SIMPLE PRESENT Simple present tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu peristiwa, kejadian, kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang atau merupakan suatu kebiasan habit. I leave for office at 7 every morning. My brother works five days a week I get up at 6 a.m. every day. Simple present digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu fakta (fact ) atau suatu yang merupakan kebenaran umum (general truth). The sun shines in the east and sets up in the west. The River Nile flow into Mediteranian. Cows give milk and sheep give wool. Simple present digunakan untuk menunjukan sesuatu yang akan terj adi pada waktu yang akan datang jika kita membicarakan suatu jadwal, program dan lain-lain. The second film begin at 9 p.m. The first train leaves at 10 a.m. Tomorrow is Friday. Pada umumnya, kata kerja ditambah dengan akhiran “s” jika subjeknya orang ketiga tunggal (the third person singular – he/she/it ) I work work six six days a week We play tennis every Saturday morning.
John plays tennis every Saturday morning. Yull works six days a week
Akhiran “es” digunakan pada kata kerja yang akhirnya “ s, ch, sh, o”, jika subjeknya orang ketiga tunggal. Kata kerja yang huruf akhirnya ”y” dan didahului huruf mati, y ditukar dengan ”i”, kemudian ditambah ”es”. I pass your house every day. You watch wa tch TV. TV. I study English twice a week
He passes your house every day She watches TV He studies English twice a week
Pattern Kalimat
Affirmative (+)
Negative (-)
Interrogative (?)
Keterangan
I am a teacher
S + To be (am, is, are)
S + To be + not
To be + S
Kalimat Nominal
He plays ays fo foot ba ball
S + Verb I + s/ s/es
S + Do not/Does not Verb I
Do/Does + S + Verb I
Kalimat Verbal
You can go to school
S + Aux (can,may,must, (can,may,must, dll.)
S + Aux + Not
Aux + S
Kata Bantu
Tanda Waktu : always, as a rule, generally, normally, normally, usually, often, every day, every week, ever y month, every year, every evening, every Monday, Monday, in the morning, in march.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang atau berlangsung saat kita sedang bicara. Jack is painting the house. Mother is serving our dinner. They are working in the garden. Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang bersifat sementara. Breda is always busy because she is working on her thesis. Jack is staying in my friend’s flat at the moment. His elder brother is working in a bank. Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu keadaa atau situasi yang berubahubah. The cost of living in our country is increasing. The population of the world is rising very fast. Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan sesuatu yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang dan telah direncanakan/ditentukan sebelumnya. I am spending my vacation in Bali next week. We are working in this building next week. Beberapa kata kerja tidak digunakan dalam present tense.Kata kerja yang tidak diguanakan dalam present countinuous : Belong Know Remember Believe Love See Hear Need
Seem Hate Prefer Understand Forget Realize Want
Contoh : Salah She is knowing them all. I am understanding what you say.
Benar She knows them all. I understand what you say.
Pattern Kalimat I am writ writin ing g the the lett letter er now now
Affirmative (+)
Negative (-)
Interrogative (?)
S + To be be + V (in (ing) g) S + To be be + not not + V (in (ing) g) To be be + S + V (in (ing) g)
Keterangan Kali Kalima matt Ver Verba ball
Tanda Waktu : Now, Now, right now, to day, soon, at present, this morning, this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow, tomorrow, in a few days
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. They occupied the house for ten years. John has studied English for two years. My elder brother has worked here for three years Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih ada hubungannya denganwaktu sekarang atau akibatnya dapat dilihat/dirasakan sekarang. He has just bought a new motorcycle. Linda has passed from senior high school Jack has just left for office Present perfect tense te nse juga digunakan dengan “this morning, this afternoon, today, this month, this year“ untuk menunjukan bahwa sesuatu kejadian atau perbuatan telah dilakukan berulang-ulang kali I have tried to contact her three times this morning The man has visited this city twice this month. He have smoked six cigarette cigarett e today. today. Pattern Kalimat
Affirmative (+)
Negative (-)
Interrogative (?)
