Bahas Grammar

Fri Wardana Nasutio

J

Jilid Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio

Kata Pengantar Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh Syukur Alhamdulillah saya ucapkan atas rahmat Allah SWT. yang telah memberikan cinta-Nya kepada saya sehingga saya dapat menyelesaikan buku ini. Sungguh sangat menyenangkan bagi saya dapat berbagi pengetahuan dalam bahasa Inggris, karena inilah salah satu jalan bagi saya untuk membangun karakter tunas bangsa yang lebih baik. Dalam buku ini saya sangat menekankan pemahaman Grammar dalam bahasa Inggris, karena ini adalah momok yang sangat dibenci oleh beberapa orang. Dengan hadirnya buku ini saya berharap ini dapat merubah pemahaman rang tentang Grammar, bahkan seoga dapat membuatnya menjadi revolusi belajar bahasa Inggris. Pembahasan grammar di sini dijelaskan dengan bahasa Indonesia agar para pembacanya dapat mengetahui filosofi pembelajaran yang dibacanya dan agar tidak salahsalah tafsir. Ini adalah buku seri pertama saya yang saya harap dapat memberi manfaat yang banyak dan dapat digunakan digunakan dalam beberapa instansi pendidikan. Saya sadari buku ini masih sangat jauh dari kesempurnaan, untuk itu saya masih membutuhkan kritik dan saran untuk memperbaiki InsyaAllah seri-seri berikutnya. Anda dapat mengirim saran dan kritik anda ke e-mail saya [email protected] [email protected].. Assalamu’alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh

Padangsidimpuan, 15 Mei 2013 Penulis

Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio

Daftar Isi 1. Verb

5

2. Simple Present Tense

5

3. Reflexive Pronoun

8

4. Degree of Comparisaon

10

5. Conditional Sentence

12

6. Present Continous Tense

14

7. Habitual

15

8. Passive Voice

17

9. Adverb of Manner

20

10. Simple Future Tense

21

11. Simple Past Tense

23

12. The Correct Adjectives Order

25

13. Present Perfect Tense

28

14. Eliptical Construction

31

15. Question Tag

33

16. Various Topics

35

17. Adjective Clause

38


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Fri Wardana Nasutio


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Fri Wardana Nasutio

VERB Verb merupakan kata kerja, ada dua penggolongan kata kerja, yaitu Transitive verb dan Intransitive verb. Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio 1. Transitive Verb

Transitive verb merupakan kata kerja yang membutuhkan Objek, seperti beat, buy, give, raise, etc. Eg. 

He beat the enemy 2 hours ago.



Mother bought a new house in the town last year.



You raise me up.

2. Intransitive Verb

Intransitive verb merupakan kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan Objek, seperti go, sleep, rise, etc. Eg. 

I go to school everymorning.



Last night, I slept at 23.00 P.M.



The sun rises from the east.

3. Transitive and Intransitive Verb

Ada beberapa kata kerja yang tergolong pada dua tipe di atas seperti eat and run. Eg. 

I will eat the apple if I win the match (Transitive).



She hasn’t eaten since 2 days ago (Intransitive).



I will run the machine if I can (Transitive)



I always run to my school because I’m afraid of coming late.

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Simple present tense adalah kejadian yang berlangsung secara berulang-ulang. Kebenaran umum juga harus memakai simple present tense, seperti gula rasanya manis, matahari terbit dari timur, bumi mengelilingi matahari, etc. FORMULA UNTUK KALIMAT NOMINAL. S + is/am/are + Noun/Adjective/Adverb Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio Eg. 

He is a teacher



He is an English teacher.



The man is a sailor.

FORMULA UNTUK KALIMAT VERBAL S + V1 + O/C (+) S + DO/DOES + NOT + V1 without s/es/ies + O/C ( -) Do/does + S + V1 without s/es/ies + O/C ? Eg. 

I get up at 05.00 A.M. every morning



The sun rises from the east.



My mother always cooks a cake for me.



He usually does his homeassignment at night.



She often goes out alone.

Simple present tense juga sering menggunakan adverb of frequency Always

Usually

Often

Sometimees

Rarely

Seldom

Hardly ever

Occasionally

Khusus untuk subject She, He, It + kata kerja yang berakhiran s/es/ies pada pola kalimat positif saja. Eg. 

She does her homework well.



She does not do her homework well.


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Fri Wardana Nasutio 

Does always wash the dishes at night.

Cara penambahas s/es/ies pada kata kerja. Kata kerja yang berkhiran s, ss, sh, ch, o, x, and zz selalu ditambah es. Eg. 1. Do does 2. Go  goes 3. Kiss  kisses 4. Watch  watches 5. Washwashes Kata kerja yang berakhiran y namun sebelumnya huruf konsonan, maka y berubah menjadi ies. Eg. 

Cry  cries



Try  tries



Fly  flies



Study  studies

Kata Keterangan yang Biasa Dipakai dalam Simple Present Tense

1. Every day 2. Every morning 3. Every night 4. Every week 5. Every month 6. Every year 7. Every Sunday

I usually make everything easy.

8. Every time 9. Once a week 10. Twice a week 11. Three times a day Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio 12. Usually 13. Always 14. Often 15. Sometimes

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

1. Kata ganti ini merupakan kata ganti untuk subject dan objectnya adalah orang yang sama. Perhatikan tabel berikut ! SUBJECT

OBJECT

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

I

ME

MYSELF

YOU

YOU

YOURSELF

YOU

YOU

YOURSELVES

WE

US

OURSELVES

THEY

THEM

THEMSELVES

HE

HIM

HIMSELF

SHE

HER

HERSELF

IT

IT

ITSELF

ONE

ONE

ONESELF

Perhatikan contoh berikut. 

