhcgdhw, xvf wf oiwfy}h fc lh mozowmfyh wolhy, hvbfczh jfwjf vc }hloy cvlo dhwzh gkfczow jf fllhw {, powzfykoybfczf, jkwbkcv{f cvf}hbfczf, { hwâ wvgfwk}hbfczf, fwzf gkglo wf jfcobkch “gkglo jf hgzk}kjhj wolhy‒ { jvyh hpyotkbhjhbfczf 88 høow# Mknvyh 9#7 Cñbfyo jf bhcgdhw wolhyfw }/w Zkfbpo fc høow $8>00"8;;6+
Jvyhczf ghjh gkglo, fc fl dfbkwmfyko coyzf wolhy, low nyvpow jf bhcgdhw ikpolhyfw bvfwzyhc vch oykfczhgk÷c bhncëzkgh opvfwzh h lh jfl nyvpo jf bhcgdhw vikghjhw fc fl dfbkwmfyko wvy wolhy, { lh wkzvhgk÷c wf kc}kfyzf fc fl pfykojo wknvkfczf, fc ozyhw phlhiyhw, fl llhbhjo “gkglo bhncëzkgo wolhy‒ jvyh hpyotkbhjhbfczf 99 høow# Fwzvjkow kcjkghc xvf, hl gobkfcqo jfl gkglo, lhw bhcgdhw wolhyfw hphyfgfc fczyf low 70°{ low :0°jf lhzkzvj, llfnhcjo h gviyky qochw gfyghchw hl fgvhjoy hl mkchl jfl gkglo# Gobo jhzo dkwzoykh, fc 8;09, ^# Bhvcjfy pvilkgo vch yfpyfwfczhgk÷c jf lh jkwzykivgk÷c jf lh lhzkzvj jfl lvnhy jf hphykgk÷c jf lhw bhcgdhw wolhyfw fczyf low høow 84>> { 8;09# Mknvyh 9#: Jkhnyhbh jf bhykpowh jf Bhvcjfy
8:
Ozyo âcjkgf xvf wf vzklkqh phyh gvhczkmkghy, fc bojo hpyotkbhjo, lh ghczkjhj jf bhcgdhw wolhyfw { wv zhbhøo fw fl “cñbfyo jf ^olm‒ # Fc 84:4 hl hwzy÷cobo wvkqo, Yvjolpd ^olm, kczyojvao vc cvf}o bëzojo jf yfnkwzyo jf lhw bhcgdhw wolhyfw fl gvhl, h zyh}ëw jfl yfgvfczo jfl cñbfyo jf nyvpow { jf bhcgdhw kcjfpfcjkfczfw gocogkjo gobo fl cñbfyo jf ^olm o jf Qñykgd# U9#8R Fwzf bëzojo wf jfyk}o jf lhw hczknvhw oiwfy}hgkocfw jf Nhlklfo { Wgdfkcfy, pyo{fgzècjowf hwâ h zyh}ëw jfl zkfbpo dhwzh cvfwzyow jâhw# Jkgdo cñbfyo wf ghlgvlh h phyzky jf lh wknvkfczf m÷ybvlh1 Y 2 E $80 n % w+
w fl cñbfyo Goc “n‒ wkfcjo lh ghczkjhj jf hnyvphgkocfw jf bhcgdhw wolhyfw, w fl jf bhcgdhw wolhyfw kcjk}kjvhlfw { “E‒ wkfcjo vc mhgzoy xvf }hykh goc lh wkzvhgk÷c kcwzyvbfczhl, zhbikëc wf lf llhbh “mhgzoy jf kcwzyvbfczhgk÷c‒# Wk ikfc wf }f vch yflhgk÷c gocmoybf hl gkglo, lh pyfgkwk÷c co fw bètkbh, {h xvf poy nyvpo wf hwknch vc }hloy jf 80 bhcgdhw wolhyfw, lo gvhl co cfgfwhykhbfczf fw jfl zojo goyyfgzo# Zhbikëc lh vikghgk÷c, myfgvfcgkh f kczfcwkjhj jf ozyow mfc÷bfcow bhncëzkgow }hyâhc h lo lhyno jfl gkglo wolhy# Hvcxvf wf gocogfc bvgdow jfzhllfw woiyf fl gkglo jf hgzk}kjhj, wv chzvyhlfqh { ghvwhw woc zojh}âh vch jf lhw nyhcjfw gvfwzkocfw hikfyzhw jf lh mâwkgh wolhy, { co wf jkwpocf jf vc bojflo xvf pfybkzh pyfjfgky goc fthgzkzvj fl cñbfyo jf bhcgdhw fc fl mvzvyo# 9#8#9#" BÈTKBO WOLHY [ WV KCGKJFCGKH FC LH ZOYBFCZH WOLHY# Gvhcjo dhilhbow jf bhcgdhw wolhyfw, cow yfmfykbow xvf woc wfgzoyfw jf lh mozowmfyh xvf wf fcgvfczyhc h bfcoy zfbpfyhzvyh xvf fl yfwzo jf lh wvpfymkgkf wolhy# Ghif gocwkjfyhy lh llhbhjh Lf{ jf Wzfmhc"Iolzqbhcc U9#9R, lh gvhl yflhgkoch lh fcfynâh zozhl yhjkhjh poy vc gvfypo cfnyo goc wv zfbpfyhzvyh fmfgzk}h# Lh moybvlh fw lh wknvkfczf1 F 2 χ Z :
Goc “F‒ wkfcjo lh fcfynâh yhjkhjh poy lh bhcgdh wolhy, “Z‒ fw lh zfbpfyhzvyh fmfgzk}h jf lh bhcgdh wolhy fc nyhjow Efl}kc { χ fw lh “gocwzhczf jf Wzfmhc"Iolzqbhcc‒
Mknvyh 9#6 Pykbfy plhco jf vch bhcgdh wolhy fc lvq vlzyh }kolfzh, zobhjh poy lh ch}f
4 $ χ 2 6,=> ,=> ⋆80 ∙
^ +# 9 : b E
Ozyo hlghcgf, fl bèw kbpoyzhczf phyh fl fwzvjko jf fwzf zyhihao jf kc}fwzknhgk÷c, fw xvf fc lhw bhcgdhw wolhyfw ftkwzf vch nyhc hgzk}kjhj bhncëzkgh# Jf dfgdo pojfbow dhilhy xvf, fc vc jfwhyyollo bètkbo jf lh bhgdh wolhy, wv ghbpo bhncëzkgo powff vc }hloy fczyf low 0,9 { low 0,: UZR, zfckfcjo gobo yfmfyfcgkh xvf fl ghbpo bhncëzkgo jf lh zkfyyh fw jfl oyjfc jf low 0,06 UbZR# Wk zobhbow fc gvfczh xvf fc fl bètkbo wolhy ftkwzfc bèw jf gkfc bhcgdhw wolhyfw, fwzhbow dhilhcjo jf nyhcjfw ghczkjhjfw jf fcfynâh#
86
[h xvf lh fcfynâh co wf gyfh ck wf jfwzyv{f, zojh fwh fcfynâh bhncëzkgh hgvbvlhjh wf jfif lkifyhy { vch jf fwhw moybhw fw gobo vch Zoybfczh Wolhy# H goczkcvhgk÷c wf dhilhyh woiyf jkgdhw zoybfczhw { wvw fzhphw phyh hchlkqhy wv kcgkjfcgkh fc cvfwzyo plhcfzh#
9#9#" ZOYBFCZH WOLHY [ WVW FZHPHW# Lhw Zoybfczhw Wolhyfw woc lh pykcgkphl ghvwh jf lh }hykhgk÷c jf lh bhncfzowmfyh jf lh zkfyyh, pfyo co wolo fwo, zhbikëc zkfcf jkyfgzh kcgkjfcgkh goc low hphyhzow flfgzy÷ckgow { jf zflfgobvckghgkocfw# Gobo lh bh{oyâh jf low pyogfwow, lhw Zoybfczhw Wolhyfw gocwzhc jf gkfyzhw fzhphw, lhw gvhlfw woc lhw wknvkfczfw1 8¡ fzhph ‗ Fyvpgk÷c Wolhy1 ]kolfczh ftplowk÷c fc lh mozowmfyh jfl wol, wkbklhy h vch h vch jfgfchw jf bkllocfw jf iobihw jf dkjyonfco $hlghcqh vcow = ⋆8096 U A R +, ghlfczhcjo hwâ fl plhwbh wkzvhjo fc lh gyobowmfyh { lh goyoch wolhy# Lo hczfykoy hgflfyh low mozocfw, flfgzyocfw f kocfw jf lh wvpfymkgkf wolhy, dhgkëcjolfw hlghcqhy }flogkjhjfw jf lh lvq xvf, jfikjo h fwzo, lh lkifyhgk÷c jf fcfynâh jfboyhyâh 4 bkcvzow fc llfnhy h lh zkfyyh hpyotkbhjhbfczf# Lh bh{oyâh jf lhw fyvpgkocfw zobhc lvnhy hlyfjfjoy jf lhw bhcgdhw wolhyfw, lo xvf yflhgkoch fl bètkbo wolhy { lh pyoihiklkjhj jf xvf wf pyojvqgh fwzh pykbfyh fzhph jf lh zoybfczh wolhy#
Mknvyh 9#= Fyvpgk÷c Wolhy, zobhjh goc lh ch}f Fwphgkhl ZYHGF
Pykcgkphlbfczf, fwzh fyvpgk÷c wolhy, nfcfyh vch ghczkjhj kcbfcwh jf yhjkhgk÷c flfgzyobhncëzkgh fc zojhw locnkzvjfw jf ocjh jfl fwpfgzyo flfgzyobhncëzkgo, fc ozyhw phlhiyhw, jfwjf lh bèw lhynh ocjh jf yhjko dhwzh fl bèw goyzo yh{o nhbbh# nhbbh# Fwzh yhjkhgk÷c flfgzyobhncëzkgh, wk fw xvf wf jkyknkfyh jkyfgzhbfczf h lh zkfyyh, wfyâh ghphq jf kczfyyvbpky lhw gobvckghgkocfw poy yhjko#
8=
9¡ fzhph ‗ Zoybfczh jf Yhjkhgk÷c Wolhy1 Jfwpvëw jf lh fyvpgk÷c wolhy, h 4 bkcvzow hpyotkbhjhbfczf, wf pyfwfczh lo xvf wf jfcobkch yhjkhgk÷c wolhy { fw fl gocavczo jf zojh lh yhjkhgk÷c flfgzyobhncëzkgh fbkzkjh fc lh fyvpgk÷c wolhy# Fl wol hgzñh pyègzkghbfczf gobo vc gvfypo cfnyo { zyhcwbkzf fcfynâh wknvkfcjo lh llhbhjh Lf{ jf Plhce, goc vch zfbpfyhzvyh zfbpfy hzvyh jf hpyotkbhjhbfczf hpyotkbh jhbfczf vcow =000U°ER# Lh Lf { jf Plhce wknvf lh wknvkfczf m÷ybvlh1 9d}9 8 K $ },Z + 2 9 d} g f Z ∙8 Goc K $ }, Z + lh fcfynâh poy vckjhj jf èyfh, d lh “gocwzhczf jf Plhce‒ $ d 2 =,=9= ,=9= ⋆80 7: +, g lh }flogkjhj jf lh lvq, } lh myfgvfcgkh goc lh gvhl fw zyhcwbkzkjh lh yhjkhgk÷c flfgzyobhncëzkgh { χ lh “gocwzhczf jf Wzfmhc"Iolzqbhcc‒# χ
∙
Co zojh lh yhjkhgk÷c llfnh dhwzh lh wvpfymkgkf jf lh zkfyyh, {h xvf lhw ocjhw vlzyh }kolfzhw bèw goyzhw woc hiwoyikjhw poy lh hzb÷wmfyh jf lh zkfyyh, wvbhcjo lh pyozfggk÷c jf lh bhncfzowmfyh# Lo pyozocfw jf hlzh fcfynâh pyojvgkjow poy fwzh yhjkhgk÷c, woc ghphgfw jf xvfbhy low hphyhzow flfgzy÷ckgow# Lh bhnckzvj xvf bkjh ^ lh yhjkhgk÷c wolhy fw lh Kyyhjkhcgkh, goc vckjhj jf 9 #
b
7¡ fzhph ‗ F{fggk÷c jf Bhwh Goyochl1 Gobo zfygfyh { ñlzkbh fzhph, wf fcgvfczyh lh jfcobkchjh F{fggk÷c jf bhwh Goyochl $Goyochl Bhww Fafgzkoc+ { fw lh ocjh bèw pflknyowh jf lhw 7 fzhphw# Gocwkwzf fc bklfw jf zocflhjhw jf nhw flfgzykmkghjo, llf}hcjo gocwkno zojh lh mvfyqh bhncëzkgh wolhy# Hgzñhc gobo bhyzkllow wolhyfw xvf }khahc h zyh}ëw jfl fwphgko, dhwzh gdoghy goc lhw ghphw ftzfychw jf low plhcfzhw, fc fl ghwo jf lh zkfyyh lh hzb÷wmfyh { lh bhncfzowmfyh# Mknvyh 9#> F{fggk÷c jf Bhwh Goyochl
Hl fwzhy ghynhjh bhncëzkghbfczf, lh bhwh jf nhw pvfjf fwzhy fwzhy oykfczhjh hl coyzf bhncëzkgo o hl wvy bhncëzkgo# Fc fl pykbfy ghwo, lh GBF yfiozhyâh goc lh ghph bhncëzkgh zfyyfwzyf, pfyo fc ghwo goczyhyko, lh GBF wfykh hiwoyikjh poy jkgdh ghph bhncëzkgh { nfcfyhyâh vch kcbfcwh zoybfczh nfobhncëzkgh, lo gvhl wfyâh vch ghzèwzyomf bvcjkhl# Fl whzëlkzf HGF wf fcghynh jf oiwfy}hy low jkwzkczow phyèbfzyow xvf pojyâh zfcfy fwzh GBF, kcglv{fcjo hwâ wv oykfczhgk÷c# Fc hbiow ghwo lh bhncfzowmfyh wvmyf vch }hykhgk÷c, lo gvhl pyomvcjkqhyfbow fc lh wknvkfczf wfggk÷c#
8>
Ozyo mfc÷bfco, jfcobkchjo Hvyoyh Ioyfhl, ogvyyf gvhcjo fwzhw phyzâgvlhw jf nhw fcfynkqhjo nolpfhc lhw phyzâgvlhw jf otknfco f dkjyonfco xvf wf fcgvfczyhc fc lh hzb÷wmfyh# Fwzh golkwk÷c jf phyzâgvlhw fbkzf vc yfwplhcjoy, gyfhcjo vc fwpfgzègvlo jf lvgfw fc bo}kbkfczo xvf nfcfyhlbfczf wf jk}kwh fc low polow# Fc lh phyzf bèw hlzh jf lh hzb÷wmfyh, lh Hvyoyh fw yoah { }fyjf, { gocmoybf wf }h hgfyghcjo h lh zkfyyh, zkfcf zochlkjhjfw hqvl { }kolfzh#
Mknvyh 9#4 Hvyoyh Ioyfhl
9#9#8#" FMFGZO JF LHW ZOYBFCZHW WOLHYFW FC LH BHNCFZOWMFYH# Dhilhbow jf lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw, g÷bo { poy xvë wf nfcfyhc, pfyo phyh hglhyhy lh yflhgk÷c fczyf lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw { lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw, dh{ xvf oiwfy}hy lh yfhggk÷c jf lh bhncfzowmfyh hczf vch zoybfczh jf jkgdh âcjolf# Lh zoybfczh wolhy, xvf gobo wf bfcgkochih, fwzè ghynhjh flfgzyobhncfzkghbfczf, zhbikëc fw hgobphøhjh jf vch bhwh jf nhw xvf wf bvf}f h hlzh }flogkjhj, nfcfyhcjo hwâ, vc mfc÷bfco llhbhjo }kfczo wolhy# Fwzh bfqglh jf bhzfykh { fcfynâh nolpfh lh bhncfzowmfyh { lh hzb÷wmfyh nfcfyhcjo hwâ vc jfwfxvklkiyko fc hbihw ghphw zfyyfwzyfw, nfcfyhcjo hwâ lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw kcjvgkjhw# Fc fwzf gdoxvf jf }kfczo wolhy, ogvyyf zhbikëc, xvf lhw goyykfczfw flëgzykghw vikghjhw fc lh kocowmfyh woc bojkmkghjhw# Mknvyh 9#; Kbhnfc xvf hglhyh lh moybh jf lh bhncfzowmfyh, g÷bo fw bojkmkghjh { nolpfhjh poy lh zoybfczh wolhy
84
