H]LE@HRE RERSJK ENFDQKHRE ENFDQKHRE GJDGQHFER /REG% CHLHK ]QJCE@RE R]HREHL WELHUHO QHWHN @JAH@HQHN OZSHN H]]LEBHSEDN DF GJDGQH]OEB ENFDQKHSEDN RURSJKR /GER% EN R]HSEHL ]QJCEBSEDN DF FDQJRS FEQJ ]QDNJ HQJHR YHECEL FEQYH =5$1?:::?$@S$=6:?: FH@ZLSHR @JOZSHNHN ZNEVJQRESHR GHCIHO KHCH 1=88 Bdqqjr}dnceng hzsodq9 yhecelfeqyhModskhel.bdk , yhecel.feqyhMkhel.zgk.hb.ec , +61?772?=55=72 HARSQHBS. ]lhnneng hbsevesejr en feqj }qjvjnsedn hnc rz}}qjrredn qjxzeqj hbbzqhsj hnc hbszhl enfdqkhsednr, hnc hlrd jhrelu zncjqrsddc au cjbere dn kh`jqr. kh`jqr. Dfs Dfsjn, jn, e nfdqkhs nfdqkhsedn edn hadzs feqj+}qdnj feqj+}qd nj hqjhr hqj nds }qjrjnsjc bljhqlu,, hnc bljhqlu hnc hlrd nds ahrjc dn }qdbjrreng kjsodcr so sohs hs hqj enbdnrersjns kjsodcdl kjsodcdldgu, dgu, rd es sjncr sd aj rzaijbsevj hnc cj}jncr dn soj chsh }qdbjrrdq. Sozr, lesjqhszqj qjrjhqbo er rsqzbszqjc sd ellzrsqhsj odw soj h}}lebhsedn df gjdgqh}oeb enfdqkhsedn rursjkr /GER% en }qjcebseng soj r}hsehl hqjhr }qdnj sd fdqjrs feqjr. Soj njs khidq gdhl df soer h}}lebhsedn er fdqjrs feqj khnhgjkjns rsqhsjgejr sohs hqj rzrshenhalj. Soer h}}lebhsedn zrjr dvjqlhu kjsodc en GER, rd hr sd bqjhsj h kh} df hqjhr }qdnj sd feqj, h vjqu ek}dqshns qdlj en rz}}dqseng feqj khnhgjqr en kh`eng cjberednr. ]qjrjnshsedn df r}hsehl enfdqkhsedn wdzlc aj ojl}fzl sd gevj h bljhq hnc hbbzqhsj cjrbqe}sedn df soj ldbhsedn, r}hbeng, hnc hbbjrreaelesu df feqj+}qdnj ldbhsednr weso jerseng qjrdzqbjr en soj fejlc. Soer kh} well aj z}chsjc jhbo }jqedc, rd es ajbdkjr soj ahreb fdznchsedn en soj so j cjregn cjre gn df r zrs zrshenhalj henhalj fdqjrs feqj bdznsjqkjhrz bdznsjqkjhrzqjr qjr rsqhsjgejr. @juwdqcr9 Fdqjrs feqj }qdnj hqjh, GER, }qjcebsedn
E.
LHSHQ AJLH@HNG @jrhchqhn h`hn }jqlznuh z}huh }jnhnggzlhnghn `jah`hqhn ozshn dljo }eoh` }jkjqensho rzcho ljaeo ahe` ceahnceng`hn ajajqh}h shozn rjajlzknuh. Ohl ene sjqleohs chqe bz`z} kjneng`hsnuh z}huh }jnghld`hrehn rzkajq chuh }jkhchkhn ce welhuho qhwhn `jah`hqhn. Hngghqhn znsz` `jgehshn }jnbjghohn chn }jkhchkhn izgh bz`z} ahnuh` cehngghq`hn dljo }jkjqensho chjqho. Ohnuh rhih, `jgehshn }jqjnbhnhhn chlhk }jnbjghohn chn }jkhchkhn `jah`hqhn kjkazszo`hn enfdqkhre uhng h`zqhs, h`szhl, rjqsh kzcho ce}hohke dljo }jnghkael `j}zszrhn. Rjqeng`hle enfdqkhre kjngjnhe chjqho qhwhn `jah`hqhn sech` cerhie`hn rjbhqh ijlhr, rjqsh sech` cechrhqe hshr kjsdcj }jngdlhohn uhng rjbhqh kjsdcdldge sech` `dnrersjn, rjoenggh bjncjqzng ajqrefhs rzaij`sef chn sjqghnszng chqe }eoh` }jngdlho chsh. Enfdqkhre kjngjnhe chjqho qhwhn `jah`hqhn kjqz}h`hn enfdqkhre uhng rhnghs }jnseng chn ceazszo`hn dljo feqj khnhgjq hshz }jnghkael `j}zszrhn ce chlhk `jgehshn `jah`hqhn ozshn. Rhhs kzrek `jkhqhz }hnihng, `jah`hqhn ajrhq aerh sjqihce }hch hqjhl uhng lzhr chn rzles ceihng`hz. @jsjqahshrhn rzkajq chuh }jkhchkhn
8
kjnihce rhlho rhsz `jnchlh uhng }hleng rjqeng ceohch}e ce lh}hnghn. @hqjnh esz `jgehshn }jngjnchlehn }jqlz cefd`zr`hn `j welhuhowelhuho uhng qhwhn `jah`hqhn. ]jsh chjqho qhwhn `jah`hqhn, rhnghs ajq}jqhn }jnseng chlhk kjncz`zng feqj khnhgjq }hch }jnghkaelhn `j}zszrhn sjqrjazs. ]jnuhiehn enfdqkhre rjbhqh r}hrehl
h`hn ljaeo kjkahnsz kjkajqe`hn ghkahqhn uhng ijlhr chn h`zqhs kjngjnhe ld`hre, ihqh`, rjqsh h`rjreaeleshr hnshqh ld`hre qhwhn `jah`hqhn cjnghn rzkajq chuh }jkhchkhn uhng hch ce lh}hnghn. ]jqkhrhlhohn rjlhnizsnuh h`hn kznbzl rhhs }jsh sjqrjazs sech` h`zqhs lhge, h`eahs hchnuh }jqzahohn chqe fh`sdqfh`sdq uhng cegznh`hn chlhk }jsh qhwhn `jah`hqhn sjqrjazs. Rjahghe bdnsdo, }jnzsz}hn vjgjshre h`hn bjncjqzng bj}hs ajqzaho rjoenggh h`hn kjkele`e `hqh`sjqerse` uhng ajqajch sjqohch} }qelh`z `jah`hqhn ozshn. Znsz` esz izgh ce}jqlz`hn z}huh }jkzsh`oeqhn / z}chseng% }jsh rjrzhe cjnghn }jqzahohn uhng sjqihce, rjoenggh `jh`zqhshnnuh sjqihgh chlhk rsqhsjge }jnhnggzlhnghn `jah`hqhn ozshn uhng ajq`jlhnizshn. Kjsdcj GER / Gjdgqh}oeb Enfdqkhsedn Rursjk % uhng ch}hs kjlh`z`hn verzhlerhre rjbhqh jfj`sef kjngjnhe `dncere gjdgqhfer uhng h`zqhs, `jihcehn ajnbhnh `jah`hqhn, hshz}zn }jq`eqhhn hnbhkhn `jah`hqhn uhng h`hn sjqihce. Enfdqkhre r}hrehl sjqrjazs h`hn rhnghs kjkahnsz feqj khnhgjq ce chlhk kjlh`z`hn ecjnsefe`hre, }jqjnbhnhhn, }jnbjghohn, }jqreh}hn, qjr}dn, rjqsh qjrsdqhre /Gqjjnj, 1==1%.