Wulan has brought my book
S + have/has + Verb bentuk III
S + have/has + not + Verb Have/h Have/has as + S + Verb III III
Kalima Kalimatt Verb Verbal al
I have been here since morning
S + have have/h /has as + been been
S + have have/h /has as + not not + been been
Kali Kalima matt Verba erball
Have Have/h /has as + S +bee +been n
Keterangan
Tanda Waktu : Once, twice, just, already a lready,, so far, never, ever, many time, this week, for an hour, several times, at last, since
PRESENT PERFECT CONTONUOUS TENSE Present perfect continuos tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau, masih berlangsung sampai sekarang dan masih akan berlangsung padawaktu yang akan datang. I’ve been living here for three years. Jenny has been studying English for ten months.
Present perfect continuos tense juga digunakan untuk menanyakan atau menyatakan sudah berapa lama berlangsungnya suatu kejadian atau peristiwa. How long has he been studying IT? Have you been waiting for me long? Present perfect continuos tense juga digunakan dengan ”how long, since atau for” untuk menunjukan suatau kegiatan atau peristiwa berulang-ulang. Jack has been playing football since he was ten years old. My father has been smoking for twenty years. Pattern Kalimat I have been learning English for a year
Affirmative (+)
Negative (-)
Interrogative (?)
Keterangan
S + have/has + been + Verb S + have/has + not + been Have/has + S + been + Verb I + Kalimat Verbal I + (ing) + Verb I + (ing) (ing
Tanda Waktu : For, since, long, for over two years, the whole day, day, since , all morning, the whole night
Verb Tense Tense Exercise 1 Simple Present / Present Continuous 1. Every Monday, Monday, Sally (drive) ________ her kids to football practice. 2. Usually, I (work) _________ as a secretary at ABT, ABT, but this summer I (study)________ French at a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris. 3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep) __________ . 4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain)__________ . 5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always)________ . 6. I'm sorry I can't c an't hear what you (say) (sa y) ________ because everybody (talk) ___________ so loudly. loudly. 7. Justin (write, currently) __________ a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can f ind a good publisher when he is finished. 8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight? Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go)_______ to a movie tonight with some friends. 9. The business cards (be, normally ) ___________ printed by a company in New York. York. Their prices (be) _________ inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good. 10. This delicious chocolate (be) _________ made by a small chocolatier in Zurich, Switzerland.
Verb Tense Tense Exercise 2 Simple Present / Present Continuous A Trekking Journal November 12, 1997 Today (be) ______ the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am exhausted and my legs (shake) ________; I just hope I am able to complete the trek. My feet (kill, really)________ me and my toes (bleed)_______ , but I (want, still)_______ to continue. Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be) _______ so different, and I (try) ______ to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn) ______ a little bit of the language to make communication easier; unfortunately, I (learn, not) ________ foreign languages quickly. Although I (understand, not) ________ much yet, I belie ve that I (improve, ( improve, gradually) ___________. I (travel, currently) _________ with Liam, a student from Leeds University in England. He (be) _________ a nice guy, guy, but impatient. He (walk, always) _________ ahead of me and (complain) __________ that I am too slow. I (do) ________ my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and stronger than I am. Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old. Right now, now, Liam (sit) ________ with the owner of the inn. They (discuss) ________ the differences between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not) ________ the real name of the owner, but everybody (call, just) ________ him Tam. Tam. Tam Tam (speak) ________ English very ver y well and he (try) ________ to teach Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say) ________a new word, Liam (try) ________ to repeat it. Unfortunately, Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also) ________ to have difficulty learning foreign languages. I just hope we don't get lost and have to ask for directions.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Simple past tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu peristiwa, kejadian, atau kedaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau I met my music teacher yesterday. My mother bought a new carpet c arpet last Sunday. Rendy closed the window five minutes ago. The students presented their project work this morning.
K ata ata kerja beraturan (regular verb) dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran “d/ed” pada kata kerja pertama (infinitive). Jika kata kerja berkakhiran huruf ”d” atau ”y” akhiran ”ed” diucapkan ”id”.
I wanted to see the Personal Manager yesterday. He decided to return to Bali.
K ata ata kerja yang tidak beraturan (irregular verb) tidak dibentuk dengan menmabahkan akhiran “d/ed” pad akata kerja. Kata kerja tidak beraturan mempunyai bentuk tersendiri.