Fri gave him a judgement (Fri memberikannya penilaian) him = orang lain.



Fri gave himself a judgement (Fri memberikan dirinya sendiri penilaian) himself = Fri

Contoh yang lain.

I will keep myself from doing the bad things.

Eg. Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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I wash myself twice a day (Saya memandikan diriku 2 kali se hari.).



I sent the letter to myself (Saya mengirim surat pada diriku sendiri).



They were talking among theirselves (Mereka berbincang sesama mereka) .



He killed himself by useng the rope (Dia membunuh dirinya sendiri).

2. Reflexive pronoun jiga besa digunakan untuk menekankan. Artinya si subjek melakukan perbuatan sendirian. Normalnya reflexive pronoun mengikuti subjeknya. Eg. 

I myself believe in you (Saya sendiri percaya padamu).



The president himself will open the competition (Presiden sendiri yang akan membuka kompetisi itu).



You yourself must do your homeassignment (Kamu sendiri yang harus mengerjakan PR-mu).

3. Reflexive pronoun juga digunakan untuk menyatakan pekerjaan yang dilakukan sendirian tanpa bantuan orang lain. FORMULA : BY + REFLEXIVE PRONOUN = ALONE Eg. 

Andi washed the car by himself = Andi washed the car alone = Andi mencuci mobil itu sendirian.



I did my group’s assignment by myself = I do my group’s assignment alone .



She went to the speech contest by herself = She went to the speech contest alone.

LATIHAN 1. Kamu harus mengerjakan PR-mu sendiri. 2. Kami mengirim surat lamaran pekerjaan pada kami sendiri. 3. Dia menghadiri seminar itu sendirian. 4. Kamu sendiri yang membuat kebahagiaanmu. 5. Dia menyiksa dirinya sendiri hanya untuk hal yang tidak penting.


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Fri Wardana Nasutio

DEGREE OF COMPARISON 1. Reguler Comparison (Perbandingan Beraturan) NO

ADJECTIVE

POSITIVE

COMPERATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

(KATA SIFAT)

(SAMA)

(LEBIH)

(PALING)

1.

fast

as fas as

faster

the faster

2.

cheap

as cheap as

cheaper

the cheapest

3.

hot

as hot as

hotter

the hottest

4.

pretty

as pretty

prettier

the prettiest

5.

old

as old as

older

the oldest

6.

high

as high as

higher

the highest

untuk kata sifat yang pengucapannya panjang maka 1.

expensive

as expensive as

more expensive

the most expensive

2.

handsome

as hansome as

more handsome

the most handsome

3.

beautiful

as beautiful as

more beautiful

the most beautiful

4.

important

as important as

more important

the most important

5.

comfortable

as comfortable

more comfortable

the most comfortable

Eg. 

Khalimah is as beautiful as Widya (Khalimah sama cantiknya dengan Widya.



Andi is lazy but Anto is lazier (Andi pemalas tapi Anto lebih pemalas).



Bianka is the most beautiful student in her school (Bianka adalah siswa yang paling cantik/tercantik di sekolahnya).



The price of the bag is cheaper than the price of the shoes (harga tas itu lebih murah dari pada sepatu itu.



Fri is more handsome than him (Fri lebih tampan dari pada dia).

Note

:

Comperative

biasanya

digunakan

untuk

membandingkan

2

orang/benda/tempat, sedangkan superlative digunakan untuk membandingkan keseluruhan. Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio 2. Irreguler Comparison NO

ADJECTIVE

COMPERATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

1.

good

better

the best

2.

bad

3.

ill

worse

the worst

4.

many

5.

much

more

the most

further

the furtherst

farther

the fartherst

less

the least

later

the last

latter

the latest

6.

far

7.

a few

8.

a little

9.

late

Eg. 

This way is better than that way (cara ini lebih baik dari pada cara itu).



Jakarta is farther than Medan (Jakarta lebih jauh dari pada Medan).



I want to know the problem further (saya ingin mengetahui masalah itu lebih jauh lagi).

Note : farther berbeda dengan further. Farther digunakan untuk jarak, sedangkan further

digunakan untuk selain jarak. 3. The Same + Noun + As Untuk menunjukkan suatu hal yang sama bisa juga dengan mengikuti ini. Eg. 

Halim is the same height as Adi (Halim sama tinggi dengan Adi).



Cinta is the same beauty as Cindy (Cinta sama cantiknya dengan Cindy).



Beef is the same price as chicken (Beef sama harganya dengan ayam).

4. Double Comperative Ini biasanya mirip dengan peribahasa pada bahasa Indonesia. FORMULA Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio THE + COMPERATVE 1 + SENTENCE, THE + COMPERATIVE 2 + SENTENCE Eg. 

The further you walk, the more you see (lebih banyak berjalan, lebih banyak dilihat).



The further you know the secret, the more dangerous you live.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE Conditional sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian. Conditional sentence ada 3 tipe yaitu, Real condition, Present unreal condition, and Past unreal condition.

1. Type 1 (Real Condition) Pengandaian tipe ini merupakan pengandaian yang mungkin saja terjadi di masa depan. FORMULA If + sublect + simple present tense, subject + will/can/may/must + V1 Atau subject + will/can/may/must + V1 + If + sublect + simple present tense Eg. 

