COMPLE COM PLEMEN MENTO TO RESU RE SUL LTATIVO TIVO Complemento del verbo que describe el resultado de un verbo. Se puede mirar, pero no ver Se puede escuchar, pero no oir. En el verbo chino el resultado no está incluido como es en "ver" y "oír". Así Así que se utiliza el resultativo para indicar ese resultado del verbo.
看= mirar, pero no incluye el resultado "ver" 听=
escuchar pero no incluye "oir" "oir"
记
= recordar, sin especiicar especiicar si la inormaci!n ha sido olvidada o recordada con #ito $odos odos estos verbos necesitan un complemento resultado para describir una acci!n completa con su resultado.
Se orma% VERBO +
看见
看
Verbo/Adjetivo solo si&niica 'mirar'.看见 incluye el resultado ( 'para
ver'.
听到
听 solo si&niica 'escuchar', pero 听到
写对
escribir )correcto
学会
Estudiar ) ser capaz ⇒ capaz de dominar
洗 干净
lavar ) limpio
不
NEGACION
o
'escuchar
⇒ escribir al&o de manera correcta
⇒ para lavar al&o y que sea limpio'.
没有 (pasado)
Sujeto + negacin negacin + + Verbo + resultativo + resultativo + Objeto
我
没有
看见
你
他
不会
做完
他的作业
。 。
我
没有
他
没
她
没有
找到
小王
饭
吃完 考上
。
。 大学
。
!art"culas de as#ecto con co$#le$entos de resultados $ambin puede utilizar las partículas de aspecto
了y过
como en el resto de
verbos.
了
casi siempre aparece con los complementos resultativos por indicar acci!n completada.
着 no se puede utilizar con los complementos resultativos . *ndica que una acción está en curso , no tendría sentido describir el resultado de una acción en curso.
Sujeto + Verb Verbo o + resultado resultado + + #artic. as#ecto + as#ecto + Objeto
我
看到
了
你
。
我
看见
过
那 个 有名的 人
我
听到
过
这 个 声音
。
他
写错
了
这 个 汉字
。
。
+a partícula aspecto va despus del C. resultado, porque el &rupo de erbo ) C.resultativo no se puede separar. Se comporta como un solo verbo.
*-$E/0A$*AS Se hace i&ual que con cualquier otra rase que no ten&a resultativo •
你 把 作业 做 完 ¿Terminaste tu trabajo? t rabajo? 做 完 吗 !¿Terminaste
•
你 看 完 看 完 " # ! 吗 ! ¿Terminaste de ver esa película?
•
" $ 把 ‘ %#$ ’ 的 ‘ & ’ ' 对 ! 对 !¿Quién puede escribir el 嚏 en #&?
•
我% &' (到 的 ( * 哪+ () 的 !Which band's music did we just hear?
•
你 有 没有 记* 我的 ,-!¿!e acordó de mi nombre?
•
他 * 不 * 我% ./ 看到 的 0!¿"s ella la persona que vio a#er?
Result.
见 到 9
对 错 E J 上 完 开
V+Result
看见 见 看到 到 5到 记* :9 '对 +对 '错 做错 %E HE 找J LJ >? 关上 做完 吃完 %开
Declarative sentences
我 没看 见 他 。 我 没 ( 见 他 + 的 , 。 他 没有 看到 我。 你 (到 1么 23 的 4 ! 6么 5到 078-. 我 会 记* 你 的 ,。 记/ 01 :9 ;< 的 => 。 他 1么 汉字 ? $ ' 对。 你 2 @ 复3 的 " A , B $ +对 。 CD 这4 , ' 错 。 我 56 的 78 9: 做 错 ;< 。 * " %E 这 F G; ! 你 把 我的 II HE 。 你 找J " K 汉< 吗 ! MM N 晚 O LJ 。 @ P >? 你 的 AB。 C 把 D 关上。 Q/ 的 R作 做完 吗. 你 $ 吃完 这 S T饭 吗. % 开 G; UVQ/ 不 W 。
A. When the main verb does not have an object.
subject + verb + complement + le 了
Wǒ chī wán le.
我EF了。 I finished eating. /I ate.
B. When the main verb takes an object which does not have a modifier.
subject + verb + complement + simple object + le 了
Wǒ chī wán fàn le.
我EF饭了。 I finished eating (the food/meal). /I ate (the food/meal).
C. When the main verb takes an object which has a modifier.
modifier + object + subject + verb + complement + le 了
Nèi gè wèntí wǒ huídáduì le.
那个GH我IJ对了。 I answered that question correctl.
e!ative sentences
!egati"e sentences are formed b #lacing méi K or méi yǒu K有 in front of the main "erb and dro##ing the le 了.
Nèi gè wèntí wǒ méi huídáduì.
那个GH我KIJ对。 I did not answer that question correctl.