9#9#9#" FC LH HGZVHLKJHJ# Lh ñlzkbh zoybfczh wolhy, xvf mvf ihwzhczf kcmlv{fczf fc lh zkfyyh, mvf fc fl høo 8;64# Lh fyh fwphgkhl hpfchw gobfcqhih, lh zfgcolonâh co fyh bv{ h}hcqhjh, poy zhczo lh zoybfczh wolhy co oghwkoco zhczow jhøow gobo low dvikfwf ghvwhjo do{ fc jâh# Jvyhczf hxvfl hgoczfgkbkfczo wf llfnhyoc h }fy hvyoyhw ioyfhlfw dhwzh fl coyzf jf Bëtkgo# Do{ fc jâh low gkfczâmkgow jf lh CHWH pyf}ëc, nyhgkhw hl nyhmkgo jfl gkglo wolhy xvf phwo poy vc bâckbo wolhy hpyotkbhjhbfczf fc fl høo 900= { 900>, vc nyhc bètkbo wolhy wkzvhjo fczyf low høow 9088 { 9089# Wk lh zoybfczh knvhlh o wvpfyh lh bhnckzvj jf lh ogvyykjh fc 8;64, wfyâh bvgdo bèw cozoyko, {h xvf fc lh hgzvhlkjhj lh zfgcolonâh fw }kzhl phyh lh wogkfjhj fc nfcfyhl, poy zhczo fw kbpoyzhczf zobhy gkfyzhw pyfghvgkocfw jf lhw gvhlfw wf dhilhyhc bèw hjflhczf# Mknvyh 9#80 Nyèmkgo xvf nfcfyh lh pyfjkggk÷c U9#7R jfl bètkbo wolhy fczyf 9088 { 9089#
8;
Ghpâzvlo 71 Kcgkjfcgkh jf lhw GKN fc low WFP# 7#8#" KCZYOJVGGK×C# Low fmfgzow jf lhw Goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghbfczf kcjvgkjhw $GNK+ woc ihwzhczf gocogkjow fc lh gobvckjhj jf kc}fwzknhjoyfw# kc}fwzknhjoyfw# Fc fwzf hphyzhjo wf pyfwfczhyhc pyfwfczhyhc lhw oiwfy}hgkocfw { fl hcèlkwkw xvf xvf dhc yfhlkqhjo jk}fywow jk}fywow kc}fwzknhjoyfw h lo lhyno jfl zkfbpo, goc yfwpfgzo h low fmfgzow pyojvgkjow, pyojvgkjow, poy low jkwzvyikow bhncëzkgow woiyf low wkwzfbhw flëgzykgow jf pozfcgkh, fc fwpfgkhl fl fmfgzo xvf zkfcfc fc low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf pozfcgkh# Low fmfgzow nfcfyhjow poy fwzow jkwzvyikow bhncëzkgow, woc jf nyhc kbphgzo, xvf pvfjf jfwfcghjfchy hgoczfgkbkfczow, xvf kcgkjfc jkyfgzhbfczf fc low gobpocfczfw jfl wkwzfbh jf pozfcgkh, f kcjkyfgzhbfczf, fc fl yfcjkbkfczo jfl wkwzfbh { lh wfnvykjhj jf fwzow# Hlnvcow kc}fwzknhjoyfw hvnvyhc vch wkzvhgk÷c zfbkjh poy low plhckmkghjoyfw { opfyhjoyfw jfl wkwzfbh flëgzykgo, xvf fw vc hphn÷c nfcfyhlkqhjo { lh jfwkczfnyhgk÷c jfl wkwzfbh, { poy gocwknvkfczf, lhw whcgkocfw fgoc÷bkghw, bozk}o xvf avwzkmkgh lh yfhlkqhgk÷c jf fwzf zyhihao# Fl kbphgzo jf low jkwzvyikow bhncëzkgow fc low fxvkpow kcjk}kjvhlfw { fc fl wkwzfbh nloihl fwzè fwzyfgdhbfczf yflhgkochjo# Fl woiyffwmvfyqo, zhlfw gobo, ftgfwo jf ghlfczhbkfczo jf vc gobpocfczf jfl wkwzfbh, pvfjfc llf}hy hl hggkochbkfczo jf vc wkwzfbh jf pyozfggk÷c o mhllo jf lh pkfqh# Fwzhw pyozfggkocfw xvkzhc vc jkwpowkzk}o xvf pvfjf wfy kbpoyzhczf fc lh nfcfyhgk÷c { wvbkckwzyo jf fcfynâh, yfwvlzhcjo fc hvbfczo jf ghynh jf ozyow jkwpowkzk}ow# jkwpowkzk}ow# Lh mhlzh jf vc gobpocfczf gobpocfczf zhbikëc pvfjf pyo}oghy vch mhllh, bèw pfyzvyihjoyh fc fl wkwzfbh# Lh mhllh jf vc fxvkpo co fw fl ñckgo bfjko xvf vc jkwzvyiko bhncëzkgo pvfjf jkwbkcvky lh wfnvykjhj jfl wkwzfbh# Lhw goyykfczfw jf ftgkzhgk÷c flhioyhjhw poy bfjko jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw whzvyhjow pvfjfc llf}hy h lh jfpyfwk÷c jf }olzhaf, { goc fllo, lh jkwbkcvgk÷c jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h, hggkochcjo fl yflë jf jkwphyo $pyozfggk÷c+#
7#9#" HCÈLKWKW JF LOW FMFGZOW OIWFY]HJOW FC LOW WKWZFBHW JF POZFCGKH, JFIKJO H VCH PYFWFCGKH GOCWKJFYHILF JF GOYYKFCZFW NFOBÈNCFZKGHBFCZF KCJVGKJHW# 7#9#9#" PYOILFBHW NFCFYHLFW FC LOW WKWZFBHW JF ZYHCWBKWK×C [ JKWZYKIVGK×C# Lhw zoybfczhw nfobhncëzkghw pvfjfc ghvwhy }hykhgkocfw jfl ghbpo bhncëzkgo jf lh Zkfyyh, xvf kcjvgfc }olzhafw fc lhw gocftkocfw h zkfyyh jf low cfvzyow jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf zyhcwbkwk÷c { jkwzykivgk÷c, xvf wf gocfgzhc nfcfyhlbfczf, fc Jflzh"Fwzyfllh { Fwzyfllh"Jflzh, yfwpfgzk}hbfczf# Fwzow nyhjkfczfw pvfjfc hlghcqhy gfygh jf vcow = U] / EbR jvyhczf low jkwzvyikow wf}fyow $zoybfczhw wolhyfw+ { pvfjfc jvyhy }hykow bkcvzow# 90
Fwzow nyhjkfczfw woc jfcobkchjow gobo pozfcgkhlfw jf wvpfymkgkf zfyyfwzyf o Fhyzd"Wvpfymhgf Pozfcgkhl $FWP+ { wvynfc jf lh }hykhgk÷c jfl mlvao bhncëzkgo xvf ftpfykbfczh lh zkfyyh, jvyhczf low hgoczfgkbkfczow jf low jkwzvyikow bhncëzkgow nfcfyhjow poy lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw# Fwzh }hykhgk÷c jf mlvao bhncëzkgo, fwzh hgobphøhjh jf vc ghbpo flëgzykgo, wfnñc lh lf{ jf Mhyhjh{# Vch kczfnyhl jf lâcfh jf ghbpo flëgzykgo jfif pyopoygkochy fl FWP fczyf jow pvczow, gobo fl ghbkco jf lh kczfnyhgk÷c fw kbpoyzhczf phyh vc ghbpo co gocwfy}hzk}o# Wf wvpocf xvf fl zyh{fgzo jf kczfnyhgk÷c fw vch lâcfh yfgzh xvf vcf low jow pvczow# Fwzf bojflo jf FWP dh wkjo vzklkqhjo hbplkhbfczf hbplkhbfczf poy lh gobvckjhj gobvckjhj gkfczâmkgh phyh fwzkbhy GNK fc low wkwzfbhw jf fcfynâh flëgzykgh# Fl FWP fw vch mvfczf jf }olzhaf xvf wf kbpykbf fczyf low pvczow jf cfvzyo h zkfyyh jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw gocfgzhjow fc fwzyfllh o hvzo"zyhcwmoybhjoyfw xvf wf fcgvfczyhc fc low ftzyfbow opvfwzow jf vch lâcfh jf zyhcwbkwk÷c jf lhyno# Lh mvfczf jf }olzhaf yfwvlzhczf fw jf bv{ ihah myfgvfcgkh, vc bojflo jf goyykfczf goczkcvh phyh lh lâcfh jf zyhcwbkwk÷c wf pvfjf vzklkqhy phyh ghlgvlhy fl fmfgzo jf lhw GNK‛w#
Mknvyh# 7#8 Phyh vch lâcfh zykmèw zykmèwkgh kgh jf jkwzykivgk÷c goc vc gocjvgzoy cfvzyo, vc gvhyzo gocjvgzoy wf pvfjf høhjky hl bojflo#
Fw kbpoyzhczf yfgoyjhy xvf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw zkfcfc zkfcfc gocfgzhjow gocfgzhjow wvw cfvzyow h zkfyyh, jfikjo h xvf jf fwzh bhcfyh hphyfgfyè fc lh zfcwk÷c fczyf fl pvczo gobñc jf lh fwzyfllh { jflzh, fl zfygfy hyb÷ckgo, jf fwzh moybh fl cfvzyo owgklhyè hl zykplf jf myfgvfcgkh# Wk fwzow zyhcwmoybhjoyfw zyhcwmoybhjoyfw co wf gocfgzhyèc h zkfyyh, lh lh bhnckzvj jf lh zfcwk÷c fczyf fl pvczo gobñc jf lh fwzyfllh fwzyfllh { zkfyyh xvfjhyè gocjkgkochjh gocjkgkochjh poy lhw ghphgkjhjfw hwogkhjhw hl wkwzfbh# Pvjkfcjo dhify kcglvwo yfwochcgkh fczyf jkgdhw ghphgkzhcgkhw { lh kcjvgzhcgkh jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, jf fwzh moybh, fw powkilf lh gkygvlhgk÷c jf lhw goyykfczfw hyb÷ckghw { goc fwzo wf lonyh }hykhy lh jkwzoywk÷c jf lh wføhl jf fczyhjh# Jf ftkwzky fwzh jkwzoywk÷c, zhbikëc wf zyhcwbkzkyè hl wfgvcjhyko { poy fcjf, h lhw ghynhw gocfgzhjhw h ël# Vch zoybfczh E"= pvfjf nfcfyhy jkmfyfcgkh jf pozfcgkhlfw jf 9 h 7 ]/Eb# ihwhjo fc hcèlkwkw jf low jhzow jfl bhncfz÷bfzyo jf lhw zâpkghw zoybfczhw nfobhncëzkghw# Low }olzhafw kcjvgkjow pyojvgfc lfczhbfczf goyykfczfw owgklhczfw fc low wkwzfbhw flëgzykgow jf pozfcgkh, xvf pvfjfc wfy jfl oyjfc jf jfgfchw h gkfczow jf hbpfyfw { wf fcgvfczyhc fc fl yhcno jf myfgvfcgkhw Bklk Dfyzq# Fl mlvao jf GNK pvfjf jhy lvnhy 98
h lh whzvyhgk÷c jf cñglfow jf zyhcwmoybhjoy, { poy gocwknvkfczf, ghbikow fc low yfxvkwkzow jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h $]HY+ jfl wkwzfbh { vc hvbfczo jf hyb÷ckgow# Jhcjo gobo yfwvlzhjo, xvf low wkwzfbhw jf pozfcgkh jfafc jf mvcgkochy goyyfgzhbfczf# Low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf jf bfjkjh $goyykfczf { pozfcgkh+ wf whzvyhc whzvyhc jfikjo h lh pyfwfcgkh jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw kcjvgkjhw# Lh kc{fggk÷c ghjh }fq bh{oy jf goyykfczfw hyb÷ckghw fc fl wkwzfbh jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw whzvyhjow pvfjf hvbfczhy lh ghynh jf gocjfcwhjoyfw fwzèzkgow, hwâ gobo kczfymfyky goc fl mvcgkochbkfczo jf low wkwzfbhw jf goczyol { pyozfggk÷c# 7#9#7#" LOW FMFGZOW FMFGZOW FC LOW ZYHCWMOYBHJ ZYHCWMOYBHJOYFW OYFW JF POZFCGKH# POZFCGKH# 7#9#7#8#" GOCGFPZOW NFCFYHLFW# Low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw woc bèxvkchw flëgzykghw jf goyykfczf hlzfych xvf mvcgkochc goyyfgzhbfczf poy lh goyykfczf, fl mlvao { lhw }hykhgkocfw Mfb# fc fl zkfbpo# Fl cñglfo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy zkfcf vch ghphgkjhj lkbkzhjh jf lh bhncfzkqhgk÷c xvf wknckmkgh jfcwkjhjfw jf mlvao poy fcgkbh jf vc gkfyzo lâbkzf $jhjh poy lh nfobfzyâh ièwkgo, fl jkwføo { lhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw bhncëzkghw jf hgfyo+ co yfwpocjfc h lhw }hykhgkocfw Mfb# Wk vc fxvk}hlfczf cfzo jf zfcwk÷c ] 2 ]b gow $ϋz+ wf hplkgh h vc zyhcwmoybhjoy, gocwkjfyhcjo xvf fl mlvao jf mvnhw { pëyjkjhw poy fmfgzo aovlf wf zobhyoc pyf}khbfczf fc gvfczh, gvfczh, fl fwlhiochbkfczo jf mlvao }kfcf jhjh poy1 ε 2 ]b ∥ gow $ϋz+ 2 $]b / ϋ+ wfc $ϋz+
Fl wfczkjo jf mlvao jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy fw kc}fywhbfczf pyopoygkochl h lh myfgvfcgkh jf ftgkzhgk÷c# Vch ftgkzhgk÷c gvhwk"JG wf hplkgh h vc zyhcwmoybhjoy jf yfcjkbkfczow goc ck}flfw jf mlvao bv{ hlzow, lo xvf llf}h h lh whzvyhgk÷c jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, { pyojvgf lh jkwzoywk÷c jf lhw wføhlfw wkcvwokjhlfw { lh nfcfyhgk÷c jf hyb÷ckgow# Fc vc wkwzfbh ghwk kcmkckzo fxvklkiyhjo, hl yfhlkqhy fl hcèlkwkw jf Movykfy jf lhw goyykfczfw jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw whzvyhjow bvfwzyh pykcgkphlbfczf fl wfnvcjo { fl zfygfy hyb÷ckgo5 low oyjfc $7c%8+ { $7c"8+ $7c"8+ goyyfwpocjfc goyyfwpocjfc h low hyb÷ckgow hyb÷ckgow jf jf U7#8R wfgvfcgkh powkzk}h { cfnhzk}h# Fc lh pyègzkgh, low wkwzfbhw co woc ck kcmkckzow ck pfymfgzhbfczf fxvklkiyhjow, { low ck}flfw jf whzvyhgk÷c jf lhw zyfw mhwfw jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy pvfjfc wfy jfpfcjkfczfw jf ghjh mhwf# Gobo yfwvlzhjo, yfwvlzhjo, fl wkwzfbh pvfjf wfy wobfzkjo wobfzkjo h low hyb÷ckgow jf oyjfc wvpfykoy goc hbplkzvjfw wknckmkghzk}hw, xvf co oifjfgfc lh lf{ hczfykoy woiyf fl oyjfc jfl hyb÷ckgo { wv yfwpfgzk}h wfgvfcgkh# Jf fwzh moybh lh yfj flëgzykgh fwzhyè wobfzkjh h vch kc{fggk÷c wkbvlzècfh jf goyykfczf goczkcvh { jf hyb÷ckgow, fc gocwfgvfcgkh, zojow wvw fxvkpow wf }fyèc hmfgzhjow#
99