If I have much money, I will buy a plane.



I will accompany you if I am allowed.



I will come to your party if you invite me.

2. Type 2 (Present Unreal Condition) Pengandaian yang faktanya bertentangan dengan kenyataan sekarang. FORMULA If + subject + past tense, subject + would/could/might + V1 Atau subject + would/could/might + V1+ If + subject + past tense


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Fri Wardana Nasutio Note : Fact = Simple present tense . Jika kalimat pengandaian (+), maka kalimat faktanya (-), dan jika kalimat pengandaian (-), maka kalimat faktanya (+). Eg. 

If I had much money, I would buy a plane. The fact : I don’t have much money so I don’t buy a plane.



I would accompany you if I was allowed.

Ingat ! Pada kalimat conditional, tobe yang digunakan pada simple past tense selalu “were”

The fact : I don’t accompany you because I am not allowed. 

If I were you, I wouldt take the job. The fact : I’m not you so I don’t take the job.



If he didn’t speak quickly, I could understand him. The fact : He speak quickly so I don’t understand him. I will lose in the match if I don’t practice well.

3. Type 3 (Past Unreal Condition) Pengandaian ini merupakan pengandaian masa lampau yang biasan ya hanya hayalan belaka sehingga faktanya tidak mungkin terjadi. FORMULA If + subject + past perfect, subject + would/could/might + have + V3 Atau subject + would/could/might + have + V3 + If + subject + past perfect Note : Fact = Simple past tense. Jika kalimat pengandaian (+), maka kalimat faktanya (-), dan jika kalimat pengandaian (-), maka kalimat faktanya (+). Eg. 

If I had had the wings, I would have flown to the sky. The fact : I didn’t have the wings so I didn’t fly to the sky.



I would have surrounded the world if I had been a bird. The fact : I didn’t surround the world because I was not a bird.



If she had found the ideal buyer, she would have sold the house.


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Fri Wardana Nasutio The fact : she didn’t find the ideal buyer so she didn’t sell the house. If I had been a superman, I would have done this work quickly.

LATIHAN 1. If I finish the dress before Saturday, I ………. ( give) it to my sister for her birthday. 2. If I …………(be) the president, I would change certain thing, 3. He could have left on the afternoon flight if he ……….. (decide) earlier. 4. If I had been in your place, I ………….(say) this. 5. I would not have gone if I …………. (know) it was going to rain. 6. If it rains next Saturday, I …………. (stay) at home. 7. I will call you next week if I …………. (want) a lesson. 8. I ……….. (like) to study Spanish if I had the time. 9. Will you lend me the money if you ………… (get)your check tomorrow ? 10. He would understand it if you ………. (explain) it to him slowly.

PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE Kita menggunakan present continous tense untuk berbicara tentang action happening now (Perbuatan yang sedang terjadi sekarang).

FORMULA UNTUK KALIMAT NOMINAL S + is/am/are + Being + Noun/Adjective/Adverb Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio Kalimat nominal ini digunakan hanya untuk suatu yang kebetulan, bukan seperti biasanya. Eg. 

She is being busy (biasanya dia tidak sibuk, tapi entah kenapa tiba-tiba sibuk).



He is being good man (biasanya ia tidak baik, tapi entah kenapa dia tiba-tiba baik).

FORMULA UNTUK KALIMAT VERBAL S + is/am/are + Ving + O/C (+) S + is/am/are + NOT + Ving + O/C (-) Is/am/are + S + Ving + O/C ? Eg. 

Fri is studying English now (Fri sedang belajar bahasa Inggris sekarang).



I’m living with my sister until I find an apartment.



The students are listening the teacher.



The students are not listening the teacher.



Are the students listening to the teacher ?

Kata keterangan waktu yang biasa digunakan : 

Now



Right now



At the moment

HABITUAL

1. Used To + Infinitive (Kebiasaan Masa Lampau)

Eg. Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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I used to go to school on foot (Saya dulu biasa pergi ke sekolah jalan kaki). It means : I no longer go to school on foot.



Andi used to play tennis on Sunday. It means : Andi doesn’t play tennis on Sunday anymore.



Imam didn’t use to go out very often until he met Juli. It means : Imam go out very often because he meet Juli. NOTE : Habitual ini selalu bentuk past tense, tidak ada bentuk presetnya, jika dibuat present maka artinya berubah.

2. To Be Used To + Ving = To Be Accustomed to + Ving = Biasa, Terbiasa

Eg. 

Fri is used to meeting Maddi Jane at7 o’clock (Fri biasa makan pada pukul 7). Or



Fri is accustomed to meeting Maddi Jane at 7 o’clock (Fri biasa makan pada pukul 7).

3. Get Used To + Ving = Become accustomed To + Ving = Menjadi Terbiasa

Eg. 

We got used to cooking our own food when we had to live alone (Kami menjadi terbiasa memasak makanan kami sendiri ketika kami harus hidup sendiri). Or



We become accustomed cooking our own food when we had to live alone (Kami menjadi terbiasa memasak makanan kami sendiri ketika kami harus hidup sendiri).

LATIHAN 1. Andi doesn’t smoke anymore but he ………… (smoke) 45 cigarettes a day. Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio 2. Having lived alone, I …………… (get up) at 05.00 A.M. 3. When I was a elementary grader I ……… (like) apple, but now I don’t like it anymore. 4. Because I live in the big city, I ……….. (cook) by using gas st ove. 5. I …………. (have) many friends, but now, I don’t have many friends. I didn’t use to use Rasengan to defeat the enemies.

