3. Mie Pelangi

LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM PENGEMBANGAN FORMULA GIZI PENGEMBANGAN FORMULA MIE PELANGI “Makanan Utama”

DOSEN PEMBIMBING :  Nita Maria Rosiana, STP, STP, M.Sc

Disusun O!" Golongan / Kelompok: D / 3 Fitria

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Ais*a" Ba+is

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I0na K"oirani

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G!a A2riia

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In-ra Kurnia San-*

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 Nur3ainia Pus2itasari

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KEMENTERIAN KEMENTER IAN PENDIDIKAN PE NDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDA KEBUD A1AAN POLITEKNIK NEGERI 5EMBER  5URUSAN KESE6ATAN D7I8 GIZI KLINIK  %/&'

KAA KAA PENGANAR  PENGANAR  Rasa s*u0ur 0a9i 2anat0an K!2a-a ALLA6 atas ra9at -an "i-a*a"7N*a, 0a9i 0a9i -a2at -a2at 9!n*! 9!n*!!sa !sai0a i0an n a2ora a2oran n *an+ *an+ ;!ru;!ru-u u i #Nita Maria Rosiana, S.TP, M.Sc.) atas 2!n+ara" -an ;i9;in+ann*a, s!"in++a 0a9i -a2at 9!n*!!sai0an tu+as ini. S!rta ta0 u2a 2ua 0a9i uca20an t!ri9a 0asi" 0!2a-a r!0an 7 r!0an *an+ t!a" ;an*a0 9!9;!ri0an 0ontri; 0ontri;usi usi -aa9 -aa9 9!?uu 9!?uu-0an -0an a2ora a2oran n ini s!"in+ s!"in++a +a 0a9i 0a9i s!;a+a s!;a+aii 2!nui 2!nuiss -a2at -a2at 9!n+!ra0an a2oran ini -!n+an s!;ai0 9un+0in. La2oran ini -i;uat -an -isusun s!;a+ia ;u0ti atas 2!9;!aaran *an+ 0a9i i0uti i0uti,, -an s!9o+a s!9o+a a2ora a2oran n ini -a2at -a2at 9!9;!ri 9!9;!ri0an 0an 0ontri; 0ontri;usi usi *an+ *an+ ;!rart ;!rartii -aa9 -aa9  2!9;!aaran -an 2!niain, a9in. 9a0aa" *an+ 0a9i ;uat -an susun ini t!ntu au" -ari -ari 0!s!92 0!s!92urn urnaan aan,, untu0 untu0 itu itu 0a9i 0a9i 9o"on 9o"on 0!ras 0!rasa9a a9an*a n*a untu0 untu0 0!s!92 0!s!92urn urnaan aan a2oran7a2oran 0a9i ;!ri0utn*a.

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BAB $# PENDA&ULUAN $#$ Lata Lata'' Bel Belak aka ang B!;!ra2a ta"un t!ra0"ir, 9as*ara0at 9!9ii0i 9!9ii0i 0!c!n-!run+an untu0 9!9ii"  2an+an oa"an *an+ -i;uat -ari ;a"an ; a"an aa9i s!2!rti sa*uran -an ;ua"7;ua"an #Kaur  -an Ka2oor Ka2oor,, %//&). %//&). Sa*ura Sa*uran n -an ;ua"7; ;ua"7;ua"a ua"an n 9!9ii 9!9ii0i 0i s!n*a s!n*a?a ?a @ito0i9 @ito0i9ia ia *an+ *an+ 9a92 9a92u u 9!n+ 9!n+"a9 "a9;a ;att ra-i ra-i0a 0a ;!;as ;!;as.. Sa*ur Sa*uran an -an -an ;ua"7 ;ua"7;ua ;ua"a "an n 9!n+ 9!n+anan-un un+ + antio0si-an *an+ 9!9ii0i 9an@aat 0!s!"atan ;a+i tu;u". Sa*ur -an ;ua"7;ua"an *an+ 9!9ii0i niai @un+siona ;a+i tu;u" -a2at -i0!9;an+0an -aa9 2!n+oa"an  2an+an, atau *an+ -i0!na -!n+an na9a 2an+an 2an+ an @un+siona. Pan+an @un+siona -a2at -ia-i0an -ia-i0an s!;a+ai s!;a+ai 2ii"an 2ii"an 2an+an untu0 9!9!nu"i 9!9!nu"i 0!in+inan 0!in+inan 9as*ara0at 9as*ara0at.. Pan+an @un+siona @un+siona "arus -isai0an -isai0an s!2!rti 9a0anan *an+ -i0onsu9si ;iasa, ;u0an -aa9  ;!ntu0 su2!9!n atau2un 2i, -a2at -it!ri9a o!" 9as*ara0at ;ai0 cita rasa 9au2un 0ara0t 0ara0t!ri !risti sti0 0 s!nsor s!nsorii *an+ *an+ ;ai0, ;ai0, s!rta s!rta 9!9ii 9!9ii0i 0i 9an@aa 9an@aatt 0!s!"a 0!s!"atan tan ;a+i tu;u" tu;u" #As"?!, %//% -an DO6, %//$). .Sa*uran -an ;ua" 9!ru2a0an 9a0anan s!"at -an ;!r+i>i. Sa*uran -an ;ua" 9!n+an-un+ ;an*a0 ita9in -an 9in!ra *an+ ;ai0 -i+una0an untu0 tu;u". Sa*uran 0!;an* 0!;an*a0an a0an -i0ons -i0onsu9s u9sii s!t!a s!t!a" " 2ros!s 2ros!s 9!9asa 9!9asa0, 0, ?aau2 ?aau2un un t!r-a2 t!r-a2at at ;!;!ra2 ;!;!ra2aa sa*uran sa*uran *an+ ti-a0 9!aui 9!aui 2ros!s 2ros!s 9!9asa0 9!9asa0 s!2!rti s!2!rti s!!-ri, s!!-ri, s!a-a -an ain7ain. ain7ain. Sa*uran Sa*uran -an ;ua" 9!9ii0i 9an@aat ;a+i 0!s!"atan 0!s!"atan 9anusia 9anusia -iantaran* -iantaran*aa 9!9;antu 9!9;antu  2!r0!9;an+an tu;u" ana0, 9!na+a 0!s!"atan or+an7or+an tu;u", 9!nin+0at0an -a*a ta"an tu;u", 9!92!rancar 2!r!-aran -ara" -an s!;a+ain*a. A-a2un @actor   2!n*!;a; sa*uran -an ;ua" 0uran+ -isu0ai *aitu -iantaran*a tata cara 2!n*aian*a *an+ ti-a0 ;!rariasi, rasa sa*ur atau ;ua" t!rt!ntu *an+ 0uran+ -isu0ai, ;!ntu0   2!n*aian*a *an+ 0uran+ 9!nari0, rasa sa*ur *an+ ;!rs!rat -an ain7ain. Mi! 9!ru2a0an saa" satu 9a0anan 2o0o0 *an+ -isu0ai -an -i0onsu9si o!" 9as*ara0at Asia. Ba"an -asar 2!9;uatan 9i! t!r-iri -ari t!2un+, air, -an +ara9. #Fu, %//').

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B!r-asar0an "a t!rs!;ut, 2!ru -i;!ri0an inoasi -aa9 2!9an@aatan sa*uran -an ;ua" *an+ 9!nari0 untu0 -i0onsu9si. Saa" satu caran*a a-aa"
$#% ()(an Tuuan -ia0u0an 2ra0ti0u9 ini 9a"asis?a -i"ara20an 9a92u: &. M!a0u0an @or9uasi 2a-a 2ro-u0 9i! 2!an+i %. M!n+anaisis si@at7si@at 2ro-u0 9i! 2!an+i . M!n+anaisa niai +i>i 9i! 2!an+i

$#3 Man*aat Da2at 9!na9;a" ?a?asan 0!2a-a 9a"asis?a -an 2!9;aca 9!n+!nai  2!n+!9;an+an -aa9 9!9;uat 9a0anan uta9a -!n+an 9!9ii0i niai +i>i *an+ ;ai0   ;a+i tu;u" -!n+an 9!9ii0i 0an-un+an +i>i *an+ tin++i ;a+i tu;u" tan2a ;a"an *an+  ;!r;a"a*a.

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BAB %# IN"AUAN PU!AKA %#$ M+e Mi! 9!ru2a0an ;a"an 2an+an *an+ ;!r;!ntu0 2iinan 9!9anan+ -!n+an -ia9!t!r /,/'7/,&% inc"i *an+ -i;uat -!n+an ;a"an ;a0u t!ri+u atau tan2a ta9;a"an 0unin+ t!ur #B!ans !t a, &('$). Mi! ;asa" a-aa" 9i! 9!nta" *an+ s!;!u9 -i2asar0an 9!n+aa9i 2!r!;usan -aa9 air 9!n-i-i" t!r!;i" -a"uu. P!9;uatan 9i! ;asa" s!cara tra-isiona -a2at -ia0u0an -!n+an ;a"an uta9a t!2un+ t!ri+u -an ;a"an 2!9;antu s!2!rti air, t!ur  -an 2!?arna #Anoni9@, %//). Mi! ;asa" -i;!-a0an -!n+an 9i! !nis ain ;!r-asar0an 0a-ar air -an tin+0at  2!9asa0an a?an*a. Mi! 9!nta" *an+ ;!u9 -ir!;us 9!n+an-un+ air s!0itar  C, 9i! ;asa" #9i! 9!nta" *an+ -ir!;us) 9!n+an-un+ air s!0itar % C, 9i! 0!rin+ #9i! 9!nta" *an+ -i0!rin+0an) s!0itar &/ C, 9i! instan #9i! 9!nta" *an+ -i0u0us 0!9u-ian -i+or!n+) s!0itar  C, s!-an+0an 9i! +or!n+ #9i! 9!nta" *an+ -i+or!n+) 9!n+an-un+ i2i- s!0itar %/ C #Krun+!r !t a, &((4). Mi! ;asa" a-aa" !nis 9i! *an+ 9!n+aa9i 2ros!s 2!r!;usan s!t!a" ta"a2  2!9oton+an -an s!;!u9 -i2asar0an. Ka-ara airn*a -a2at 9!nca2ai %C s!"in++a -a*a ta"an si92ann*a r!ati@ sin+0at #$/ a9 2a-a su"u 0a9ar). Di In-on!sia, 9i!  ;asa" -i0!na s!;a+ai 9i! 0unin+ atu 9i! ;a0so. Mi! ;asa" u9u9*a -i0!9as -!n+ an  2ati0 2oi2ro2i!n #PP) atau 2oi!ti!n #PE). Poi2ro2i!n 9!9ii0i si@at 0a0u , 0uat, rin+an , -a*a t!9;us ua2 air r!n-a", ta"an t!"a-a2 !9a0, sta;i t!r"a-a2 su"u tin++i -an 9!n+0ia2. O!" 0ar!na itu 2!n+!9asan -!n+an 9!n++una0an 2oi2ro2i!n -i"ara20an 9a92u 9!na+a 0!sta;ian ua2 air 2ro-u0 !;i" ;ai0 -ari 2aa 2!n+!9as -ari ;a"an 2oi!ti!n. #Ma-! Asta?an, &(((). Si@at 0"as 9i! a-aa" !astis -an 0u0u" -!n+an a2isan 2!r9u0aan *an+ ti-a0  !9;!0 -an ti-a0 !n+0!t. Ta"a2an 2ros!s 2!9;uatan 9i! s!cara +aris ;!sar ;!ru2a  2!nca92uran #9iin+), 2!n+a-u0an, 2!9oton+an -an 2!9asa0an #O" !t a, &().

