RESMI PRAKTIKUM MATA KULIAH BOTANI LAUT
Disusun Oleh: DEDY SETIAWAN
K2D 007 020
DWI WULANDARI
K2D 007 028
FARHAN PRAMUDITO
K2D 007 031
DION RAGIL SAPUTRA
K2D 008 091
WAHID AGUNG SAPUTRA K2D 008 079 OKY YURIPA PRADANA
K2D 008 062
\
FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN ILMU KELAUTAN JURUSAN ILMU KELAUTAN UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO SEMARANG 2013
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LAPORAN RESMI PRAKTIKUM MATA KULIAH BOTANI LAUT BIOLOGI MANGROVE/ BIOLOGI LAMUN/ BIOLOGI RUMPUT LAUT
Disusun Oleh:
SUKRON ALFI R.
26020112120006
FAKULTAS PERIKANAN DAN ILMU KELAUTAN JURUSAN ILMU KELAUTAN UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO SEMARANG
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DAFTAR ISI
Cover Daftar Isi Ringkasan
……………………………………………….i
Daftar Gambar
………………………………………………ii
MANGROVE
BAB I PENADULUAN
………………………………………………iii
1.1 Latar Belakang
………………………………………………iii
1.2 Tujuan
………………………………………………iv
1.3 Manfaat
……………………………………………….v
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Pengertian ekosistem dan Biologi Mangrove
……………………………………………….1
BAB III MATERI DAN METODE 3.1 Waktu dan Lokasi
……………………………………………….4
3.2 Materi
……………………………………………….4
3.3 Metode Pengambilan Sampel
……………………………………………….4
BAB IV HASIL DANPEMBAHASAN 4.1 Hasil
……………………………………………….5
4.2 Pembahasan
……………………………………………….8
LAMUN
BAB I PENADULUAN
………………………………………………11
1.1 Latar Belakang
………………………………………………11
1.2 Tujuan
……………………………………………....12
1.3 Manfaat
………………………………………………12
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
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BAB III MATERI DAN METODE 3.1 Waktu dan Lokasi
……………………………………………....17
3.2 Materi
………………………………………………17
3.3 Metode Pengambilan Sampel
………………………………………………17
BAB IV HASIL DANPEMBAHASAN 4.1 Hasil
……………………………………………....18
4.2 Pembahasan
………………………………………………20
RUMPUT LAUT
BAB I PENADULUAN
………………………………………………2 2
1.1 Latar Belakang
………………………………………………22
1.2 Tujuan
………………………………………………22
1.3 Manfaat
………………………………………………22
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1 Pengertian ekosistem dan Biologi Mangrove
………………………………………………23
BAB III MATERI DAN METODE 3.1 Waktu dan Lokasi
………………………………………………27
3.2 Materi
………………………………………………27
3.3 Metode Pengambilan Sampel
………………………………………………27
BAB IV HASIL DANPEMBAHASAN 4.1 Hasil
………………………………………………28
4.2 Pembahasan
………………………………………………29
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN DAFTAR PUSTAKA
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RINGKASAN
Mangrove, lamun dan rumput laut adalah beberapa ekosistem laut yang kaitannya sangat penting bagi keseimbangan di lautan. Mereka juga termasuk dalam tumbuhan-tumbuhan laut, Mangrove sering disebut hutan bakau karena sebagian besar vegetasinya didominasi oleh jenis bakau (Rhizoporaceae) atau hutan payau karena tumbuh diatas tanah yang selalu tergenang air payau (Lumintang, 1993). Sementara Steenis (1958) mendefinisikan mangrove sebagai suatu vegetasi yang tumbuh diantara garis pasang surut, sehingga mangrove dinamakan juga sebagai hutan pasang. Mangrove mempunyai sejumlah adaptasi morfologis khusus yang memungkinkan mereka dapat hidup di daerah yang berlumpur dan dipengaruhi pasang surut air laut, yaitu berbagai bentuk perakaran yang khas (Nybakken, 2988). Lamun, merupakan bagian dari beberapa ekosistem dari wilayah pesisir dan lautan perlu dilestarikan, memberikan kontribusi pada peningkatan hasil perikanan dan pada sektor lainya seperti pariwisata. Oleh karena itu perlu mendapatkan perhatian khusus
seperti
halnya
ekosistem
lainnya
dalam
wilayah
pesisir
untuk
mempertahankan kelestariannya melalui pengelolaan secara terpadu. Secara langsung
dan
tidak
langsung
memberikan
manfaat
untuk
meningkatkan
perekonomian terutama bagi penduduk di wilayah pesisir (Romimohtarto, 2001). Rumput laut ( sea weed ) atau alga tidak memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan antara akar, batang dan daun. Secara keseluruhan, tanaman ini mempunyai morfologi yang mirip walaupun sebenarnya berbeda (vianerry, (vianerr y, 2011). Dalam hal ini kami melakukan praktikum botani laut yang bertempat di teluk awur jepara dan ujung piring. Dalam praktikum ini, kami banyak belajar tentang mangrove, lamun, dan rumput laut. Terutama pada cara mengidentifikasinya, ekologi yang berada di wilayah tersebut beragam dan masih terbilang cukup bagus. Wilayah-wilayah tersebut adalah salah satu titik-titik dimana banyak mahasiswa melakukan penelitian dan praktikum, itu dikarenakan pada wilayah tersebut mempunyai spesies yang beragam, hal ini terbktikan dengan kami melakukan praktikum ini. Kami berhasil mengherbarium basah maupun kering beberapa beberapa spesies dari tumbuhan-tumbhan tersebut.