Sumber gambar : http://www.fanpop.com/clubs/uzumaki-narutoshippuuden/images/25696756/title/naruto-nine-tails-chakra-mode

PASSIVE VOICE Passive voice merupakan kalimat pasif, ini merupakan slah satu grammer yang paling sering digunakan dalam lisan maupun tulisan.

28

FORMULA

JAN

PRESENT 1. Simple Present Tense

S + IS/AM/ARE + V 3 Eg. 

The flower is watered by my mother every morning.


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The song is sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish is eaten by me every night.

2. Present Continuous Tense

S + AM/IS/ARE + BEING + V 3 Eg. 

The flower is being watered by my mother.



The song is being sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish is being eaten by me.

3. Present Perfect Tense

S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V 3 Eg. 

The flower has been watered by my mother.



The song has been sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish has been eaten by me.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

S + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + BEING + V 3 Eg. 

The flower has been being watered by my mother.



The song has been being sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish has been being eaten by me.

PAST 1. Simple Past Tense

S + WAS/WERE + V 3 Eg. 

The flower was watered by my mother.



The song was sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish was eaten by me.

2. Past Continuous Tense

S + WAS/WERE + BEING + V 3 Eg. 

The flower was being watered by my mother.


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The song was being sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish was being eaten by me.

3. Past Perfect Tense

S + HAD + BEEN + V 3 Eg. 

The flower had been watered by my mother.



The song had been sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish had been eaten by me.

4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

S + HAD + BEEN + BEING + V 3 Eg. 

The flower had been being watered by my mother.



The song had been being sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish had been being eaten by me.

FUTURE 1. Simple Future Tense

S + WILL + BE + V 3 Eg. 

The flower will be watered by my mother.



The song will be sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish will be eaten by me.

2. Future Continuous Tense

This photo will be posted on Facebook.

S + WILL + BE + BEING + V 3 Eg. 

The flower will be being watered by my mother.



The song will be being sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish will be being eaten by me.

3. Future Perfect Tense

S + WILL + HAVE + BEEN + V 3 Eg. 

The flower will have been watered by my mother.


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The song will have been sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish will have been eaten by me.

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

S + WILL + HAVE + BEEN +BEING + V 3 Eg. 

The flower will have been being watered by my mother.



The song will have been being sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish will have been being eaten by me.

MODALS

S + CAN/MAY/MUST + BE + V 3 Eg. 

The flower may be watered by my mother.



The song must be sung by Maddi Jane every her concert.



The cooked fish can be eaten by me.

ADVERB OF MANNER Adverb of manner adalah kata yang menerangkan kata kerja (kecuali linking verb). Bentuk adverb of manner adalah adjective + ly. Perhatikan beberapa contoh berikut. ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

Bright

Brightly

Quick

Quickly

Slow

Slowly

Fluent

Fluently

Careful

Carefully

Khusus untuk good bentuk adverbnya well. Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio Ada juga beberapa adjective yang bentuknya sama dengan adverbnya, perhatikan contoh berikut.

ADJECTIVE

ADVERB

Fast

Fast

Early

Early

Late

Late

Hard

Hard

I must finish this work fast.

Eg. 

He speaks English fluently (Dia berbicara bahasa inggris dengan fasih).



You know ! I can ride this motorcycle very fast (Kamu tahu ! Saya bias mengendarai sepeda motor ini dengan sangat cepat).



She can’t play the violin well .



I have worked hard to finish this assignment.



My teacher asked me not to come late to the school.

LATIHAN Change these sentences into good English. 1. Saya adalah pelari cepat. 2. Saya berlari dengan cepat. 3. Ini adalah pekerjaan yang sangat berat untuk dilakukuan oleh ku. 4. Saya bekerja keras untuk menyelesaikan tugas itu kemarin. 5. Saya kursus bahasa inggris agar saya bias berbicara bahasa inggris dengan bagus dan fasih.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE


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Fri Wardana Nasutio Simple future tense adalah kalimat yang mengatakan kejadian di masa depan, dengan menggunakan shall/will. Kategori penggunaan Simple Future Tense : 1. Kita menggunakan simple future tense ketika tidak ada rencana atau keputusan untuk melakukan sesuatu sebelum kita bicara. Kita membuat rencana secara spontan pada saat kita sedang berbicara. 2. Kita juga sering menggunakan Simple future tense untuk membuat prediksi tentang masa yang akan datang. Perlu diingat bahwa tidak ada rencana yang telah direncanakan sebelumnya. Kita menyampaikan kira-kira akan terjadi.

FORMULA UNTUK KALIMAT NOMINAL Kita bias menggunakan ini bahkan jika sudah direncanakan sebelum bicara. S + WILL + BE + NOUN/ADJECTIVE/ADVERB (+) S + WILL + NOT + BE + NOUN/ADJECTIVE/ADVERB (-) WILL + S + BE + NOUN/ADJECTIVE/ADVERB ? Eg. 

I will be a professor in the future.



She will be my girl friend later.



We shall be successful men in the future.

FORMULA UNTUK KALIMAT VERBAL Ini digunakan jika kita belum membuat rencana sebelum berbicara, sehingga hanya spontannya saja, namun memiliki kemungkinan terjadi di masa depan. S + WILL + V1 + O/C (+) S + WILL + NOT + V1 + O/C (-) WILL + S + V1 + O/C ? Atau untuk subjek I dan we kita boleh menggunakan SHALL. Eg. 