4

Fa0tor *an+ "arus -i2!r"ati0an -aa9 9!9;uat a-onan -aa9 2!9;uatan 9i! *an+ ;ai0 a-aa", u9a" air *an+ -ita9;a"a0an, a9a 2!n+a-u0an, -an su"un*a. Pa-a a?a 2!nca92uran t!r-a2at 2!9!ca"an a2isan ti2is air -an t!2un+. S!9a0in a9a s!9ua ;a+ian t!2un+ t!r;asa"i, o!" air -an 9!na-i +u92aan7+u92aan a-onan. A-onan air t!rs!;ut u+a 9!ru2a0an s!rat7s!rta +ut!n t!rtari0, -isusun  ;!rsian+ -an t!r;un+0us -aa9 2ati, s!"in++a a-onan 9!na-i una0, "arus s!rta !astis #Sunar*o,&().

%#% B+oa,a+la-+l+ta. P'ote+n Bioaaia;iitas 2rot!in -a2at -ii"at -!n+an 9!n+!ta"ui 0!!n+0a2an asa9 a9ino !ss!nsia *an+ t!r0an-un+ -aa9 suatu ;a"an 9a0anan. Asa9 a9ino !s!nsia a-aa" asa9 a9ino *an+ ti-a0 -a2at -i;!ntu0 o!" tu;u", s!"in++a "an*a -a2at -i2!ro!" -ari ;a"an 2an+an #9a0anan -an 9inu9an). Asa9 a9ino !s!nsia u+a 9!9ii0i ;ioaaia;iitas *an+ ;ai0. P!ran asa9 a9ino -i -aa9 tu;u" a-aa" untu0  9!9;!ntu0 s!, !n>i9, 9!92!r;ai0i otot *an+ rusa0, s!;a+ai at!rnati@ su9;!r  !n!r+i, -an ain7ain. Untu0 itu 2!ntin+ s!0ai 9!ncu0u2i 0!;utu"an asa9 a9ino !ss!nsia -aa9 tu;u". Bioaaia;iitas 2rot!in -a2at -iu0ur -!n+an Biological Value (BV). Niai B8 a-aa" 2!rs!ntas! 2rot!in *an+ -isi92an o!" tu;u" untu0 -i+una0an -aa9 2!rtu9;u"an -an 2!9!i"araan arin+an. Niai B8 *an+ ;ai0 a-aa" '/7&//. Pa-a u9u9n*a ;a"an 9a0anan *an+ 9!9ii0i B8 *an+ tin++i u+a 9!n+an-un+ asa9 a9ino !ss!nsia *an+ tin++i. onto"n*a t!ur 9!9ii0i niai B8 &//, 9a0a t!ur  9!9ii0i 0an-un+an asa9 a9ino !ss!nsia *an+ -i2!ru0an untu0 9!9!nu"i 0!;utu"an 2rot!in tu;u".

%#3 Pen+la+an M(t( P'ote+n Mutu 2rot!in -a2at -iu0ur -!n+an ;!r;a+ai cara: a. Niai ;ioo+ic #NB)  ;. N!t Prot!in Utii>ation #NPU)

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c. Prot!in E@ici!nc* Ratio #PER) -. S0or 0i9ia atau s0or asa9 a9ino Mutu 2rot!in ;a"an 9a0anan ;!r-asar0an !92at toa0 u0r -i atas -a2at -ii"at  2a-a ta;! ;!ri0ut: %#3#$

N+la+ B+olog+ NB0

 Niai ;ioo+i 9a0anan a-aa" u9a" nitro+!n *an+ -ita"an tu;u" +una  2!rtu9;u"an -an 2!9!i"araan tu;u" *an+ ;!rsa -ari u9a" nitro+!n *an+ -iasor;si. P!n+u0uran ini -i-asar0an 0!2a-a asu9si ;a"?a nitro+!n a0an !;i"  ;an*a0 -ita"an tu;u" ;ia sa9 a9ino !s!nsia "a-ir -aa9 u9a" cu0u2 untu0  9!9!nu"i 0!;utu"an 2!rtu9;u"an. Niai NB -a2at -i2!ro!" ;ia "!?an -i;!ri 9a0anan *an+ 9!n+an-un+ 2rot!in *an+ in+in -i ui -an -i!t ;!;as 2rot!in, 0!9u-ian 9!n+u0ur u9a" nitro+!n *an+ -i0!uar0an 9!aui urin -an @!s!s. Niai  ;ioo+i0 -in*ata0an s!;a+ai 2ors!n nitro+!n *an+ -ia;sornsi *an+ ta"an tu;u". Ma0anan *an+ 9!92un*ai niai N; '/ atau !;i" -ian++a2 9a92u 9!9;!ri  2!rtu9;u"an ;ia -i9a0an -aa9 u9a" cu0u2 -an 0onsu9si !n!r+* cu0u2. P!ru -iin+at ;a"?a *an+ 2!ntin+ a-aa" 9utu ca92uran 2r2t!in -i9a0an s!"ari. %#3#%

Net P'ote+n Ut+l+1at+on NPU0

 NPU a-aa" in-!0s 9utu *an+ ti-a0 saa 9!92!r"ati0an u9a" 2rot!in *an+ -ita"an, a0an t!ta2i u+a u9a" *an+ -ic!rna0an.  NPUNB  0o!@isi!n 0!c!rnaan  NPU 9!ru2a0an 2!r;an-in+an antara nitro+!n *an+ -ita"an -an nitro+!n *an+ -i0onsu9si. NPU 0acan+ 0!-!ai a-aa" 4&, susu % -an t!ur ($. Niai Bioo+i atau Bioo+ica 8au! #B8) -an 9utu c!rna atau Di+!sti;iit* #D) -aa9 ;!ntu0 2rot!in %#3#3

!ko' K+m+a ata( !ko' A.am Am+no

S0or Asa9 A9ino #SAA) 9!ru2a0an cara t!oritis *an+ u9u9 -i+una0an untu0  9!n+"a92iri niai ;ioo+is #biological value) -ari 2rot!in *an+ -i0onsu9si. SAA 9!nunu00an ;a+ian asa97asa9 a9ino !s!nsia *an+ -i9an@aat0an o!" tu;u"

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-i;an-in+0an -!n+an *an+ -is!ra2. Asa9 a9ino !s!nsia *an+ s!rin+ -!@isit 2a-a atau 0!0uran+an -aa9 0onsu9si 2an+an a-aa" saa" satu -ari isin, tr!onin, tri2to@an, 9!tionin -an sistin, *an+ -aa9 ;an*a0 "a 9!92un*ai @un+si *an+ sa9a -aa9 tu;u", s!"in++a 2!niaian SAA -i-asar0an 2a-a asa9 a9ino t!rs!;ut #6ar-ins*a" -an Draat, &((%). Pa-a 2!r"itun+an niai SAA t!oritis -i+una0an 2!9;an-in+ An+0a K!cu0u2an Prot!in *an+ -isai0an -aa9 Prot!in S!tara T!ur #PST), 0ar!na niai SAA7n*a a-aa" s!92urna #&//) #A9atsi!r, %//$). Kan-un+an asa9 a9ino #AA) !s!nsia #isin, tr!onin, tri2to@an, 9!tionin, -an sistin) -ari t!ur a*a9 ras -an a9ur tira9 #9ii+ra9 AA 2!r +ra9 2rot!in) -isai0an 2a-a Ta;! Ta;! Kan-un+an Asa9 A9ino #AA) Es!nsia #Lisin, Tr!onin, Tri2to@an, M!tionin, Dan Sistin) Dari T!ur A*a9 Ras Dan 5a9ur Tira9 #Mii+ra9 AA P!r Gra9 Prot!in) "en+. Pangan T!ur a*a9 ras