7#9#7#9#" FL FMFGZO JF WHZVYHGK×C JF LOW ZYHCWMOYBHJOYFW JF FCFYNÂH, JFIKJO H LHW GOYYKFCZFW NFOBHNCËZKGHBFCZF NFOBHNCËZKGHBFCZF KCJVGKJHW# Lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw kcjvgkjhw $GNK+ woc vch pyfogvphgk÷c yfhl phyh ftzyh { hlzh zfcwk÷c, phyh low ihcgow jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw gocfgzhjow h zkfyyh fc jflzh" fwzyfllh$o }kgf}fywh+# Lh pyfwfcgkh jf lhw GNK‛w fc low jf}hchjow jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy pyo}ogh vch whzvyhgk÷c jfl mlvao bhncëzkgo fc bfjko gkglo o fl ghbiko jfl yhcno jf mvcgkochbkfczo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy fc lh gvy}h jf bhncfzkqhgk÷c, fw jfgky, fl gkygvkzo bhncëzkgo mvcgkoch fc lh phyzf hwkbëzykgh fc lh gvy}h I"D gobo wf bvfwzyh fc lh Mknvyh 7#9# Low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw fwzèc jkwføhjow phyh opfyhy fc lh phyzf lkcfhl jf lh gvy}h, goc wolo vch pfxvføh }hykhgk÷c poy woiyf fl }hloy ftzyfbo, wkc hgfyghywf h lhw yfnkocfw co"lkcfhlfw jf whzvyhgk÷c jfl cñglfo# Kcglvwo lhw pfxvføhw goyykfczfw kcjvgkjhw nfobhncfzkghbfczf pvfjfc pyojvgky vc mlvao wvmkgkfczf phyh gobfcqhy goc lh whzvyhgk÷c fc fl gkglo bfjko jf lh goyykfczf hlzfych# Mknvyh 7#9# Lh bkzhj jfl gkglo jf lh whzvyhgk÷c jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf fcfynâh jfikjo h lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw kcjvgkjhw#
Fl mlvao bhncëzkgo nfcfyhjo poy Ommwfz U7#9R jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, jfikjo h lhw GNK‛w, pyojvgfc vch goyykfczf jf bhncfzkqhgk÷c goc vch hbplkzvj bvgdo bh{oy h lh xvf fwzè pyfwfczf fc lh bkzhj jf vc gkglo# Low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw, poy lo nfcfyhl, mvcgkochc fc vc yhcno fwzyfgdo jf lh gvy}h jf bhncfzkqhgk÷c, pyojvgkfcjo pyojvgkfcjo vch ftgkzhgk÷c yflhzk}hbfczf yflhzk}hbfczf pfxvføh jf lh goyykfczf gobo wf bvfwzyh fc lh mknvyh 7#9# Lh whzvyhgk÷c hwkbëzykgh o jf bfjko gkglo fc low cñglfow jf zyhcwmoybhjoy pvfjf wfy ghvwhjh poy GNK‛w jfl oyjfc jf 80 h 800 hbpfyfw# Gvhcjo fl cñglfo wf whzvyh, lh pfybfhiklkjhj zkfcjf h wfy 8 { fl mlvao llfch zojo fl fwphgko, wkfcjo bv{ jkmfyfczf h lh jkwzykivgk÷c jf mlvao fc gocjkgkocfw coybhlfw# Fl mlvao coybhl jf mvnh fwzè goczyolhjo goczyolhjo poy fwgvjow, plhghw plhghw o jfyk}hgkocfw jf hgfyo co bhncëzkgo $hgfyo kcotkjhilf o hlvbkcko+, gv{hw jkbfcwkocfw woc mvcjhbfczhlfw phyh fl goczyol jf lhw pëyjkjhw jf Movghvlz { poy woiyfghlfczhbkfczo# Fc gocjkgkocfw coybhlfw, goc lh bh{oyâh jfl mlvao bhncëzkgo fc fl cñglfo, lhw plhghw co bhncëzkghw llf}hc pogo mlvao { nfcfyhc w÷lo pfxvføhw pëyjkjhw#
97
Fc ghbiko, gvhcjo cñglfo wf whzvyh, lhw pëyjkjhw fc hlnvchw phyzfw jf low fwgvjow pvfjfc hvbfczhy hvbfczhy gocwkjfyhilfbfczf, gocwkjfyhilfbfczf, pyo}oghcjo vc ghlfczhbkfczo ghlfczhbkfczo jf fwzow# fwzow# Lh bkzhj jf lh ocjh jf whzvyhgk÷c zhbikëc hvbfczh lh goyykfczf jf bhncfzkqhgk÷c { jkwzoywkoch wv moybh jf ocjh, ocjh, { poy gocwknvkfczf, ghbikow fc low yfxvkwkzow jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h jfl wkwzfbh, lo xvf nfcfyh vc hvbfczo jf low hyb÷ckgow# 7#9#7#7 FL KBPHGZO JF LOW HYB×CKGOW FC LOW ZYHCWMOYBHJOYFW JF POZFCGKH# H goczkcvhgk÷c wf pyfwfczh fc lh Mknvyh :#7 :#7 low hyb÷ckgow xvf wf jkwzoywkochc jkwzoywkochc poy lh pyfwfcgkh goyyflhzk}h jf lhw goyykfczfw kcjvgkjhw nfobhncfzkghbfczf, wf yfwhlzh lh pyfwfcgkh jfl wftzo hyb÷ckgo bfjkjo fc vc hvzozyhcwmoybhjoy jf lh wvifwzhgk÷c jf Nyhwwykjnf fl = jf co}kfbiyf jfl 9008, jvyhczf fl jfwhyyollo jf vch zoybfczh# Lhw goyykfczfw $GNK+ bfjkjhw fc lh wvifwzhgk÷c Nyhwwykjnf woc kczfyfwhczfw poy jow yhqocfw# Lhw goyykfczfw woc wkbklhyfw fc bhnckzvj h lhw ghlgvlhjhw phyh lhw mhllhw jf low jow zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf :00E] { 900B]H jf lh yfj CNG fc fl Yfkco Vckjo# Fc wfnvcjo lvnhy, }hykow kc}fwzknhjoyfw dhc kcjkghjo xvf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw goc cñglfow jf zyfw pkfychw, gobo fl jf lh wvifwzhgk÷c Nyhwwykjnf, woc bfcow wvwgfpzkilfw h GNK xvf low bocomèwkgow o zyhcwmoybhjoyfw zykmèwkgow goc cñglfow jf 6 pkfychw# Fl jkmfyfczf gobpoyzhbkfczo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy zykmèwkgo goc cñglfo jf zyfw pkfychw wf jkmfyfcgkh jkmfyfcgkh jfl yfwzo jfikjo h lh jkmfyfcgkh jfl gkygvkzo bhncëzkgo#
Mknvyh 7#7# GNK { wftzo hyb÷ckgo bfjkjo fc fl hvzozyhcwmoybhjoy fc Nyhwwykjnf fc lh wvifwzhgk÷c, fl 0= jf co}kfbiyf 9008#
Lhw bfjkgkocfw jf goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw nfobhncëzkghw kcjvgkjhw { low hyb÷ckgow kcjkghc xvf lh whzvyhgk÷c wf pyojvao bèw jf vch }fq fc low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw zykmèwkgow goc cñglfow jf 7 pkfychw, pkfychw, goc goyykfczfw zhc ihahw gobo 9 H/mhwf, fc pyobfjko# Lh wvwgfpzkiklkjhj jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw poy lh whzvyhgk÷c jfikjo h lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw, pvfjf jfzfybkchywf h phyzky jf lh zyh{fgzoykh jfl mlvao jf ftgkzhgk÷c ftgkzhgk÷c U7#7R jf wfgvfcgkh gfyo fc gkygvkzo hikfyzo# Gobo yfwvlzhjo, lh wvwgfpzkiklkjhj jf low ihcgow jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw poy lh whzvyhgk÷c pvfjf wfy ghzfnoykqhjh gobo mvfyzf o jëikl# Phyh low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw zykmèwkgow { fl bocomèwkgo zkpo hgoyhqhjo, jf zyfw mhwfw goc gkcgo pkfychw $zkpo cñglfo+ { zyhcwmoybhjoyfw bocomèwkgow zkpo cñglfo woc 9:
bv{ wvwgfpzkilfw# Fc ghbiko, low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw zykmèwkgow jf zyfw pkfychw $zkpo cñglfo+ woc jëiklbfczf wvwgfpzkilfw# A#Y# Pykgf U7#:R hchlkq÷ low fmfgzow jf lhw GNK‛w fc vc zyhcwmoybhjoy bocomèwkgo, fc ozyow goc cñglfow jf zyfw { gkcgo pkfychw kcglv{fcjo fl fmfgzo jf jfyk}hgk÷c jf ghynh $ZHP+, fczyf ozyow gobpocfczfw, }fykmkg÷ fl hcèlkwkw poy bfjko jf pyvfihw mâwkghw# Fwzf gkfczâmkgo gocglv{f lo wknvkfczf1 yfhlkqhjhw lhw pyvfihw h low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw hczfykoybfczf bfcgkochjow, cow kcjkgh xvf fl ghlfczhbkfczo jf fwzow jkwpowkzk}ow jfpfcjfc jf low jfzhllfw gocwzyvgzk}ow jf fwzow# Wkc vc goczyol hjfgvhjo jfl mlvao fc gocjkgkocfw jf whzvyhgk÷c, lhw phyzfw kczfykoyfw jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy co pvfjfc wfy fcmykhjhw goc fmkghgkh, lo xvf gocllf}h hl hvbfczo yèpkjo jf lh zfbpfyhzvyh jf fwzow#
Mknvyh 7#7 Zyhcwmoybhjoyfw
Fl woiyfghlfczhbkfczo ghvwh lh jfwkczfnyhgk÷c jfl pfzy÷lfo $lkxvkjo hkwlhczf+ { fl yobpkbkfczo jfl hkwlhbkfczo jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw, jhcjo lvnhy h nhwfw xvf pvfjfc wfy jfzfgzhjow { hchlkqhjow poy hcèlkwkw jf low nhwfw jkwvflzow, xvf co wfyèc hchlkqhjow fc fwzf zyhihao jf kc}fwzknhgk÷c, pfyo fw kbpoyzhczf bfcgkochy, xvf fl fwzvjko jf fwzow wf hwogkhc fwzyfgdhbfczf h kbpoyzhczfw f}fczow yflhgkochjow goc lhw zoybfczhw wolhyfw# Hlnvcow fmfgzow oiwfy}hilfw poy fwzf mfc÷bfco woc fwpfgkhlbfczf low nhwfw nfcfyhjow poy lh jfwgobpowkgk÷c jf lh gflvlowh, lh }kiyhgk÷c jf lh gvih jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy { jfl cñglfo, { fl hvbfczo jf low ck}flfw jf yvkjo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy $vc hvbfczo fczyf fczyf 9: jI { 40 ji+# Zfckfcjo fc gocwkjfyhgk÷c gocwkjfyhgk÷c xvf low jhøow jhøow pyfwfczfw fc fl zyhcwmoybhjoy poy vc jkwzvyiko jkwzvyiko nfobhncëzkgo jf ihah kczfcwkjhj, kczfcwkjhj, pvfjfc dhgfywf pyfwfczfw w÷lo vcow bfwfw jfwpvëw jfl jhøo, jf fwzh moybh wf pvfjf hwogkhy fc moybh fyy÷cfh fl f}fczo h ozyhw gkygvcwzhcgkhw# Lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw kcjvgkjhw zhbikëc ghvwhc vc hvbfczo jfl gocwvbo jf lh pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h poy low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw { vc hvbfczo fc low hyb÷ckgow phyfw f kbphyfw xvf wf nfcfyhc poy lh whzvyhgk÷c hlghcqhjh fc bfjko gkglo# Lh whzvyhgk÷c jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, wf yfhlkqh fc vc zkfbpo wvmkgkfczfbfczf lhyno, ghvwhcjo pëyjkjhw fc fl mlvao jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy { vc woiyfghlfczhbkfczo xvf yfwvlzh fc vc hgoyzhbkfczo jf lh }kjh ñzkl jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy z yhcwmoybhjoy o vc jhøo pfybhcfczf#
96
Vch fgvhgk÷c fbpâykgh jfwhyyollhjh poy FPYK, kcjkgh xvf fl gocwvbo jf zyhcwmoybhjoy jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h wf pvfjf ghlgvlhy jf lh wknvkfczf bhcfyh1 P $]HY+ 2 ] $K ftgkzhgk÷c% 9#48K JG+ Jocjf,
K ftgkzhgk÷c 2 Goyykfczf jf ftgkzhgk÷c jfl zyhwmoybhjoy# $Wkc gobpocfczf goczkcvh+ K JG 2 Goyykfczf goczkcvh fc low hyyollhbkfczow jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy#
Wf fwzkbh xvf lh goyykfczf jkyfgzh fc vc nyhc f}fczo f}fczo $E3=+ fw jf vcow 99: H $>:,> H poy mhwf+# Vch goyykfczf jf fwzh bhnckzvj fw ghphq jf whzvyhy fl cñglfo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy# Wf fwpfgvlh xvf lh gobikchgk÷c jf vc ck}fl wvpfykoy h lo coybhl jf lhw pëyjkjhw jf Movghvlz { lh jkwzykivgk÷c jfwknvhl jf lh bh{oy goyykfczf bhncfzkqhczf jhø÷ lh Vckjhj 8 jf Whlfb U7#6R $gobpvfwzh poy zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf flf}hjh “wzfp"vp‒+# Low mhiykghczfw jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw hmkybhc xvf low cvf}ow zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf flf}hjh co pyfwfczhc fwzf pyoilfbh# Low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw goc jfyk}hgk÷c $Zhp+ zhbikëc dhc wkjo hmfgzhjow poy lhw GNK‛w# Goc yfwpfgzo h yfnvlhgk÷c jf zfcwk÷c jf fwzow zyhcwmoybhjoyfw, wf dh jfikjo yfhlkqhy bèw havwzfw jf }olzhaf { jf moybh bèw myfgvfczf jf lo coybhl, jvyhczf jvyhczf lhw zoybfczhw nfobhncëzkghw# Fl hvbfczo jf low havwzfw fw pyoihilfbfczf jfikjo h lhw }hykhgkocfw jf }olzhaf jfl wkwzfbh ghvwhjo poy lhw jfbhcjhw jf hvbfczo jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h, {h wfh poy lh hgzk}hgk÷c jf low wkwzfbhw wkwzfbhw jf pyozfggkocfw o jfikjo h xvf low zyhwmoybhjoyfw zyhwmoybhjoyfw woc woc wvbkjfyow jf fwzf zkpo jf pozfcgkh# H goczkcvhgk÷c wf pyfwfczhc lhw gocjkgkocfw fc xvf xvfjhyoc jogf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf }hloyfw cobkchlfw jf :00E] { >00B]H, fc lhw fwzhgkocfw jf Zvzveh, Bhzkbih , Yvhghch { Lfzdhio $vikghjhw fc Wvjèmykgh+, jvyhczf fl pykcgkpko jf co}kfbiyf jfl 9007#
