ENVIRONMENTAL & TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING LABORATORY
WATER QUALITY TEST REPORT OF SEDIMENTATION POND IN UTHM Subject Code/ Session
BFC 32501/ Sem 1 2017/2018
Section
1
Group Members
1. NURDINI BINTI MOHD AMINUDDIN (DF160107) 2. MUHAMMAD FARHAN AIMRAN B. MOHD ZAILANI (DF160057) 3. NURUL NAJIHAH BINTI GHAZALLI (DF150033) 4. UMAR ABD AZIZ BIN MHD SAFINGI (DF150039)
5. Lecturer / Instructor Name Submission Date
Marks
Received Stamp
DR. ROSLINDA BINTI SESWOYA
CLO 1: Report/ Presentation/ Team work
20%
CLO 2: Report/ Presentation/ Team work
40%
CLO 3: Team work/ Presentation
40% TOTAL Examiner Comments
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Sampling is the process of collecting a portion of an environmental medium as representative of the locally remaining medium. Sampling is the basic process we go through before starting the another test. The collected portion of the medium is then analysed to determine the ideas and information about sampling and analysis of chemicals as they impact the community. It involved in collecting and preparing samples in the field for analysis, and in evaluating the results of these analyses.
Biological oxygen demand is defined as the amount of oxygen required by microorganism to stabilize biological decomposable organic matter in a waste under aerobic conditions. BOD is evaluated by measuring oxygen concentration in sample, before and incubation in the dark at 20˚c for 5 days. Therefore, a low BOD is an indicator of good quality water while a high BOD indicates polluted water. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is consumed by bacteria when large amounts of organic matter from sewage of other discharges are present in the water. DO is the actual amounts of oxygen available in dissolved form in the water. When the DO drops below a certain level, the life forms in that water are unable to continue at a normal rate. The decrease in the oxygen supply in the water has negative effect on the fish and other aquatic life.
Jar Test is a method of measuring the effect of coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation on turbidity. Although the procedure is not outlined in Standard Methods, it is used in most water treatment plant to find the best coagulant dosages under varying conditions. Coagulation / flocculation is the process of binding small particles in the water together into larger, heavier clumps which settle out relatively quickly. The larger particles are known as flock. Properly formed flock will settle out of water quickly in the sedimentation basin, removing the majority of the water’s turbidity. In this laboratory, we will perform the jar test on a river water samples taken from the FKAAS river in UTHM. By adding a little amount of alum and measuring initial and final Ph values, conductivity, temperature, and turbidity, we were able to determine the optimum dosage of alum solution
added to water sample by looking at trends in the data what the most effective approach to the river water treatment.
Bacteria count is to indicate how many microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast, are present within all human environments without being conspicuously recognizable to the naked human eye. Environmental swabs were taken of 11 variable locations, were isolated, and were then grown over a 48 hour incubation period in agar media for optimum colony presence. Colonies were gram stained in order to morphologically categorize bacteria by shape and gram negative or positive status. Bacteria consist of only a single cell which is amazingly complex and fascinating group of creatures. Bacteria have been found that can live in temperatures above the boiling point and in cold that would freeze your blood. They "eat" everything from sugar and starch to sunlight, sulphur and iron.
Total suspended solids are the material residue left after evaporation of a sample and its subsequent drying in an oven. Some factors that affects the separation of suspended from dissolved solids are pore size, porosity, particle size and amount of material deposited on the filter paper. Dissolved solids are solids that passes a 2 𝜇𝑚 while suspended solids is the portion retained on the filter. According to “Total Suspended Solid (TSS)” , high concentration of suspended solids will make the water warmer thus decreasing the ability of water to hold oxygen and this will also prevent aquatic lives to live in the water.
In this environmental laboratory, all the water samples for all of the experiment are taken from the FKAAS Lake. By determines the initial and final pH values, conductivity, temperature, and turbidity, we were able to determine most effective approach to the lake water treatment.
2.0
SCOPE OF WORK
Based on BFC 32501 course, it required to identify the water quality of sedimentation pond in UTHM which is exactly located in front of Faculty of Civil Engineering & Environment UTHM. Therefore, to get the water quality of the sedimentation pond, it should be carried out based on turbidity, total suspended solid, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and bacteria count test. Then, it will be classified based on Malaysia Interim National Water Quality Standard.