EE.
]JQKHRHLHOHN 8.
Ahghekhnh rsqhsjge }jnhnggzlhnghn `jah`hqhn ozshn uhng ajqrefhs ajq`jlhnizshn4
1.
Ahghekhnh kjk}qjce`re rjbhqh r}hrehl welhuhowelhuho ozshn uhng qhwhn `jah`hqhn4
2.
Ahghekhnh }jnjqh}hn rersjk enfdqkhre gjdgqhfer /REG% chlhk kjk}qjce`re rjbhqh r}hrehl welhuhowelhuho ozshn uhng qhwhn `jah`hqhn4
EEE.
SZIZHN ]h}jq ene cerzrzn znsz` kjngghkahq`hn ahghekhnh }jnjqh}hn rersjk enfdqkhre gjdgqhfer /REG% chlhk kjk}qjce`re rjbhqh r}hrehl welhuhowelhuho ozshn uhng qhwhn `jah`hqhn. Szizhn ajrhq rjlhnizsnuh chqe }jnjqh}hn ene hchlho rsqhsjge }jnhnggzlhnghn `jah`hqhn ozshn uhng ajqrefhs ajq`jlhnizshn.
EV.
KHNFHHS 8.
Kjnihce qj`dkjnchre chn kjncz`zng sjqwzizcnuh rsqhsjge }jnhnggzlhnghn `jah`hqhn ozshn uhng ajqrefhs ajq`jlhnizshn cjnghn cz`znghn }jnuhiehn rjbhqh r}hrehl /}jsh welhuhowelhuho ozshn uhng qhwhn `jah`hqhn%, uhng rjlhlz sjqkzsh`oeq seh} }jqedcjnuh.
1.
Kjngjshoze ahghekhnh REG ajq}jqhn }dresef chlhk z}huh kj}qjce`re welhuho welhuho ozshn uhng qhwhn `jah`hqhn.
1
V.
SENIHZHN ]ZRSH@H 8. HNHLERH ]JNUJAHA @JAH@HQHN OZSHN H.
]JKEBZ @JAH@HQHN ]jkebz
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kjk}jnghqzoe sjqihcenuh }jnuzlzshn h}e. H`sefeshr khnzreh kjqz}h`hn }dqre sjqajrhq chlhk }jnuzlzshn h}e, ceahnceng`hn rjbhqh hlhke. ]jnuzlzshn h}e dljo khnzreh izgh ce`jldk}d``hn kjnihce 1 `dk}dnjn, uhesz `jrjnghihhn chn `jbjqdadohn. Whlhz rjqeng`hle `jah`hqhn ajrhq cehwhle chqe z}huh uhng cerjnghih chn h`eahs `jsech`}hohkhnhn }jkah`hq kjngjnhe `dncere uhng hch, rjoenggh kjnihce `jbjqdadohn uhng kjnujaha`hn `jah`hqhn kjqhkahs `j sjk}hs lhen. Kdsevhre chqe }jkah`hqhn$`jah`hqhn uhng cerjnghih chn aehrh ceizk}he kjle}zse ajajqh}h ohl, hnshqh lhen9 }jnueh}hn lhohn, }jkaz`hhn h`rjr, chn }jqazqzhn rhswh.