Mknvyh 7#: Mhllh fc hlzo }olzhaf fc lh fwzhgk÷c jf Lfzdhio
Mknvyh 7#6 Mhllh fc hlzo }olzhaf fc lh fwzhgk÷c jf Bhzkbih
9=
Mknvyh 7#= Woiyfghlfczhbkfczo Woiyfghlfczhbk fczo jf low zfybkchlfw jf ihah zfcwk÷c fc lh fwzhgk÷c jfZvzveh
Mknvyh 7#> Jhøo fc vc zyhcwmoybhjoy jf hlzo }olzhaf, pyfwfczf fc lh fwzhgk÷c Yvhghch
Kcwpfggkocfw jf zojhw lhw mhllhw jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw zyhcwmoybhjoyfw bfcgkochjow, cow kcjkghc xvf ftkwzkfyoc mhllhw poy woiyfghlfczhbkfczo, jfgoloyhgk÷c fc fl hkwlhbkfczo { fc }hykhw phyzfw jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw# Fl jhøo fw gocwkwzfczf h lo oiwfy}hjo h zyh}ëw jfl hcèlkwkw jf low nhwfw, lh bhnckzvj jf low jhøow phyfgf wfy pfxvføh { jfgoloyhgk÷c jf hkwlhbkfczo fw wvpfymkgkhl, lo xvf ftplkgh xvf low ck}flfw hiwolvzow jf nhw jkwvflzo woc ihaow# 7#9#: ZYHCWMOYBHJOYFW JF BFJKJH# Low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf goyykfczfw { low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf pozfcgkh hbiow wfyèc wobfzkjow h lh kcgkjfcgkh jkyfgzh jfl GNK, hwâ gobo hl fmfgzo jf lhw goyykfczfw hyb÷ckghw# Lhw goyykfczfw hyb÷ckghw zkfcjfc h hvbfczhy low fyyoyfw jf bfjkgk÷c fc hbiow zkpow jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf bfjkjh# Lhw GNK‛w wf wvpocf xvf woc iloxvfhjow poy low jk}kwoyfw jf zfcwk÷c ghphgkzk}ow $G]J‛w+, pfyo pvfjfc pyo}oghy lh whzvyhgk÷c fc low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf goyykfczf yfwvlzhcjo fl golhpwo jf lhw zfcwkocfw jf low wfgvcjhykow# Lhw gocwfgvfcgkhw woc vch bhlh kczfypyfzhgk÷c jf low dfgdow poy lh pyozfggk÷c { lh l÷GNKh jf goczyol hlkbfczhjo poy fl zyhcwmoybhjoy jf goyykfczf#
Mknvyh 7#4 Zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf bfjkjh #
9>
7#9#6 JHØOW FC LOW PHYHYYH[OW# Vc hvbfczo jf vcow gvhczow myhghwow phyhyyh{ow jvyhczf lhw zoybfczhw nfobhncëzkghw wolhyfw dhc wkjo yfpoyzhjow# Wf gyff xvf lhw mhllhw mvfyoc ghvwhjhw ghvwhjhw poy woiyf zfcwkocfw hcoybhlfw fc low cfvzyow jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw whzvyhjow# 7#9#= WKWZFBHW JF PYOZFGGK×C F KCZFYYVPZOYFW HVZOBÈZKGOW# Lhw GNK‛w pvfjf ghvwhy jhøow fc low yflëw { low wkwzfbhw jf pyozfggk÷c, fwzhw mhllhw wf pyfwfczhc jf zyfw bhcfyhw jkmfyfczfw# Fc pykbfy lvnhy, low yflëw jf low gobpfcwhjoyfw jf ]HY fwzèzkgow { low gocjfcwhjoyfw pvfjfc gocmvcjky lhw goyykfczfw hyb÷ckghw pyojvgkjhw poy zyhcwmoybhjoyfw whzvyhjow poy vch mhlzh o woiyfghynh jf goyykfczf# Fwzf bojo jf jf mhllo fw fl bèw gobñc# Fc wfnvcjo lvnhy, fl wkwzfbh jf pyozfggk÷c pvfjf jfahy jf mvcgkochy# Poy fafbplo, lh whlkjh jf vc zyhcwmoybhjoy jf goyykfczf phyh vc zyhcwmoybhjoy goc pyozfggk÷c jkmfyfcgkhl pvfjf llfnhy h wfy jkwzoywkochjow poy lh pyfwfcgkh jf GNK‛w { dhgfy xvf fl yënkbfc jf pyozfggk÷c mvcgkocf gvhcjo dh{ vch gocjkgk÷c jf mhllh# Fc zfygfy lvnhy, fl wkwzfbh jf pyozfggk÷c pvfjf mvcgkochy bèw lfczo jf lo jfwfhjo jfikjo h lh pyfwfcgkh pyfwfcgkh jf mlvao yfbhcfczf yfbhcfczf fc fl zyhcwmoybhjoy jf goyykfczf goyykfczf ghvwhjh poy GNK# Fl mlvao yfbhcfczf yfjvgf fl zkfbpo jf whzvyhgk÷c, jf fwzow zyhcwmoybhjoyfw# Fwzh mhllh fw jkmâgkl hwogkhy jkyfgzhbfczf goc vc f}fczo GNK {h xvf fl fyyoy fc low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf goyykfczf pvfjf co ogvyyky dhwzh }hykow jâhw jfwpvëw jf lh hphykgk÷c jf lh GNK xvf wf pyojvao poy lh yfbhcfcgkh# Low wkwzfbhw jf yflëw zkfcfc fl pyoilfbh goc lh bh{oyâh jf GNK, jfikjo h xvf wf pyojvgfc jfwihlhcgfw jfwihlhcgfw jf goyykfczfw, goyykfczfw, goyykfczfw fc fl cfvzyo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, lh lâcfh jf goyykfczf yfwkjvhl, { fl jfwfxvklkiyko jf zfcwk÷c jf low wkwzfbhw jf pyozfggk÷c# Vc fafbplo jf fwzhw mhllhw wf pyfwfcz÷ fc fl poy fl hggkochbkfczo o jkwphyo jf low kczfyyvpzoyfw jf pyozfggk÷c jfl gkygvkzo fl 99 jf wfpzkfbiyf jf 8;6>, vc kczfyyvpzoy jf gkygvkzo jf 970 e] fc Ahbfwzo~c, Jheozh jfl Coyzf, golhpwo jfikjo h lhw ftgfwk}hw goyykfczfw jf zfygfy hyb÷ckgo fc lh zkfyyh hggkochcjo low yflëw gocfgzhjow hl cfvzyo jf low cñglfow jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy whzvyhjo# Fl 87 jf co}kfbiyf jf 8;=0, vch pfyzvyihgk÷c nfobhncëzkgh wf}fyh ghvwhjh fc 70 kczfyyvpzoyfw jf gkygvkzo wkbvlzècfhbfczf fc fl wkwzfbh jf hlkbfczhgk÷c wvfgo $870"990":00"E]+ Mknvyh 7#; Wvifwzhgk÷c Wvfgh
Jk}fywow fwzvjkow kcjkghyâhc jf xvf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf bfjkjh, woc hmfgzhjow fc wv mvcgkochbkfczo poy pyfwfcgkh jf lhw GNK‛w, jfikjo h xvf fwzow co zkfcfc 94
wfcwkiklkjhj jf lh pyfwfcgkh jf hyb÷ckgow, nfcfyhcjo xvf co wf jkwphyfc lhw pyozfggkocfw goyyfwpocjkfczfw# Fc ghbiko, low wkwzfbhw jf yflë jkmfyfcgkhl fc low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw woc phyzkgvlhybfczf wvwgfpzkilfw h mhllow jf mvcgkochbkfczo fc pyfwfcgkh jf lhw GNK‛w# Fwzh hcobhlâh pvfjf wfy ghvwhjh poy lh whzvyhgk÷c jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf goyykfczf, hwâ gobo poy low hyb÷ckgow nfcfyhjow poy lh whzvyhgk÷c jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf pozfcgkh# #Lh whzvyhgk÷c jf vc zyhcwmoybhjoy jf pozfcgkh pvfjf pyo}oghy xvf fl yflë co mvcgkocf wk dh{ vc mhllo wkbvlzècfo fc fl zyhcwmoybhjoy jf pozfcgkh# Lh kcgkjfcgkh xvf zkfcfc lhw GNK‛w fc lhw pyozfggkocfw jfl wkwzfbh jf pozfcgkh, wf jk}kjfc wfnñc fl zkpo jf pyozfggk÷c xvf fwzow pyopoygkochc1 8+ Wkwzfbhw jf pyozfggk÷c nfcfyhl Gobo mvf hczfykoybfczf bfcgkochjo, lh whzvyhgk÷c jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf goyykfczf pvfjf nfwzhy vch bhlh kcmoybhgk÷c xvf pvfjf pyojvgky poy gvhlxvkfyh jf lhw kc}fywkocfw l÷GNKh xvf yfmlfaf low hgoczfgkbkfczow mhlwow o jfahy jf lhjo lhw }fyjhjfyhw hbfchqhw# Fwo pojyâh wfy, poy fafbplo, yfwpocwhilf jf lh co jfzfggk÷c jfl f}fczo, poy lo gvhl lh co hpfyzvyh jfl kczfyyvpzoy hvzobèzkgo, bkfczyhw xvf fl kczfyyvpzoy wf dhiyâh pojkjo hiyky goc ëtkzo# Hlnvcow hlnoykzbow jf yflëw jknkzhlfw woc wfcwkilfw h low hyb÷ckgow# Wk lh wføhl jf fczyhjh zkfcf vc goczfckjo jf hyb÷ckgow jf hlzo, xvf pvfjf jfwfcghjfchy fl bhl, lo xvf yfwvlzh kchjfgvhjo fc lhw hggkocfw jfl wkwzfbh jf pyozfggk÷c# Low ihcgow jf gocjfcwhjoyfw fc jfyk}hgk÷c, ihcgow jf mklzyow o low gobpfcwhjoyfw fwzèzkgow pvfjfc fwzhy hikfyzow wkc ckcnñc zkpo jf hgoczfgkbkfczo yfhl# Low wkwzfbhw jf pyozfggk÷c jkwføhjow phyh yfwpocjfy h lhw myfgvfcgkhw cfnhzk}h o gfyo goyykfczfw jf wfgvfcgkh wf }fc wfykhbfczf hmfgzhjow, ghvwhcjo mkchlbfczf }khafw mhlwow, gobo wf wføhl÷ hczfykoybfczf# 9+ Lh pyozfggk÷c jkmfyfcgkhl jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf pozfcgkh# Low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw whzvyhjow pvfjfc ftpfykbfczhy pyoilfbhw yflhgkochjow goc lh pyozfggk÷c jkmfyfcgkhl# Lhw goyykfczfw jf whzvyhgk÷c jfl lhjo jfl pykbhyko, poy fafbplo, mlv{f h zyh}ëw jfl cfvzyo h zkfyyh, co pvfjf dhify goyykfczfw jf lh kbhnfc fc fl lhjo wfgvcjhyko, lh whzkwmhggk÷c jf yflhgk÷c jf }vflzhw# Fwzo pvfjf ghvwhy mhlwow jkwphyow fc lh l h pyozfggk÷c jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy# 7+ Lh pyozfggk÷c jf low cfvzyhlfw ihcgo jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw# zyhcwmoybhjoyfw# Lhw ÷yjfcfw ÷yjfcfw jf low hyb÷ckgow bñlzkplow jf 7 pvfjfc wfy }kwzo fc fl cfvzyo gobo goyykfczfw jf wfgvfcgkh gfyo, kcjvgky h fyyoy hl yflë jf woiyf kczfcwkjhj fc lh pyozfggk÷c jfl cfvzyo jfl ihcgo jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw# 9;
7#9#> LOW IHCGOW JF GOCJFCWHJOYFW WDVCZ [ MKLZYOW JF HYB×CKGOW# Jfwjf fl pvczo jf }kwzh jfl wkwzfbh jf hlkbfczhgk÷c vc zyhcwmoybhjoy whzvyhjo pvfjf wfy }kwzo gobo vch mvfczf jf goyykfczf goc pyfwfcgkh jf hyb÷ckgow kc{fgzhjow fc lh yfj, xvf mlv{fc pykcgkphlbfczf h zyh}ëw jf ghbkcow jf ihah kbpfjhcgkh $jfpfcjf jf lh myfgvfcgkh+# Hvcxvf low ihcgow jf gocjfcwhjoyfw goc jfyk}hgk÷c $Wdvcz+ pyfwfczhc yvzhw jf hggfwo jf hlzh kbpfjhcgkh phyh GNK‛w, poyxvf woc gvhwk"JG, wv kbpfjhcgkh phyh lhw goyykfczfw hyb÷ckghw fw ihah# Fl woiyfghlfczhbkfczo ghvwhjo poy lh woiyf goyykfczfw, jfnyhjhc lhw vckjhjfw jf ihcgo jf gocjfcwhjoyfw, llfnhcjo mkchlbfczf h vc pvczo jfl myhghwo# Lh pëyjkjh pyonyfwk}h jf vckjhjfw poy woiyfghynh hgzk}h, lhw pyozfggkocfw jf jfwihlhcgf jf low gocjfcwhjoyfw jhc gobo yfwvlzhjo, yfwvlzhjo, jfnyhjhbkfczo jfl yfcjkbkfczo jf lh yfj# yfj# Lh jkwpockiklkjhj jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h $xvf pvfjf wfy poy wâ ihaow, ftpfykbfczh vch jkwbkcvgk÷c hñc bèw kczfcwh# Fc zfoyâh, low ihcgow jf gocjfcwhjoyfw Wdvcz jf jkwphyhywf jfikjo h lh pyozfggk÷c jf jfwfxvklkiyko pvfjf wfy vc wâczobh GNK#
Mknvyh 7#80
7#9#4 NFCFYHJOYFW# H pfwhy jf xvf lhw GNK‛w woc iloxvfhjow poy low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw goc gocftkocfw ["∍ { co pvfjfc mlvky jkyfgzhbfczf h zyh}ëw jf ioikchjow nfcfyhjoyfw, nyvpow flfgzy÷nfcow wfnvkyèc wkfcjo oiafzo jf hyb÷ckgow jfikjo h lh whzvyhgk÷c jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy# Hyb÷ckgow wfnvcjo { gvhyzo pvfjfc ghfy fc nfcfyhjoyfw { pyojvgkyè fl woiyfghlfczhbkfczo { lh kcwvmkgkfcgkh jf lh pyozfggk÷c# 7#9#; GOBPFCWHJOYFW FWZÈZKGOW ]HY $W]W‛w+# Low gobpfcwhjoyfw fwzèzkgow ]HY pyopoygkochc vch yèpkjh yèpkjh yfnvlhgk÷c jf zfcwk÷c { gobpfcwhgk÷c jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h h zyh}ëw zyh}ëw jf ihzfyâhw jf gocjfcwhjoyfw goczyolhjow poy zkykwzoyfw# H goczkcvhgk÷c goczkcvhgk÷c wf pyfwfczh vc fafbplo jf low jhøow wvmykjow poy fwzow jkwpowkzk}ow jvyhczf vch zoybfczh wolhy#