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Daftar Gambar
Aigiseras sp
……………………………………………………….5
Sonneratia alba
………….………………………….…………………5
Sonneratia caseolaris
…………………..……………………… .……………………6
Rizophopora apiculata
…………………………..……………………………6
bentuk perakaran Rizopohora apiculata Spinifex littoreus Eksorasia agalloca
………………………… ……………………………………….. 7 ………………………………….…………...………….7 ………………………………………………...……….8
Jenis-jenis lamun di Indonesia
………………………………………………………14
Cymodocea serrulata
...………………………………………………….……18
Enhalur acoroides
…………………...………………………………….18
Syringodium sp
…………………………………………….…………19
Cymodocea rotundata
…………………………………………………… ..…………19
Udotea sp.
………..…………………………………………….28
Halimeda sp.
……………..……………………………………….28
Turbania sp.
………………………………………………………29
Sargassum sp.
...……………………………………………………29
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MANGROVE
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1. Latar Belakang
Mangrove adalah suatu komunitas vegetasi pantai tropik berupa tumbuhan darat berbunga yang mempunyai kemampuan untuk tumbuh di lingkungan asin. Mangrove merupakan ekosistem yang spesifik karena pada umumnya hanya dijumpai pada pantai yang berombak relatif kecil atau bahkan terlindung dari ombak, di sepanjang delta. Estuarin yang dipengaruhi oleh masukan air dari lumpur dan dari daratan. (MacNae, 1986 ; Marsono dan Setyono, 1993 ; Vannuci, 1994). Sebagai suatu ekosistem, mangrove merupakan peralihan yang khas antara komponen darat dengan laut yang dicirikan oleh adanya pasang surut air laut. (Soemodihardjo, 1979). Mangrove sering disebut hutan bakau karena sebagian besar vegetasinya didominasi oleh jenis bakau (Rhizoporaceae) atau hutan payau karena tumbuh diatas tanah yang selalu tergenang air payau (Lumintang, 1993). Sementara Steenis (1958) mendefinisikan mangrove sebagai suatu vegetasi yang tumbuh diantara garis pasang surut, sehingga mangrove dinamakan juga sebagai hutan pasang. Mangrove mempunyai sejumlah adaptasi morfologis khusus yang memungkinkan mereka dapat hidup di daerah yang berlumpur dan dipengaruhi pasang surut air laut, yaitu berbagai bentuk perakaran yang khas. Avicennia dan Sonneratia mempunyai akar horisontal yang dilengkapi pneumatophor yang berbentuk pasak, Bruguiera dan Luminitzera berakar lutut, Rhizopora berakar tunjang, Xylocarpus berakar horisontal dengan pneumatophor yang berbentuk kerucut, dan Ceriops dengan akar-akar
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1.2. Tujuan
1.2.1. Mengetahui mangrove apa sajakah yang terdapat di Ujung Piring. 1.2.2. Dapat mengidentifikasi secara morfologi mangrove
1.3. Manfaat
1.3.1. Dapat mengetahui jenis mangrove yang terdapat pada ujung piring. 1.3.2. Dapat mngetahui beberapa jenis mangrove secara morfoligi.