A. @DNCERE ]JNCZ@ZNG Fh`sdq }jnujaha `jah`hqhn lhennuh hchlho `dncere }jncz`zng uhng izgh ce}jnghqzoe dljo hlhk /e`lek% chn izgh khnzreh. @jkhqhz chn `j`jqenghn uhng cerjaha`hn dljo hchnuh flz`szhre e`lek rjajnhqnuh rzcho lhkh sjqihce, nhkzn `jah`hqhn ajrhq ce chjqho sqd}er sech` ahnuh` sjqbhshs dljo }hqh }jnjlese rjajlzk shozn 857=hn. @jihcehn `jah`hqhn ozshn sqd}er kzlhe rjqeng kznbzl rjsjlho shozn 85?1$85?2. Ohl ene cerjaha`hn hchnuh }jqzahohn vjgjshre chn sh}h` uhng rhnghs cqhrser rjqsh }jnghqzo rdrehl j`dndke khruhqh`hs. Ce ahnuh` sjk}hs ce Encdnjreh, cekhnh lhohn }jqshnehn kjnihce ljaeo sjqahshr, khruhqh`hs ahe` ld`hl khz}zn }jnchshng izgh kzlhe kjqhkaho hqjhl lhohn ozshn, sjqzshkh ghkazs, ahe` znsz` kjnbhqe `huz, ajqazqz, }jqshnehn, aho`hn }jq`jaznhn. ]jqshnehn chn }jq`jaznhn ce lhohn ozshn hlhk az`hnlho sqhcere chn azchuh khruhqh`hs sqhcerednhl ce rjlzqzo Encdnjreh. @hqjnh esz z}huh }jnbjghohn chn }jnuhchqhn h`hn ahohuh `jah`hqhn ozshn }jqlz cefd`zr`hn ce welhuhowelhuho uhng qhwhn. Rjlhen esz azchuh }jkhohkhn chk}h` h`eahs hrh} izgh khreo rhnghs qjncho. Khruhqh`hs rjqeng`hle sech` }jczle cjnghn chk}h` }jkah`hqhn uhng kjqj`h lh`z`hn sjqohch} khruhqh`hs rj`eshq chn leng`znghn. Bdnsdo `jbel uhng rjqeng `esh leohs hchlho, khreo ahnuh`nuh khruhqh`hs ce `dsh uhng khreo kjkah`hq rhk}honuh, h}hlhge khruhqh`hs ce chjqho }jcjrhhn uhng sech` kjkele`e h`rjr chn sj`ndldge znsz` kjkajqreo`hn lhohn rjbhqh kj`hner. H`eahsnuh, znchngznchng chn }jqhszqhn uhng kjlhqhng khruhqh`hs kjlh`z`hn }jkah`hqhn, kjnch}hs qjrersjnre ce chlhk }jnjqh}hnnuh.
2
1. ]JKDCJLHN ]JSH QHWHN @JAH@HQHN OZSHN Kjsdcj GER / Gjdgqh}oeb Gjdgqh}oeb E nfdqkhsedn nfdqkhsedn Rursjk% uhng ch}hs kjlh`z`hn verzhlerhre rjbhqh jfj`sef kjngjnhe `dncere gjdgqhfer uhng h`zqhs, `jihcehn ajnbhnh `jah`hqhn, hshz}zn }jq`eqhhn hnbhkhn `jah`hqhn uhng h`hn sjqihce. Enfdqkhre r}hrehl sjqrjazs h`hn rhnghs kjkahnsz feqj khnhgjq ce chlhk kjlh`z`hn ecjnsefe`hre, }jqjnbhnhhn, }jnbjghohn, }jqreh}hn, qjr}dn, rjqsh qjrsdqhre /Gqjjnj, 1==1%. Kjngenghs `jsjqahshrhn uhng hch, }jncj`hshn celh`z`hn cjnghn kjnjqh}`hn ajajqh}h hrzkre znsz` kjljng`h}e `jsjqwh`elhn chsh. Kdcjl }jsh qhwhn `jah`hqhn ene sech` rjbhqh `ozrzr kjk}jqohse`hn }dsjnre }jnuzlzshn,
kjlhen`hn
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VE.
KJSDCJ ]jsh qhwhn `jah`hqhn kjqz}h`hn kdcjl r}hrehl uhng cegznh`hn znsz` kjqj}qjrjnshre`hn `dncere ce lh}hnghn sjq`hes cjnghn qjre`d sjqihcenuh `jah`hqhn ozshn chn lhohn. Kdcjl ene ceazhs kjnggznh`hn h}le`hre GER znsz` kjkzcho`hn }qdrjr dvjqlhu hnshq fh`sdqfh`sdq }jnujaha chn }jqelh`z `jah`hqhn kjqz}h`hn ohl uhng
rhnghs zshkh ce chlhk kjlh`z`hn }jqkdcjlhn ene.
R`dq Qhwhn @jah`hqhn ; /=,3 x R`dq ]jnzsz}hn Lhohn% + /=,2 x R`dq Lhohn Ghkazs% + /=,2 x R`dq Ydnh E`lek hshz Jljvhre% ]jkadadshn9 8. ]jsh ]jnzsz}hn Lhohn /3=*% 1. ]jsh @jsenggehn /2=*% 2. ]jsh Shnho ]jqrjah ]jqrjahqhn qhn Ghkazs Ghkazs /2=*% ]jnelhehn /rbdqeng % celh`z`hn cjnghn kjnggznh`hn ohrel hnhlerh chqe }jnujahqhn odsr}ds rjlhkh kzrek `jkhqhz }hnihng, uhng ljaeo kjnhqe` chn qjljvhn ahge feqj khnhgjq znsz` ahohn }jqsekahnghn kzrek `jah`hqhn rjlhnizsnuh. Ohrel hnhlerh
fqj`zjnre odsr}ds chqe ajqahghe fh`sdq sjqrjazs rjlhnizsnuh ce`lhrefe`hre `j chlhk ajajqh}h `jlhr nelhe /kerhlnuh 8:%. Rjchng`hn }jkadadshn / wjegoseng% celh`z`hn cjnghn kjnggznh`hn }jnelhehn ajqchrhq`hn }jngjshozhn rjqsh `dncere uhng sjqihce ce lh}hnghn /jx}jqs izcgjkjns %. %. Fh`sdq cjnghn }jnghqzo ljaeo ajrhq kjnch}hs`hn }jkadadshn uhng ljaeo ajrhq ceahnceng`hn fh`sdq lhennuh. Chlhk ohl ene }jnghqzo }jnzsz}hn lhohn cehnggh} ljaeo ajrhq ceahnceng fh`sdq lhennuh, kjngenghs rjlhen sjq`hes
3
cjnghn chsh vjgjshre, }jnzsz}hn lhohn izgh sjq`hes cjnghn }jnggznhhn lhohn, rj}jqse }jqshnehn, }jq`jaznhn, OSE, cll.
8. CHSH UHNG CE]JQLZ@HN Chsh ‒ chsh sjkhse` uhng ce}jqlz`hn ohnuh sjqceqe chqe 2 ijner chsh uhng qjlhsef kzcho znsz` cech}hs`hn. Uhesz }jsh }jnzsz}hn lhohn, }jnujahqhn ijner lhohn ghkazs rjqsh `jsenggehn.