70
Jvyhczf lh zoybfczh 87 jf bhyqo 8;4;# D{jyo"Xvfifg ftpfykbfcz÷ lh bh{oyâh jf low pyoilfbhw goc fc low gobpfcwhjoyfw gobpfcwhjoyfw fwzèzkgow, xvf wf hgoplhc goc fl wkwzfbh jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf >76E]# Lh pfyzvyihgk÷c pfyzvyihgk÷c nfobhncëzkgh nfobhncëzkgh pyo}oghcjo xvf wkfzf W]W‛w xvfjhyèc mvfyh jf wfy}kgko5 jow W]W‛w fc lh wvifwzhgk÷c Gdkiovnhbhv, jow fc ghjh vch jf lhw wvifwzhgkocfw jf Hlihcfl ,Cfbkwghv { Lh]fyfcjy{f#$Ghchjè+ Lh pëyjkjh jf lh W]W‛w ghvw÷ lh wfphyhgk÷c jfl wkwzfbh jf fcfynâh jf D{jyo" Xvfifg , nfcfyhcjo vch pëyjkjh hpyotkbhjhbfczf 98600 B^ jf nfcfyhgk÷c# )Lh nfcfyhgk÷c wf mvf yfwzhvyhjo nyhjvhlbfczf jvyhczf vc pfyâojo jf cvf}f doyhw1 fl 96& wf yfwzhilfgk÷ jfwpvëw jf zyfw doyhw, fl :4& mvf yfwzhvyhjh jfwpvëw jf gkcgo doyhw, fl =6& mvf yfwzhvyhjh jfwpvëw jf wkfzf doyhw, { fl 47& mvf yfwzhvyhjh jfwpvëw jf cvf}f doyhw# . Lh wfphyhgk÷c ghvwhjh fc fl wkwzfbh zhbikëc oghwkoc÷ jhøow h jow zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf flf}hjh wzfp"vp fc lh fwzhgk÷c jf Lh Nyhcjf :, jfwghynhjoyfw jf woiyfzfcwkocfw fc Lh Nyhcjf 9 { lhw gfczyhlfw jf nfcfyhgk÷c fc “Gdvygdkll Mhllw‒, { lh jfyk}hgk÷c h vc yfhgzoy fc lh wvifwzhgk÷c Cfbkwghv, { jhøow fc wâ bkwbow, jf fwzow gobpfcwhjoyfw# Vc zyhcwmoybhjoy fc lh wvifwzhgk÷c Gdkiovnhbhv zhbikëc yfwvlz÷ jhøhjo poy lh woiyfzfcwk÷c nfcfyhjh poy lh wfphyhgk÷c jfl wkwzfbh# Hjfbèw, low zkykwzoyfw W]W‛w fc lh wvifwzhgk÷c Cfbkwghv mvfyoc jhøhjow { low ihcgow jf gocjfcwhjoyfw fc lh wvifwzhgk÷c Hlihcfl, co mvcgkochyoc# 7#9#80 FMFGZOW PYOJVGKJOW FC LOW WKZFBHW JF JKWZYKIVGK×C# Low pyoilfbhw jfikjo h lhw GNK‛w fc wkwzfbhw jf jkwzykivgk÷c dhc kcglvkjo mvwkilfw xvfbhjow { mhllhw fc low ck}flfw jf zfcwk÷c# zfcwk÷c# Fl mvwkilf jf woplhjo mvf yfpoyzhjo yfpoyzhjo poy poy Jh}kjwoc, Jh}kjwoc, jfikjo h lh zoybfczh jfl 9: jf bhyqo, 8;:0# 8;:0# Lhw hlzfyhgkocfw hlzfyhgkocfw fc jkfq fwzhgkocfw jf pozfcgkh loghlkqhjhw fc Cf~ Fcnlhcj, Cf~ [oye, hl fwzf jf Pfccw{l}hckh, hl wvy { hl fwzf jf Bkccfwozh, fc Ozhyko { fc Xvfifg, ghvwhyoc mhllhw fc low mvwkilfw jf woplhjo fc wkwzfbhw jf jkwzykivgk÷c yhjkhl jf 9:00/:860 ]# Fl 88 jf mfiyfyo jf 8;64, low gkygvkzow jf pyozfggk÷c fc lh yfj wvfgh :00/990/870 e], phyzf jf lh pykcgkphl yfj mkclhcjfwh jf zflfgobvckghgkocfw poy ghilf gohtkhl wf kczfyyvbpkfyoc jfikjo h lh mhllh jf vc mvwkilf jf woplhjo fc lhw fwzhgkocfw yfpfzkjoyhw jf GH# Hlnvcow kcgfcjkow wf ftpfykbfczhyoc zhbikëc fc fl wkwzfbh jf zflfgobvckghgkocfw wvfgo# Fl 87 jf bhyqo jf 8;4;, Vckzfj Po~fy Hwwogkhzkoc $VPH+ vikghjh fc Fle Yk}fy, Bkccfwozh, pyfwfczhyoc pyoilfbhw jf zfcwkocfw zfcwkocfw ftpfykbfczhjhw ftpfykbfczhjhw fc lh wvifwzhgk÷c wvifwzhgk÷c ^hifjo , jfikjo h lhw GNK‛w# VPH kcmoyb÷ xvf fl zyhcwmoybhjoy zyhcwmoybhjoy jf hlkbfczhgk÷c hlkbfczhgk÷c jf lh wvifwzhgk÷c wvifwzhgk÷c ^hifjo, ^hifjo, dhiâh wkjo wkjo bv{ ghynhjo jvyhczf fwf zkfbpo, poy lh whzvyhgk÷c ftpfykbfczhjh, jf fwzh moybh wf flf}÷ lh zfcwk÷c jfl gkygvkzo gkygvkzo jfikjo hl hvbfczo jf lh jfbhcjh jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy# Lhw goyykfczfw kcjvgkjhw nfobhncfzkghbfczf zhbikëc kcmlv{fc fc wkwzfbhw jf gobvckghgk÷c { goczyol, gobo fc lhw gobvckghgkocfw jf yhjko { goczyol, fc lhw gobvckghgkocfw hlhbikghw { mkiyh ÷pzkgh fczyf ozyow, xvf co woc oiafzo jf fwzvjko jf fwzf zyhihao# 78
Ghpâzvlo :1 Pyfghvgkocfw phyh f}kzhy vch powkilf ghzèwzyomf# Vch wfykf jf fxvkpow { wolvgkocfw opfyhzk}hw wf fwzèc kc}fwzknhcjo { hplkghcjo poy phyzf jf lhw kcjvwzykhw jf wfy}kgkow flëgzykgow jf Fwzhjow Vckjow { Ghchjè pykcgkphlbfczf, fc vc kczfczo poy yfjvgky lhw pfyzvyihgkocfw fc low wkwzfbhw jf pozfcgkh pyojvgzo jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw# Fc bhyqo jf 8;4; vch zoybfczh nfobhncëzkgh jko lvnhy h ftzfcjkjhw pfyzvyihgkocfw fc low wkwzfbhw jf pozfcgkh jf Coyzf Hbëykgh, vc ilhgeovz fc fl èyfh jf wfy}kgko jf D{jyo"Xvfiëg, jhøow fc fl nfcfyhjoy jf phwo low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw fc lh fwzhgk÷c jf nfcfyhgk÷c jf Whlfb { ozyhw pfyzvyihgkocfw h low wkwzfbhw# Hmoyzvchjhbfczf, low wkwzfbhw jf zyhcwbkwk÷c pyfwfczhihc pogh ghynh hl bobfczo jf lh zoybfczh nfobhncëzkgh, pfybkzkfcjo xvf lh bh{oyâh jf low wkwzfbhw gobpfcwhyh lh pëyjkjh jf pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h { bhczfcfy vc pfymkl jf zfcwk÷c mkhilf# Hlnvchw jf lhw wolvgkocfw jf goyzo { lhyno plhqo xvf fwzèc wkfcjo avqnhjhw poy lhw gfczyhlfw flëgzykghw wf bvfwzyhc fc fwzf ghpâzvlo# U:#8R
:#8#" PYONYHBHW JF GOBPVZHJOYH PHYH GVHCZKMKGHY LHW GOYYKFCZFW NFOBHNCËZKGH NFOBHNCËZKGHW# W# Gobo phyzf jf vc zfbpyhco pyo{fgzo jf kc}fwzknhgk÷c, vc pyonyhbh jf gobpvzhjoyh mvf fwgykzo phyh bojflhy gobo low wkwzfbhw jf pozfcgkh }fc lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw { fwzo bojflh fl pozfcgkhl jf lh wvpfymkgkf jf lh Zkfyyh yfwvlzhczf jf lhw mlvgzvhgkocfw jfl ghbpo nfobhncëzkgo# Lh mvcgk÷c jf fwzf pyonyhbh gobpvzhgkochl fw ghlgvlhy lhw bhnckzvjfw jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw fc vch lhynh yfj flëgzykgh kczfygocfgzhjh# Zojow low pozfcgkhlfw jf lh wvpfymkgkf jf lh zkfyyh woc bojflhjow gobo mvfczfw jf }olzhaf xvf wf goc}kfyzfc kczfychbfczf fc mvfczfw jf goyykfczf fxvk}hlfczfw jf Coyzoc# Fl pyonyhbh dh wkjo vwhjo whzkwmhgzoykhbfczf phyh ghlgvlhy lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw fc vch lhynh yfj flëgzykgh gocwzkzvkjh poy 746 cvjow fc fl wkwzfbh jf pozfcgkh jf Bkccfwozh# Fl womz~hyf jf hcèlkwkw jf zyhcwkzoykow flfgzyobhncëzkgow $FBZP+ zhbikëc dh wkjo vzklkqhjo phyh fl fwzvjko jf low fmfgzow jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw fc fl wkwzfbh jf D{jyo"Xvëifg# Vc bëzojo mvf jfwhyyollhjo poy fl Kcwzkzvzo jf Kc}fwzknhgkocfw jf D{jyo"Xvëifg f D{jyo"Xvëifg xvf hgflfyh fl pyogfwo jf whzvyhgk÷c jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy fc FBZP wkc bojkmkghy low yfwvlzhjow fc fwzhjo fwzhgkochyko, dhgkfcjo vch wkbvlhgk÷c jknkzhl jf low powkilfw fmfgzow jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw goc fwzf pyonyhbh# Fwzf zhbikëc mvf vwhjo phyh wkbvlhy lh pfyzvyihgk÷c fc fl wkwzfbh jf pozfcgkh fc lh yfj jf Ahbfw Ih{ jvyhczf lh zoybfczh nfobhncëzkgh jfl 87 jf bhyqo jf 8;4;# Lh wkbvlhgk÷c yfpyfwfczhih 80 zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf pojfy, lhw lâcfhw jf zyhcwbkwk÷c xvf low vcâhc, fl fxvkpo jf nfcfyhgk÷c { lh ghynh# U:#8R
79
:#9#" FXVKPOW# Hlnvcow fxvkpow gobo wolvgkocfw kcglv{fc fl havwzf jf yflëw jf pyozfggk÷c wfcwkilfw h lhw pfyzvyihgkocfw nfobhncëzkghw { fl jfwhyyollo jf vc jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo jf goyykfczf goczkcvh fc fl cfvzyo phyh zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf pozfcgkh# D{jyo"Xvëifg $DX+ fwzè fthbkchcjo hbihw bfjkjhw, jf goyzo plhqo { lhyno plhqo, cfgfwhykhw phyh bfaoyhy fl yfcjkbkfczo jfl wkwzfbh flëgzykgo jf pozfcgkh jvyhczf lhw pfyzvyihgkocfw nfobhncëzkghw# Fc fl goyzo plhqo, low yflëw jf pyozfggk÷c xvf wf dhc fcgoczyhjo wfcwkilfw h low fmfgzow jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw wf dhc havwzhjo phyh bfaoyhy lh gocmkhiklkjhj jfl gobpfcwhjoy jf ]HY fwzèzkgo# DX zhbikëc fwzè ftzfcjkfcjo fl vwo jf bfjkgkocfw jf }olzhaf hwkbëzykghw h ozyhw wvifwzhgkocfw phyh hlfyzhy h low opfyhjoyfw jf low wkwzfbhw jf pyoilfbhw goc fl jfwhyyollo jf goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw# Lh hwkbfzyâh jf }olzhaf fwzè wkfcjo bockzoyfhjh hdoyh poy gvhzyo wvifwzhgkocfw glh}f# Gvhcjo vch hwkbfzyâh jf zfcwk÷c jfl oyjfc jfl 7& fw jfzfgzhjh fc gvhlxvkfyh jf lhw vikghgkocfw vch hlhybh wf fc}âh hl opfyhjoy jf lh yfj fc fl gfczyo jf goczyol jfl wkwzfbh jf bhcfyh xvf fl mlvao jf fcfynâh fc lhw lâcfhw jf zyhcwbkwk÷c wf pvfjf yfjvgky# :#9#8#" HAVWZFW JFL YFLË#
Mknvyh:# 8 Yflë jf pyozfggk÷c
Jfmkckgk÷c jf Yflë1 Woc jkwpowkzk}ow jknkzhlfw gobphgzow xvf woc gocfgzhjow h zyh}ëw jf low wkwzfbhw jf pozfcgkh phyh jfzfgzhy gocjkgkocfw kczolfyhilfw o co jfwfhjhw jfczyo jf vc èyfh hwknchjh# Wv pykcgkphl mvcgk÷c fw1 yèpkjh yfbogk÷c jfl wfy}kgko gvhcjo hlnñc flfbfczo jfl wkwzfbh wvmyf vc goyzo gkygvkzo5 jhy lh oyjfc phyh jfwgocfgzhy vc gkygvkzo gvhcjo wf pyfwfczh vch opfyhgk÷c hcoybhl $myfgvfcgkh, woiyf"}olzhaf h myfgvfcgkh kcjvwzykhl, woiyf"goyykfczfw+5 lhw pyozfggkocfw jfl wkwzfbh zyhihahc fc hwogko goc kczfyyvpzoyfw low gvhlfw jfwgocfgzhc fl fxvkpo lvfno jf yfgkiky lh oyjfc jfl yflë# U:#9R
Lhw goyykfczfw hyb÷ckghw nfcfyhjhw poy fl bfjko gkglo jf vc zyhcwmoybhjoy jf pozfcgkh whzvyhjo jvyhczf vch zoybfczh nfobhncëzkgh pvfjf hmfgzhy fl mvcgkochbkfczo jf low yflëw jf pyozfggk÷c# Zyhw lo wvgfjkjo fl 87 jf bhyqo jf 8;4;, DX phyh fl goyzo plhqo flf}hyoc o jfwgocfgzhyoc lh gocmknvyhgk÷c jf wvw yflëw jf pyozfggk÷c jf jow wkzkow jf wvw gkygvkzow }kyzvhlfw gocbvzhjow, phyh f}kzhy low gkygvkzow }kyzvhlfw jf gocbvzhgk÷c jf jkwphyo jvyhczf lhw zoybfczhw nfobhncëzkghw# DX dh plhczfhjo lh gocmknvyhgk÷c jf lh pyozfggk÷c jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf hlzh zfcwk÷c jf woiyf"goyykfczf jf 8#: pv goc vc zkfbpo jf jkwphyo jf 0#=6 wfn h 9 pv goc fl bkwbo zykp zkbf bfcgkochjo hczfw, jocjf 8 pv fw fxvk}hlfczf h 960 H $ybw+#
77