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA 2.1
Pengertian Pengertian Ekosistem dan Biologi Mangrove
Ekosistem mangrove mempunyai dua komponen lingkungan, yakni darat (terestrial) dan air (akuatik). Lingkungan akuatik pun dibagi dua, laut dan air tawar. Ekosistem Mangrove juga memiliki karakteristik sangat idealis, yaitu Ekosistem dari mangrove ini lebih cocok dan cepat tumbuh pada daerah atau pantai yang berlumpur. Ekosistem mangrove dikenal sangat produktif, penuh sumberdaya tetapi peka terhadap gangguan. Ia juga dikenal sebagai pensubsidi energi, karena adanya arus pasut yang berperan menyebarkan zat hara yang dihasilkan oleh ekosistem mangrove ke lingkungan sekitarnya. Dengan potensi yang sedemikian rupa dan potensi-potensi lain yang dimilikinya, ekosistem mangrove telah menawarkan begitu banyak manfaat kepada manusia sehingga keberadaannya di alam tidak sepi dari perusakan, bahkan pemusnahan oleh manusia (Anonim). Ekosistem mangrove merupakan sumber daya alam tropika yang mempunyai manfaat ganda baik dari aspek ekologi ,maupun sosial ekonomi. Giesen et al, 2007. Mangrove berfungsi melindungi pantai dari gempuran ombak, arus dan angin serta dapat menjaga kestabilan produktivitas dan ketersediaan sumber daya hayati wilayah pesisir. Fungsi ekosistem mangrove ditinjau dari aspek biologi adalah sebagai tempat asuhan (nursery ground), tempat mencari makan (feeding ground), tempat berkembang biak (spawning ground) (Hogarth, 2007). Fungsi lain yang penting adalah sebagai penghasil bahan organik yang merupakan mata rantai utama dalam jaringan makanan ekosistem mangrove. Daun mangrove yang gugur, melalui
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Mangrove sering disebut hutan bakau karena sebagian besar vegetasinya didominasi oleh jenis bakau (Rhizoporaceae) atau hutan payau karena tumbuh diatas tanah yang selalu tergenang air payau (Lumintang, 1993). Sementara Steenis (1958) mendefinisikan mangrove sebagai suatu vegetasi yang tumbuh diantara garis pasang surut, sehingga mangrove dinamakan juga sebagai hutan pasang. Mangrove mempunyai sejumlah adaptasi morfologis khusus yang memungkinkan mereka dapat hidup di daerah yang berlumpur dan dipengaruhi pasang surut air laut, yaitu berbagai bentuk perakaran yang khas. Avicennia dan Sonneratia mempunyai akar horisontal yang dilengkapi pneumatophor yang berbentuk pasak, Bruguiera dan Luminitzera berakar lutut, Rhizopora berakar tunjang, Xylocarpus berakar horisontal dengan pneumatophor yang berbentuk kerucut, dan Ceriops dengan akar-akar terbuka dengan bagian bawah batang punya lentisel yang besar (Steenis, 1958). Selain itu mangrove juga mempunyai perkembangan bentuk yang khusus untuk keperluannya dalam penyebaran benih dengan biji atau buah yang mengapung di air. Rhizopora dan Bruguiera yang bersifat vivipar misalnya, akan menjatuhkan hipokotil dari pohon induk dan mengikuti aliran air sampai masuk ke perairan yang dangkal dimana hipokotil dapat menyentuh substrat dan berkembang menjadi individu baru sistem reproduksi tersebut memungkinkan propagul untuk megapung dan memungkinkan terjadinya penyebaran melalui arus a ir (Nybakken, 1988). Komposisi vegetasi mangrove terdiri dari 3 komponen yaitu komponen mayor, minor, dan asosiasi. Data jumlah spesies mangrove di dunia belum diketahui secara pasti. Menurut Rusila Noor et al (1999) tedapat sedikitnya 202 spesies
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yang tumbuh dekat dengan air tawar adalah Sonneratia alba. Jenis ini tumbuh di substrat lumpur. 2. Tipe Rhizophora sp Jenis yang tumbuh paling dekat dengan laut adalah Rhizophora mvenovta, mvenovta, sedangkan pada bagian dalamnya sebagian besar ditumbuhi oleh bakau-bakau (Rhizophora conjugara). Pada daerah ini kadang ditumbuhi oleh Ceriops, Candoilena, dan Bruguiera parvifora. Substrat pada daerah ini berwarna hitam, yang kaya akan humus. 3. Tipe Bruguiera sp Bruguiera gymnorrhiza merupakan jenis yang paling panjang umumnya, dibanding jenis yang lain dari family rhizophoraceae dan dapat tumbuh lebih dekat ke darat daripada bakau lainnya. Pada daerah yang tinggi, sering
bercampur
dengan
kelompokk
besar
nyirih
(Xylocarpus