]jnzsz}hn Lhohn uhng ce}jqdljo chqe ohrel ensjq}qjshre besqh rhsjles uhng celh`z`hn dljo A ]@O EE, cegznh`hn ce gznh`hn rjahghe rjah ghe rhlho rhsz rh sz fh`sdq uhng sjq`hes cjnghn }jnggznhhn lhohn h`szhl. Welhuho uhng sjqcjgqhchre chn sech` kjkele`e }dlh }jkhnfhhshn ensjnref bjncjqzng qhwhn sjqohch} `jah`hqhn.
]jnujahqhn Lhohn Ghkazs ajq}jnghqzo
sjqohch sjqohch } ensjnreshr
chn
kjqz}h`hn fh`sdq }jnseng uhng chk}h` `jah`hqhn
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sjqihce. sjqihce.
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Jljvhre hshz `jsenggehn ce}jqdljo chqe chsh Cegeshl Jljvhsedn Kdcjl /CJK% RQSK. Enfdqkhre `jsenggehn cegznh`hn znsz` kjkajch`hn chshqhn qjncho /=1:% chjqho lhohn `jqeng /1: 8=== 8=== k% chn chshqh n sengge hshz }jgznznghn /8=== ‒ 2=== k%. ]jkahgehn segh ydnh `jsenggehn ene sjq`hes cjnghn }jkahgehn ydnh e`lek, kjngenghs bzqho ozihn ce Encdnjreh, rj}jqse bdnsdo ce Rzkhsjqh ce}jnghqzoe dljo sd}dgqhfe uh ng aj q`erhq hnshqh 6=== kk }jq shozn ce welhuho ahqhs hshz rj`eshq az`es Ahqerhn oenggh 8:== kk ce ahgehn sekzq /Woessjn js hl, 1===%.
Rjahghe bdnsdo, rj}jqse kjqz}h`hn
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:
Ahshr Hckenersqhre cegznh`hn ohnuh rj ahghe ahshr hqjhl uhng h`hn cehnhlerh, rjoen ggh }jsh uhng uh ng ceohrel`hn kjke le`e hqjhl rjrzhe rjr zhe cjnghn uhng `esh engen`hn.
1. OHQCWHQJ CHN RDFSWHQJ HqbVejw /vjqre 2.x `j hshr% chn HqbSddladx R}hsehl Hnhlurs ce}jqlz`hn znsz` }jnuzrznhn }jsh qhwhn `jah`hqhn ene. Znsz` kjnihlhn`hn }qdgqhk HqbVejw HqbVejw
chn R}hsehl Hnhlurs Hnhlurs chlhk }lhsfdqk ]B ]B Ensjl, }hleng sech`
ce}jqlz`hn `dk}zsjq uhng kjkele`e kenekhl rersjk d}jqhre We ncdwr 1=== hshz uhng sjqahqz. Rjoenggh Rjoenggh }jqruhqhsh }jqruhqhshn n kenekhl ]B uhng ce}jqlz`hn hnshqh lhen9 Kjkdqu$QHK rjajrhq 63 KA rjqsh fqjj cer` r}hbj rj`eshq 2== KA /qzhng enrshlhre%.
VEE.
]JKAHOHRHN h. ]QDRJCZQ ]JKJSHHN Kjkzlhe Kdcjlazelcjq Shk}el`hn /hcc chsh% rjkzh }jsh sjkhse` /}jnzsz}hn lhohn, jljvhre, ijner lhohn, chn hckenersqhre% znsz` kjkzlhe dvjqlhu }jsh.
Lhlz, kzlhe kjkazhs kdcjl / kdcjlazelcjq % cjnghn }lzgen Sddladx R}hsehl Hnhlurs uhng sjlho h`sef.
Rjlhnizsnuh, ijncjlh KdcjlAzelcjq h`hn kznbzl.
6
@dnvjqre Chsh ]jnzsz}hn Lhohn /Roh}jfelj /R oh}jfelj `j GQEC% Znsz` }jngdlhohn chsh kjnggznh`hn R }hsehl Hnhlurs, ce }jqlz`hn chsh cjnghn fdqkhs GQEC J RQE. Chlhk Chlhk hqsehn, `esh `esh kjng`dnvjqre`hn kjng`dnvjqre`hn vjbsdq `j chlhk ajnsz` gqec .
]eleo roh}jfelj h}h uhng h`hn ce `dnvjqre
7
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@jkzcehn, sjnsz`hn lhuhq uhng h`hn cegznh`hn rjahghe ahshr hnhlerer.
Bdnsdo }hch welhuho Rzkhsjqh Rjlhshn.
Ajqe nhkh znsz` }jsh chn felj }jnzsz}hn lhohn /GQEC% uhng h`hn ceazhs. Ohl uhng }jqlz ce}jqohse`hn znsz` }jnhkhhn felj hshz fdlcjq sjq`hes cjnghn chsh fdqkhs GQEC, hchlho ohqzr rjrzhe cjnghn `hecho }jnhkhhn CDR, cekhnh ohnuh sjqahshr rjahnuh` ? `hqh`sjq chn shn}h r}hre. Rjsjlho }qdrjr cehshr rjljrhe celh`z`hn, kh`h }hch ohlhkhn KdcjlAzelcjq h`hn kznbzl Fldwbohqs $ ahghn hlzq h lzq sjnshng }qdrjr `dnvjqre uhn g `esh lh`z`hn uhesz `dnvjqre chsh lhncbdvjq chlhk fdqkhs roh}jfelj ajqchrhq`hn `dldk “NhkhT@jlhr‛ kjnihce “]jsh lhncbdvjq‛ chlhk fdqkhs GQEC.
5
@LHREFE@HRE ZLHNG /QJBLHRR% CHSH JLJVHRE ]jng`lhrefe`hrehn zlhng chsh `jsenggehn celh`z`hn znsz` kjnch}hs`hn lhujq rjahqhn `jlhr `jsenggehn uhng sjq`hes cjnghn }jqajchhn ydnhre e`lek. Kerhlnuh znsz` welhuho Rzkhsjqh Rjlhshn, ydnhre e `lek ce`hsjgdqe`hn `j chlh k 2 ydnh, uhesz ydnh chshqhn qjncho /= 1: k%, lhohn `jqeng /1: :== k% chn }jgznznghn /:== ‒ 2=== k%.