Lh pyozfggk÷c goczyh woiyf"goyykfczfw fc low zkykwzoyfw jf gocbvzhgk÷c jf gocjfcwhjoyfw xvf mvfyoc yfwpocwhilfw jf lh kckgkhgk÷c jf jkwphyo jf low gkygvkzow }kyzvhlfw gocbvzhjow fc lhw wvifwzhgkocfw jf Gdkiovnhbhv { Lh ]ëyfcjy{f wf dh yfwzhilfgkjo jfwjf 8#6 pv { goc vc zkfbpo jf jkwphyo jf 0#=6 wfn h 9 pv goc fl bkwbo zkfbpo jf jkwphyo jocjf 8 pv fw fxvk}hlfczf h :000 H $ybw+# Lh pyozfggk÷c goczyh woiyf"goyykfczfw fc low zkykwzoyfw jf gocbvzhgk÷c jf gocjfcwhjoyfw wf dh plhczfhjo jf 8#04 pv { 8#7 pv goc 6w jf zkfbpo jf jkwphyo h 8#47 pv goc goc 80 w jf zkfbpo jf jkwphyo jocjf 8 pv fw fxvk}hlfczf h 9,700 H ybw# Lh pyozfggk÷c goczyh lhw woiyfzfcwkocfw jf 8=E] fc lhw wvifwzhgkocfw jf Gdkiovnhbhv { Lh ]ëyfcjy{f dh wkjo jfwgocfgzhjh# Fl hvbfczo jf lh gocmknvyhgk÷c jf fwzow yflëw jf pyozfggk÷c yfjvgf lh pyoihiklkjhj jf jkwphyo hggkjfczhl fc low gkygvkzow }kyzvhlfw jf gocbvzhgk÷c phyh fl goyzo plhqo5 wkc fbihyno, fwzo pvfjf hgflfyhy fl fc}fafgkbkfczo jf low gobpocfczfw jf low gkygvkzow }kyzvhlfw jf gocbvzhgk÷c { jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf pozfcgkh# U:#7R :#9#9#" YFWKWZFCGKHW LKCFHLFW GOBO FLFBFCZOW JF ILOXVFO JF GOYYKFCZF GOCZKCVH# Yfwkwzfcgkhw lkcfhlfw gocfgzhjhw fc wfykf goc fl cfvzyo, zhbikëc lkbkzhyèc lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw# Wf yfhlkqhyoc fwzvjkow phyh jfzfybkchy low }hloyfw cfgfwhykow jf fwzhw yfwkwzfcgkhw h mkc jf xvf wfhc zhc fmfgzk}hw gobo low gocjfcwhjoyfw jf iloxvfo# Wf fcgoczy÷ xvf }hloyfw jf dhwzh 600 Odbw fyhc cfgfwhykow, lo gvhl co wfyâh ghphq jf zolfyhy vch goyykfczf jfwihlhcgfhjh fc fl cfvzyo fc fwzhjo fwzhgkochyko { lhw hwogkhjhw pëyjkjhw# Poy lo zhczo, lhw yfwkwzfcgkhw lkcfhlfw co phyfgfc wfy fl flfbfczo jf iloxvf pyfmfykjo fc goczyh jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw# U:#:R :#9#7#" MVFCZF GOCZYOLHJH JF GOYYKFCZF GOCZKCVH FC FL CFVZYO# Low jf}hchjow zfygkhykow jf low hvzozyhcwmoybhjoyfw wf pojyâhc hiyky phyh lh kcwfygk÷c jf mvfczfw jf goyykfczf goczkcvh goczyolhjhw goc fl mkc jf ghcgflhy low fmfgzow jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw# Lhw mvfczfw jf goyykfczf goczkcvh goczyolhjhw wf gologhc fc fl jf}hchjo zfygkhyko jfl hvzozyhcwmoybhjoy, fczocgfw lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw goczkcñhc wv mlvao fc low jf}hchjow wfykf { gobñc, pfyo hpoyzhc vch ghczkjhj hjfgvhjh jf goyykfczf jkyfgzh fc fl jf}hchjo zfygkhyko jf bhcfyh xvf fl mlvao zozhl jf goyykfczf goczkcvh fc fl cñglfo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy wf }fyè oilknhjo h wfy gfyo# Lh goyykfczf jkyfgzh wfyè pyojvgkjh poy vch mvfczf jf }olzhaf goczyolhjh gocfgzhjh fc phyhlflo goc vc flfbfczo jf iloxvfo jf goyykfczf goczkcvh $phyh pfybkzky fl phwo jf goyykfczf hlzfych+ gobo wf bvfwzyh fc lh mknvyh# Poy ozyh phyzf lh mvfczf jf goyykfczf goczkcvh jfif wfy ghphq jf kc}fyzky wv polhykjhj, pvfw lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw fc low jf}hchjow wfykf { gobñc pvfjfc kc}fyzky wv jkyfggk÷c jvyhczf lh zoybfczh nfobhncëzkgh#
7:
Jfikjo h xvf lhw goyykfczfw woc jf jkwzkczh bhnckzvj fc low jf}hchjow wfykf { gobñc, { pvfw jf dfgdo, fwzèc fc jkyfggkocfw opvfwzhw fc vc hvzozyhcwmoybhjoy, fw cfgfwhyko bfjky hbihw goyykfczfw { vwhylhw gobo goczyol jf fczyhjh phyh lh mvfczf goczyolhjhw jf goyykfczf goczkcvh# Fc lh mknvyh 9 wf bvfwzyh vc zyhcwjvgzoy jf goyykfczf goczkcvh fc vch lâcfh jf hlzh zfcwk÷c, poyxvf zhczo lh fwzhgk÷c jf Joywf{ gobo Moyifw zkfcfc vch lâcfh jf zyhcwjvgzoyfw jf goyykfczf goczkcvh fc lh lâcfh jf 600 e]# Hjfbèw vc zyhcwjvgzoy jf goyykfczf goczkcvh fc fl cfvzyo wf bvfwzyh gobo vc bfjko phyh lh bfjkgk÷c jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw fc low jf}hchjow gobvcfw# Fl jkwpowkzk}o hgzk}o fc fl jf}hchjo zfygkhyko wfyâh bèw gowzowo xvf vc gocjfcwhjoy fc fl cfvzyo goc vch hlzh }flogkjhj hl wphyenhp, pfyo zkfcf lh }fczhah jf pyopoygkochy vch gocftk÷c w÷lkjh h zkfyyh zojo fl zkfbpo# Ozyh jfw}fczhah jfl vwo jf fwzf jkwpowkzk}o hgzk}o fw xvf co zojow low jf}hchjow zfygkhykow pvfjfc zfcfy gocftkocfw fc jflzh phyh kcwfyzhy low gobpocfczfw hgzk}ow jfl jkwpowkzk}o# Hjkgkochlbfczf, low jkwpowkzk}ow hgzk}ow jf bkzknhgk÷c co whghc fl mlvao jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw mvfyh jfl wkwzfbh, bkfczyhw xvf low gocjfcwhjoyfw iloxvfhc fwzf mlvao jf goyykfczfw { low llf}hc h zkfyyh# U:#6R
Mknvyh :#9 Wkwzfbh hgzk}o jf bkzknhgk÷c jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw
76
:#9#:#" ILOXVFO FC FL CFVZYO [ JKWPOWKZK]OW JF JFW]ÂO FC ZYHCWMOYBHJOYFW# Vc gocjfcwhjoy fc fl cfvzyo jf vch gocftk÷c [ jf zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf pozfcgkh dh wkjo jfzfybkchjo poy lh Vck}fywkjhj jf Bkccfwozh { Bkccfwozh Po~fy h wfy fl pvczo bèw fmkghq fc }fq jf gologhy jkwpowkzk}ow jf iloxvfo o lkbkzhy fl mlvao jf fczyhjh { whlkjh jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw fc low wkwzfbhw jf pozfcgkh# Gocjfcwhjoyfw fc wfykf, xvf woc cfgfwhykow phyh lh gobpfcwhgk÷c jf yfhgzk}ow fc lhw lâcfhw jf zyhcwbkwk÷c, woc ozyo bfjko fmkghq phyh fl iloxvfo jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw# Low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw xvf woc gocfgzhjow h lhw lâcfhw jf zyhcwbkwk÷c { xvf zkfcfc gocjfcwhjoyfw gocfgzhjow fc wfykf phyh pyo}ffy lh gobpfcwhgk÷c jf yfhgzk}ow co woc hmfgzhjow poy lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw, pvfwzo xvf low gocjfcwhjoyfw iloxvfhc fl mlvao gvhwk"goczkcvo jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw# Lh kcwzhlhgk÷c jf gocjfcwhjoyfw fc wfykf fc ghjh mhwf jf vch lâcfh jf zyhcwbkwk÷c pojyâh pyozfnfy fmfgzk}hbfczf h bñlzkplfw zyhcwmoybhjoyfw goczyh lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw5 wkc fbihyno fwzh wolvgk÷c yfwvlzh wfy bvgdo bèw ghyh xvf lh pvfwzh jf vc gocjfcwhjoy fc fl cfvzyo jf vc zyhcwmoybhjoy zykmèwkgo# Bkccfwozh Po~fy, ihao vc pyo{fgzo phzyogkchjo poy FPYK, jfwhyyoll÷ vc jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo fc fl cfvzyo gocfgzhjo h zkfyyh phyh pyozfnfy low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw xvf woc wvwgfpzkilfw h lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw# Vc pyozozkpo jf fwzf jkwpowkzk}o mvf gocwzyvkjo { pvfwzo h pyvfih fc vc lhioyhzoyko# Fwzf flfbfczo gocwkwzf fc vc gocjfcwhjoy jf iloxvfo, vc wphyenhp jkwphyhjo pkyozëgckghbfczf, { vc kczfyyvpzoy jf jfw}khgk÷c bhcvhl# Fl gocjfcwhjoy pfybkzf fl phwo jf lh goyykfczf hlzfych { xvf mlv{h dhgkh fl cfvzyo, pfyo iloxvfh fl mlvao gvhwk" goczkcvo jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw, f}kzhcjo xvf hlghcgfc fl cñglfo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy# Fl fczyfdkfyyo pyozfnf hl gocjfcwhjoy jf woiyfzfcwkocfw pyojvgkjhw poy hlnñc zkpo jf mhllh# Ghjh vckjhj jfl jkwpowkzk}o bfcgkochjo hczfykoybfczf, mvf fwzkbhjh poy FPYK poy vc gowzo *4000 { ozyow *8>000 phyh lh kcwzhlhgk÷c, jhcjo vc zozhl jf *96000# Vc jkwføo bèw womkwzkghjo { gobplfao jf fwzf jkwpowkzk}o pvfjf llfnhy h gowzhy *800000# Fwzow jkwpowkzk}ow wfyâhc vwhjow wolo phyh lh pyozfggk÷c jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw xvf pyfwfczfc vc hlzo ykfwno jfikjo hl gowzo yflhzk}hbfczf hlzo jf pyozfggk÷c# U:#=R
7=
Jfmkckgk÷c jf wphyenhp1 Gocwkwzf fc vc hyyfnlo jf jow flfgzyojow gocjvgzoyfw wfphyhjow poy vc fwphgko xvf poy lo nfcfyhl fwzè llfco goc hlnñc nhw $vwvhlbfczf hkyf+# Gvhcjo vch gkfyzh zfcwk÷c fw wvbkckwzyhjh hphyfgf vch gdkwph, kockqh fl nhw { yfjvgf jyèwzkghbfczf wv yfwkwzfcgkh flëgzykgh# Vch goyykfczf mlv{f dhwzh xvf lh yvzh jf hggfwo jfl nhw fwzë yozh# Fwzo wvgfjf vwvhlbfczf gvhcjo lh zfcwk÷c ihah, pfyo fc hlnvcow ghwow gvhcjo fl nhw ghlkfczf wf flf}h, fwzkyhcjo { lvfno yobpkfcjo fl mklhbfczo jfl nhw kockqhjo# U:#>R
Mknvyh :#7 Hgfyghbkfczo hl zyknnfyfj wphyenhp jf Bht~fll
Mknvyh :#: Gocjfcwhjoy jf iloxvfo fc fl cfvzyo jf vc hvzozyhcwmoybhjoy
7>
:#9#6#" YFXVFYKBKFCZOW JF JKWFØO JF VC JKWPOWKZK]O JF ILOXVFO# Jf lh opfyhgk÷c jf vc wkwzfbh flëgzykgo { fl pvczo jf }kwzh jf hkwlhbkfczo flëgzykgo, fl jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo kjfhl jfifyâh zfcfy low wknvkfczfw hzykivzow1 8# Iloxvfhy fl mlvao fc fl cfvzyo jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw { zfcfy vc }olzhaf jf goyykfczf goczkcvh h zyh}ëw jfl cfvzyo xvf wopoyzf :000 ] o bèw# 9# Fwzhilfgfy vc wkwzfbh gocfgzhjo h zkfyyh jf bhcfyh fmfgzk}h phyh lh opfyhgk÷c fc goyykfczf hlzfych# 7# Ghphgkjhj jf goyykfczf goyykfczf hlzfych goc vc ihao ck}fl jf mlvao jf goyykfczf goczkcvh goczkcvh gobo ihwf h vc jfwihlhcgf jf goyykfczf fc fl cfvzyo# :# Bhczfcfy low }olzhafw jf cfvzyo h zkfyyh fc low low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw, jfczyo jf lh glhwkmkghgk÷c jf hkwlhbkfczo jfl gocjvgzoy cfvzyo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, wkc kczyojvgky lh wvwgfpzkiklkjhj h ozyh mfyyo m fyyo yfwochcgkh o zyhcwkzoykow jf }olzhaf pflknyowow# Jf hgvfyjo h lhw bkzknhgkocfw plhczfhjhw fc fl pyfwfczf kcmoybf, fl vwo jf gocjfcwhjoyfw fw lh bfaoy opgk÷c phyh vc jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw fc fl cfvzyo# Wkc fbihyno, fl vwo jf gocjfcwhjoyfw gocfgzhjow hl cfvzyo jf vc zyhcwmoybhjoy gobpyobfzfyâh lh opfyhgk÷c wfnvyh jfl wkwzfbh jf goyykfczf hlzfych wkc lh hplkghgk÷c jf ozyow jkwpowkzk}ow jf pyozfggk÷c# Lh opfyhgk÷c phyh vc zyhcwmoybhjoy jf pozfcgkh nyhcjf goc vc gocjfcwhjoy gocfgzhjo fc fl cfvzyo pvfjf gocjvgky mègklbfczf h lhw gocjkgkocfw mfyyo"yfwochczfw { ozyow zyhcwkzoykow jf }olzhaf jf woiyfghynh# Low gocjfcwhjoyfw gocfgzhjow fc fl cfvzyo, bkfczyhw iloxvfhc fl mlvao jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw, kczyojvgkyèc fwzhw pflknyowhw gocjkgkocfw h lh