So, to classify the water sample, there are four parameters that has used during the laboratory which are Bacteria Count, Total Suspended Solid, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Jar Test. Before the experiment is carried out by using these parameters, the correct method of water sampling technique was practiced.
The first parameter is using Bacteria Count which required determining the bacteria population by using plate count method. Plate counts reflect the number of variable microbes and assume that each bacterium grows into simple colony. It impossible to say that each colony is arise from an individual cell and plate counts are jot down as number of colony forming units instead number of cell. The plate count should be done either pour plate method or spread plate method.
Next, the parameter used was Total Suspended Solid (TSS). The term total suspended solids are referred to materials that are not dissolved in water and non-filtrate in nature. In laboratory works for TSS, it more to turbidity and total solid in water sample. Other than that, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) also was used to measure the quantity of oxygen used by microorganisms in the oxidation of organic matter. It means that BOD is used to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration caused by microorganism as they degrade organic matter. The water is poor if the BOD is higher.
Turbidity in water was caused by suspended and colloidal matter such as clay, silt, finely divided organic and inorganic matter, plankton and also others microscopic organism. Therefore, Jar Test parameters are used to determine the turbidity of water. The particle are
encourage to collide and leading to coalescence of particle to form particle which are bigger & heavier.
3.0
SAMPLING DESCRIPTION
It is important to know how to conduct the experiment in the lab. The procedure is important as a guideline. Therefore, before we identify the water quality of sedimentation lake in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), we are required to identify the specific lake that needed to be used to take the water sample.
Water quality is refers to the environmental indicator which are divided into physical indicators, chemical indicators and also biological indicators. For physical indicators, it can be interpret with our senses such as by our eyes, nose, skin & etc. Next, for chemical indicators, it indicates the chemical reading of the example such as pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Lastly, biological indicators are index of biological integrity.
So, collect the water sample there is some steps should be follow. Besides, there are also a few precaution steps should be considered to make sure there is no injury and accident happens when the process is carried out.
Figure 3.0: Map of UTHM
The sedimentation lake that has been chosen is in front of Faculty of Civil & Environment Engineering (FKAAS) UTHM which is located at longitude 1.864353 and latitude 103.083481 as shown in the figure 3.0. The surrounding environment of the lake is quite suitable to take water sample as there are not many trees around the lake. Besides, the lake is a natural type lake & not a man-made lake.
The water sample was collected in 1L laboratory bottle. Then, the bottle should be clearly labeled by date, time, number of sample, data collected in-situ and the most important thing is site area. As we all know, water sampling is the first step before testing or analyzing the data.
4.0
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS RESULT
4.1 MA01 - Sampling Sampling Procedure: 1. The water sample bottle sampling is rinsed with sample water at least 3 times. 2. Move to another running water area, and the mouth of the bottle is pointed downstream. 3. The water sample bottle sampling is filled with water until full. The half-filled water in bottle will provides more room for oxygen to promote degradation of the sample. 4. The data of pH and turbidity is collected. 5. The bottle is labeled.
Data: Location: Faculty of Civil and Environment Engineering (FKAAS) Date: 22/10/2017 Time: 14:25 hours No
Parameter
Equipment
Reading
Unit
1.
pH
pH meter
6.34
-
2.
Turbidity
Turbidity meter
33.5
NTU
4.2 MA02 : Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) pH of sample : 8.08 Eqn A = minimum waste to be filled in BOD bottle = [(2 mg/L) × 300 mL] / 40 mg/L = 15 mL Eqn B = maximum waste to be filled in BOD bottle = [(8 mg/L – 1 mg/L) × 300 mL] / 40 mg/L = 52.5 mL Therefore sample size = 15 mL to 52 mL (15mL has been choose) BOD ID
Volume of sample (mL)
Volume of Dilution water ( mL)
Initial DO (mg/L)
Final DO (mg/L)
Sample 1
15
285
8.08
7.37
Sample 2
15
248
8.12
6.35
Blank 1
-
300
8,06
7.92
Blank 2
-
300
8.04
7.74
4.3 MA03 : Total suspended solid (TSS) Total suspended solid is a materials which are not dissolved in water and non-filterable in nature. It is defined as residue upon evaporation of non-filterable sample on a filter paper Description
Weight (g)
Weight of the clean filter paper (g)
W1
0.094
Weight of the filter paper and the residue (g)
W2
0.433
Weight of residue (g)
W
0.339
Volume of sample (mL)
V
100
Calculation: W1 = 0.094g W2 = 0.433g V = 100ml
Weight of residue (g) = W2 – W1 = 0.433g – 0.094g = 0.339g Weight of residue in mg = 0.339 x 1000 W (mg) = 339mg Total Suspended Solid (mg/L) W/V = 339mg / 100ml = 3.39mg / ml = 3.39mg / ml x 1000L = 3390mg / L
4.4MA04 : Bacteria Count Dilution
Countable ( Yes/No)
Bacterial Count CFU/ml
Bacterial Count CFU/100 ml
1/10
Yes
113
1.13
1/100
Yes
51
0.51
1/1000
Yes
48
0.48
1/10000
No
45
0.45
1/100000
No
38
0.38
Calculation: For Spread Plate Method: Total bacteria: = (1.13 x 10) + (0.51 x102 ) + (0.48 x103 ) + (0.45 x104 ) + (0.38 x105 ) = 4.303 x104 Average Colony/Plate: = (1.13 + 0.51 + 0.48 + 0.45 + 0.38) / 5 = 1.475 CFU / 100ml