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s!rat. ort! 9!ru2a0an su9;!r 9!ru2a0an su9;!r 2!ntin+ 0arot!n -an 9!nca2ai &$C -ari 0an-un+an tota ita9in A -aa9 susunan 9a0anan rata7rata oran+ In++ris #Ga9an an- S"!rin+ton,&((%). ort! 0a*a a0an >at antio0si-an ;!ta0arot!n, 9a92u 9!nc!+a" ra-i0a ;!;as 9!na-i 0an0!r. ort! -a2at 9!nurun0an r!si0o 0an0!r 2rostat 2a-a !a0i. M!n+0onsu9si s!cara rutin ?ort! -a2at 9!n+uran+i 0!+anasan -ari ra-i0a ;!;as. S!;ai0n*a ti-a0 9!n+0onsu9si t!rau ;!r!;i"an 0ar!na a0an 9!n*!;a;0an 0uit 9!na-i 0unin+. ort! s!ain -i0onsu9si s!+ar -a2at 2ua -i0u0us t!r!;i" -a"uu 0!9u-ian -i0onsu9si. ort! a-aa" saa" satu su9;!r 9a0anan -!to0si@i0asi *an+ 9!92un*ai 0!9a92uan untu0 9!n+atur 0!ti-a0s!i9;an+an -aa9 tu;u". Sa*uran ;an*a0  9!n+an-un+ ;!ta0arot!n *an+ 9!ru2a0an 2r!0ursor ita9in A. ort! s!;a+ai su9;!r ita9in A ;!r@un+si untu0 9!9;antu 2ros!s 2!n+i"atan. 8ita9in t!rs!;ut 9!ru2a0an ;a+ian *an+ san+at 2!ntin+ -ari 2!n!ri9aan ca"a*a 9ata. ort! s!+ar  9!n+an-un+ air, 2rot!in, 0ar;o"i-rat, !9a0, s!rat, a;u, nutrisi anti 0an0!r, +ua aa9ia" # !ruktosa" sukrosa" dekstrosa" laktosa" -an maltosa), 2!0tin,  glutanion" 9in!ra #0asiu9, @os@or, ;!si -an natriu9), ita9in #;!ta0arot!in, B& -an ) s!rta asparagine. B!ta0arot!n 9!ru2a0an anti o0si-an *an+ 9!na+a 0!s!"atan -an 9!n+"a9;at 2ros!s 2!nuaan. S!ain itu ;!ta0arot!n ;isa 9!nc!+a" -an 9!n!0an 2!rtu9;u"an s! 0an0!r  s!rta 9!in-un+i asa9 !9a0 ti-a0 !nu" +an-a -ari 2ros!s o0si-asi. 5i0a tu;u" 9!9!ru0an ita9in A 9a0a ;!ta0arot!n -i "ati a0an -iu;a" 9!na-i ita9in A. Fun+si ita9in A ;isa 9!nc!+a" ;uta s!na, 9!92!rc!2at 2!n*!9;u"an u0a -an 9!92!rsin+0at a9an*a sa0it ca92a0. S!;ua" ?ort! u0uran s!-an+ 9!n+an-un+ s!0itar &%/// SI ;!ta0arot!n. B!r-asar0an 2!n!itian -i0!ta"ui ;a"?a -!n+an 9!n+0onsu9si ?ort! *an+ -i0u0us s!;!ntar a0an 9!92!r;!sar 2!n*!ra2an  ;!ta0arot!n #Ku9aanin+si",%//4). S!ain -i9an@aat0an s!;a+ai ;a"an 2an+an -an 2!n+o;atan, u9;i ?ort! u+a -a2at -i+una0an untu0 0!2!ruan 0os9!ti0, *a0ni untu0 9!ra?at 0!canti0an ?aa" &

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U;i aar un+u -a2at tu9;u" -!n+an ;ai0 -i -a!ra" ;!ri0i9 2anas -an !9;a; -!n+an su"u o2ti9a %' s!rta a9a 2!n*inaran s!0itar &&7&% a9 2!r "ari. Tana9an ini -a2at tu9;u" -i -ataran -!n+an 0!tin++ian sa92ai &./// 9!t!r -ari  2!r9u0aan aut. B!ntu0 u;i aar un+u ;iasan*a ;uat sa92ai onon+ -!n+an  2!r9u0aan rata "in++a ti-a0 rata. Kuit u;i aar un+u ;!r?arna un+u 0!9!ra"an, -an -a+in+ u9;i ;!r?arna 0!un+uan #Ru09ana, &(('). Kan-un+an antosianin *an+ tin++i 2a-a u;i aar un+u -an sta;iitas *an+ tin++i -i;an-in+ antosianin -ari su9;!r ain, 9!9;uat tana9an ini s!;a+ai 2ii"an *an+ !;i" s!"at -an s!;a+ai at!rnati@ 2!?arna aa9i #Ku9aanin+si", %//). B!;!ra2a in-ustri 2!?arna -an 9inu9an ;!r0ar;onat 9!n++una0an u;i aar un+u s!;a+ai ;a"an ;a0u 2!n+"asi antosianin #Ku9aanin+si", %//). Kan-un+an 0i9ia u;i aar un+u -isai0an 2a-a Ta;! &. Ta;! &. Kan-un+an 0i9ia -an 0ara0t!r @isi0 u;i aar  un+u ari!tas A*a9urasa0i !+*at K+m+a 9an F+.+k Ka-ar air #C;;) Ka-ar a;u #C;0) Ka-ar 2ati #C;0) Gua r!-u0si #C;0) Ka-ar !9a0 #C;0) Ka-ar antosianin #9+H&//+) A0tiitas antio0si-an#C)

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Ba- ;# PEMBA&A!AN Mi! 9!ru2a0an saa" satu !nis 9a0anan *an+ 2ain+ 2o2u!r -i Asia 0"ususn*a -i Asia Ti9ur -an Asia T!n++ara. M!nurut catatan s!ara", 9i! 2!rta9a 0ai -i;uat -i -aratan ina s!0itar %/// ta"un *an+ au 2a-a 9asa 2!9!rinta"an -inasti 6an. Dari ina, 9i! ;!r0!9;an+ -an 9!n*!;ar 0! 5!2an+, Kor!a, Tai?an -an n!+ara7n!+ara -i Asia T!n++ara ;a"0an 9!uas sa92ai 0!;!nua Ero2a. M!nurut  ;u0u7;u0u s!ara", -i ;!nua Ero2a 9i! 9uai -i0!na s!t!a" Marco Poo ;!r0unun+ 0! ina -an 9!9;a?a o!"7o!" 9i!. Na9un 2a-a 2!r0!9;an+ann*a -i Ero2a 9i!  ;!ru;a" 9!na-i 2asta s!2rti *an+ 0ita 0!na saat ini. Pa-a 2ra0ti0u9 0ai ini 9a"asis?a 9!a0u0an 2!n+!9;an+an @or9ua 9i!  2!an+i. Pro-u0 *an+ -i;uat -iantaran*a 9i! ;a*a9 -!n+an 9!n++una0an ;a*a9 s!;a+ai 2!?arna 9i!, t!2un+ t!ri+u, t!2un+ 0ani, +ara9, t!ur a*a9, 9in*a0 +or!n+, -an air ;ia -i2!ru0an  9i! ?ort! -!n+an 9!n++una0an ?ort! s!;a+ai 2!?arna 9i!, t!2un+ t!ri+u, t!2un+ 0ani, +ara9, t!ur a*a9, 9in*a0 +or!n+, -an air ;ia -i2!ru0an  9i! ;ua" na+a -!n+an 9!n++una0an ;ua" na+a s!;a+ai 2!?arna -ari 9i!, t!2un+ t!ri+u, t!2un+ 0ani, +ara9, t!ur a*a9, 9in*a0 +or!n+, -an air ;ia -i2!ru0an. K!!92at 9i! t!r!s!;ut -i;uat -!n+an t!0ni0 -an 2!n+oa"an *an+ sa9a,  2!r;!-aann*a "an*a a-a a-a ;a"an 2!?arna *an+ -i+una0an s!"in++a ?arna 9i!  ;!r;!-a7;!-a.

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Be'at Ba7an 6asi *an+ -i2!ro!" -ari 2ra0ti0u9 ini a-aa" -!n+an 0ara0t!risti0 @isi0 *an+

 ;!r;!-a. Mi! ;a*a9 9!9ii0i tota ;!rat ;a"an s!;an*a0 $( +ra9 -!n+an ;!rat a-onan s!t!a" 9iin+ s!;an*a0 '4 +ra9. Mi! ?ort! 9!9ii0i tota ;!rat s!;an*a0  $ +ra9 -!n+an ;!rat a-onan s!t!a" 9iin+ s!;an*a0 $& +ra9. Mi! ;ua" na+a 9!9ii0i tota s!;an*a0 // +ra9 -!n+an ;!rat a-onan s!t!a" 9iin+ s!;an*a0 $%4 +ra9. T!ra0"ir 9i! u;i un+u 9!9ii0i tota ;!rat ;a"an s!;an*a0 ' +ra9 -!n+an