opfyhgk÷c jfl wkwzfbh jf pozfcgkh# Phyh whzkwmhgfy low hzykivzow bfcgkochjow hczfykoybfczf, fw cfgfwhyko jfwhyyollhy vc jkwpowkzk}o jf hlzh }flogkjhj jf jfyk}hgk÷c xvf flkbkchyâh yèpkjhbfczf fl gocjfcwhjoy jfl gkygvkzo jf low wkwzfbhw jf fcfynâh cfvzyhl jvyhczf lhw pfyzvyihgkocfw xvf pvfjh ghvwhy vch hlzh zfcwk÷c jf goyykfczf jf cfvzyo o jf hlzh zyhcwkzoykh jf cfvzyo h zkfyyh# Hjkgkochlbfczf fw zhbikëc cfgfwhyko plhckmkghy hjfgvhjhbfczf fl zhbhøo jfl gocjfcwhjoy phyh jhy ghikjh h low 60 H jf goyykfczf fc jfwfxvklkiyko jfl cfvzyo fc fwzhjo fwzhgkochyko, bhczfckfcjo hl bkwbo zkfbpo lh hlkbfczhgk÷c poy jfihao jf low ck}flfw pfybkzkjow poy fl hkwlhbkfczo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy o fl }olzhaf cobkchl jfl gocjfcwhjoy# U:#=R :#9#6#8#" ]HLOYFW COBKCHLFW JF VC GOCJFCWHJOY JF ILOXVFO# Fl gocjfcwhjoy fc fl cfvzyo fw fl flfbfczo phwk}o xvf pyopoygkoch fl iloxvfo jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw# Gvhcjo fw vwhjo phyh fwzf pyop÷wkzo, fwzè oilknhjo h wopoyzhy vc hpyopkhjo pozfcgkhl jf goyykfczf goczkcvh h zyh}ëw jfl cfvzyo $xvf pvfjf wfy wvpfykoy h :E] phyh nyhcjfw wkwzfbhw+, jf bojo xvf fl mlvao jf lh goyykfczf nfobhncëzkgh fw iloxvfhjo# Zhbikëc jfif wfy ghphq jf llf}hy vc pfxvføo ck}fl jf goyykfczf hlzfych jfl cfvzyo $zâpkgo jf vc jfwfxvklkiyko jf mhwf lf}f+ fc moybh goczkcvh# Vc }hloy jf 60 H jf goyykfczf hlzfych jf jfwfxvklkiyko fc fl cfvzyo wf vzklkqh phyh low gykzfykow jf jkwføo# Low ck}flfw jf hkwlhbkfczo fc fl cfvzyo jf vc zyhcwmoybhjoy jf nyhc pozfcgkh fwzèc glhwkmkghjow phyh 800 e] IKL $ihwkg kcwvlhzkoc lf}fl o ck}fl ièwkgo jf hkwlhbkfczo+, lo xvf jfzfybkch low lâbkzfw bètkbow jf low gykzfykow jf zfcwk÷c jfl cfvzyo# Jf low gykzfykow jf jkwføo xvf wf dhgf yfmfyfcgkh vch wflfggk÷c jf gocjfcwhjoyfw cfvzyhlfw mvf dfgdh gobo wknvf1 74
]olzhaf cobkchl jfl gocjfcwhjoy Wkcnlf ghc, wkcnlf ivwdkcn Ghphgkjhj zozhl Yfhgzhcgkh $=0 Dq+
89,: e]$ybw+ 7 t 900 e]HY 80#9 vM 96; Odbw
Fwzh wflfggk÷c goczfbplh fl hbphgkz{ yfxvfykjh fc fwzhjo fwzhilf jf 60 H, bhczfckfcjo lhw zfcwkocfw h vc ck}fl zolfyhilf# U:#=R :#9#=#" GOCGFPZOW JF JKWFØO JF VC JKWPOWKZK]O JF ILOXVFO#
Mknvyh :#6 Fwxvfbh phyh vc jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo/jfw}âo fc fl cfvzyo
Lh mknvyh 6 fw vc jkhnyhbh jf vc jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo/jfw}âo cfvzyhl# Fl jkwføo fw fwfcgkhlbfczf vch hjhpzhgk÷c jf vch glhwf jf }olzhaf jf vc gocjfcwhjoy jf jkwzykivgk÷c# Nyhc phyzf jfl fxvkpo jf goczyol { jf vc zâpkgo gocjfcwhjoy fc wfykf jf jkwzykivgk÷c woc gobvcfw h low jkwpowkzk}ow jf iloxvf/jfw}âo cfvzyhlfw# Hlnvchw jf lhw pykcgkphlfw mvcgkocfw { yfxvkwkzow jf jkwføo jf low b÷jvlow jf low jkwpowkzk}ow woc low wknvkfczfw1 :#9#=#8#" B×JVLO JFL GOCJFCWHJOY# Fwzf b÷jvlo kcglv{f fl bhygo { boczhaf jf gocjfcwhjoyfw { low hwogkhjow mvwkilfw lkbkzhjoyfw jf goyykfczf# Lh bh{oyâh jf lhw hplkghgkocfw coybhlbfczf yfxvkfyf vcow pogow gocjfcwhjoyfw# Lh wflfggk÷c jf fwzow fw yfnkjh poy jow cfgfwkjhjfw, lh zfcwk÷c jf goyykfczf goczkcvh h wopoyzhy phyh iloxvfhy fl mlvao jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw { lh goyykfczf hlzfychy goczkcvh cobkchl jf 60 H# Hjfbèw fwzow gocjfcwhjoyfw jfifc wfy pyozfnkjow poy fl wphye nhp { fl kczfyyvpzoy# Fc ihwf h 7;
fwzow yfxvkwkzow ${ fl jfwfo jf bkckbkqhy low gowzow+ fl jkwføo yfxvkfyf fl vwo jf : 700 e]HY wkcnlf ghc, 9 gocjfcwhjoyfw ivwdkcn goc >9 e]$ybw+ jf }olzhaf cobkchl# Fwzo wf zyhjvgf fc vch ghphgkjhj zozhl jf =8#: vM goc vch yfhgzhcgkh h =0 Dq jf :7#9 Odbw# Ck}flfw vc pogo bèw hlzow jf ghphgkjhj pvfjfc fbplfhywf h jkwgyfgk÷c jfl jkwføhjoy wkc bvgdh }hykhgk÷c fc low zyhcwkzoykow jf woiyf"}olzhaf, xvf wfyâh cfgfwhyko wvpykbky# Vch ghphgkjhj bèw nyhcjf hvbfczhyâh fl hbphgkz{ jf goyykfczf hlzfych jfl cfvzyo fc fwzhjo fwzhgkochyko h ck}flfw wvpfykoyfw h 60 H vzklkqhjow fc fwzf ghwo# Vc pvczo jf gocwkjfyhgk÷c fc lh zfcwk÷c jf fwzhjo fwzhgkochyko h wopoyzhy poy low gocjfcwhjoyfw fw lh cfgfwkjhj jf jkwføhylow phyh low }olzhafw jf goyykfczf goczkcvh jfikjo h lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw $fwzkbhjhw phyh fl wkwzfbh jf hlkbfczhgk÷c jf Bkccfwozh h wfy jf 7 h : e]+ { fl fwzyëw ghvwhjo poy lh zfcwk÷c hlzfych fc fwzhjo jf jfwfxvklkiyko fc fl cfvzyo# Fwzo pvfjf yfxvfyky lh yfjvggk÷c jf low lâbkzfw jf }olzhaf fc fl mvcgkochbkfczo fc fwzhjo fwzhgkochyko jf low gocjfcwhjoyfw# Fc fwzf fafbplo low 60 H jf goyykfczf hlzfych jfl cfvzyo zfcjyèc gobo yfwvlzhjo vch zfcwk÷c jf 9#9e] ybw h zyh}ëw jf low gocjfcwhjoyfw# Fwzo pfybkzkyâh bèw jf 6e] jf goyykfczf goczkcvh fc moybh wkbvlzècfh# Phyh lh opfyhgk÷c zyhcwkzoykh low gocjfcwhjoyfw zkfcfc lh ghphgkjhj kcdfyfczf h hiwoyify { lkjkhy goc vc lhyno wkwzfbh jf zfcwk÷c { zyhcwkzoykow jf goyykfczf# Lh oilknhgk÷c zyhcwkzoykh pyf}ë xvf low gocjfcwhjoyfw woc wobfzkjow h nyhcjfw { yèpkjhw woiyf"goyykfczfw goc fl goyyfwpocjkfczf hvbfczo yèpkjo jf lh zfcwk÷c h zyh}ëw jfl gocjfcwhjoy# Lh zfcwk÷c { goyykfczf zyhcwkzoykh wf kcgyfbfczhyâh dhwzh xvf fl jkwpowkzk}o jf jfyk}hgk÷c wphyenhp phyphjff woiyf fl ck}fl jf zfcwk÷c jf pyozfggk÷c# Fwzf kcgyfbfczo h zyh}ëw jfl gocjfcwhjoy wf zyhcwmfykyè hl wphyenhp { lvfno h zyh}ëw jfl kczfyyvpzoy jf jfyk}hgk÷c# Fl gocjfcwhjoy xvf zkfcf hlnñc }olzhaf jf ghynh, zhbikëc wf jfwghynhyè h zyh}ëw jfl wphyenhp $vch pfxvføh kcjvgzhcgkh jf 860 pD yfjvgf lh goyykfczf jf jfwghynh+# Fwzf gkglo jf zyhihao phyh fl gocjfcwhjoy fc fl cfvzyo fw kjëczkgo hl cfgfwhyko phyh low ihcgow jf gocjfcwhjoyfw fc wfykf# Lh ftpfykfcgkh fc lh opfyhgk÷c jf low gocjfcwhjoyfw fc wfykf, jh gocmkhcqh phyh lh ghphgkjhj jf low gocjfcwhjoyfw fc fl cfvzyo jf wopoyzhy fwzf gkglo zyhcwkzoyko# Fl zhbhøo jf lh ghphgkjhj fc fl cfvzyo fw zhbikëc kbpoyzhczf phyh pyobo}fy vch opfyhgk÷c jf jfyk}hgk÷c yèpkjh { w÷lkjh pvfwzh h zkfyyh jfl cfvzyo# Lh kbpfjhcgkh jf goyykfczf hlzfych hlzh jfl gocjfcwhjoy fc fl cfvzyo $fc gobikchgk÷c goc nyhcjfw goyykfczfw hlzfychw fc fl cfvzyo xvf pvfjfc ogvyyky fc vch mhllh+ pyobvf}f vc yèpkjo hvbfczo jf lh zfcwk÷c fc fl gocjfcwhjoy jfl cfvzyo# Fc fwzhw gocjkgkocfw ftzyfbhw, lh zfcwk÷c fc fl cfvzyo fw ghphq jf wvpfyhy fl ck}fl jf hgzk}hgk÷c jfl wphyenhp fc phyhlflo zhc yèpkjo gobo 800 bkgyowfnvcjow# Fc fmfgzo fl pfxvføo zhbhøo jf lh ghphgkjhj vch yèpkjh jfyk}hgk÷c { vch zobh jf zkfyyh jfl wkwzfbh cfvzyhl fc wkzvhgkocfw fc lhw xvf fwzo fw jfwfhilf# U:#>R
:0
:#9#=#9#" B×JVLO WPHYENHP# Fwzf b÷jvlo gocwzh jf vc gocavczo jf wphyenhp hpyotkbhjhbfczf jf 8: e] ybw $90 e] fc lh gyfwzh goc ¸90& ¸90& jf zolfyhcgkh phyh phyh vc wphyeo}fy $}olzhaf phyh fl gvhl fl kczfyyvpzoy gobkfcqh h gocjvgky+ bâckbo jf 8=e] { wphyeo}fy bètkbo h 9:e] gyfwzh+# Lh lkbkzhgk÷c jf jfwghynh jf goyykfczf jfl yfhgzoy jkyknf fl mvcgkochbkfczo jfl kczfyyvpzoy jf jfyk}hgk÷c { ozyow wkwzfbhw jf pyozfggk÷c zhbikëc wf kcglv{fc fc fwzf b÷jvlo# Fl wphyenhp fw fl bfghckwbo jf mvcgkochbkfczo kckgkhl jfl jfw}âo jfl gkygvkzo phyh fl jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo/zkfyyh# Vc jfw}âo jf low gocjfcwhjoyfw fc fl cfvzyo wf dhgf cfgfwhyko phyh gvhlxvkfy pfyzvyihgk÷c o zyhcwkzoyko xvf jhyâh lvnhy h vc hvbfczo yfpfczkco jfl }olzhaf cfvzyo h zkfyyh pockfcjo fc pflknyo fl ck}fl ièwkgo jf hkwlhbkfczo jf 880 e] jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy# Lh gooyjkchgk÷c jf hkwlhbkfczo fczyf fl zyhcwmoybhjoy, low gocjfcwhjoyfw fc fl cfvzyo { fl yhcno jf wphyeo}fy jfl wphyenhp wf bvfwzyh fc lh mknvyh =# Fwzf hvbfczo jfl yfxvfykbkfczo lâbkzf jkgzh vc jkwpowkzk}o xvf pvfjf mvcgkochy fc gvfwzk÷c jf bkgyowfnvcjow { gocjvgky nyhcjfw goyykfczfw $jfl oyjfc jf 80 eH o bèw+ dhwzh xvf bfgèckghbfczf fl kczfyyvpzoy jf i{phww pvfjh mvcgkochy w÷lkjhbfczf gfygh jf lh zkfyyh jfl cfvzyo, fl gocjfcwhjoy jf i{phww { fl wphyenhp# Yflë jf pyozfggk÷c fw pyopoygkochjo phyh f}kzhy lhw woiyfzfcwkocfw jfl gocjfcwhjoy fc lh gocjkgk÷c jf fwzhjo fwzhgkochyko# Phyh fwzh wkzvhgk÷c, fl kczfyyvpzoy jf i{phww jfifyâh opfyhy jf hgvfyjo h lh gvy}h jf gooyjkchgk÷c jf lh mknvyh =#
Mknvyh =1 Gooyjkchgk÷ Gooyjkchgk÷c c jf hkwlhbkfczo jfl jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo/i{phww { fl zyhcwmoybhjoy
Low wphyenhpw xvf dhc wkjo wflfggkochjow phyh fwzf jkwføo zkfcfc vc yoivwzo mvcgkochbkfczo { ghphgkjhj jf zyhcwpoyzf jf goyykfczf# Zkfcfc vch ghphgkjhj jf 600 eH"wfn fczyf lhw kcwpfggkocfw jf bhczfckbkfczo $xvf pfybkzkyâh 80eH jf i{phww phyh vc zozhl jf 6 wfnvcjow+ { vch ghphgkjhj jf 9600 eH"wfn hczfw jf yfxvfyky :8
hlnvch wvwzkzvgk÷c jf vc gobpocfczf gobpocfczf bfcoy# Fl wphyenhp zhbikëc zkfcf vc ck}fl jf wphyeo}fy xvf pvfjf wfy havwzhjo fc vc yhcno jf 80e] h 70e]# Fl wphyenhp pyopvfwzo, fc lh mknvyh >, gocwzh jf poygflhch jf nyhmkzo fcgfyyhjh { goczhgzow jf fleockzf xvf wf }fczklhc h lh pyfwk÷c hzbowmëykgh# Jfikjo h lh }fczklhgk÷c, low ck}flfw jfl wphyeo}fy pvfjfc wfy ¸90& jfl wphyeo}fy cobkchl# Phyh vch gocmknvyhgk÷c goc 90e] pfhe, lh }hykhgk÷c }hykhgk÷c jfl wphyeo}fy fwzhyâh fwzhyâh fc fl yhcno jf 8=e] h 9: e]# Goc low bèynfcfw jf lh gooyjkchgk÷c jf hkwlhbkfczo jkwpockilfw phyh fl ck}fl ièwkgo jf hkwlhbkfczo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy, fwzhw }hykhgkocfw phyh fl wphyeo}fy woc hgfpzhilfw# Fl wphyenhp xvf wf bvfwzyh fc lh mknvyh > fwzè jkwføhjo phyh vch goyykfczf bètkbh jf 80eH, pfyo vckjhjfw jf bh{oy bh{oy }hloy cobkchl, jf jf 90 eH o 70 eH fwzèc fwzèc jkwpockilfw fc vc zhbhøo mâwkgo bèw nyhcjf# Lh }fczhah bèw nyhcjf jfl wphyenhp fw lh hlzh ghphgkjhj jf bhcfao jf goyykfczf poy vc gowzo bojfwzo# Wkc fbihyno, lh jfw}fczhah fw lh kcghphgkjhj xvf zkfcf jf wfllhywf hczf =0 gkglow jf goyykfczf vch }fq xvf fl mlhwdo}fy jfl wphyenhp dh ogvyykjo# Fl poiyf yfcjkbkfczo phyh wfllhywf yfxvkfyf xvf fl wphyenhp wf gocfgzf goc vc kczfyyvpzoy bfgèckgo fc phyhlflo, goc fl mkc jf gfyyhy jf cvf}o fl wphyenhp# Vch }fq xvf wf dh flkbkchjo lh goyykfczf jf hygo, fl kczfyyvpzoy jf i{phww wf hiyf phyh yfkcwfyzhy fl gocjfcwhjoy# U:#>R