granatum), Heritiera litoralis ataupun kelompok kecil dari buta-buta (Excoecaria agalloca). 4. Type Nypa Fruticans Tumbuh pada substrat lunak dan lumpur sampai substrat keras. Nipah
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BAB III MATERI DAN METODE 3.1. Waktu dan Lokasi
Waktu
: 18 Mei 2013
Pukul
: 08.00-12.00
Lokasi
: Ujung Piring
3.2. Materi 3.2.1. Alat
kamera
gunting
penggaris
buku iden
kardus herbarium
selotip/lakban
3.2.2. Bahan
mangrove yang ada di pantai ujung piring
3.3. Metoda Pengambilan Sampel
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BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1. Hasil 4.1.1. Mangrove
Gambar 1.1 Aigiseras Sp (minor)
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Gambar 1.3 Sonn er atia ati a case caseolar i s
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Gamabar 1.5 bentuk perakaran Rizopohora Rizopohora apicul apicul ata
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orasi a agall oca Gambar 1.7 Ek sorasi
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Sampel ketiga yang kami peroleh (lihat gambar 1.3), kami dapat mengetahui ciri-ciri morfologinya hampir sama dengan Sonneratia alba namun perbedaanya bentuk daun melebar, pada ujung daun melekuk ke dalam, dan kelopak pada bunganya tidak dominan merah (hanya pada permukaan kelopak baian bawah). Berdasakan ciri-ciri morfologi yang kami dapat lalu kami membandingkan pada buku iden dan mengacu pada spesies Sonneratia caseolaris. Mangrove jenis ini satu genus dengan sampel kedua dan termasuk tegakan mayor (utama).
Sampel keempat yang kami peroleh (lihat gambar 1.4), kami dapat mengetahui ciri-ciri morfologinya seperti: susunan daun tunggal, letak daun bersilang, bentuk helai elips, ujungya runcing, pinggiran daun rata, permukaan daun halus, tidak ada rangkaian bunga, bentuk buah bulat/bola .Berdasakan ciri-ciri
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1.Latar Belakang
Lamun, merupakan bagian dari beberapa ekosistem dari wilayah pesisir dan lautan perlu dilestarikan, memberikan kontribusi pada peningkatan hasil perikanan dan pada sektor lainya seperti pariwisata. Oleh karena itu perlu mendapatkan perhatian khusus seperti halnya ekosistem lainnya dalam wilayah pesisir untuk mempertahankan kelestariannya melalui pengelolaan secara terpadu. Secara langsung
dan
tidak
langsung
memberikan
manfaat
untuk
meningkatkan
perekonomian terutama bagi penduduk penduduk di wilayah pesisir (Bengen, 2001).
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BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1
Pengertian Ekosisitem dan Biologi lamun Lamun (seagrass) adalah tumbuhan berbunga (angiospermae) yang berbiji
satu (monokotil) dan mempunyai akar rimpang, daun, bunga dan buah. Jadi sangat berbeda dengan rumput laut (algae) (Wood et al. 1969; Thomlinson 1974; Azkab 1999). Lamun dapat ditemukan di seluruh dunia kecuali di daerah kutub. Lebih dari 52 jenis lamun yang telah ditemukan. Di Indonesia hanya terdapat 7 genus dan sekitar 15 jenis yang termasuk ke dalam 2 famili yaitu : Hydrocharitacea ( 9 marga, 35 jenis ) dan Potamogetonaceae (3 marga, 15 jenis). Jenis yang membentuk komunitas padang lamun tunggal, antara lain : Thalassia hemprichii, Enhalus
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Secara ekologis padang lamun memiliki peranan penting bagi ekosistem. Lamun merupakan sumber pakan bagi invertebrata, tempat tinggal bagi biota perairan dan melindungi mereka dari serangan predator. Lamun juga menyokong rantai makanan dan penting dalam proses siklus nutrien serta sebagai pelindung pantai dari ancaman erosi ataupun abrasi (Romimohtarto, 2001). Ekosistem Padang Lamun memiliki diversitas dan densitas fauna yang tinggi
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Enhalus acoroides Local: Settu pita English: Tropical eelgrass
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BAB III MATERI DAN METODA 3.1. Waktu dan Lokasi
Waktu
: 17 Mei 2013
Pukul
: 14.00-17.00
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BAB IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN 4.1. Hasil
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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