I bought this map last week She went to Indonesia six weeks ago Pattern Kalimat
Affirmative (+)
Negative (-)
Interrogative (?)
I bought a book two days ago
S + Verb bentuk II
S + did + not + Verb I
Did + S + Verb I
Amy could come to my office yesterday
S + Aux (could, might, must)
I was a student last year
S + To be (was/were)
S + Aux (could, might, must) Aux Aux (cou (could ld,, mig might ht,, mus must) t) + S + not S + To be (was/were) + not
To be (was/were) + S
Keterangan Kalimat Verbal Kata Kata bant bantu u Kalimat Nominal
Tanda Waktu : Yesterday, esterday, last Monday, Monday, an hour ago, the day before yesterday yesterda y, last year, last night, in 1945, the other day
PAST CONTINUOUS
Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada suatu saat tertentu di waktu lampau We were watching TV at 09.00 o’clock last night I was doing my homework at 2 p.m yesterday Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada waktu lampau, kemudian kejadian lain menyusul When my father came home last night, my little sister was watching TV Jack were waiting for a bus whe I met him yesterday afternoon Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada saat yang sama di waktu lampau While father was reading an book, the children were watching TV We were discussing the lesson le sson while professor was speaking to his guest. Patern Kalimat He was reading a book when father watched TV
Affirmative (+)
Negative (-)
Interrogative (?)
Keterangan
S + To be (was/were) + Verb S + To be (was/were) + To be (was/were) + S Kalimat Verbal bentuk I + (ing) not + Verb I + (ing) + Verb I + (ing)
Tanda Waktu : When, while, the whole day da y last Sunday, Sunday, all morning yesterday
PAST PERFECT PERF ECT TENSE
Past perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang telah terjadi pada masa lampu, kemudian kejadian itu lainnya menyusul I had got a permanent job when I decided to marry Jane After John had got a job, his father passed away Past perfect tense digunakan dalam indirect speech jika reporting verb dalam simple past Direct : Robert said, “ I have read the novel twice’”. Indirect : Robert said that he had read the novel twice Past perfect tense digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat tanya bisa digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu past unreak dalamconditionl type III If I had known you that you were threre, we would have come to yuor house If I had found the right buyer, I would have sold the car Pattern Kalimat
Affirmative (+)
Negative (-)
Interrogative (?)
Keterangan
I had been at school when you went to Jakarta
S + had + been
S + had + not + been
Had + S +been
Kalimat Nominal
She had slept when I came S + had + Verb bentuk S + had had + not not + Verb III III Had Had + S + Verb III III last night III
Kali Kalima matt Verbal
Tanda Waktu : Before, after, until, as soon as
Verb Tense Tense Exercise 1 Simple Past / Past Perfect I can't believe I (get) _______ that apartment. I (submit) _______ my application last week, but I didn't think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (show) _______ up to take a look around, there were at least twenty other people who (arrive) _______ before me. Most of them (fill, already) _______ out their applications and were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I did. I (try) _______ to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the questions. They (want) _______ me to include references, but I didn't want to list my previous landlord because I (have) _______ some problems with him in the past and I knew he wouldn't recommend me. I (end) _______ up listing my father as a reference.
It was total luck that he (decide) _______ to give me the apartment. It turns out that the landlord and my father (go) ( go) _______ to high school together. He decided that I could have the apartment before he (look) _______ at my credit report. I really lucked out!
Verb Tense Tense Exercise 2 Past Perfect / Past Perfect Continuous I'm sorry I left without you last night, but I told you to meet me early because the show started at 8:00. I (try) ________ to get tickets for that play for months, and I didn't want to miss it. By the time I finally left the coffee shop where we were supposed to meet, I (have) ________ five cups of coffee and I (wait) ________ over an hour. I had to leave because I (arrange) ________ to meet Kathy in front of the theater. When I arrived at the theater, Kathy (pick, already) ________ up the tickets and she was waiting for us near the entrance. She was really angry because she (wait) ________ for more than half an hour. She said she (give, almost) al most) ________ up and (go) ________ into the theater without us. Kathy told me you (be) ________ late several times in the past and that she would not make plans with you again in the future. She mentioned that she (miss) ________ several movies because of your late arrivals. I think you owe her an apology. apology. And in the future, I suggest you be on time!