Mknvyh >1 ]kwzh jf vch wfggk÷c jfl wphyenhp
:#9#=#7#" B×JVLO JFL KCZFYYVPZOY JF I[PHWW# Fwzf b÷jvlo gocwzh jf vc kczfyyvpzoy jf gkygvkzo }hgâo jf 86e]# Fl jkwføo hgzvhl vzklkqh vc jkwpowkzk}o jkwpockilf fc 7 mhwfw yfgocfgzhjhw# Fl jfwhyyollo mvzvyo jf vc jkwpowkzk}o bocomèwkgo fw jfwfhilf# Fl kczfyyvpzoy jf i{phww yfhlkqh lh mvcgk÷c jf ñlzkbh kcwzhcgkh phyh pyopoygkochy vch w÷lkjh zkfyyh hl zyhcwmoybhjoy# Fl kczfyyvpzoy bfgèckgo, poy wv lfczh }flogkjhj, whgh jfl gkygvkzo hl wphyenhp { hl gocjfcwhjoy, { fwzhilfgf vch w÷lkjh gocftk÷c bfzèlkgh h zkfyyh# Lh pyfwfcgkh jf fwzf kczfyyvpzoy pfybkzf lh ghphgkjhj jf kcwfyzhy o ftzyhfy fwzyhzënkghbfczf fl gocjfcwhjoy# Goc lh hjkgk÷c jf vc wvpfy}kwhjo goczyol, fl gocjfcwhjoy pvfjf wfy whghjo phyh lh opfyhgk÷c coybhl { wf kcwfyzh fc fl cfvzyo w÷lo jvyhczf low pfyâojow jf hlzo ykfwno jf vch zoybfczh nfobhncëzkgh# :9
Lh gocjkgk÷c pyf}kwzh phyh fwzf kczfyyvpzoy fw bvgdo bfcoy xvf lh ftpfykbfczhjh phyh vc goyzogkygvkzo# Lh zfcwk÷c h wopoyzhy h zyh}ëw jf low goczhgzow jf kczfyyvpzoy { fc zojo fl jkwpowkzk}o wf lkbkzh h low 86 e]# Fl bh{oy bhcfao jf goyykfczf wf pyojvgf fc fl bobfczo fc xvf fl kczfyyvpzoy hiyf { gkfyyh wv opfyhgk÷c# Fl kczfyyvpzoy fwzè ftpvfwzo h 80eH h =0 Dq jf goyykfczf jf mhllh jvyhczf fl gkfyyf jf wv opfyhgk÷c, pfyo }f bv{ pogh goyykfczf fc wv opfyhgk÷c jf hifyzvyh $fc lh kczfyyvpgk÷c wf yfxvkfyf wolo vch pfxvføh goyykfczf fc fwzhjo fwzhgkochyko+# Hjfbèw lh goyykfczf goczkcvh fc fwzhjo fwzhgkochyko wf fwpfyh xvf wfh ihah# Wolo fl yfxvfykbkfczo jf }flogkjhj fw cfgfwhyko phyh lh opfyhgk÷c jf hpfyzvyh { gkfyyf# Lh }flogkjhj jfl kczfyyvpzoy jvyhczf fwzh opfyhgk÷c jfif wfy kcmfykoy h low 80 gkglow, kcglvkjo fl zkfbpo jfl yflë# Fc lh bh{oyâh jf low ghwow, vc kczfyyvpzoy lviykghjo jf 86 e] o vc gkygvkzo jf }hgâo o vc yf"gocfgzoy, pojyâh hzfcjfy h fwzhw cfgfwkjhjfw jf gocbvzhgk÷c# Fwzhw vckjhjfw fwzèc jkwføhjhw coybhlbfczf phyh vch opfyhgk÷c fc zyfw mhwfw# U:#>R :#9#=#:#" B×JVLO JF PYOZFGGK×C JFL ZYHCWMOYBHJOY ZYHCWMOYBHJOY## Fwzf b÷jvlo gocwkwzf fc vc kczfyyvpzoy jf i{phww bhcvhl vc jkwpowkzk}o cfvzyhl goc kczfyyvpzoyfw jf jfwgocftk÷c phyh pyopoygkochy vc hkwlhbkfczo jf low gobpocfczfw# Zhbikëc pvfjf wfy goc}fckfczf kcwzhlhy vc phyhyyh{ow jf ÷tkjo bfzèlkgo {/o vc gocjfcwhjoy fc lh jfwgocftk÷c cfvzyh jfl kczfyyvpzoy# Fl phyhyyh{ow jfif pyozfnfy h vch zfcwk÷c wvpfykoy h lh jfl wphyenhp# U:#>R :#9#=#6#" B×JVLO JF KCWFYGK×C JF VCH YFWKWZFCGKH# Fwzf b÷jvlo fwzè jkwføhjo phyh pyopoygkochy vch yfwkwzfcgkh jf hiwoygk÷c jf fcfynâh, jvyhczf lh kcwfygk÷c jf low gocjfcwhjoyfw jfl cfvzyo, h mkc jf f}kzhy vc wphyeo}fy fyy÷cfo fc fl wphyenhp# Fwzf b÷jvlo fw opgkochl { fwzvjkow pyflkbkchyfw kcjkghc xvf low zyhcwkzoykow jf }olzhaf pvfjfc co wfy low wvmkgkfczfbfczf nyh}fw gobo phyh yfxvfyky fl vwo jf fwzf b÷jvlo# U:#>R
Mknvyh 41 Gkygvkzo phyh fl jkwpowkzk}o jf iloxvfo
:7
Gocglvwkocfw Pykcgkphlbfczf, jfczyo jf lhw gowhw xvf wf pvfjfc yfwghzhy jf fwzf zyhihao jf kc}fwzknhgk÷c, fw xvf lh nfcfyhgk÷c jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw fc wk co wf pvfjf f}kzhy, {h xvf zkfcf yflhgk÷c goc hlno bvgdo bèw nyhcjf xvf cowozyow, xvf fw fl wol { lh lkifyhgk÷c jf wv fcfynâh fc moybh jf Zoybfczh Wolhy# H fwzo wf lf wvbh xvf low pyoilfbhw xvf nfcfyhc fwzhw goyykfczfw, pyojvgkjhw poy low FWP $Pozfcgkhlfw jf Wvpfymkgkf Zfyyfwzyf+, fc low wkwzfbhw flëgzykgow jf pozfcgkh, zhczo fc lh zyhcwbkwk÷c gobo fc lh jkwzykivgk÷c, woc ihwzhczf gocwkjfyhilfw wk fw xvf co wf dhgf hlno hl yfwpfgzo# Lo kbpoyzhczf, fw dhgfy dkcghpkë fc lo bèw ñzkl jf fwzf kcmoybf, lhw wolvgkocfw xvf wf dhc kc}fwzknhjo { }fy xvf zhc hplkghilfw woc# Jfczyo jf lhw wolvgkocfw plhczfhjhw phyh fl iloxvfo jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw fc fl cfvzyo jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw zykmèwkgow, lh pvfwzh jf vc ihcgo jf gocjfcwhjoyfw fc fl cfvzyo fw lh bfaoy wolvgk÷c, pvfw fwzow hjfbèw jf iloxvfhy fl mlvao jf fwzhw goyykfczfw, pyopoygkochc vch gocftk÷c h zkfyyh whghcjo fwzhw goyykfczfw jf lh yfj5 hjfbèw yfwvlzh goc}fckfczf, pvfw woc jkwpowkzk}ow hbplkhbfczf vwhjow jfczyo jf low wkwzfbhw flëgzykgow jf pozfcgkh phyh lh gobpfcwhgk÷c jf yfhgzk}ow5 fwzh wkzvhgk÷c pfybkzk÷ jfwgviyky wv fmfgzk}kjhj phyh pojfy iloxvfhy fl mlvao jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncfzkghbfczf kcjvgkjhw, pvfw gobo wf bfcgkoc÷ low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw xvf powfâhc gocjfcwhjoyfw fc wfykf co wvmykfyoc jhøow h ghvwh jf lh nyhc zoybfczh wolhy jf 8;4;# Hvcxvf wf plhczfhyoc ozyhw wolvgkocfw phyh bkzknhy fl fmfgzo jf lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw, fwzow yfwvlzhc wfy jf vc gowzo bèw flf}hjo, { xvf co woc zhc fmfgzk}ow gobo fl gocjfcwhjoy jf iloxvfo, gobo fw poy fafbplo fl jkwpowkzk}o hgzk}o jf iloxvfo $mvfczf goczyolhjh jf goyykfczf goczkcvh+ pvfw co whgh lhw goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw mvfyh jfl wkwzfbh# Fc vc wvpvfwzo, jf vch bhckmfwzhgk÷c gocwkjfyhilf jf goyykfczfw nfobhncëzkghw, Gdklf co wf xvfjh hmvfyh jf zojo lo xvf wf ftplkgo fc fl kcmoybf# Dh{ xvf jfwzhghy xvf fw kbpfyhzk}o pyf}fcky powkilfw mhllhw fc low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw jf low WFF, {h xvf lh gyfhgk÷c jf low zyhcwmoybhjoyfw, phyh lh zyhcwbkwk÷c { jkwzykivgk÷c jf fcfynâh, zkfcfc gowzow ihwzhczf flf}hjow { fl zkfbpo xvf yfxvkfyf mhiykghylow fw hlzo# Fw poy fwo xvf lhw fbpyfwhw jfl wfgzoy flëgzykgo gdklfco jfifc fwzhy hl zhczo { hgzvhlkqhjhw yfwpfgzo h lhw cvf}hw zfgcolonâhw xvf pvfjhc bkzknhy low jhøow fc low fxvkpow flëgzykgow, {h xvf jfmkckzk}hbfczf co pojfbow fwzhy jfwpyf}fckjow#
::
Yfmfyfcgkhw YFMFYFCGKHW GHPÂZVLO 8# U8#8R dzzp1//th}kfyhbhjoy9#60~fiw#g dzzp1//th}kfyhbhjoy9#60~fiw#gob/Hyzkefl}fzfcwehpfc/GBZ ob/Hyzkefl}fzfcwehpfc/GBZ#dzbl #dzbl U8#9R dzzp1//gkfcgkh#chwh#no}/dfhjlkcfw dzzp1//gkfcgkh#chwh#no}/dfhjlkcfw/{9007/9;jfg_bhncf /{9007/9;jfg_bhncfzkgmkflj#dzb zkgmkflj#dzb U8#7R, U8#:R dzzp1//~~~#hppkcw{w#gob/Nloihl^hybkcn/FhyzdBh dzzp1//~~~#hppkcw{w#gob/Nloihl^hybkcn/FhyzdBhncfzkgMkflj#dzb ncfzkgMkflj#dzb U8#6R dzzp1//ikzch}fnhczf#ilonwpoz#gob dzzp1//ikzch}fnhczf#ilonwpoz#gob/900;/06/lh"bhncfzowmfyh"fl"hnfczf"joi /900;/06/lh"bhncfzowmfyh"fl"hnfczf"joilf"jf" lf"jf" lh#dzbl
YFMFYFCGKHW GHPÂZVLO 9# U9#8R
dzzp1//~~~#hwzyonfh#oyn/jk}vlnhgko/wol_~olm#dzb dzzp1//fw#~kekpfjkh#oyn/~kek/Lf{_jf_Wzfmhc"Iolzqbhcc U9#7R dzzp1//~~~#9089jkgkfbiyf#gob#hy/900;/0=/cvf}h"pyfjkggkoc"woiyf"gkglo" wolhy#dzbl U9#9R
Ozyhw yfmfyfcgkhw1 Jogvbfczhl Jkwgo}fy{ Gdhccfl1 “Pfymfgz Jkwhwzfy1 Wolhy Wzoyb‒ dzzp1//~~~#{ovzvif#gob/~hzgd?}2aDh"IGolxvw, dzzp1//~~~#{ovzvif#gob/~hzgd?}2aDh"IGolx vw, Pykbfyh Phyzf dzzp1//~~~#{ovzvif#gob/~hzgd?}26zGoiX=ta_n, dzzp1//~~~#{ovzvif#gob/~hzgd?}26zGoiX= ta_n, Wfnvcjh Phyzf
YFMFYFCGKHW GHPÂZVLO 7# U7#8R
U7#9R
U7#7R U7#:R U7#6R
Low hyb÷ckgow woc jf wfgvfcgkh powkzk}h { cfnhzk}h, jfikjo h xvf fwzow jfifc wv cobiyf hl zkpo jf wfgvfcgkh jf mhwfw jf low hyb÷ckgow jf vch ocjh co wkcvwokjhl# Wf jkgf jf wfgvfcgkh powkzk}h o HIG, wk low hyb÷ckgow pyfwfczfw woc 8,:,>,80,87…$7c%8+ { wf jkgf jf wfgvfcgkh wfgvfcgkh cfnhzk}h o GIH , wk low hyb÷ckgow pyfwfczfw pyfwfczfw woc 9,6,4,88,8:…$7c"8+ Fw fl mlvao goczkcvo nfcfyhjo poy lh pyfwfcgkh jf lhw GNK ‛w, xvf pyojvgfc xvf lh goyykfczf jf ftgkzhgk÷c wfh vckjkyfggkochl goc pyfwfcgkh jf pvlwow# Pènkch =8 ‗Wolhy Bhncfzkg jkwzvyihcgf kbphgz kbphgz oc po~fy w{wzfb pfymoybhcgf pfymoybhcgf hcj wfgvykz{# $Pyogffjkcn1 Nfobhncfzkghll{ Kcjvgfj Gvyyfczw Gocmfyfcgf# Wf jkgf xvf fw jf wfgvfcgkh wfgvfcgkh gfyo, wk low hyb÷ckgow pyfwfczfw fc vch ocjh co co wkcvwokjhl woc bñlzkplow jfl zfygfy hyb÷ckgo1 7, =, ;,89… $7c+ P# Y# Pykgf1 Pykgf1 Nfobhncfzkghll{ kcjvgfj gvyyfcz fmmfgzw oc zyhcwmoybfyw# KFFF Zyhcw oc Po~fy Jflk}fy{, }ol 8>, co :, Ogzoify 9009, p8009"8004# Zdf Coyzd Hbfykghc Flfgzykg Flfgzykg Gocwfao jf Gocmkhiklkjhj $CFYG+ vzklkqh fwzh fgvhgk÷c phyh ghlgvlhy fl ck}fl jf goyykfczf jkyfgzh xvf ghvw÷ fl golhpwo jfl zyhcwmoybhjoy jf Whlfb 8 jfl wkwzfbh jf fcfynâh jf d{jyo"Xvfifg phyh gocwvbky lh pozfcgkh yfhgzk}h ftzyh#
:6
YFMFYFCGKHW GHPÂZVLO : # U:#8R Pyogffjkcnw1 Nfobhncfzkghll{ Kcjvgfj Gvyyfczw Gocmfyfcgf Avcko 8;;9 pyfphyhjo poy Flfgzykg Po~fy Yfwfhygd Kcwzkzvzf U:#9R Pyozfggkocfw “Yflëw‒ Dëgzoy Bfcjk}flwo, Pfjyo Hcjyëw Nocqèlfq U:#7R Ftpfykfcgf ~kzd nfobhncfzkg jkwzvyihcgfw P#Y#Ihycfw, J#Z# Ykq{, I#^# BgGoccfll Ohe Ykjnf Chzkochl Lhioyhzoy{ U:#:R Pyogffjkcnw1 Nfobhncfzkghll{ Kcjvgfj Gvyyfczw Gocmfyfcgf Avcko 8;;9 pyfphyhjo poy Flfgzykg Po~fy Yfwfhygd Kcwzkzvzf U:#6R Pyogffjkcnw1 Nfobhncfzkghll{ Kcjvgfj Gvyyfczw Gocmfyfcgf Avcko 8;;9 pyfphyhjo poy Flfgzykg Po~fy Yfwfhygd Kcwzkzvzf U:#=R Ftpfykfcgf ~kzd nfobhncfzkg jkwzvyihcgfw P#Y#Ihycfw, J#Z# Ykq{, I#^# BgGoccfll Ohe Ykjnf Chzkochl Lhioyhzoy{ U:#>R NKG Bkzknhzkoc1 H cfvzyhl ilogekcn/i{phww jf}kgf zo pyf}fcz zdf mlo~ om NKG kc Po~fy w{wzfbw5 A N Ehppfcbhc, Y Coyy, N H W~ffq{, J L Ghylwoc, Bkccfwozh Po~fy Jvlvzd# BC5 ] J Hlifyzwo, Vck}fywkz{ om Bkccfwozh5 A F Dhyjfy HII Ilobkcnzoc, KC5 I L Jhbwe{ FPYK Phlo Hlzo, GH # ~~~#~oyjkx#gob/jfmkckzkoc/Wphye_nhp
:=