4.5 MA05: JAR Test JAR NO.
1
2
3
5.43
5.27
5.22
Initial Temperature ( C)
29.5
29.4
29.4
Initial Turbidity (NTU)
42.5
41.8
42.5
Alum dose (ml)
1.0
2.0
3.0
Agigate (minutes)
11
11
11
Fast (rpm)
100
100
100
Slow (rpm)
30
30
30
Settling Depth (mm)
1.2
0.7
1.0
Final pH
3.67
3.62
3.90
Final Temperature (oC)
27.4
27.2
27.6
Final Turbidity (NTU)
19.39
19.20
20.7
moderate
fine
moderate
Initial pH o
Floc Formation
Plot the turbidity values against alum dose. Discuss the results.
Turbidity Values vs Alum Dose 23.2
Turbidity (NTU)
23 22.8 22.6 22.4 22.2 22 21.8
21.6 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Alum Dose (ml)
Turbidity is essentially a measure of the cloudiness of the water which indicates the presence of colloidal particles. The particles should be making sure removed from the water before for the public use. Very simply, the particles in the colloid range are too small to settle in a reasonable time period, and too small to be trapped in the pores of a filter. For colloids to remain stable they must remain small. Most colloids are stable because they
consist a negative charge that repel other colloidal particles before they collide with one another.
Based on this experiment, the alum doses increased in the containers from no 1 to no 3. For this water, as the dose of alum increased the residual turbidity improved. It is important to note that the optimum alum dose is the dose which meets the specified turbidity required on the regulatory permit. The addition of excess alum dose may reduce turbidity beyond what is required but also could lead to the production of more sludge which would require disposal.
The most effective dose of alum we get from the Graph turbidity versus alum dose after the experiment is 2.0 ml.
Procedure Jar Test
1. Determine the turbidity and pH of the raw water sample. 2. Place 1 liters of raw water in each of the 3 beakers of the laboratory stirrer. Immerse blades and stir the raw water samples at about 100 rpm. 3. Add alum solution into each of the beaker to obtain the desired concentrations in the raw water samples. 4. Let the samples mix at approx. 100 rpm for 1minute, then decrease the speed to approx. 30 rpm. Allow the sample to mix for a period of 10 minutes. Observe any changes in the suspended matter in the sample. 5. At the end of the mixing period, turn off the stirrer, let the flocs settle (at least 20 minutes) and carefully remove the supernatant from each beaker and determine the turbidity in each of the samples. Determine the pH of each treated water sample.
5.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
1. Differentiate the water quality of sample with the quality of similar sample as measured from previous research (refer to any final year project, conference paper or journal). What is the similarity or significant changes.
The pH and turbidity of our water sample are 6.34 and 33.5 NTU. In addition, these concentrations were within standard permissible limits of National Water Quality Standards, Malaysia (NWQS) for Malaysian rivers and categorized as class II.
2. Compare the observed water quality (from laboratory activities) to Effluent quality standard. In your opinion, is it possible to discharge the sample used in this laboratory measurement test to be discharged to the river? Give your reason
From our laboratory activities, the Total Suspended Solid of water sample is 3390 mg/L while the Effluent quality standards states that 50 mg/L (A standard). The pH value according to the Effluent quality standard in the range 6.0 to 9.0 for A Standard, our pH value for water sample is 6.34. However, our BOD is 21.37 mg/L while the Effluent quality standard for A Standard is 20 mg/L. It’s possible to discharge the sample used in the laboratory into the river because the observed quality of the water sample met the standards. The sample also categorized as Class II according to NWQS.