$he negati"e form ma also use bù L instead of méi yǒu K有 % but this commonl occurs onl in conditional clauses describing actions that ha"e not been carried out. &om#are the highlighted #arts in the following sentences. ne uses bù L while the other uses méi K.
e!ative form usin! bù L impl"in! a condition.
Wǒ bú zuòwán zuòyè jiù bú shuìjiào.
我LMFN业OLPQ。
If I don’t finish doing m homewor% I will not go to bed. Comparison with méi K or méiyǒu K 有 # which does not impl" a condition.
Wǒ méi zuòwán zuòyè.
我KMFN业。 I did not finish doing m homewor.
V$. $nterro!ative sentences
$nterro!ative sentences are formed b" usin! ma 吗 or méi yǒu K有 at the end of the sentence.
*
Nǐ zuòwán zuòyè le ma? or*
你MFN业了吗.
Nǐ zuòwán zuòyè le méiyǒu?
你MFN业了K有.
+a"e ou finished doing our homewor? %ositive answer
,*
uòwán le.
MF了。 -es% I ha"e. e!ative answer
,*
!éi zuòwán.
KMF。 I ha"en’t. V$$. &he complement of result used in b R sentences
,ecause b R sentences are used to #oint out what has ha##ened to the object as the result of an action% the "erb alwas has to tae an element to indicate s#ecificall how the object is consequentiall affected or how someone intends to affect it. $herefore% the resultati"e com#lement is often used in b sentences.
.
Wǒ b nǐ"#e mén !i"h# le.
我R你的DST了。 I fied our door. &he desired result of 'repairin!( is to make somethin! work a!ain)))to be as !ood as before. &he stative verb h# T is used here to indicate the result of the action !i" S *to fi,.
,.
Wǒ b j$nti%n #e zuòyè zuòwán le.
我RUV的N业MF了。 I finished toda’s homewor. &he desired result of doin! homework is to finish it. $uò M indicates the action of 'doin!( and wán F indicates completion. With the modal particle le 了 indicatin! accomplished fact# this sentence indicates that
the subject *a!ent,# wǒ 我 # has brou!ht -toda"(s homework to the sta!e of completion as a result of doin! it.
V$$$. /tative verb as the complement
nl stati"e "erbs and "erbs can be used as resultati"e com#lements.
0tati"e "erbs% such as #uì 对 correct% &uò 错 wrong% h'o T good% huài W broen% b'o X full% ($ng&hu Y Z clear% etc% can be used as resultati"e com#lements. 1ost stati"e "erbs are monosllabic% onl a few are disllabic. $hese stati"e "erbs are suffied to "erbs to em#hasi2e different resultati"e as#ects of the action.
)du0 对 correct
3. huí#á#uì IJ对
answer correctl
[对
guess correctl
5. shu)#uì +对
s#ea correctl
6. *i+ #uì
写对
write correctl
7. zuò#uì
M对
do correctl
4. &%i#uì
etc.
1ample2 huídáduì I J 对 *huídá I J to answer + duì 对 correct,2 answer correctl"
Nèi*i, wèntí t% #)u huídáduì le.
那\GH]^IJ对了。 0he answered all of the questions correctl.
)cuò 错 incorrect# wron!
3. huí#á&uò IJ错 4. &%i&uò
[错
5. shu)&uò +错
answer incorrectl guess incorrectl s#ea/sa incorrectl
6. *i+ &uò
写错
write incorrectl
7. -àn&uò
看错
see/read incorrectl
8. t$ng &uò
听错
hear incorrectl
9. zuò&uò
M错
do incorrectl
etc.
1ample2 !i% cuò 写 错 * !i% 写 to write + cuò 错 inccorect,2 write incorrectl"
hèi ge zì nǐ !i% cuò le. /$ngg%i *i+ 0ti%n12 -+shì nǐ *i+ #e shì 0341 .
这个字你写错了。01写‘V’_`:你写的:‘a’。 -ou wrote this character incorrectl. -ou should ha"e written ti%n V% but ou wrote 34 a instead.
)h# T achieve completion3achieve an ade4uate result
3. zuòh'o
MT
4. zh5nbèih'o bcT
done: finish doing finish #re#aring
5. *i+ h'o
写T
finish writing
6. *i4h'o
ST
fied: re#aired
7. *uéh'o
dT
stud well
8. shuìh'o PT
slee# well
etc.
1ample 52 zuòh# MT done6 finish doin!
* zuò M to do3to cook + h# T done,
W'n3àn zuòh# le.
e饭MT了。
;inner is read.
1ample 72 !i"h# ST
* !i" S fi3repair + h# T !ood,2 fied6
repaired
Wǒ"#e &h, hái méi !i"h# ne.
我的fgKSTh。 1 car is not et fied.