I will come to your house tomorrow.



I will not come to your party if you don’t invite me.



She will finish his education next week.



I will not pick you up tomorrow.



Will you like my next performance ?


We will make a boyband

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Fri Wardana Nasutio 3. To be Going to

Ini artinya sama dengan will, namun ini digunakan apabila kita telah memutuskan melaksanakan sesuatu setelah direncanakan sebelumnya.

Eg. 

I’m going to go to Jakarta tomorrow.



She is going to cook in the restaurant tomorrow.



We will see next year.

KATA KETERANGAN WAKTU YANG BIASA DIPAKAI 

Tomorrow



Next week



Next month



Next year



The day after tomorrow



In a short time



This week



This morning



This year



This month



Soon



Later



Today



Tonight



etc

SIMPLE PAST TENSE


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Fri Wardana Nasutio Simple past tense merupakan kalimat yang menyatakan kejadian yang berlangsung di masa lalu, namun tidak ada hubungannya lagi pada masa sekarang, ini berarti kejadian tersebut tidak berlanjut lagi pada masa sekarang.

FORMULA UNTUK KALIMAT NOMINAL S + Was/Were + Noun/Adjective/Adverb (+) S + Was/Were + Not + Noun/Adjective/Adverb (-) Was/Were + S + Noun/Adjective/Adverb ?

Eg. 

I was tired because of deadline activities yesterday.



They were in the police station two days ago.



She was mine yesterday.



We were in the speech contest yesterday, but none was there.

FORMULA UNTUK KALIMAT VERBAL S + V2 + O/C (+) S + Did + Not + V1 + O/C (-) Did + S + V1 + O/C ? Eg. 

I went to the market to look for an unique gift for m y younger sister.



She heard a beautiful music on my mobile phone yesterday.



I won the match because I trained well.



He asked me to do his assignment because he was too lazy to study hard.



I bought the camera to finish my optical assignment.

KETERANGAN WAKTU YANG SERING DIGUNAKAN DALAM SIMPLE PAST TENSE



Yesterday



Two days ago



This morning (tadi pagi)


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Last night



Two hours ago



Two weeks ago



Last month



Last week



Two months ago



Just now

THE CORRECT ADJECTIVES ORDER Terkadang dalam bahasa Inggris kita sering membuat kalimat dengan menggunakan lebih dari satu kata sifat. Dalam hal ini kita haruslah mengetahui urutan-urutan kata sifat tersebut, yang mana yang harus lebih dulu dan yang mana yang terakhir.

Eg. 

I have short black hair.



She has a big blue house.

Agar kita tidak bingung dalam menyusun adjectives tersebut, perhatikan aturan di bawah ini.

Determiner – Opini – Ukuran – Usia – Bentuk – Warna – Asal-usul – Material -Purpose + Noun (kata benda)

DISINGKAT DENGAN : DOSASCOMP + NOUN

 Determiner

Ini merupakan kata asndang atau articles. Contoh the, a, an.

 Opini/opinion

ini menjelaskan opini kita tentang sesuatu benda. Misalnya: beautiful, silly, horrible, handsome. Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

Page 26

Fri Wardana Nasutio  Size/ukuran

ini menjelaskan ukuran dari benda itu, misalnya: big, small, little, large, tiny,dll.

 Age/umur/usia

ini adalah umur atau usia benda tersebut. misalnya: old, new, young, ancient. Shape/bentuk ini menjelaskan bentuk benda tersebut. misalnya: square, circle, flat , round, dll.  Color/warna

ini menjelaskan warna benda tersebut.  Origin/asal usul

ini untuk menjelaskna asal ususl bend tersebut, misalnya: lunar, Indonesian, American,dll.  Material

ini menjelaskan material atau bahan buatan benda tersebut. misalnya; wooden, metal, cotton,dll.  Purpose

untuk menjelaskan tujuan benda itu atau mamfaat benda itu. misalnya: sleeping (mislanya pada : sleeping bag) Eg. 

a silly young English man a=determiner silly=opinion young=age English=origin man=noun



black straight hair


Page 27

Fri Wardana Nasutio black=color straight=shape hair=noun

Aturan di atas adalah aturan yang biasa dipakai, dan tentu dengan mengikuti aturan di atas, susunan adjective yang kita buat akan menjadi benar. Disamping itu perlu diketahui bahwa urutan-urutan adjective tidaklah tetap, dan aturan di atas adalah aturan yang umum yang biasa dipakai seperti yang telah saya katakan sebelumnya. Determiner adalah kata seperti a, an, the, this, that. Kata-kata ini juga merupakan jenis adjective. I must finish this hard big project uickl .

Eg. 

a beautiful, purple doll



a small, square table

Adjective yang merupakan opini ditempatkan sebelum adjective yang merupakan fakta. Eg. 

“A long, dark tunnel” atau “A long dark tunnel” keduanya dapat dipakai.

Dengan dua atau lebih adjective warna, digunakan and. Eg. 

She has a black and white kitten.

Dua adjective selain warna tidak menggunakan and. Eg. 

She has a little black kitten.