8=
Rjbhqh cjfhzls h`hn kznbzl `lhrefe`hre `jsenggehn rj}jqse uhng cehshr. Kjngenghs `esh ohnuh kjkazszo`hn 2 `jlhr `jsenggehn /cerjrzhe`hn cjnghn ydnh e`lek%, kh`h `esh ohqzr kjngoh}zr `jlhr`jlhr uhng sech` `esh azszo`hn, chn kjngjcesnuh rjahgehn.
Rjlhnizsnuh `le` Njxs.
88
Rjlhnizsnuh `le` Fenero. Rjazho ah ghn hlzq uh ng kjngghkahq `hn }qdrjr “Qjblhrr‛ chqe chsh “Jljvhre‛ kjnihce kjnihce rja zho “]jsh @jsen ggehn‛, h`hn kznb zl
chn kjnhkaho`hn chqe ahghn hlzq uhng rjajlzknuh ceazhs.
]qdrjr sjqrjazs kjkazhs rjazho lhujq ahqz uhng ceajqe nhkh “]jsh @jsenggehn‛ uhng ohnuh kjkele`e 2 `jlhr `jsenggehn chn kjwh`ele 2 ydnh e`l ek ce
Rzkhsjqh Rjlhshn /bdnsdo welhuho%.
En}zs Chsh ]jnujahqhn Lhohn Ghkazs Lhohn
ghkazs
kjqz}h`hn
fhlho
rhsz
fh`sdq
}jnseng
sjqihcenuh
`jah`hqh `jah`hqh n ajrhq uhng kjngh`eahs`hn `hazs hrh} ce Rzkhsjqh Rzkhsjqh Rjlhshn. Znsz` esz, }jnujahqhn lhohn ghkazs ghk azs rhnghs rhn ghs }jnseng z nsz` cekhrz``hn `j chlhk kdcjl chjqho qhwhn `jah`hqhn ene. Chsh ghkazs ce}jqdljo chqe chsh ijner shnho
81
uhng ce}jqdljo ce}jqdljo chqe ]zrleshnh` ]zrleshnh` Adgdq. Chlhk ohl ene, ene, chsh shnho rzcho chlhk fdqkhs GQEC.
Hqho`hn kdzrj `j `dsh` ‛Chsh‛ sjqrjazs, lhlz @le` `hnhn, chn }eleo
Sojkj. @le` `hnhn }hch `dsh` “Sojkj‛ uhng ahqz, lhlz }eleo ]qd}jqsejr . Sjnsz`hn chsh uhng engen cegznh`hn rjahghe chsh }jnujahqhn lhohn ghkazs.
a. ]JKADADSHN CHN ]JNELHEHN /WJEGOSENG HNC RBDQENG% Rjsjlho rjkzh chsh ljng`h}, rjlhnizsnuh celh`z`hn }qdrjr }jkadadshn chn }jnelhehn sjqohch} khrengkhreng fh`sdq chn }hqhkjsjqnuh. ]qdrjr celh`z`hn kjnggznh`hn kjsdcj Wjegosjc Dvj qlhu, cekhnh rjlhen `esh kjkajqe nelhe ne lhe chqe seh} }hqhkjsjq uhng hch, hch , `esh izgh ch}hs ch }hs kjkajqe adads chqe }jnghqzo }j nghqzo rzhsz fh`sdq sjqohch} seng`hs `jqhwhnhn `jah`hqhn.
R`dq Qhwhn @jah`hqhn ; /=,3 x R`dq ]jnzsz}hn Lhohn% + /=,2 x R`dq Lhohn Ghkazs% + /=,2 x R`dq Ydnh E`lek hshz Jljvhre% Znsz` esz `esh }jqlz kjkajqe`hn nelhe chn adads chqe `jsegh fh`sdq uhng rjajlzknuh sjlho `esh khrz``hn. Rjrzhe cjnghn q zkzr cehshr , kh`h nelhe adads uhng cesjqh}`hn hchlho9 8. ]jsh Lhncbdvjq /3=*% 1. ]jsh @jsenggehn /2=*% 2. ]jsh Shnho /2=*%
Kjkzlhe ]qdrjr Wjegosjc Dvjqlhu Dvj qlhu
82
Khrz`hn rhszrhsz }hqhkjsjq, uhesz ]jsh Lhncbdvjq, Jljvhre, chn }jnujahqhn Lhohn Ghkazs.
@le` D@. ]hch ijncjlh uhng kznbzl, }jqohse`hn 1 `dldk uhng ohqzr ceere cjnghn nelhe uhng rjr zhe, uhesz `dldk “ * Enf ‛ hshz * df enflzjnbj uhng kjqz}h`hn nelhe znsz` }jkadadshn chqe rjazho fh`sdq hshz lhujq, rjqsh “Rbhlj Vhlzj‛ uhng kjqz}h`hn nelhe seh} znrzq chqe fh`sdq sjqsjnsz.
Sjnsz`hn nelhe * Enf rjrzhe cjnghn nelhe adads khrengkhreng lhujq }hch qzkzr uhng sjlho ceijlhr`h n rjajlz knuh. Chlhk ohl ene `jse` hng`h 3= znsz` kjkajqe adads rjajrhq 3=* ahge }jnzsz}hn lhohn, 2=* znsz` jljvhre, 83
chn 2=* znsz` }jnujahqhn lhohn ghkazs. Rjlhnizsnuh znsz` }jnzsz}hn lhohn, qzaho nelhe “ Rbhlj Vhlzj‛ chqe khrengkhreng nelhe rj}jqse ghkahq ceahwho ene. Nelhe
nelhe sjqrjazs ce}jqdljo chqe ohrel hnhlerh chsh }jnujahqhn odsr}ds shozn 1==6.
Znsz` `jsenggehn chn lhohn ghkazs, sech` }jqlz }jngzahohn “Rbhlj‛, `hqjnh rzcho
rjrzhe cjnghn ydnhre e`leknuh.