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE SHALL/WILL Simple Future tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi atau dilakukan pada waktu yang akan dating. Untuk menunjukan suatu rencana, “will” digunakan untuk semua kata ganti Shall dan will digunakan untuk orang pertama tunggal dan orang pertama jamak, Dalam British English, shall lebih sering digunakan untuk I dan We. We. Namun will untuk semua kata ganti.
I shall/will probably see them next week We shal//will probably see them next week Namun N amun dalam bahasa lisan biasanya digunakan bentuk singkatan yatou I’ll dan We’ll I’ll probably see them next week We ‘ll probably see them next week Will digunakan ketika kita memutuskan akan berbuat sesuatu ketika kit sedang bicara A: What do you want to drink? B: I’ll have some coffee, please Will digunakan untuk menawarkan atau untuk berbuat sesuatu A : This suitcase is very heavy B : I will help you to bring it
Will juga sering digunakan dengan kata-kata kata- kata expect, probably, sure dan think
I expect taht she willcome back tonight I will probably come late tomorrow morning I am sure they will enjoy staying with us for a few days. I think she will win the game Will digunakan untuk menujukan suatu ramalan It will rain hard tonight Who will win the game ? Will you digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu permintaan atau undangan Will you hold the door open,please? Will you lend me the novel,please ? Shall I…..atau Shall we…….(dalam bentuk pertanyaan) digunakan untuk menyarankan atau menawarkan sesuatu Shall I pick him up tomorrow ? Where shall have lunch today ?
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE BE GOING TO
Be going to digunakan untuk menunjukan apabila kita memutuskan akan melakukan atau berbuat sesuatu di masa yang akan datang dan apa yang kita lakukan itu memang telah kita rencanakan atau kita putuskan sebelumnya Pada suatu pagi Mr.Allen berkata pada anaknya, Jcak Mr.Allen : The table in the dinning room is broken. Can you repair it? Jcak : Yes, Yes, father.I am still tired. I will repair it repair it after having lunch Satu jam kemudian Mrs.Allen berkata pada Jcak. Mr.Allen : The table in the dinning room is broken. Can you repair it? Jcak : Yes, Yes, father.has just told. I am still tired and I am going to repair it after having lunch Be going to juga digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi pada waktu yang akan datang berdasarkan suatu pertanda yang ada pada waktu sekarang. I’m feeling not so well.I’m going to be sick Look at those black clouds.It going to rain heavily tonight. tonight . Pattern Kalimat I sha shall be a doc doctor tor
Affirmative (+)
Negative (-)
Interrogative (?)
Keterangan
S +Shal Shall/ l/W Will + Be
S + Shall hall/W /Wil illl + Be +
Sha Shall/W ll/Wil illl + S + Be
Kali Kalim mat Nom Nominal inal
not They They will will help help me
S + Shal Shall/ l/W Will ill + Verb erb ben bentu tuk k S + Shall/Will + not + Shall/Will Shall/ Will + S + Verb I I Verb I
Kalimat Verbal
The train is going to arrive at the station
S + To be + GoingTo + Verb bentuk I
Kalimat Verbal
S + To be + not + Going To + Verb I
To be + S + Going To + Verb I
Tanda Waktu : Tomorrow, omorrow, to night, next week, soon, till, till , this afternoon, after noon, if, when, until
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Future continuous digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang segera akan berlangsung pada suatu saat tertentu di waktu yang akan datang, khusunya apabila kita membayangkan bahwa kita sendiri yang akan melakukannya. Future continuous sering menggunakan kata : work, learn, live, rain, sit, wait, yang biasanya menujukan kontinuitas. They will be working on the new project by next week. By this time next week, I will be returning the book to the library.
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Future continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu yang telah direncanakan atau diputuskan sebelumnya. Dalam hal ini, future continuous tense sama dengan present continuous. I will be spending the winter in Switzerland. Atau I am spending the winter in Switzerland.
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Pattern Kalimat They will be playing foot ball next week
Affirmative (+)
Negative (-)
Interrogative (?)