LATIHAN Susunlah kata kerja yang di dalam kurung agar menjadi susunan yang tepat ! Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

Page 28

Fri Wardana Nasutio 1. She has (false, black, beautiful, thick) hair. 2. Fri saw (wooden, the, most ugly, round) table this morning. 3. She looks so elegant in her (wool, Italian, long) coat. 4. This is (metal, most unusual, the, modern) sculpture in this museum. 5. They bought a lot of (Indian, antique, interesting) furnitures on the trip. 6. It’s wonderful to have enough money to buy (red, small, plastic, French) chairs. 7. I like (beautiful, the, wooden, red) door with that (yellow, old) bell. 8. I think it’s just (an, round, old, enormous) thing.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Kita menggunakan present perfect tense jika pekerjaan yang kita lakukan pada masa lampau masih ada hubungannya dengan masa sekarang. Pada dasarnya ada 3 hal penggunaan present perfect tens ini. 1. Experience (pengalaman) 2. Change (perubahan) 3. Continuing situation (situasi yang berkelanjutan)

FORMULA UNTUK KALIMAT NOMINAL I/YOU/WE/THEY + HAVE + BEEN + NOUN/ADJECTIVE/ADVERB (+) HE/SHE/IT + HAS + BEEN + NOUN/ADJECTIVE/ADVERB (+)

I/YOU/WE/THEY + HAVE + NOT + BEEN + NOUN/ADJECTIVE/ADVERB (-) HE/SHE/IT + HAS + NOT + BEEN + NOUN/ADJECTIVE/ADVERB (-)

HAVE + I/YOU/WE/THEY + BEEN + NOUN/ADJECTIVE/ADVERB ? HAS + HE/SHE/IT + BEEN + NOUN/ADJECTIVE/ADVERB ?

FORMULA UNTUK KALIMAT VERBAL Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio I/YOU/WE/THEY + HAVE + V3 + O/C (+) HE/SHE/IT + HAS+ V3 + O/C (+)

I/YOU/WE/THEY + HAVE + NOT + V3 + O/C (-) HE/SHE/IT + HAS + NOT + V3 + O/C (-)

HAVE + I/YOU/WE/THEY + V3 + O/C ? HAS + HE/SHE/IT+ V3 + O/C ?

1. Experience

Kita sering menggunakan present perfect tense untuk berbicara tentang pengalaman yang tentunya namanya pengalaman pasti dari masa lampau, tapi kita tidak tertarik itu terjadi kapan. Eg. 

I have seen Fri, the president of Cerdas dan Beriman Page.



I has lived in England for 3 years



Have you ever been to the zoo ?

Hubungan dengan masa lampau : kejadiannya di masa lampau. Hubungannya dengan masa sekarang : saat ini di kepala saya, saya mempunyai

ingatan tentang kejadian itu. Saya tahu tentang kejadian itu saya mengalaminya.

2. Change

Kita juga menggunakan present perfect tense untuk berbicara tentang change (perubahan) atau informasi baru. Eg. 

The police have arrested the killer (ada perubahan karena sebelumnya si pembunuh belum tertangkap).



Has the price gone up ? (berarti sebelumnya harganya berbeda dengan sekarang).



He has bought a car (berarti sebelumnya ia belum punya mobil, tapis sekarang sudah punya).


Page 30

Fri Wardana Nasutio 3. Continuing Situation

Ini adalah pernyataan yang dimulai di masa lampau yang terus berlangsung samapi masa sekarang dan mungkin akan terus berlangsung sampai masa yang akan datang. Kalimatnya adalah pernyataan (bukan perbuatan). Kita sering menggunakan for dan since pada kalimat yang seperti ini. Eg. 

I have worked here since January.



She has been ill for 3 days.



How long have you known Tiara ?

Hubungan dengan masa lampau : situasinya bermula di masa lampau. Hubungan dengan masa sekarang : situasinya masih terus berlanjut pada masa

sekarang.

Perhatikan perbedaan antara he has gone to I tali a dan he has been to I tal ia. 

Fri is on holiday, he has gone to Italia. (he is there now)



Fri is back in Indonesia now. He has been to Italia. (he was there but now he has come back).

KETERANGAN WAKTU YANG BIASA DIGUNAKAN



Already



Ever



For



Just



I has been a pirate since I was born.

Never



Recently



Since



Yet



Until today



after



before


Page 31

Fri Wardana Nasutio

FOR(SELAMA) AND SINCE(SEJAK)

For

Since

For 2 days

Since January

For a week

Since2 years ago

For 6 months

Since Monday

For 3 years

Since I left the school

Untuk semua tense

Hanya Perfect tense

For

Eg. 

I study for 8 hours every day.



I’m studying for 8 hours today



I have seen you for 6 days



I have been doing this test for 5 hours but, I have not found the answer.



I worked in the barber for 2 weeks.



I will go abroad for a weeks.

Since biasanya digunakan hanya untuk jenis perfect tense

Eg. 

I have been ill since 2 days ago.



He has been working since he arrived.



I had lived in Jakarta since 17 years ago when I was child.

ELIPTICAL CONSTRUCTION Eliptical digunakan untuk mengeefektifkan kalimat yang memiliki peristiwa atau sesuatu yang sama. Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

Page 32

Fri Wardana Nasutio 1. So and Too (Juga) SO and Too hanya digunakan pada kalimat positif. FORMULA And + So + Auxiliary verb + S And + S + Auxiliary verb + Too Eg. 

He is a student and I am a student.  He is a student and so am I (dia adalah seorang siswa dan begitu juga

saya).  He is a student and I am too (dia adalah seorang siswa dan saya juga). 