8:
Rhhs ene `esh sjlho kjkhrz``hn 2 lhujq znsz` cegznh`hn chlhk }qdrjr @jseng gehn, rjqsh ]jsh Shnho hshz h shz Wjegosjc Dvjqlhu , uhesz ]jsh Lhncbdvj q, ]jsh @jsenggehn, }jnujahqhn ghka zs. Rjlhen kjk ajqe adads, `esh i zgh sjlho kjkajqe nelhe chq e khrengkhreng `jlhr chqe lhujqlhujq lhujq lhujq sjqrjazs, sjqrjazs , rj}jqse rj }jqse }hch ghkahq ajqe`zs.
Rjlhnizsnuh `le` D@. ]eleo rhlho rhsz gqhchre whqnh uhng h`hn cegznh`hn znsz` }jsh `jlzhqhn. `jlzhqhn. Lhlz `le` Njxs.
86
Ajqe nhkh }jsh /]jsh Qhwhn @jah`hqhn% chn nhkh felj dzs}zs /FCQTgqc%. Lhlz `le` Fenero.
Rjazho kdcjl ]jsh Qhwhn @jah`hqhn uhng uh ng ljng`h} sjlho c erzrzn chn reh} ceihlhn`hn.
KJNIHLHN@HN KDCJL Rjsjlho rjkzh }qdrjczq ceihlhn`hn chn kdcjl rzcho ljng`h}, lhng`ho rjlhnizsnuh
hchlho
kjnihlhn`hn
kdcjl kdcjl
rjbhqh rjbhqh
`jrjlzqzohn.
]hrse`hn rjlzqzo
`dk}dnjn chlhk ahghn hlzq kjkele`e whqnh, uhng ajqhqse sech` hch `jrhlhohn chqe en}zs chsh. 8. @le` kjnz Kdcjl > Qzn Jnseqj Kdcjl
Rjbhqh dsdkhser HqbVejw h`hn kjnihlhn`hn }qdrjr }jnuzrznhn }jsh qhwhn
`jah`hqhn
ajqchrhq`hn
kdcjl
uhng
sjlho
cerzrzn
87
rjajlzknuh. Aehrhnuh Aehrh nuh ce}jqlz`hn wh`sz ajajqh}h kjnes sjqghns zng chqe r}jrefe`hre `dk}zsjq
uhng
cegznh`hn.
Ie`h }qdrjr ajqohrel, kh`h h`hn
shk}el rjazho lhujq }jsh qhwhn `jah`hqhn ahqz.
1.
Znsz` kjkzcho`hn `lhrefe`hre `jlhr ce chlhk shk}elhn }jsh, zaho ljgjnch }jsh cjnghn kjqzaho whqnh chn lhajl chqe nelhenelhe lhujq sjqrjazs rj}jqse shajl ce ajqe`zs ene.
Rjlhnizsnuh, shk}elhn }jsh qhwhn uhng ceazhs h`hn rj}jqse }hch ghkahq ce hshr. Rjbhqh verzhl, seng`hs `jqhwhnhn `jah`hqhn ceshk}el`hn
8?
cjnghn whqnh oeihz, `zneng, ienggh, kjqho chn bd`lhs znsz` kjwh`ele seng`hs qhwhn `jah`hqhn kzlhe k zlhe chqe sech` qhwhn, qjncho, rjchng, rjchn g, sengge chn rhnghs qhwhn. Rjoenggh ljaeo kjkzcho`hn ensjq}qjshre }jsh dljo }jnggznh h`oeq.
b.
OHREL CHN ]JKAHOHRHN Chqe }jsh ce}jqdljo, ce`jshoze chjqhochjqho cjnghn seng`hsseng`hs `jqhwhnhn uhng ajqajchajch. ajqajch ajch. @hqjnh `jsjqahshrhn uhng
rzkajqchuh
}jkhchkhn
hch ce rj`eshq ozshn, kh`h ce}jqlz`hn }jng`dnrjnsqhrehn
`jgehshn
}jnbjghohn chn } jkhchkhn ce welhuhowelhuho sjqrjazs. Z}huh }jnbjghohn }jnbjghohn uhng ch}hs celh`z`hn kjlhlze }jngjkahnghn }jngjkahn ghn khruhqh`hs hchlho kjlhlze z}huh z}huh }jkajqehn hlsjnhsef khsh}jnbhohqehn rj`eshq lhohn ghkazs, ghkazs , znsz` kjngoenchqe kjngoen chqe sjq}ebznuh `jah`hqhn ghkazs dljo khruhqh`hs rhhs kzrek `jkhqhz. ]jneng`hshn `jrhchqhn khruhqh`hs rj`eshq h`hn ahohuh `jah`hqhn ghkazs rj qsh }jnsengnuh j`drersjk ahge leng`znghn gldahl gldahl izgh ohqzr ohqzr cesjqh}`hn. Khrhlho lhen uhng `jqh} kznbzl hchlho qjnchonuh h`rjreaeleshr uhng ch}hs celhlze dljo qjgzqjgz qjgz qjgz }jkhchk `jah`hqhn, `j ah`hqhn, ceshkaho lhge cjnghn sjqahshrnuh rzkajq heq ce lhohn ghkazs gh kazs rhhs `jkhqhz, ` jkhqhz, kjngh`eahs`hn qjg z }jkhchk }jkh chk ohnuh khk}z kjnihng`hz hqjhl lhohn ghkazs sech` ljaeo chqe :== kjsjq chqe }enggeq ihlhn ihlhn chn `hnhl. Azszo Azs zo z}huh hlsjqnhsef sqhnr}dqshre sqhnr}dqshre ahge qjgz }jkhchk, }jkhchk, rjlhen h`rjr ihlhn, `hqjnhnuh rhnghs }jqlz ce}jqohse`hn, kjngenghs rzlesnuh h`rjreaeleshr kjnziz hqjhl lhohn ghkazs uhng sjqcjgqhchre. Nhkzn, z}huh }jnbjghohn }jqlz ce}qedqeshr`hn ce welhuhowelhuho qhwhn ajqchrhq`hn }jsh chjqho qhwhn `jah`hqhn ozshn. Hch`hlhnuh ce welhuho lhennuh, `jah`hqhn aehrhnuh cekzlhe hshz ce}ebz dljo }jkaz`hhn lhohn znsz` z nsz` }j q`jaznhn rhwes. rh wes. Ohl ene ch}hs celeohs chqe `zkzlhsef }jnujahqhn odsr}ds ce welhuho w elhuho sjqrjazs, cekhnh sjqch}hs `zk}zlhn / blzrsjq % odsr}ds uhng rhnghs rh nghs qh}hs ce hqjhl uhng ceaz`h cea z`h znsz` }jq`jaznhn. @jaeih`hn @j aeih`hn yjqd azqneng ohqzr cesjqh}`hn znsz` `j}jqlzhn sjqrjazs, sjnsznuh cjnghn ceahqjnge
z}huh }jnjgh`hn od`zk uhng sjghr. Jvhlzhre
}jsh
qhwhn
`jah`hqhn
izgh
celh`z`hn
znsz`
kjngjshoze
`zhleshr enfdqkhre sjq`hes cjnghn }jnujahqhn odsr}ds. Rjahghe Rjahghe ahohn bdnsdo, }jsh uhng cegznh`hn chlhk rszce lesjqhszq, “]jsh Chjqho Qhwhn @jah`hqhn ce Rzkhsjqh Rjlhshn‛. Cjnghn kjnggznh`hn }jsh qhwhn `jah`hqhn uhng cerzrzn
kjnggznh`hn ohrel hnhlerh }jnujahqhn odsr}ds shozn 1==3 /hshz rjajlzknuh% , jvhlzhre celh`z`hn znsz` kjngjshoze kjngjsho ze seng`hs `jh`zqhrehn }qjce`re }jnujahqhn odsr}ds shozn 1==6. Rjahgehn Rjahgehn ajrhq odsr}ds /ohk}eq 5=*% ajqhch ajqhch ce chjqho cjnghn seng`hs qhwhn `jah`hqhn rhnghs sengge.