As a conclusion, the water quality of sedimentation pond in UTHM which is exactly located in front of Faculty of Civil Engineering & Environment UTHM was not totally in range of Effluent quality standard. Only pH value and BOD are in Effluent quality standard, but for total suspended solid must be correct. However, the pond is still safe.
6.
REFERENCES
Books :
i. Rodger Baird, Roy Keith Smith 2002. Third Century of Biological Oxygen Demand: Water Environment Federation ii. Hütter, 1994: Wasser und Wasseruntersuchung [Water & Water Investigations], 6th edition, Otto Salle Verlag Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Internet : i. https://www.iwk.com.my/do-you-know/effluent-standards ii. http://nitttrc.ac.in/Four%20quadrant/eel/Quadrant%20-%201/exp15_pdf.pdf
7.
APPENDIXES
MA01 – Sampling
Figure 7.0: Bottle sampling with label
Figure 7.1: FKAAS Sediment Lake
Figure 7.2: Taking Water Sample Process
MA02 : Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
Figure 7.3 : Taking sample BOD reading
Figure 7.4 : Taking sample BOD of pH reading
Figure 7.5 : Our BOD&Blank sample in the incubator
MA03 : Total suspended solid (TSS)
-Figure 7.6 Clean filter membrane washed with clean water
-Fugure 7.8 Vacuum pump that help filtered the water
- Figure 7.7 The filter paper was filtered the sample water.
MA04 : Bacteria Count
-Figure 7.9 the liquid is transfer with equivalent all
-Figure 7.10 the test tubes is clean before and after use
MA05: JAR Test
Figure 7.11 Adding alum into the water samples using pipette. The dose of alum differs from one beaker to another
Figure 7.12 Allowing the sample to mix with 30 rpm
Figure 7.13 Let the flocs settled for about 20 minutes before all the data were recorded.
Lab Report Assessment Rubrics
1
1. NURDINI BINTI MOHD AMINUDDIN (DF160107) 2. MUHAMMAD FARHAN AIMRAN B. MOHD ZAILANI (DF160057) 3.NURUL NAJIHAH BINTI GHAZALLI (DF150033) 4. UMAR ABD AZIZ BIN MHD SAFINGI (DF150039) 5. V.Poor
Section: Student names:
DR. ROSLINDA BINTI SESWOYA
CLO 1:
Excellent
Assessed by:
ENVIRONMENTAL & TRANSPORTATION LABORATORY/ BFC32501
Good
Course/Code:
BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WITH HONOURS
Fair
Programme:
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Poor
Faculty:
Explain the important of safety in laboratory/chemical handling based on JKKP/OSHA etc. [PLO4, C1,C2]
Assessment
Criteria Safety cautions and Lab work aim/purpose
Report/lab Session/on-site Perform on-site sampling
Sub-criteria Identify laboratory hazards (physical/chemical/biological) and safety measurements at work place. List laboratory equipment’s and materials being used in the experiments.
Level
1
2
3
4
5
Weight
C1
1
C1
1
Descriptions of the lab work needs
C1
1
Correct use of safety attire and sampling techniques.
C2
1 /20
Total CLO 2:
Display high quality of technical and interpretation skills in solving the assign problems. [PLO2, P4]
Assessment
Report
Criteria
Sub-criteria Descriptions of the lab work needs
Level P1
1
2
3
4
5
Weight 2
Perform on-site lab work
Correct use of measurement technique and equipment
P2
2
Discussion on the applications of the lab work with measurement techniques and equations
Describe correct and precise data collection
P2
2
Analyse and discuss the data trends and patterns using correct graphs
P3
2
Score
/40
Total CLO 3:
Score
Describe the laboratory testing procedures among group members throughout the experiments. [PLO5, A2]
Assessment
Report/lab Session/on-site
Criteria
Convey information in group
Sub-criteria
Level
1
2
3
4
5
Weight
Format of report follows given format
A1
2
Team work: contribution from all members
A1
2
A2
2
A2
2
Follows the field work instructions including safety cautions Follows the lab instructions including safety cautions
Total
Total (%) Assessor signature/ date:
Score
/40