 ;!rat a-onan s!t!a" 9iin+ s!;an*a0 & +ra9. Pros!s 2!n+oa"an 0!!92at 9i! t!rs!;ut 9!n++una0an su"u 2!n+oa"an *an+ sa9a *aitu &//. P!n+a9atan 9!n+!nai B!rat tota 9i! -an 0!"ian+an ;!rat. Pa-a 2ra0ti0u9  2!9;uatan 9i!, tota ;!rat 9i! ;a*a9 *an+ -i"asi0an a-aa" 44 +ra9 -an 9!n+aa9i 0!"ian+an ;!rat s!;an*a0 7%,&4 C, tota ;!rat 9i! ?ort! *an+ -i"asi0an a-aa" '/% +ra9 -an 9!n+aa9i 0!"ian+an ;!rat s!;an*a0 7,% C, tota  ;!rat 9i! ;ua" na+a *an+ -i"asi0an a-aa" 4/ +ra9 -an 9!n+aa9i 0!"ian+an  ;!rat s!;an*a0 7/ C, -an tota ;!rat 9i! u;i un+u a-aa" 4& +ra9 -an 9!n+aa9i 0!"ian+an ;!rat s!;an*a0 7/,4 C. T!ra-in*a 0!"ian+an ;!rat 2a-a 9asin+79asin+  2ro-u0 9i! t!ra-i 0ar!na 2ros!s 2!n+oa"an -an 2ros!s 2!9asa0an. Di9ana -ari 0!!92at 9i! t!rs!;ut 9!n+aa9i 0!"ian+an ;!rat 2a-a 2ros!s 9iin+ *an+ a-onan 9asi" !0at -i?a-a" atau +iin+an s!rta a-a ;!;!ra2a a-onan *an+ ;!rc!c!ran saat 9!a0u0an 2!nc!ta0anH2!n++iin+an 9i!. O!" 0ar!na itu ;!rat a-onann*a ;!r0uran+ s!t!a" -ia0u0an 9iin+ -an 2!n++iin+an 9i!. Na9un s!t!a" -ia0u0an  2!n+oa"an #2!nan+anan) 2a-a 9i! ;!rat 9i! 9uai ;!rta9;a" s!9ua 0ar!na 9i! 9!n+aa9i 2!n+!9;an+an s!t!a" -ia0u0an 2ros!s 2!n+oa"an. S!"in++a r!n-!9!n *an+ -i"asi0an o!" 0!!92at 9i! "asin*a n!+ati! #7) "a t!rs!;ut -i0ar!na0an  ;a"an t!2un+ t!ri+u 2a-a 9i! ;!r0!9;an+ s!t!a" 9!n+aa9i 2!n+oa"an -an 9!92!n+aru"i ;!rat *an+ -i"asi0an. T!2un+ t!ri+u *an+ 9!92un*ai 0a-ar 2rot!in tin++i a0an 9!9!ru0an air !;i" ;an*a0 a+ar +ut!n *an+ t!r;!ntu0 -a2at 9!n*i92an +as s!;an*a07;an*a0n*a. U9u9n*a, -aa9 2!9;uatan rotiH9i! -i+una0an t!2un+ t!ri+u 2rot!in tin++i untu0 9!n-a2at0an ou9! *an+ ;!sar   ;!+itu2un -!n+an 2!9;uatan 9i!. P!nca92uran t!2un+ t!ri+u 2rot!in tin++i -!n+an t!2un+ t!ri+u 2rot!in s!-an+ u+a -a2at -ia0u0an, tuuann*a a+ar 0a-ar 2rot!in t!ri+u turun s!"in++a rotiH9i! *an+ -i"asi0an s!suai -!n+an 0!in+inan, s!2!rti t!0stur !;i" !9;ut #Mu-aanto  1uiati, %//$). T!2un+ t!ri+u 9!ru2a0an ;a"an -asar -aa9 2!9;uatan roti -an 9i!. K!isti9!?aan t!ri+u -iantara s!r!aia ain a-aa" a-an*a +ut!n *an+ 9!ru2a0an  2rot!in *+ 9!n++u92a, !astis s!rta 9!n+!9;an+ ;ia -ica92ur -!n+an air. Gut!n %$

-i+una0an s!;a+ai ;a"an ta9;a"an untu0 9!92!rtin++i 0an-un+an 2rot!in -aa9 roti. Biasan*a 9utu t!ri+u *an+ -i0!"!n-a0i a-aa" t!ri+u *an+ 9!9ii0i 0a-ar air  &$C, 0a-ar 2rot!in  7 &%C, 0a-ar a;u /,% J /,4/C -an +ut!n ;asa" %$ J 4C #Asta?an, %//$).

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O'ganolept+k Daa9 2ra0ti0u9 2!n+!9;an+an @or9ua 0ai ini, a-a !92at 2ro-u0 *an+

-i;uat *aitu 9i! ;a*a9, 9i! ?ort!, 9i! ;ua" na+a, -an 9i! u;i un+u. Daa9 2ros!s  2!9;uatan 0!!92at 2ro-u0 ini -ia0u0an -!n+an cara 2!n+oa"an *an+ sa9a. Dia0u0an 2!n+a9atan ui or+ano!2tic s!t!a" -ia0u0an 2!n+oa"an -iantaran*a: ;#%#$ a'na k(l+t

M!nurut Anoni9 #%//!), 0uaitas 9i! ;asa" san+at ;!rariasi 0ar!na  2!r;!-aan ;a"an 2!n+a?!t -an 2ros!s 2!9;uatann*a. Mi! ;asa" a-aa" 9i! 9!nta" *an+ s!;!u9n*a -i2asar0an 9!n+aa9i 2!r!;usan -aa9 air 9!n-i-i" !;i" -a"uu. P!9;uatan 9i! ;asa" s!cara tra-isiona -a2at -ia0u0an -!n+an ;a"an uta9a t!2un+ t!ri+u -an ;a"an 2!9;antu s!2!rti air, t!ur 2!?arna -an ;a"an ta9;a"an 2an+an. arna *an+ -i"asi0an -aa9 2!9;uatan 9i! s!suai -!n+an  ;a"an ta9;a"an 2!?arna *an+ -i+una0an. Pa-a 2ra0ti0u9 2!9;uatan 9i! 0ai ini, -aa9 2!9;uatan 9i! ;a*a9 ?arna *an+ -i"asi0an a-aa" ?arna "iau 9u-a 0ar!na 2!?arna aa9i -ari -aun ;a*a9 *an+ -i+una0an. Daun ;a*a9 9!92un*ai 0an-un+an 0oro@i *an+ tin++i, s!"in++a au @otosint!sisn*a u+a tin++i. S!ain 9!n+an-un+ s!rat, ;a*a9 u+a 0a*a  ;!ta0arot!n. & +!as ;a*a9 *an+ su-a" -i2!ti0 ;isa 9!9!nu"i '/C 0!;utu"an  ;!ta0arot!n 2!r "ari. B!ta0arot!n #ita9in A), -ita9;a" ita9in  9!9;uat ;a*a9  ;!rsi@at antio0si-an *an+ ;ai0. Ba*a9 u+a 9!n+an-un+ asa9 @oat, >at ;!si, -an s!n+ #Noar*, E. . &((') Mi! ?ort! -i"asi0an ?arna 0unin+ 0!!9asan -i9ana ?arna ini -i"asi0an -ari 2!na9;a"an ?ort! 2a-a a-onan ?arna 0unin+ 0!!9asan 0ar!na 2a-a ?ort!

%

9!n+an-un+ ;!ta0arot!n. Sa*uran ;!r?arna "iau t!ruta9a ;a*a9 a9at ;an*a0  9!n+an-un+ ;!ta0arot!n. D!9i0ian u+a -!n+an ?ort!, ;ro0oi, a;u, 2!2a*a, 9an++a, 2a2ri0a 9!ra" -an ain s!;a+ain*a. S!9a0in tua ?arna sa*uran t!rs!;ut, s!9a0in ;an*a0 0an-un+an ;!ta0arot!nn*a. ort! 9!ru2a0an su9;!r 9!ru2a0an su9;!r 2!ntin+ 0arot!n -an 9!nca2ai &$C -ari 0an-un+an tota ita9in A -aa9 susunan 9a0anan rata7rata oran+ In++ris. ort! 0a*a a0an >at antio0si-an  ;!ta0arot!n, 9a92u 9!nc!+a" ra-i0a ;!;as 9!na-i 0an0!r. ort! -a2at 9!nurun0an r!si0o 0an0!r 2rostat 2a-a !a0i. #Ga9an an- S"!rin+ton,&((%). Mi! ;ua" na+a -i"asi0an ?arna 9!ra" 9u-a 0ar!na ;ua" na+a 9!9ii0i antosianin. Antosianin 9!ru2a0an saa" satu ;a+ian 2!ntin+ -aa9 0!o92o0   2i+9!n s!t!a" 0oro@i. Antosianin arut -aa9 air, 9!n+"asi0an ?arna -ari 9!ra" sa92ai ;iru -an t!rs!;ar uas -aa9 ;ua", ;un+a, -an -aun. Antosianin 2a-a ;ua" na+a -it!9u0an 2a-a ;ua" -an 0uitn*a. #sina+a, %/&%) Mi! u;i un+u -i"asi0an ?arna 2uti" 2ucat. U;i aar un+u 9!ru2a0an saa" satu !nis u;i aar *an+ 9!9ii0i ?arna un+u 2!0at. U;i aar un+u 9!na-i su9;!r  ita9in  -an ;!ta0arot!n #2roita9in A) *an+ san+at ;ai0. Kan-un+an  ;!ta0arot!nn*a !;i" tin++i -i;an-in+0an u;i aar 0unin+. S!ain ita9in ,  ;!ta0arot!n, -an ita9in A 0o92on!n *an+ t!r2!ntin+ a-aa" 0an-un+an antosianin #i-anar0o, %//). ;#%#% ek.t('

Pa-a ui or+ano!2tic ini u+a -ia0u0an 2!n+a9atan t!r"a-a2 t!0stur 2ro-u0  *an+ t!a" -i;uat. S!t!a" -ia0u0an 2!n+a9atan -i-a2at "asi ;a"?a s!9ua !nis 9i! 9!9ii0i t!0stur *an+ 0!n*a. Mi! ;asa" *an+ ;ai0 9!92un*ai ciri7ciri s!;a+ai  ;!ri0ut : &. B!r?arna 2uti" atau 0unin+ %. T!0stur a+a0 0!n*a . Ti-a0 9u-a"  2utus #Anoni9, %//!). T!0stur 0!n*a -i-a2at0an -ari 2!na9;a"an t!2un+ ta2ioca 2a-a a-onan *an+ 9!n*!;a;0an a-onan 9!na-i 0!n*a. Ta2io0a u+a ;an*a0 -i+una0an s!;a+ai  ;a"an 2!n+!nta, ;a"an 2!n+isi -an ;a"an 2!n+i0at -aa9 in-ustri 9a0anan, s!2!rti

%4

-aa9 2!9;uatan 2u-in+, so2, 9a0anan ;a*i, !s 0ri9, 2!n+oa"an sosis -a+in+, in-ustri @ar9asi, -an ain7ain #Tri -an A+usto, &((/). T!2un+ ta2io0a a-aa" saa" satu "asi oa"an -ari u;i 0a*u. T!2un+ ta2io0a u9u9n*a ;!r;!ntu0 ;utiran 2ati *an+ ;an*a0 t!r-a2at -aa9 s! u9;i sin+0on+ #Ra>i@, %//4 Asta?an, %//(). P!9;uatan 9i! 9!i2uti ta"a27ta"a2 2!nca92uran, -i-ia90an ;!rtuuan a+ar a-onan 9!n+!9;an+, 2!9;!ntu0an !9;aran, 2!9oton+an atau 2!nc!ta0an -an 2!9asa0an. P!nca92uran ;!rtuuan untu0 2!9;!ntu0an +ut!n -an -istri;usi  ;a"an7;a"an a+ar "o9o+!n. S!;!u9 2!9;!ntu0an !9;aran, a-onan ;iasan*a -iistira"at0an untu0 9!9;!ri 0!s!92atan 2!n*!;aran air -an 2!9;!ntu0an +ut!n. P!n+istira"atan a-onan 9i! *an+ a9a -ari +an-u9 0!ras a0an 9!nurun0an 0!0!rasan 9i!. P!9;!ntu0an !9;aran -!n+an ro 2!n+!2r!s 9!n*!;a;0an  2!9;!ntu0an s!rat7s!rat +ut!n *an+ "aus -an !0st!nsi;! #Anoni9, %//). M!nurut Sunar*o #&() -aa9 Ratna?ati #%//), 2a-a a?a 2!nca92uran t!ra-i 2!9!ca"an a2isan ti2is air -an t!2un+. Ma0in a9a, s!9ua ;a+ian t!2un+ t!rairi air -an 9!na-i +u92aan7+u92aan a-onan. Air a0an 9!n*!;a;0an s!rats!rat +ut!n 9!n+!9;an+ 0ar!na +ut!n 9!n*!ra2 air. D!n+an 2!9anasan, s!rat7s!rat +ut!n a0an -itari0, -isusun ;!rsian+ -an 9!9;un+0us 2ati s!"in++a a-onan 9!na-i una0, 0a0u -an !astis. ;#%#3 A'oma