1ample 82 &huìh# PT *&huì P sleep + h# T well,2 sleep well
u6ti%n w'nshàng wǒ méi &huìh# jiào2 suǒyǐ j$nti%n jué#e h+n lèi.
iVe?我KPTQ_jkUVQlmn。
)huài W bad6 broken
nòng huài
oW
1ample2
nòng huài oW *nòng o to cause + huài W broken,2 break
brea: cause something to brea
7% b' wǒ"#e #iànn'o nòng huài le.
他R我的poW了。
+e broe m com#uter.
)b# X full *often suffied to chī E ,
&h$ b'o
EX
1ample2 eatin!
chī b# E X *chī E eat + b# X full,2 full as a result of
full (as a result of eating)
Wǒ chī b# le2 bù néng zài &h$ le.
我EX了_LqrE了。 I’m full% I can’t eat an more.
)'īngchu YZ clear
3. -àn($ng&hu 看YZ
see clearl
4. t$ng ($ng&hu 听YZ
hear clearl
5. shu)($ng&hu +YZ s#ea clearl 6. *i+ ($ng&hu 写YZ
write clearl
etc.
1ample2 tīng 'īngchu 听 Y Z *tīng 听 listen + 'īngchu Y Z clear, hear clearl"
8uìbù(ǐ2 wǒ méi tīng 'īngchu. 9ǐng zài shu) yí biàn.
对Ls_我K听YZ_Cr+tu。 0orr% I didn’t hear clearl. =lease sa it again.
9. Verbs as complements
nl stati"e "erbs and "erbs can be used as resultati"e com#lements.
>erbs are often used as com#lements to indicate different resultati"e as#ects of an action% such as wán F finish% jiàn 见% #ào 到% zháo v% li'o 了% zhù * % #ǒng w % #òng x % -%i y % huì z% zài { % g+i | % &héng } % zuò N% wéi ~% zǒu •% :'o €% sǐ % tòu ‚% etc.
)wán F finish *can !o with man" verbs to indicate that someone has finished doin! the action,
3. -ànwán
看F
4. shu)wán +F
finish (reading/watching/seeing) finish (s#eaing/taling)
5. *uéwán
dF
finish (studing)
6. zuòwán
MF
finish (doing)
7. *i+ wán
写F
finish (writing)
etc.
1ample2
(ànwán 看F *(àn 看 read + wán F finish, finish readin!
hèi b+n sh4 nǐ (ànwán le méi yǒu?
这ƒ你看F了K有. +a"e ou finished reading the boo?
) )iàn 见 perceive * )iàn 见 indicates perception,
3. -àn jiàn
看见
see
4. t$ng jiàn
听见
hear
5. :èng jiàn „见 6. yù jiàn
…见
bum# into run into
etc.
1ample2
(àn )iàn 看见 *(àn 看 look + )iàn 见 perceive, see
u6ti%n wǒ méi ;yǒu< (àn )iàn ='o Wáng .
iV我K(有)看见†‡。 -esterda I did not see ld Wang.
)dà# 到 *5,. impl"in! that an action has attained the epected aim or result
3. -àn#ào
看到
see
4. t$ng #ào
听到
hear
5. yù#ào
…到
run into
6. ji, #ào
ˆ到
recei"e
7. sh)u#ào ‰到
recei"e
8. zh'o#ào Š到
find
9. m'i#ào
‹到
succeed in buing
etc.
1ample 52 zh#dà# Š 到 * zh# Š to look for + dà# 到 :attain the epected result;, find
Wǒ zh#dà# =ǐ >i%nsheng le.
我Š到ŒŽ了。 I ha"e found 1r.
1ample 72 mi dà# ‹ 到 *mi ‹ to bu" + dà# 到 :attain the epected result;, succeed in bu"in!
Wǒ 'ùwn le. !éi yǒu mi dà# #iànyǐng :iào.
我e了。K有‹到!。 I was late./ I got there late. 0o%@ I did not manage to get the mo"ie ticets.
)dà# 到 *7, 2 reach or arrive at *a place or a point of time,
3. zǒu#ào
•到
wal to /until/u# to
4. :'o#ào
€到
run to /until/u# to
5. *ué#ào
d到
stud until/u# to%
6. shuì#ào P到
slee# until/u# to
7. máng #ào ‘到
be bus until/u# to
8. -àn#ào
看到
read or watch until/u# to
9. t$ng #ào
听到
listen until/u# to
etc.
1ample 52 !ué dà# d到 stud" until3up to
* !ué d to stud" + dà# 到 until3up to,
Wǒmen !ué dà# 8ì ?% @è le.
我%d到’“”了。 We ha"e studied u# to
1ample 72
u6ti%n w'nshang wǒmen *ué h)ngwén !ué dà# shíy$ #i'n.
iVe?我%d–d到—t˜。 We studied &hinese until 33 o’cloc last night.