85
Gqhfe` Gqhfe` jvhlzhre }jnujahqhn odsr}ds shozn 1==6 cjnghn }jsh qhwhn `jah`hqhn uhng ceazhs shozn 1==:.
@dqjlhre uhng sengge hnshqh }jsh qhwhn `jah`hqhn cjnghn }jnujahqhn odsr}ds }hch kzrek `jkhqhz ajqe`zsnuh, ch}hs celeohs chqe gqhfe` ce hshr, cekhnh rjahle`nuh ce hqjhl h qjhl cjn ghn seng`hs qhwhn uhng qj ncho chn sech` qhwhn, `jqh}hshn }jnujahqhn odsr}ds rhnghslho qjncho. ]jsh qhwhn `jah`hqhn uhng rj}jqse ene lho uhng ch}hs cegznh`hn znsz` `j}jqlzhn ecjnsefe`hre e cjnsefe`hre hqjhl h qjhl }qedqeshr chn }jqjnbhnhhn }j qjnbhnhhn `jgehshn ` jgehshn }jnbjghohn, hld`hre rzkajqchuh }jkhchkhn hshz}zn hshz}z n }jqjnbhnhhn `jaeih`hn chn rsqhsjger lhennuh. Rjlhen esz, ahge feqj khnhgjq uhng rzcho rz cho ljaeo kzk}zne /hcvhnbjc %, %, Rersjk Hnhlerh Hnbhkhn @jah`hqhn kjqz}h`hn enfdqkhre shkahohn uhng rhnghs cjshel chn ajqkhnfhhs ajqkhnfhh s znsz` `j}jqlzhn `j}jqlzh n }jqjnbhnhhn }jqjnbhnhhn }hch r`hlh uhng ljaeo ljae o qenbe. @joecz}hn nuhsh rjlhlz cenhker chn kjnghlhke }jqzahohn. Ajqajch cjnghn }jsh hshz kdcjl uhng ceazhs, ohnuh ohnuh kjwh`ele rzhsz `dncere chlhk chlhk wh`sz sjqsjnsz. sjqsj nsz. Znsz` esz }jqlz celh`z`hn }jkahohqzhn chsh chn }jsh rjbhqh qjgzljq, rjoenggh h`zqhre chn h`szhleshr kjnihce ljaeo ahe`. VEEE.
@JREK]ZLHN ]jsh Qhwhn @jah`hqhn Ozshn ch}hs ce}jqdljo kjnggznh`hn kjsdcj dvjqlhu }jsh}jsh sjkhse`. ]jsh}jsh uhng cegznh`hn hnshqh lhen9 8.
]jsh ]jnzsz}hn Lhohn uhng ce}jqdljo chqe ohrel ensjq}qjshre besqh rhsjles uhng celh`z`hn dljo A ]@O EE, cegznh`hn ce gznh`hn rjahghe rjah ghe rhlho rhsz f h`sdq uhng sjq`hes cjnghn }jnggznhhn lhohn h`szhl. Welhuho uhng sjqcjgqhchre chn sech` kjkele`e }dlh }jkhnfhhshn ensjnref bjncjqzng qhwhn sjqohch} `jah`hqhn.
1.
]jnujahqhn Lhohn Ghkazs kjqz}h`hn fh`sdq }jnseng uhng ajq}jnghqzo sjqohch} ensjnreshr chn ch k}h` `jah`hqh n uhng uh ng sjqihce , rjqsh kjqz}h`hn ahohn ah`hq }hleng jfj`sef chlhk `jah`hqhn ozshn. Enfdqkhre }jnujahqhn ijner lhohn ce}jqdljo chqe }jsh znes lhohn uhng ce`jlzhq`hn dljo ]zrleshnh`.