Untu0 2!n+a9atan aro9a s!9ua 2ro-u0 *an+ -i"asi0an 9!n+!uar0an aro9a 0"as -ari ;a"an ;a0u *an+ -i+una0an. S!9ua 2ro-u0 9!n+"asi0an aro9a 0"as t!2un+, "a ini -is!;a;0an 0ar!na ;a"an -o9inan *an+ -i+una0an -is!tia2  !nis 9i! a-aa" 9!n++una0an t!2un+ t!ri+u. M!nurut Asta?an, #&(((), 9i! ;asa" *an+ ;ai0 a-aa" 9i! *an+ s!cara 0i9ia?i 9!92un*ai niai 0i9ia *an+ s!suai -!n+an 2!rs*aratan *an+ -it!ta20an o!" D!2art!9!n P!rin-ustrian 9!aui SII %/$47(/. P!rs*aratan t!rs!;ut *aitu s*arat 9utu 9i! ;asa" *an+ 9!i2uti ;au, ?arna, -an rasa "arus nor9a.

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Kompo.+.+ G+1+ Ko92osisi +i>i a-aa" 0an-un+an >at +i>i *an+ t!r-a2at -i-aa9 suatu

9a0anan, -i9ana 0an-un+an t!rs!;ut san+at -i;utu"0an o!" tu;u" s!;a+ai 2ros!s 9!ta;ois9. Ko92osisi +i>i 9!ru2a0an 0o92on!n -a a9 9!9;!ntu0 s!7s! arin+an -aa9 tu;u". Di9ana 0o92osisi +i>i -is!;ut s!;a+ai nutrisi. Nutrisi a-aa" suatu  2ros!s -i9ana tu;u" 9anusia 9!n++una0an 9a0anan untu0 9!9;!ntu0 !n!r+*, 9!92!rta"an0an 0!s!"atan, 2!rtu9;u"an -an untu0 ;!ran+sun+n*a @un+si nor9a s!tia2 or+an *an+ ;ai0 anta asu2an nutrisi -!n+an 0!;utu"an nutrisi. #Roc0 L, %//$) K!;utu"an +i>i a-aa" rata7rata asu2an +i>i "arian *an+ cu0u2 untu0 9!9!nu"i 0!;utu"an +i>i ;a+i "a92ir s!9ua #(',C) oran+ s!"at -aa9 0!o92o0 u9ur, !nis 0!a9in -an @isioo+is t!rt!ntu. Niai asu2an "arian >at +i>i *an+ -i2!r0ira0an -a2at 9!9!nu"i 0!;utu"an +i>i *an+ 9!nca0u2 /C oran+ s!"at -aa9 0!o92o0 u9ur,  !nis 0!a9in, -an @isioo+is t!rt!ntu -is!;ut -!n+an 0!;utu"an +i>i #6ar-ins*a" -an Ta92u;oon, %//$) K!;utu"an +i>i *an+ -i;utu"0an -aa9 tu;u" itu s!n-iri t!r-iri -ari !n!r+*,  2rot!in, !9a0, 0ar;o"i-rat, ita9in -an 9in!ra. Di9ana i0a tu;u" 9!n+aa9i -!@isi!nsi >at +i>i t!rs!;ut 9a0a a0an 9!n++an++u 0!t!;aan tu;u"n*a -an 9u-a" t!rs!ran+ ;!r;a+ai 9aca9 2!n*a0it. Pa-a 2ra0ti0u9 0ai ini 9!n+!nai 0o92osisi 2a-a 9i! 2!an+i *an+ t!r;uat -ari 9i! ;a*a9, 9i! ?ort!, 9i! ;ua" na+a -an 9i! u;i un+u. Di9ana -i-a2at0an 0o92osisi +i>i -ari &// +ra9 -ari s!9ua 9i! *an+ t!a" -i;uat t!rs!;ut s!"in++a -i-a2at0an 2!r"itun+an 0o92oisi +i>in*a. Untu0 9i! ;a*a9 9!9ii0i 0an-un+an

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+i>i !n!r+* %,' 00a, 2rot!in (, +ra9, !9a0 ,4 +ra9 -an 0ar;o"i-rart $,% +ra9. Untu0 &// +ra9 9i! ?ort! 9!9ii0i 0an-un+an !n!r+* &/&,& 00a, 2rot!in $, +ra9, !9a0 &(,'( +ra9 -an 0ar;o"i-rat %4,% +ra9. Untu0 9i! ;ua" na+a -aa9 &// +ra9 9!9ii0i 0o92osisi +i>in*a *itu !n!r+* %&4, 00a, 2rot!in 4,& +ra9, !9a0  ,44 +ra9, -an 0ar;o"i-rat $&,'& +ra9. S!-an+0an untu0 9i! u;i un+u 9!9ii0i 0an-un+an +i>i -aa9 &// +ra9 *aitu !n!r+* &'&,&% 00a, 2rot!in ,$ +ra9, !9a0  $, +ra9 -an 0ar;o"i-rat /,$ +ra9. Mi! 2!an+i *an+ t!a" -i;uat t!rs!;ut 9!9ii0i 0an-un+an +i>i *an+ ;!r;!-a7  ;!-a 0ar!na ;a"an uta9a *an+ -i+una0an s!;a+ai 2!?arna uta9a ;!r;!-a7;!-a -i9ana s!cara ti-a0 an+sun+ 0an-un+an >at +i>i *an+ -i"asi0an 2asti ;!r;!-a. Untu0 0!!92at 2ro-u0 9i! 2!an+ui *an+ -i"asi0an *an+ 9!9ii0i !n!r+* -an  2rot!in t!rtin++i a-aa" 9i! ?ort! #!n!r+* &/&,& 00a -an 2rot!in $, +ra9). S!-an+0an *an+ 9!9ii0i 0o92oisis +i>i !n!r+* -an 2rot!in t!r!n-a" a-aa" 9i! u;i 0unin+ #En!r+i &'&,&% 00a -an Prot!in ,$ +ra9). Di9ana 0ar!na ort! t!r0!na s!;a+ai ita9in A. S!ain itu, ?ort! u+a 9!n+an-un+ 9in!ra 0asiu9 #a), @os@or  #P), -an 0aiu9 #K) s!rta 9!ru2a0an su9;!r s!rat *an+ ;ai0 untu0 tu;u". Daa9 tia2 &// +r ;a"an t!r0an-un+ !n!r+i s!;!sar $% 0aori #Noar*,&(('). Daa9 susunan 9a0anan, sa*uran u9;i7u9;ian 0!cuai ?ort!, ti-a0a" ;!rniai +i>i tin++i 9!s0i2un s!2!rti "an*a

s!9ua sa*uran !nis ini 9!n*!-ia0an

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S"!rin+ton,&((%). Ko92osisi +i>i untu0 !9a0 *an+ 2ain+ tin++i 2a-a 9i! ?ort! s!;!sar &(,'( +ra9 s!-an+0an t!r!n-a" a-aa" 2a-a 9i! 9i! ;ua" na+a s!;!sar ,44 +ra9. -i-aa9 0an-un+an ;ua" na+a 9!9ii0i 0a-ar air *an+ !;i" ;an*a0 -ari ;a"an ain s!"in++a 9!9;uat 0an-un+an !9a0 2a- ;ua" na+a s!-i0it. Ko92osisi 0ar;o"i-rat !;i" tin++i 2a-a 9i! ;a*a9 s!;!sar $,% +ra9 s!-an+0an t!r!n-a" 9i! ?ort! s!;!sar  %4,% +ra9. -i9ana 2a-a ta;! 0o92osisi ;a*a9 "iau -aa9 &// +ra9 "iau 9!9ii0i 0ar;o"i-rat 4, +ra9 -an 2a-a 2!9;uatan 9i! ini -ita9;a"a0an -!n+a 0ar;o"i-rat  2a-a ;a"an *an+ ainn*a. O!" 0ar!na itu 9i! ;a*a9 9!9ii0 0an-un+an K6 *an+

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t!rtin++i -an untu0 t!r!n-a" 9i! ?ort! s!;a; 2a-a ;a"an ?ort! 9!9ii0i 0a-un+an ita9in A *an+ t!rtin++i -ari2a-a 0an-un+an 0ar;o"i-ratn*a. Daa9 ;a"an 9a0anan uta9a -aa9 9!a0u0an 2!n+!9;an+an "arus t!ta2 9!n+uta9a0an 0o92osisi +i>i *an+ -i9ii0i s!"in++a 9a0anan *an+ -i"asi0an 9!9ii0i niai +i>i *an+ tin++i -an -a2at -i+una0an s!;a+ai at!rnati! 9a0anan uta9a. Mi! 2!an+i *an+ -i;uat 9!9ii0i 0o92osisi +i>i *an+ ;ai0 -aa9 &// +ra9. -i9ana 0o92osisi +i>i *an+ t!rtin++i a-a 2a-a 9i! ?ort! -an t!r!n-a" 9i! u;i un+u.