) zhá# v impl"in! that an action has attained the epected aim or result
3. zh'o zháo Šv
find (Šv is the same as zh'o#ào Š到.)
4. shuì zháo Pv
fall aslee# (not the same as P到)
etc.
1ample2 &huì zhá# P v *&huì P to sleep + zhá# v :attain the epected result;, fall asleep
Aáizi"men #)u &huì zhá# le.
™š%^Pv了。 $he children ha"e all fallen aslee#.
) zhù * has the meanin! of retainin! or keepin! somethin! at a certain place as the result of the action
3. jì zhù
记*
remember: learn b heart: bear in mind
4. ná zhù
›*
hold in #lace b hand(s)
etc.
1ample2 )ì zhù 记 * * )ì 记 to remember + zhù * retain3keep, learn b" heart# bear in mind
7%"#e #ìzhǐ wǒ méi )ì zhù.
他的œ我K记*。 I did not learn his address b heart.
)dǒng w understand6 comprehend
3. -àn#ǒng 看w
understand b reading/looing
4. t$ng #ǒng 听w
understand b listening
etc.
1ample2 tīng dǒng 听 w *tīng 听 to listen + dǒng w understand, understand b" listenin!
Nǐ"#e huà wǒ méi tīng dǒng . Néng bù néng zài shu) yí biàn.
你的,我K听w。qLqr+tu. I did not understand what ou said. &an ou sa it again?
)(*i y to be open as a result of openin!
3. #' -%i
žy
to o#en
4. -%i-%i
yy
to o#en
etc.
1ample2 (*i (*i make ... open
y y *(*i y to open + (*i y bein! open, to
9ǐng b' mén (*i (*i .
CRDyy。 =lease o#en the door.
)huì z know how to do somethin!3master a skill throu!h the action
*uéhuì
dz
learn: master
1ample2 !ué huì dz learn6 master
* !ué d to learn + huì z know how to,
Wǒ !ué huì -%i&h, le.
我dzyf了。 I ha"e learnt how to dri"e a car.
) zài { located at a place as a result of the action
3. 3àng zài
Ÿ{
#ut at: to be #ut at
4. zhù zài
*{
to li"e at ...
5. zuò zài
{
to sit at
6. zhàn zài
¡{
stand at
7. *i+ zài
写{
write on
8. guà zài
¢{
hang on
etc.
1ample2 zhàn zài ¡ { * zhàn ¡ to stand + zài { at, to stand at a place
7i%n(i zhème l+ng2 bié zhàn zài wàitou.
V£这¤¥_@¡{¦§。
It is so cold% don’t stand outside.
) g%i | to *pointin! out the recipient,
3. sòng g+i
¨|
to gi"e to
4. jì g+i
©|
to send to
5. jiè g+i
ª|
to lend to
6. mài g+i
«|
to sell to
etc.
1ample2 )iè g%i ª| * )iè ª to lend + g%i | to, to lend to
7% )iè g%i wǒ yì b+n sh4.
他ª|我tƒ。 +e lent me a boo.
)chéng } become6 as
3. 3%nyì&héng
¬}
to translate into
4. biàn&héng
®}
to change into
看}
5. -àn&héng
to regard as: to recogni2e ... mistaenl
as ... 6. t$ng &héng 听}
to hear ... mistaenl as ...
写}
7. *i+ &héng
to write ... mistaenl as ...: to ada#t...into
etc.
1ample2 !i% chéng 写 } * !i% 写 to write + chéng } become, to write ... mistakenl" as ...6 to adapt...into
Wǒ b' Bti%nC !i% chéng B34C le.
我RBVC写}BaC了。 I wrote a instead of V.
) zuò N
看N
to regard as ...
4. #%ng zuò ¯N
to regard as ...
3. -àn zuò
etc.
1ample2
d*ng zuò ¯N to re!ard as ...
zuò zìjǐ"#e éDzi. Wáng tàitai b' wǒ d*ng
‡°°R我¯N±²的³š。 1rs. Wang regards me as her own son.
) zǒu • awa"
3. ná zǒu
›•
to tae awa
4. b%n zǒu
´•
to mo"e awa
5. sòng zǒu ¨• 6. #ài zǒu
>•
to see off to tae awa
etc.
1ample2
b*n zǒu ´• *b*n ´ to move + zǒu • awa", to move awa"
='o h%ng ji% b*n zǒu le.
†µ¶´•了。 $he ld Dhangs mo"ed awa.
)&+ death6 *ea!!eration indicatin! etreme,
3. lèi sǐ
n
etremel tired: tired to death
4. Dè sǐ
·
etremel hot: deathl hot
5. è sǐ
¸
star"ing: etremel hungr
etc.
1ample2
,è&+ · *,è · hot + &+ death, etremel" hot
7i%n(i ,è&+ le.
V£·了。 $he weather is etremel hot.