Fri must take the decision now and Ihsan must take the decision now.  Fri must take the decision now and so must Ihsan (Fri harus

mengambil keputusan sekarang dan begitu juga degan Ihsan).  Fri must take the decision now and Ihsan must too (Fri harus

mengambil keputusan sekarang dan Ihsan juga). 

Pita bought a beautiful dress and Ajeng bought a beautiful dress.  Pita bought a beautiful dress and so did Ajeng (Pita membeli baju dan

begitu juga dengan Ajeng).  Pita bought a beautiful dress and Ajeng did too (Pita membeli baju dan

Ajeng juga). 

I have finished doing my homework and she has finished doing her homework.  I have finished doing my homework and so has she.  I have finished doing my homework and she has too.

2. Either and Neither (tidak juga) Either and neither hanya digunakan untuk kalimat negative. FORMULA And + Neither + Auxiliary verb + S And + S + Auxiliary verb + Not + Either Eg. 

He is not a student and I am not a student.


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Fri Wardana Nasutio  He is not a student and neither am I (dia bukan seorang siswa dan

begitu juga saya).  He is not a student and I am not either (dia bukan seorang siswa dan

saya juga). 

Fri must not take the decision now and Ihsan must not take the decision now.  Fri must not take the decision now and neither must Ihsan (Fri tidak

harus mengambil keputusan sekarang dan begitu juga degan Ihsan).  Fri must not take the decision now and Ihsan must not either (Fri tidak

harus mengambil keputusan sekarang dan Ihsan juga). 

Pita didn’t buy a beautiful dress and Ajeng didn’t buy a beautiful dress.  Pita didn’t buy a beautiful dress and neither did Ajeng (Pita tidak

membeli baju dan begitu juga dengan Ajeng).  Pita didn’t buy a beautiful dress and Ajeng didn’t either (Pita tidak

membeli baju dan Ajeng juga). 

I have not finished doing my homework and she has not finished doing her homework.  I have not finished doing my homework and neither has she.  I have not finished doing my homework and she has not either.

3. But (tapi) Digunakan untuk menyatakan dua hal yang berlawanan. Eg. 

He is a student but I am not (dia adalah seorang siswa tapi saya tidak).



He does his homework but I don’t (dia mengerjakan PRnya tapi saya tidak).



He has not taken a bath but I have (dia belum mandi tapi saya sudah).



Fri didn’t sell his creation but I did.

LATIHAN Isilah titik titik di bawah ini dengan benar, subjectnya terserah anda ! 1. We don’t meet the man and …. 2. He heard the sound of violence from the room but …. Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

Page 34

Fri Wardana Nasutio 3. I have learn English since 5 years ago and …. 4. Fri can make an English book but …. 5. I will get there soon and …. 6. Elia is a nurse and …. 7. The students make beautiful carvings and …. 8. Irvan sings loudly but …. 9. The boys are not tired and …. 10. She doesn’t take a Music course but ….

QUESTION TAG Tag question adalah susunan khusus dalam bahasa inggris. Ini adalah sebuah pernyataan yang diikuti oleh suatu pertanyaan mini. Semua kalimat disebut “tag question,” dan pertanyaan mininya terletak di akhir disebut “question tag.” Question tag berguna untuk menekankan pertanyaan. FORMULA Positive statement, negative tag ? Negative statement, positive tag ?

Perhatikan contoh berikut ! Positive Statement Subject

Auxiliary

Negative Tag Auxiliary

Not

Note Personal

Pada

Pronoun

negative

I

Am

Coming

Are

n’t

I?

tag,

We

Have

Finished

Have

n’t

We ?

auxiliary

You

Should

Take

Should

n’t

You ?

harus

They

Can

Make

Can

’t

They ?

disambung

He

Must

Go

Must

n’t

He ?

dengan

Come

does

n’t

She ?

not

Go

May

n’t

We ?

dengan

She We

May


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Fri Wardana Nasutio

I

Am

A

are

student

I?

n’t

singkatan

Penting amn’t SALAH, harus diganti dengan Aren’t karena am dan not tidak bias disingkat

Negative Statement

Positive Tag

Auxiliary

I

Am

Not

Coming

am

I?

We

Have

Not

Finished

Have

We ?

You

Should

Not

Take

Should

You ?

They

Can

Not

Make

Can

They ?

He

Must

Not

Go

Must

He ?

Not

Come

does

She ?

She

Not

Auxiliary

Personal

Subject

Pronoun

We

May

Not

Go

May

We ?

I

Am

Not

A student

am

I?

Yang berikut ini question tag untuk kasus-kasus khusus. I am right, aren’t I?

Aren’t I (not amn’t I)

You have to go, don’t you ?

You (do) have to go

I have been answering, haven’t I ?

Use first auxiliary

Nothing came in the post, did it ?

Treat statement with nothing, nobody, etc like negative statement.

Let’s go, shall we ?

Let’s = let us

He’d better do it, hadn’t he ?

Had better (no auxiliary)

VARIOUS TOPICS A. Enough with Adjectives, Adverb, and Noun Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

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Fri Wardana Nasutio Posisi enough bias berubah tergantung apabila menjelaskan kata sifat atau kata benda. We are handsome ADJECTIVE

enough to be idol. + ENOUGH

ADVERB

Eg. 1. It is cold enough to go out. 2. Fri is well enough in giving material about English.

ENOUGH + NOUN

1. Do you have enough money to buy the book. 2. I have enough experience to be a president of Indonesia. 3. Everyone must have enough skill to be what he or she wants.