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B+oa,a+-+l+ta. P'ote+n Bioaa;iitas 2rot!in 9!ru2a0an 2ro2orsi >at +i>i *an+ -a2at -i+una0an o!"

tu;u" s!cara a0tua -ari 2an+an *an+ -i0onsu9si. Daa9 2ra0ti0u9 2!9;uatan < Mi! P!an+i < ini a-aa" 9!n+"itun+ ;ioaa;iitas 2rot!in *an+ 9!i2uti &kor Asam  Amino ( &AA )" Mutu Cerna Teoritis ( MCT )" 'et Protein tili%ation ( 'P )" Protein &enilai Telur ( P&T )" dan Protein !!icienc$ *atio ( P* ). &kor Asam Amino ( &AA ) 9!ru2a0an cara 9!n!ta20an 9utu 2rot!in -!n+an 9!9;an-in+0an 0an-un+an asa9 a9ino *an+ sa9a # Almatsier"+,,- ).  Dari "asi  2!r"itun+an 0!!92at !nis 0!o92o0 -ari 2!9;uatan < Mi! P!an+i < ;!r-asar0an  ;a"an 2!?arna aa9i *an+ -i -a2at -ari !0stra0 sa*ur sa*uran -an ;ua" ;ua"an 9!nunu0an "asi 2!r"itun+an *an+ 2ain+ t!rtin++i -ari 2!r"itun+an SAA -ari 0!!92at 0!o92o0, *aitu 4 # SAA ) -ari -ata 0!o92o0 $D -!n+an 2!9;uatan Mi! P!an+i -ari U;i Un+u. Dan Mi! P!an+i -ari U;i Un+u ini 0a-ar 2rot!inn*a ;!r;!-a n*ata -an 2ain+ t!rtin++i. 6a ini -is!;a;0an o!" 0a-ar 2rot!in ;a"an -asar   2!9;uatan < Mi! P!an+i < *aitu t!ri+u *an+ !;i" tin++i -ari t!2un+ u;i aar un+u.  Menurut &alim (+,) t!ri+u 9!n+an-un+ 2rot!in s!;!sar 7&C -an  'ind$arani dkk. (+,) 9!n!as0an ;a"?a 0a-ar 2rot!in t!2un+ u;i aar un+u a-aa" 4,$$C, s!"in++a 0a-ar 2rot!in t!2un+ u;i aar un+u *an+ r!n-a" ini 2!ru -i-a92in+i o!"  ;a"an 9a0anan ain *an+ ;!r2rot!in tin++i s!2!rti t!ri+u. S!9a0in ;an*a0 t!ri+u *an+ -ita9;a"0an 9a0a s!9a0in 9!nin+0at 0a-ar 2rot!inn*a s!"in++a 0uaitas Mi!

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U;i 5aar Un+u s!9a0in ;ai0. Ka-ar 2rot!in Mi! U;i 5aar Un+u s!ain -ari ;a"an -asar t!2un+, u+a ;!rasa -ari t!ur *an+ -ita9;a"0an 0! -aa9 a-onan. #ar$anto dan Pangloli (--+) dalam *ahmi$ati (+,,/)  9!n!as0an ;a"?a t!ri+u 9!9ii0i 0an-un+an +ut!n *an+ ti-a0 t!r-a2at 2a-a t!2un+ ain. Gut!n t!r-iri -ari +ia-in -an +ut!nin *an+ 9!ru2a0an suatu 0o92on!n -ari 2rot!in *an+ "an*a t!r-a2at 2a-a t!ri+u. Daa9 2!n!itian ain *aitu &arastani (+,,)" u;i aar *an+ -i+una0an -aa9 0!a-aan utu", ;u0an -aa9 ;!ntu0 t!2un+ atau2un 2ati, s!"in++a 9!n+"!9at ?a0tu -an ;ia*a. Na9un, 2!ra0uan ini 9!9ii0i 0!0uran+an *aitu -a*a si92an u9;i !;i"  2!n-!0 -ari2a-a t!2un+ atau 2ati, s!rta u9;i 9!9!ru0an s!-i0it !;i" ;an*a0 ruan+  2!n*i92anan. O!" 0ar!na itu, -aa9 2ra0ti0u9 ini -i+una0an t!2un+ u;i aar un+u s!;a+ai ;a"an ;a0u -aa9 2!9;uatan 9i!. Ba"an ;a0u ain *an+ -i+una0an -aa9 2!9;uatan 9i! u;i ini a-aa" t!2un+ t!ri+u -an t!2un+ ta2io0a s!;a+ai t!2un+ su;stitusi. P!9;uatan 9i! -ari t!2un+ u;i  aar 9!9!ru0an 9o-i@i0asi -ari 2ros!s 2!9;uatan 9i! t!ri+u 0ar!na t!2un+ u;i  aar ti-a0 9!n+an-un+ +ut!n. S!"in++a 9!9!ru0an 9o-i@i0asi 2ros!s untu0  9!9u-a"0an 2!9;!ntu0an untaian 9i!. Tuuan 2!n++unaan t!2un+ t!ri+u a-aa"  2!rti9;an+an 0an-un+an 2rot!in t!ri+u #+ut!in -an +ia-in) *an+ 9!9;!ntu0 +ut!n -an a0an 9!n*u9;an+ 0ara0t!risti0 !astis70!n*a 2a-a 2ro-u0 9i!. S!ain itu, 0a-ar a9iosa t!2un+ t!ri+u !;i" tin++i -i;an-in+ t!2un+ u;i aar  un+u *aitu s!;!sar &4 -i;an-in+ &.C, "a ini 0ar!na 0an-un+an 2ati t!2un+ t!ri+u !;i" ;!sar -ari2a-a 0an-un+an 2ati u;i aar un+u. Kan-un+an a9iosa s!;!sar &%7 %$C -ari 0an-un+an 2ati # Antarlina" --- dalam 0idatmoko" +,1). Pati a-aa"  2oi9!r +u0osa *an+ t!r-iri -ari a9iosa -an a9io2!0tin, "a ini 9!nunu00an  ;a"?a s!9a0in tin++i 0a-ar 2ati 9a0a s!9a0in tin++i 2ua 0a-ar a9iosa -aa9 a9io2!0tin. Ko92on!n *an+ 2ain+ ;an*a0 2a-a t!2un+ u;i aar un+u a-aa" 2ati *aitu s!;!sar $.4C. Kan-un+an 2ati t!2un+ t!ri+u *aitu s!;!sar 4 7 '/C. P!na9;a"an t!ur -i"ara20an s!ain 9!nin+0at0an nutrisi 9i!, u+a -i"ara20an -a2at 9!9;!ri0an 0ara0t!r 9i! !;i" 0!n*a, 0o92a0, -an ti-a0 !n+0!t.

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P!na9;a"an +ara9 2a-a a-onan 9i!, 9!9;!ri0an 0ara0t!r 9i! ;!rasa +uri", t!ta2i 9!n+"ian+0an rasa -an aro9a 9anis u;i. Dan &kor Asam Amino *an+ t!r!n-a" -ari < Mi! P!an+i < a-aa" 2!9;uatan 9i! -ari ;a"an ort!, K!o92o0 %D 0ar!na s!2!rti *an+ su-a" -i!as0an ;a"?a -aa9 2!9;uatan @or9ua Mi! ;asa" 9!n++una0an ;a"an -ari sa*ur sa*uran atau  ;ua" ;ua"an s!;ai0n*a t!2un+ t!ri+u -ita9;a"0an a+ar s!9a0in 9!nin+0at 0a-ar   2rot!inn*a s!"in++a 0uaitas Mi! ?ort! s!9a0in ;ai0. Dari 2!r"itun+an Mutu !rna T!oritis # MT ) 9!nunu00an ;a+ian -ari  2rot!in atau asa9 a9ino *an+ -a2at -is!ra2 tu;u" -i;an-in+0an *an+ -i0onsu9si #  Almatsier"+,,- ) -ari "asi 2!r"itun+an Mutu !rna T!oritis #MT) 0!!92at !nis 9a0anan *an+ -ioa" 9!nunu00an an+0a (',/ *aitu 2!9;uatan 9i! ;ua" na+a 9!ra". P!9;uatan ;ua" na+a 9!ra" san+at tin++i -ari "asi 2!r"itun+an -ari 0!o92o0 0!o92o0 *an+ a-a. Mutu !rna T!oritis itu s!n-iri a-aa" cara t!oritis untu0 9!n+"a92iri atau 9!na0sir niai 9utu c!rna *an+ -ia0u0an 9!aui  2!n!itian bio2assa$. S!cara ;ioo+is -!n+an 9!n!ntu0an 0!9a92uan 2rot!in 9a0anan 9!9;!ntu0 2rot!in tu;u". 5a-i *an+ -a2at -i ;a"as -i sini a-aa"  2!9;uatan 9i! -ari ;ua" na+a 2ain+ t!rtin++i -ari s!9ua 2!ra0uan 0ar!na -aa9  2!9;uatan n*a 0a9i 9!na9;a"0an @or9ua t!2un+ t!ri+u -aa9 2!9;uatan 9i! ini. Kar!na 2a-a saat 2!rta9a 0ai t!2un+ t!ri+u *an+ su-a" -it!ta20an -aa9 2ros!-ur  9asi" 0uran+ -an ti-a0 9!9;uat 9i! 0ais -an s!2!rti 0uran+ t!2un+ t!ri+u. Dan a0"irn*a 0!o92o0 0a9i 9!na9;a"0an t!2un+ t!ri+u s!-i0it -!9i s!-i0it 0! -aa9 a-onan, -an a"asi a-onan 9i! *an+ t!a" -i ;uat 9!na-i san+at 0ais. Dan -i  ;an-in+0an -!n+an t!ori ;a"?a s!9a0in ;an*a0 t!ri+u *an+ -ita9;a"0an 9a0a s!9a0in 9!nin+0at 0a-ar 2rot!inn*a t!r9asu0 2!r"itun+an Mutu !rna Prot!in # MP ) s!"in++a 9!92!n+aru"i 0uaitas Mi! ;ua" na+a 9!ra" s!9a0in ;ai0 -an 0a-ar 2rot!in Mi! ;ua" na+a 9!ra" s!ain -ari ;a"an -asar t!2un+, u+a ;!rasa -ari t!ur *an+ -ita9;a"0an 0! -aa9 a-onan.  #ar$anto dan Pangloli (--+) dalam  *ahmi$ati (+,,/) 9!n!as0an ;a"?a t!ri+u 9!9ii0i 0an-un+an +ut!n *an+ ti-a0  t!r-a2at 2a-a t!2un+ ain. Gut!n t!r-iri -ari +ia-in -an +ut!nin *an+ 9!ru2a0an