Keterangan
S + Shall/Will + be + S + Shall/Will + not + be + Shall/Will + S +be + Verb I Kalimat Verbal Verb bentuk I + (ing) Verb I + (ing) + (ing)
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Future perfect tense sering menggunakan “by” dan “not…till/until”. Digunakan untuk menunjukan bahwa suatu kejadian atau peristiwa sudah akan terjadi atau berlangsung sebelum suatu saat tertentu diwaktu yang akan datang. Father will have retiredby the year 2003 Our contractor will have completed the building by the end of this month
Pattern Kalimat
Affirmative (+)
Negative (-)
Interrogative (?)
Keterangan
Rany will have been at S + Shall/Will + have S + Shall/Will + not + have + market + been been
Shall/Will + S + have + Kalimat Nominal been
She will have have brought brought a book S + Shall/Will Shall/Will + have + Verb Verb bentuk III
Shal Shall/ l/W Will ill + S + have have + Ver Verb b III III
S + Shal Shall/ l/W Will ill + not not + hav havee + Verb erb III III
Kali Kalima matt Ver Verba ba
Verb Tense Tense Exercise 1 Will / Be Going To 1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper? B: I (write) _______ a letter to my m y friends back home in Texas. _______________________ __________________________________ _______________________ ________________ ____ 2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up! B: I (get) _______ you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up. _______________________ __________________________________ _______________________ ________________ ____ 3. A: I can't hear the television! B: I (turn) _______ it up so you can hear it. _______________________ __________________________________ _______________________ ________________ ____ 4. We We are so excited e xcited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) _______ Paris, Nice and Grenoble. _______________________ __________________________________ _______________________ ________________ ____ 5. Sarah (come) _______ to the party. party. Oliver (be) _______ there as well. _______________________ __________________________________ _______________________ ________________ ____ 6. Ted: Ted: It is so hot in here! Sarah: I (turn) _______ the air-conditioning on. _______________________ __________________________________ _______________________ ________________ ____ 7. I think he (be) _______ the next President of the United States. _______________________ __________________________________ _______________________ ________________ ____ 8. After I graduate, I (attend) (att end) _______ medical school and become a doctor. doctor. I have wanted to be a doctor all my life. _______________________ __________________________________ _______________________ ________________ ____
9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for four people. B: That man at the service counter (help) _______ you. _______________________ __________________________________ _______________________ ________________ ____ 10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk) _______ down to the beach and go swimming.
Verb Tense Tense Exercise 2 Will / Be Going To 1. Mark: What are you doing with those scissors? Beth: I (cut) _______ that picture of the ocean out of the travel magazine. Mark: What (you, do) _______ with it? Beth: I (paint) _______ a watercolor of the ocean for my art class, and I thought I could use this photograph as a model. 2. Mark: (you, do) _______ me a favor, f avor, Sam? Sam: Sure, what do you want me to do? Mark: I (change) _______ the broken light bulb in the lamp above the dining room table. I need someone to hold the ladder for me while I am up there. Sam: No problem, I (hold) _______ it for you. 3. Gina: Where are you going? Ted: I (go) _______ to the store to pick up some groceries. Gina: What (you, get) _______ ? Ted: I (buy) _______ some milk, some bread, and some coffee. 4. John: Wow, it's freezing out there. Jane: I (make) _______ some coffee to warm us up. Do you want a piece of pie as well? John: Coffee sounds great! But I (have) _______ dinner with some friends later, so I'd better skip the pie. Jane: I (go) _______ to dinner tonight too, but I'm having a piece of pie anyway. anyway. 5. Frank: I heard you're taking a Spanish class at the community college. Tom: Yeah, Yeah, I (go) _______ to Guatemala next spring and I thought knowing a little Spanish would make the trip easier. Frank: I (visit) _______ my brother in Marseilles next year. Maybe I should take a French class. Tom: I have a course catalog in the other room. I (go) _______ get it, and we can see whether or not they're offering a French course c ourse next semester.