B. Cause Connectors Because dan because of Because harus diikuti oleh kalimat komplit (harus ada kata kerja). Sedangkan because of hanya diikuti oleh kata benda atau kumpulan kata yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda.

FORMULA BECAUSE + SUBJECT + VERB BECAUSE OF + NOUN (PHRASE)

Eg. 1. Fri was worried because it had started to rain. 2. Fri was worried because of the rain. Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

Page 37

Fri Wardana Nasutio 3. The student arrived late because there was the traffic jam. 4. The student arrived late because of traffic jam.

C. Still / Anymore / Any Longer / No Longer Gunakan still untuk situasi yang masih berlangsung. Biasanya posisinya di tengah kalimat. Eg. 1. It’s 07.00 A.M. and Fri is still in bed. (Jam 07.00 pagi, Fri masih tidur). 2. When he came to my bed, I was still doing my home assignment. 3. Do you still love him ? Tapi ketika berubah jadi negative atau situasinya berubah, maka gunakan (anymore, any longer, no more, dan no longer = tidak lagi). Khusus untuk kata no longer dan no more gunakan di tengah kalimat, yang lainnya letakkan di akhir kalimat. Eg. 1. She doesn’t love me anymore atau She doesn’t love me any longer(dia tidak mencintaiku lagi). 2. We are no longer friends atau we are no more friends. 3. He is not a teacher any more atau he is not a teacher any longer.

D. Purpose and Result Ketika kita ingin membuat kalimat untuk menunjukkan tujuan dan hasil, bisa menggunakan pola kalimat dengan menggunakan so that (supaya / agar). FORMULA S + Verb + So that + S + Verb

Eg. 1. I wanna be an astronaut so that I can reach the moon. 2. He studied hard so that he could pass the final examination. 3. I’m learning English so that I am able to speak English fluently.

E. Cause and Effect Pola kalimatnya menggunakan that ( sehingga). FORMULA Cerdas dan Beriman https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cerdas-dan-Beriman/281341425298667 Twitter : @fri_wardana

Page 38

Fri Wardana Nasutio S + Verb/to be + so + Adjective / Adverb + that + S + Verb

Eg. 1. Fri ran so fast that he broke the world record 2. The mountain is so high that I can’t climb it 3. The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it. Atau dengan FORMULA S + Verb/to be + Such + Noun + that + S + Ver b

Eg. 1. Fri is such a smart student that he can answer all the teacher’s question. 2. Yenny Diviana is such a beautiful girl that many boys like her. 3. Maddi Jane is such a beautiful singer that she can be famous easily. 4. We don’t met for such a long time that I almost forget you. 5. It was such a good that it was agreed by them.

F. Either / Neither FORMULA Neither + Noun + nor + Singular Noun + Singular Verb Either + Noun + or + Singular Noun + Singular Verb Eg. 

Either Fri or Maddi Jane likes English song (Baik Fri maupun Maddi suka lagu bahasa Inggris).



Neither Fri nor Maddi Jane likes English song (Baik Fri maupun Maddi tidak suka lagu bahasa Inggris).

FORMULA Neither + Noun + nor + Plural Noun + Plural Verb Either + Noun + or + Plural Noun + Plural Verb Eg. 

Either Fri or They like English song (Baik Fri maupun mereka suka lagu bahasa Inggris).


Page 39


Neither Fri nor they like English song (Baik Fri maupun mereka tidak suka lagu bahasa Inggris).





Either Andi or we have done this assignment. Neither we nor they liked to try everything.

Adjtive Clause

Ini digunakan untuk membentuk satu kalimat dari 2 kalimat yang berbeda, dengan connectors : 

That untuk orang atau benda sebagai S/O



Which untuk benda sebagai S/O



Who untuk orang sebagai Subject



Whom untuk orang sebagai Object



Whose untuk kepunyaan



Where untuk tempat



That Eg. 1. Fri met a girl. The girl is a famous singer. Fri met a girl that is a famous singer. 2. Fri bought a bag. The bag cost Rp 150.000. Fri bought a bag that cost Rp 150.000.



Which Eg. 1. The bag is on the table. The bag is mine. The bag which is on the table is mine.


Page 40

Fri Wardana Nasutio 2. The house is located in Jakarta. The house has 7 r ooms. The house which is located in Jakarta has 7 rooms. 3. My mother bought the motor cycle. The motor cycle has 5 gears. My mother bought the motorcycle which has 5 gears.



Who Eg. 1. I’m the one. I will be standing until the end. I’m the one who will be standing until the end. 2. Maddi Jane is a famous singer. Maddi Jane lives in Chicago. Maddi Jane is a famous singer who lives in Chicago. 3. The woman is a novelist. The woman is buying a record. The woman who is buying a record is a novelist.



Whom Eg. 1. Mr. Andi is a lecturer. I don’t like Mr. Andi. Mr. Andi whom I don’t like is a lecturer. 2. Maddi Jane lives in Chicago. I love Maddi Jane. Maddi Jane whom I love, lives in Chicago. 3. She will be a famous novelist. I will help her. She whom I will help, will be a famous novelist.



Whose Eg. 1. I found the cat. The cat’s leg was broken. I found the cat whose leg was broken. 2. I met the man. The man’s novel is very famous. I met the man whose novel is very famous. 3. I will meet the man. The man’s motorcycle was stolen. I will meet the man whose motorcycle was stolen.



Where 1. Do you know the university ? I study in the university.


Page 41

Bahas Grammar

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