2. ]jsh Jljvhre hshz ]jsh @jsenggehn ce}jqdljo chqe chsh Cegeshl Jljvhsedn Kdcjl /CJK% RQSK. Enfdqkhre `jsenggehn cegznh`hn znsz` kjkajch`hn
1=
chshqhn qjncho /=1 :% chjqho lhohn ` jqeng /1: 8= == k% chn chshqhn sengge hshz }jgznznghn /8=== ‒ 2=== k%. ]jkahgehn segh ydnh `jsenggehn ene sjq`hes cjnghn }jkahgehn ydnh e`lek, kjngenghs bzqho ozihn ozihn ce Encdnjreh, rj}jqse bdnsdo ce Rzkhsjqh Rz khsjqh ce}jnghqzoe dljo
sd}dgqhfe
uhng
ajq`erhq
hnshqh 6=== kk }jq shozn ce welhuho ahqhs ahqhs hshz rj`eshq az`es Ahqerhn oenggh 8:== kk ce ahgehn sekzq /Woessjn js hl, 1===%. @jsenggehn izgh kjk}jnghqzoe chjqho }jqrjahqhn `jah`hqhn ozshn, `hqjnh }hch sjdqenuh `jah`hqhn kjqhkahs chqe chjqho ajqsj`hnhn zchqh qjncho `j sengge, cekhnh rjkh`en sengge jljvhre, rjkh`en sengge sj`hnhn zchqhnuh. 3. Ahshr Hckenersqhre cegznh`hn oh nuh rjahghe rj ahghe ahshr hqjhl uhng h`hn cehnhlerh, rjoenggh } jsh uhng ceohrel`hn kjkele`e hqjhl rjrzhe cjnghn uhng `esh engen`hn. /}jsh shkahohn% Chqe `jjk}hs }jsh ene, lhlz celh`z`hn dvjqlhu , kjnggznh`hn kjsdcj rbdqeng cjnghn }jkadadshn khrengkhreng jljkjn. @qesjqeh }jkadadshnnuh hnshqh lhen 9 8. ]jsh ]jnzsz}hn Lhohn /3=*% 1. ]jsh @jsenggehn /2=*% 2. ]jsh Shnho ]jqrjah ]jqrjahqhn qhn Ghkazs Ghkazs /2=*% Cjnghn qzkzrhn 9
R`dq Qhwhn @jah`hqhn ; /=,3 x R`dq ]jnzsz}hn Lhohn% + /=,2 x R`dq Lhohn Ghkazs% + /=,2 x R`dq Ydnh E`lek hshz Jljvhre% Chqe rbdqeng ene `esh h`hn kjnch}hs`hn }dlegdn}dlegdn uhng kjk}znuhe r`dq qhwhn `jah`hqhn, rjoenggh `esh khk}z kjng`lhrefe`hre`hn welhuho ajqchrhq`hn `jqhwhnhn `jah`hqhn. Chqe }jsh qhwhn `jah`hqhn ene, `esh khk}z kjqj`dkjnchre`hn welhuhowelhuho ajqchrhq`hn }qedqeshr }jnhnggzlhnghn `jah`hqhnnuh, ahe` cesenihz chqe fhreleshr uhng `zqhng kjkhche, ihqh` chqe rzkajq heq sjqcj`hs, izklho }jqrdnel, khz}zn ajqhsnuh `dncere fere` lh}hnghn. Znsz` rsqhsjge }jnhnggzlhnghn `jah`hqhn ozshn uhng ajqrefhs ajq`jlhnizshn, ohqzr cehch`hn }jkzsh`oeqhn chsh sjqh`szhl seh} shoznnuh.
18
E_.
CHFSHQ QJFJQJNRE CHFSHQ ]ZRSH@H Hncjqrdn, E. ]., K.Q. Adwjn, E.C. Ekhnch chn Kzonhnchq. 8555. Vjgjshsedn Feqjr en Encdnjreh9 Soj Feqj Oersdqu df soj Rzkhsqh ]qdvenbj 8556 ‒ 855? hr h ]qjcebsdq ]qjcebsdq df F zszqj Hqjhr hs Qer` . FF]B] Qj}dqs. ]hljkahng.
JRQE. 1==1. Zreng HqbVejw GER. Jnveqdnkjnshl Rursjkr Qjrjhqbo Enrseszsj, Enb. Qjclhncr Bhlefdqneh. Gqjjnj, Q. W. 1==1. Bdnfqdnseng Bhshrsqd}oj9 H GER Ohncadd` . JRQE ]qjrr. Qjclhncr Bhlefdqneh. Nzhqrh, E Whuhn. 1==:. Ajlhihq Rjnceqe Kjnghnhlerer Chsh R}hrehl cjnghn HqbVejw 2.2 znsz` ]jkzlh . ]S Jljx Kjceh @dk}zsencd. Ih`hqsh.
Dqkrau, S chn Hlve, I. 8555. Jxsjnceng HqbVejw GER . JRQE ]qjrr. Qjclhncr Bhlefdqneh. ]qhohrsh, Jcu. 1==1. @dnrj}+@dnrj} Chrhq Rersjk Enfdqkhre Gjdgqhfer. Enfdqkhse`h. Ahnczng. ]qhohrsh, Jcu. 1==2. Rersjk Enfdqkhre Gjdgqhfer9 Szsdqehl HqbVejw. Enfdqkhse`h Ahnczng. Qzjb`jq, G. 1==7. J`rsjnre Rersjk Hnhlerh Hnhlerh Hnbhkhn Hnbhkhn @jah`hqhn znsz` HqbVejw GER 2.x9 ]hnczhn ahge ]jnggznh chn Hckenersqhsdq . RRFFK].
]hljkahng. Rdleboen, Ohrhnzccen chn Boqersehnh. 1==7. Khnzhl ]jngzk}zlhn ]jngzk}zlhn Enfdqkhre @jah`hqhn Ozshn chn Lhohn kjlhlze Ensjqnjs . RRFFK]. ]hljkahng. @jah `hqhn Ozshn Oz shn chn Lhohn. Rdleboen chn ]. @ekkhn. 1==2. Rersjk Enfd qkhre @jah`hqhn
RRFFK]. ]hljkahng. Rdleboen, L. Shqeghn, ]. @ekkhn, A. Feqkhn, chn Q. Ahgudnd. 1==7. Khnzhl ]jkjshhn Chjqho Qhwhn @jah`hqhn. Rdzso Rzkhsqh Fdqjrs Feqj Khnhgjkjns ]qdijbs, Cenhr @jozshnhn ]qdvenre Rzkhsjqh Rjlhshn. ]hljkahng
Woessjn, S. 1===. Soj Jbdldgu df Rzkhsqh. ]jqe}lzr Jcesedn. Jcesedn. Ren Rengh}dqj. gh}dqj.
11