CAN/COULD Can dan could artinya dan diikuti d iikuti bare infinitive infinitive (infinitive tanpa to).Jika
subjeknya kalimat orang ketiga tunggal (he,she,it) kata kerja tidak boleh ditambah ‘s’ atau ‘es’. Salah : I can to come to your house tonight. Benar : I can come to your house tonight Salah : He can helps me tomorrow morning Benar : He can help me tomorrow morning.
Penggunaan “Can” a.Permission/Izin You can stay here if you like She can borrow my dictionary b.”Can I” digunakan secara informal untuk minta izin khusunya jika kita bicara dengan seorang yang telah kita kenal. Can I borrow your English dictionary? Can I sit next to you ? c.Possibility/Kemungkinan He can apply for the job if he has a good qualification We can occupy the house next week d.Ability/Kemampuan He can lift that heavy case easily He can wal without seeing. e.Have an opportunity While you are in France you can learn French. I like to play tennis but I can’t c an’t play today as I am very busy. busy.
Penggunaan “Could”
a.Possibility/Kemampuan di waktu yang lampau When he was still young he could ran very fast He could lift the box when he was twenty years old b.Past Permission/Izin di waktu lampau He could datay here for three days They could use my dictionary last week c.”Could I” digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu permintaan yang sopan dan mempunyai arti present atau future
Could I borrow you’re the next week? Whw could you pick us up? d.”Could + have + past participle” digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kemungkinan diwaktu lampau. A: I wonder why John didn’t answer the doorbell when I came last night? B: Well, Well, I suppose he could have left for his village vill age
MAY/MIGHT May dan might artinya boleh dan bisa digunakan untuk semua subject pronoun atau noun.May dan might diikuti bare infinitive (infinitive tanpa to).Jika subjeknya kalimat orang ketiga tunggal (he,she,it) kata kerja tidak boleh ditambah ‘s’ atau ‘es’. Salah : They may to sleep here if they want Benar : They may sleep here if they want Salah : Merry may studies in this room tonight Benar : Merry may study in this room tonight a.Minta atau memberi izin Untuk minta izin,”may I” lebih sopan dari “can I” May I see you in the office tomorrow tonight? You may leave come if you have time b.May/might + infinitive menunjukan suatu kemungkinan John may come tomorrow evening They might return tomorrow afternoon c.May/might + have + past participle digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kemungkinan diwaktu lampau A: I wonder why John didn’t answer the doorbell when I came last night? B: Well, Well, I suppose he may have left for his village
MUST Must artinya harus dan bisa digunakan untuk semua subject pronoun atau noun.Must diikuti bare infinitive (infinitive tanpa to).Jika subjeknya kalimat orang ketiga tunggal (he,she,it) kata kerja tidak boleh ditambah ‘s’ atau ‘es’. Salah : You You must to study hard if you want to be successful Benar : You You must study hard if you want to be successful Salah : He must studies hard if he wants to get good marks Benar : He must study hard if he wants to get good marks
Negative obligation Must not digunakan untuk menunjukan larangan, baik dalam present maupun future dan menunjukan suatu kewenangan dari pembicara Atasan kepada bawahan : You You must not leave the office befor I got back. Pemberitahuan : Visitors must not feed these animal Must tidak mempunyai bentuk past.Namun, jika yang kita maksudkan adalah suatu kesimpulan,bentuk lampau dari must adalah must + have + past participle yang digunakan untuk menunjukan kepastian di masa lampau The lady must have frightened. She is still shaking
Modal Verbs Exercise 1 can could have to must might should
1. Ted's Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ________ be exhausted after such a long flight. He ________ prefer to stay in tonight and get some rest. 2. If you want to get a better feeling for how the city is laid out, you ________ walk downtown and explore the waterfront. 3. Hiking the trail to the peak ________ be dangerous if you are not well prepared for dramatic weather changes. You You ________ research the route a little more before you attempt the ascent. 4. When you have a small child in the house, you ________ leave small objects lying around. Such objects ________ be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death. 5. Dave: ________ You You hold your breath for more than a minute? Nathan: No, I can't. 6. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ________ have cost a fortune. 7. Please make sure to water my plants while I am gone. If they don't get enough water, they ________ die. 8. I ________ speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Egypt. But after we moved back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and forgot almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I ________ just say a few things in the language. 9. The book is optional. My professor said we ________ read it if we needed extra credit. But we ________ read it if we don't want to. 10. Leo: Where is the spatula? It ________ be in this drawer but it's not here. Nancy: I just did a load of dishes last night and they're still in the dish washer. It ________ be in there. That's the only other place plac e it ________ be.