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 S!ain itu ;ua" na+a 9!ru2a0an su9;!r s!rat, ita9in, -an 9in!ra *an+ ;ai0   ;a+i tu;u". S!rat san+at -i;utu"0an untu0 9!nurun0an 0a-ar 0o!st!ro. Kan-un+an +i>i s!cara u9u9 *an+ -it!9u0an -aa9 ;ua" ini a-aa" ;!ru2a 2otassiu9, @!ru9, s!rat, 0asiu9 -an so-iu9. Kan-un+an ita9in 2a-a ;ua" ini u+a ;!sar -an ;!ra+a9, s!cara u9u9 ;ua" na+a 9!n+an-un+ ita9in B&, B% -an B. Bu0an "an*a ;ua"n*a saa *an+ ;!r0"asiat untu0 9!nc!+a" 0an0!r, usus, 0!ncin+ 9anis -an ;!r;a+ai  2!n*a0it, t!ta2i 0"asiat u+a -it!9u0an 2a-a -aun -an 0uit ;ua" na+a 9a0a -ari itu san+at -isa*an+0an a2a;ia 0uit ;ua" na+a *an+ 9!9ii0i 0"asiat ti-a0 -a2at -i+una0an s!;a+ai ;a"an ta9;a"an -aa9 9a0anan #0ah$uni" *." +,,). Kuit ;ua" na+a 9!n+an-un+ >at ?arna aa9i ;!ttasianin cu0u2 tin++i P!n++unaan >at ?arna san+at -i2!ru0an untu0 9!n+"asi0an suatu 2ro-u0 *an+

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!;i" ;!rariasi -an u+a 9!na9;a" niai artisti0 2ro-u0. Ban*a0n*a 2!n++unaan >at ?arna sint!tis 2a-a 2ro-u0 9a0anan -a2at 9!9;a"a*a0an 0!s!"atan. O!" 0ar!na itu, untu0 9!n+atasi 2!n++unaan >at ?arna sint!sis 2a-a 2ro-u0 2an+an 9a0a  2!9an@aatan 0uit ;ua" na+a s!;a+ai >at ?arna aa9i 2a-a 2ro-u0 2an+an san+at  2!ntin+ untu0 -ia0u0an. B!tasianin 9!ru2a0an >at ?arna *an+ ;!r2!ran 9!9;!ri0an ?arna 9!ra" -an 9!ru2a0an +oon+an ;!taain *an+ ;!r2ot!nsi 9!na-i 2!?arna aa9i untu0 2an+an -an -a2at -ia-i0an at!rnati@ 2!n++anti 2!?arna sint!ti0 *an+ !;i" a9an ;a+i 0!s!"atan. Kuit ;ua" na+a #6*oc!r!us Po*r"i>us) -a2at -ia2i0asi0an s!;a+ai 2!?arna aa9i 2an+an -an s!;a+ai ;a"an ta9;a"an untu0 9!nin+0at0an niai +i>i 2ro-u0. Dan *an+ t!r!n-a" Mutu !rna T!oritisn*a a-aa" 9i! -!n+an ;a"an ;a*a9 *aitu K!o92o0 &D 0ar!na 2!nurunan ini t!ra-i 0ar!na ?aau2un -aa9 2!n!itian *an+ a-a -i+una0an ;a"an7;a"an *an+ 9!n+an-un+ 2rot!in tin++i s!2!rti t!2un+ t!ri+u #(7&C) *an+ s!"arusn*a -a2at 9!nin+0at0an 0an-un+an 2rot!in -aa9 9i!  ;asa", t!ta2i 0ar!na -aa9 2ros!s 2!9;uatan !;i" ;an*a0 -ia0u0an s!cara @isi0  *aitu 2!rca92uran a-onan, 2!n++iin+an, 2!r!;usan -a2at 9!n+a0i;at0an -!naturasi  2rot!in.  Menurut 3irindra (--4)" i0a 26 -an su"u ;!ru;a" 9!!?ati ;atas7;atas t!rt!ntu, 2rot!in a0an 9!n+aa9i -!naturasi. S!ain itu 2!na9;a"an u9a" air s!cara ;!r0aa -i-u+a -a2at 9!n+uran+i 0a-ar 2rot!in -aa9 ;a"an.  Menurut 3irindra (--4)"  "a92ir s!9ua asa9 a9ino -a2at arut -aa9 air -an ti-a0 -a2at arut -aa9 2!arut non 2oar. Ba"0an 9!nurut 0inarno (+,,+)" 2!9anasan air -a2at 9!n+uran+i -a*a tari0 9!nari0 antar 9o!0u7 9o!0u air -an 9!9;!ri0an cu0u2 !n!r+i 0!2a-a 9o!0u79o!0u air s!"in++a -a2at 9!n+atasi -a*a tari0 9!nari0 antar 9o!0u ain. Kar!na itu, -a*a 0!artan 2a-a  ;a"an *an+ 9!i;at0an i0atan "*-ro+!n a0an 9!nin+0at. B!r-asar0an "a t!rs!;ut,  2!nurunan 0a-ar 2rot!in s!irin+ -!n+an 2!na9;a"an air -ia0i;at0an -a*a arut 2a-a  2rot!in, -an 0!9a92uan ini 9!nin+0at s!irin+ -!n+an -inai00ann*a su"u.  N!t Prot!in Uiti>ation # NPU ), Prot!in S!niai T!ur # PST ), -an Prot!in E@isi!nsi Rasio # PER ) -i9ana 2!n+!rtian -ari NPU a-aa" in-!0s 9utu *an+ ti-a0  saa 9!92!r"ati0an u9a" 2rot!in *an+ -ita"an a0an t!ta2i u+a u9a" *an+ -i

$

c!rna0an. Dan -ari "asi 2!r"itun+an NPU -ari s!9ua 0!o92o0, 0!o92o0 $D -aa9 2!9;uatan 9i! ;asa" -ari U;i Un+u ini *an+ 2ain+ t!rtin++i *aitu 4%,( -an -ata 2!r"itun+an NPU # N!t Prot!in Utii>ation ) *an+ t!r!n-a" a-aa" 0!o92o0  /,/&4, s!-an+0an -ari 2!r"itun+an PST # Prot!in S!niai T!ur ) 2ain+ t!rtin++i itu 0!o92o0 $D 2!9;uatan 9i! ;asa" -ari u;i un+u, -an *an+ t!r!n-a" /,4, -an  2!r"itun+an PER # Prot!in S!niai Rasio ) 0!o92o0 -ata 2!r"itun+an *an+ 2ain+ t!rtin++i a-aa" %$(,4 K!o92o0 $D, -an *an+ t!r!n-a" 0!o92o0 D *aitu /, s!9ua ;isa -i0ar!na0an 2a-a 0an-un+an 2rot!in -aa9 9i! ;asa" -aa9 2ros!s  2!9;uatan !;i" ;an*a0 -ia0u0an s!cara @isi0 *aitu 2!rca92uran a-onan,  2!n++iin+an, 2!r!;usan -a2at 9!n+a0i;at0an -!naturasi 2rot!in. Menurut 3irindra (--4)" i0a 26 -an su"u ;!ru;a" 9!!?ati ;atas7;atas t!rt!ntu, 2rot!in a0an 9!n+aa9i -!naturasi. D!naturasi 2rot!in t!ra-i ;ia susunan ruan+ atau rantai  2oi2!2ti-a suatu 9o!0u 2rot!in ;!ru;a". S!;a+ian ;!sar 2rot!in +o;u!r 9u-a" 9!n+aa9i -!naturasi. 5i0a i0atan7i0atan *an+ 9!9;!ntu0 0on@i+urasi 9o!0u t!rs!;ut rusa0, 9o!0u a0an 9!n+!9;an+. Ka-an+70a-an+ 2!ru;a"an ini 9!9an+ -i0!"!n-a0i -aa9 2!n+oa"an 9a0anan, t!ta2i s!rin+ 2ua -ian++a2 9!ru+i0an s!"in++a 2!ru -ic!+a". A-a -ua 9aca9 -!naturasi, 2!n+!9;an+an 2oi2!2ti-a -an  2!9!ca"an 2rot!in 9!na-i unit *an+ !;i" 0!ci tan2a -is!rtai 2!n+!9;an+an 9o!0u. T!ra-in*a 0!-ua !nis -!naturasi ini t!r+antun+ 2a-a 0!a-aan 9o!0u. 1an+ 2!rta9a t!ra-i 2a-a rantai 2oi2!2ti-a, s!-an+0an *an+ 0!-ua t!ra-i 2a-a  ;a+ian7;a+ian 9o!0u *an+ t!r+a;un+ -aa9 i0atan s!0un-!r. I0atan7i0atan *an+ -i2!n+aru"i o!" 2ros!s -!naturasi ini a-aa" : #a) i0atan "i-ro+!n, #;) i0atan "i-ro@o;i0 9isan*a 2a-a !usin, ain, @!niaanin, tri2to@an *an+ sain+ ;!r-!0atan 9!9;!ntu0 suatu 9ic!! -an ti-a0 arut -aa9 air, #c) i0atan ioni0 antara +u+us ;!r9uatan #Q) -an #7), #-) i0atan intra 9ou0u!r s!2!rti *an+ t!-a2at 2a-a +u+us -isu@i-a -aa9 sistin.