11. You You ________ take your umbrella along with you today. today. The weatherman weather man on the news said there's a storm north of here and it ________ rain later on this afternoon. 12.________ we pull over at the next rest stop? I really real ly ________ use the bathroom and I don't know if I ________ hold it until we get to Chicago. 13. Oh no! Frank's wallet is lying on the coffee table. He ________ have left it here last night. 14. Ned:________ I borrow your lighter for a minute? Stephen: Sure, no problem. Actually, Actually, you ________ keep it if you want to. I've given up smoking. 15. I ________ believe she said that to Megan! She ________ insult her cooking in front of everyone at the party last night. She ________ have just said she was full or had some salad if she didn't like the meal. 16. Do you ________ chew with your mouth open like that? Geez, it's making me sick watching you eat that piece of pizza. 17. Mrs. Scarlett's body was found in the lounge just moments ago, and it's still warm! Nobody has left the mansion this evening, so the killer ________ be someone in this room. It ________ be any one of us!!! 18. Ted: Ted: I don't know why Denise starting star ting crying when I mentioned the wedding. Pamela: It ________ have been what you said about her brother. Or, perhaps she is just nervous. After all, the t he big day is tomorrow. 19. ________ you always say the first thing that pops into your head? ________ you think once in awhile before you speak? 20. I was reading the book last night before I went to bed. I never took it out of this room. It ________ be lying around here somewhere. Where ________ it be? be swallowed, causing serious injury or even death.
Verb Tense Final Test Cumulative Verb Tense Review 1. When Carol (call) ______ last night, I (watch) ______ my favorite show on television. 2. I (work) ______ for this company for more than thirty years, and I intend to stay here until I retire! 3. Sharon (love) ______ to travel. She (go) ______ abroad almost every summer. Next year, she plans to go to Peru. 4. Thomas is an author. He (write) ______ mystery novels and travel memoirs. He (write) ______ since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he (write) ______ seven novels, three c ollections of short stories and a book of poetry. 5. We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we (get) ______ to the train station, Susan (wait) ______ for us for more than two hours. 6. Sam (try) ______ to change a light bulb when he (slip) ______ and (fell) ______ .
7. Everyday I (wake) ______ up at 6 o'clock, (eat) ______ breakfast at 7 o'clock and (leave) ______ for work at 8 o'clock. However, this morning I (get) ______ up at 6:30, (skip) ______ breakfast and (leave) ______ for work late because I (forget) ______ to set my alarm. 8. Right now, Jim (read) ______ the newspaper and Kathy (make) ______ dinner. dinner. Last night at this time, they (do) ______ the same thing. She (cook) ______ and he (read) ( read) ______ the newspaper. Tomorrow at this time, they (do, also) the same thing. She (prepare) ______ dinner and he (read) ______ . They are very predictable people! 9. By this time next summer, you (complete) ______ your studies and (find) ______ a job. I, on the other hand, (accomplish, not) ______ anything. I (study, still) ______ and you (work) ______ in some new high paying job. 10. The students (be, usually) ______ taught by Mrs. Monty. However, However, this week they (teach) (te ach) ______taught by Mr. Tanzer. ************ 11. Jane talks on the phone. Bob has been talking on the phone for an hour. Mary is talking on the phone. Who is not necessarily on the phone now? ______ 12. I'm going to make dinner for Frank. I'm making dinner for Judy. Judy. I'll make dinner for Mary. Mary. I make dinner for Ted. I will be making dinner for Tony. Who are you offering to make dinner for? ______ 13. Jane left when Tim arrived. Bob left when Tim had arrived. Tim arrived when Mary was leaving. John had left when Tim arrived. After Tim arrived, Frank left. Who did not run into Tim? ______ 14. Jane is talking in class. Bob always talks in class. Mary is always talking in class. Whose action bothers you? ______
15. Jane never left Jamestown. Bob has never left Jamestown. Who is still alive? ______