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Ga9;ar . S0!tsa 2ros!s -!naturasi 2rot!in D!naturasi -a2at -iarti0an suatu 2!ru;a"an atau 9o-i@i0asi t!r"a-a2 stru0tur  s!0un-!r, t!rsi!r, -an 0uart!n!r t!r"a-a2 9o!0u 2rot!in, tan2a t!ra-in*a 2!9!ca"an i0atan7i0atan 0oa!n. Kar!na itu -!naturasi -a2at 2ua -iarti0an suatu 2ros!s t!r2!ca"n*a i0atan "i-ro+!n, int!ra0si "i-ro@o;i0, i0atan +ara9, -an t!r;u0an*a i2atan 9o!0u. P!9!0aran atau 2!n+!9;an+an i2atan 9o!0u 2rot!in *an+ t!r-!naturasi a0an 9!9;u0a +u+us r!a0ti@ *an+ a-a 2a-a rantai 2oi2!2ti-a, s!anutn*a a0an t!ra-i 2!n+i0atan 0!9;ai 2a-a +u+us r!a0ti@ *an+ sa9a atau ;!r-!0atan. Bia unit i0atan *an+ t!r;!ntu0 cu0u2 ;an*a0 s!"in++a 2rot!in ti-a0 a+i t!r-is2!rsi s!;a+ai suatu 0ooi-, 9a0a 2rot!in t!rs!;ut 9!n+aa9i 0oa+uasi. A2a;ia i0atan7i0atan 2a-a +u+us7+u+us r!a0ti@ 2rot!in t!rs!;ut 9!na"an s!uru" cairan, a0an t!r;!ntu0a" +!. S!-an+0an ;ia cairan t!r2isa" -ari 2rot!in *an+ t!r0oa+uasi itu, 2rot!in a0an 9!n+!n-a2. Prot!in *an+ t!r-!naturasi ;!r0uran+ 0!arutann*a. La2isan 9o!0u 2rot!in  ;a+ian -aa9 *an+ ;!rsi@at "i-ro@o;i0 ;!r;ai0 0! uar, s!-an+a0an ;a+ian uar *an+  ;!rsi@at "i-ro@i t!ri2at 0! -aa9. P!i2atan atau 2!9;ai0an t!ra-i 0"ususn*a ;ia arutan 2rot!in t!a" 9!n-!0ati 26 iso!!0tri0, -an a0"irn*a 2rot!in a0an 9!n++u92a

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0ar!na

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9!n+!9;an+ -an 9!na-i asi9!tri0, -!9i0ian u+a su-ut 2utaran o2ti0 arutan  2rot!in a0an 9!nin+0at. En>i97!n>i9 *an+ +u+us 2rost!ti0n*a t!r-iri -ari 2rot!in a0an 0!"ian+an a0tiitasn*a s!"in++a ti-a0 ;!r@un+si a+i s!;a+ai !n>i9 *an+ a0ti@.

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BAB ;# PENUUP ;#$ Ke.+mp(lan Dari 2ra0ti0u9 0ai ini -a2at -isi92u0an s!;a+ai ;!ri0ut: &. B!rat 2a-a ;a"an 9!n+aa9i 0!"ian+an ;!rat saat 9iin+ na9un 2a-a s!t!a" -ia0u0an 2!n+oa"an ;!ratn*a ;!rta9;a" -an "asi r!n-!9!n n!+ati! #7) 0ar!na ;!rat ;a"an ;!rta9;a". %. Ui or+ano!2tic *an+ -ia0u0an 9!9ii0i 2!r;!-aan 2a-a ?arna 0ar!na ;a"an uta9a s!;a+ai 2!?arna 9i! ;!r;!-a7;!-a. Na9un untu0 t!0stur, aro9a -an rasa -ari 0!!92at 9i! "asin*a sa9a *aitu 0!n*a, 0"as t!2un+ -an "a9;ar. . Daa9 ;a"an 9a0anan uta9a -aa9 9!a0u0an 2!n+!9;an+an "arus t!ta2 9!n+uta9a0an 0o92osisi +i>i *an+ -i9ii0i s!"in++a 9a0anan *an+ -i"asi0an 9!9ii0i niai +i>i *an+ tin++i -an -a2at -i+una0an s!;a+ai at!rnati! 9a0anan uta9a. Mi! 2!an+i *an+ -i;uat 9!9ii0i 0o92osisi +i>i *an+ ;ai0  -aa9 &// +ra9. -i9ana 0o92osisi +i>i *an+ t!rtin++i a-a 2a-a 9i! ?ort! -an t!r!n-a" 9i! u;i un+u. $. P!9;uatan Mi! P!an+i -ari ;!r;a+ai ;a"an aa9i s!2!rti sa*ur -an ;ua"  ;ua"an, 2!9a0aian 9ini9a t!ur 7&/C ;!r+una untu0 9!92!r;ai0i 0uaitas 9i! -ari s!+i ?arna, aro9a -an t!0stur. P!na9;a"an t!2un+ t!ri+u s!;!sar /C s!;a+ai t!2un+ 2!nsu;titusi 9!92!r;ai0i t!0stur 9i! s!;a+ai su9;!r +ut!n *an+ 9!ru2a0an 0o92on!n *an+ 2ain+ -i;utu"0an -aa9 2!9;uatan 9i!. Aro9a 9i! 2a-a u9u9n*a ini -is!;a;0an o!" aro9a -ari t!2un+ t!ri+u -!n+an 2!na9;a"an t!ur *an+ ;iasa 9!na-i ;a"an -asar 9i! 2a-a u9u9n*a. S!cara u9u9 0!su0aan 2an!is t!r"a-a2 9i! 2!an+i ini cu0u2 -isu0ai, na9un 9asi" ;an*a0 *an+ "arus -i2!r;ai0i -ari cara 2!9;uatan -an @or9uasi *an+ t!2at untu0 2!9;uatan 9i! *an+ !;i" ;ai0 a+i.

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;#% !a'an &. Pa-a saat 2ra0ti0u9 aat -an ;a"an *an+ -i+una0an "arus -isia20an t!r!;i" -a"uu a+ar 2ra0ti0u9 -a2at s!!sai t!2at ?a0tu. %. Aat *an+ -i+una0an untu0 9!n++iin+ ;an*a0 *an+ 0otor 0ar!na s!t!a" -i+una0an ti-a0 an+sun+ -i;!rsi"0an o!" 0!o92o0 s!;!u9n*a.



DAFAR PU!AKA Anas,

D.

Susia,.%//4.=Pan-uan

Bu-i-a*a

Tana9an

Sa*uran=.

D!2art!9!n

A+rono9i -an 6oti0utura. Fa0utas P!rtanian Asta?an, M., %//.M!9;uat Mi! -an Bi"un. P!n!;ar S?a-a*a, 5a0arta. Asta?an, M, %//. Bis0uit. . "tt2:HH???.-!20!s.+o.i-& 9ar!t %/&'. B!it>, 6.D. -an Grosc", . #&('). Foo- "!9istr*. %n-E-. S2rin+!r.Pa+! %% a"*ono, B. %//%. ort! T!0ni0 Bu-i Da*a Anaisis Usa" Tani. Kanisius, 1o+*a0arta. a"*ono, B. #%//().Su0s!s B!rtana9 Bua" Na+a. Pusta0a Mina. 5a0arta. D!srosi!r, N. .&(. T!0noo+i P!n+a?!tan Pan+an. P!n!r!9a" M. Muo"ar-o. UI7Pr!ss, 5a0arta. Ga9an, P.M. -an KB S"!rrin+ton. &(($. I9u Pan+an P!n+antar I9u Pan+an Nutrisi -an Mi0ro;ioo+i. 1o+*a0arta: UGM Pr!ss. Gintin+, Eriana., Uto9o, 5o0o S., 1ui@ianti, Ra"9i., 5usu@, M. Pot!nsi U;iaar  Un+u s!;a+ai Pan+an Fun+siona. I2t!0 Tana9an Pan+an 8o. 4 No.&. %/&& "tt2:HH!2rints.2osri.ac.i-H(HHBABC%/IIC%/LAC%/DEB1.2-@  #Dia0s!s 2a-a t+ &' Mar!t %/&') Kra9!r, A.A an-B.A. T?i++, &('/. uait* ontro @or t"! In-ustr*. T"! A8I Pu;is"in+. Kristanto. %//. Bua" Na+a P!9;u-i-a*aan -i Pot -an -i K!;un. P!n!;ar S?a-a*a. 5a0arata. Ku9aanin+si", Sri, %//4. Antio0si-an Aa9i7P!nan+0a Ra-i0a B!;as, Su9;!r, Man@aat, ara P!n*!-iaan -an P!n+oa"an. Sura;a*a: Tru;us A+risarana Muc"ta-i, T.R. -an Su+iono. &((%. I9u P!n+!ta"uan Ba"an Pan+an. D!2art!9!n P!n-i-i0an -an

K!;u-a*aan.

Dir!0torat 5!n-!ra Tin++i Pusat Antar 

Uni!rsitas Pan+an -an Gi>i. Bo+or: Institut P!rtanian Bo+or.

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Mu-aanto, E--* S!t*o -an Lii0 Noor 1uianti.%//$. M!9;uat An!0a Roti. P!n!;ar  S?a-a*a.5a0arta.  Noar*, E. . &(('. P!nan+anan -an P!n+oa"an Sa*uran S!+ar. P!n!;ar S?a-a*a. 5a0arta Ra"a*u, S., %/&$. Bu-i-a*a Bua" Na+a !2at Pan!n. In@ra 6iau. Ru09ana, R. &(('. U;i 5aar Bu-i-a*a -an Pasca 2an!n. Kanisius. 1o+*a0arta. So!0arto, &(. P!niaian Or+ano!2t i0 untu0 In-ustri Pan+an -an 6asi P!rtnian. Pusat P!n+!9;an+an T!0noo+i Pan+an, IPB, Bo+ or. Su-ar9a-i, S.-00. &((. Anaisa Ba"an Ma0anan -an P!rtanian. 1o+*a0arta: P!n!r;it Li;!rt* Su;a+o, A., %//',

Mana!9!n P!n+oa"an Roti

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Ku!. Gra"a

I9u,

1o+*a0arta.IPB. Su9ar*ono. &($. Kunci B!rcoco0 Tana9 Sa*ur7Sa*uran P!ntin+ -i In-on!sia. S!9inar. In-on!sia. S>*9c>a0P!t a.S!nsor* uait* an- onsu9!r Li0in+ o@arrot utiars O@  Di@@!r!nt G!not*2!.S!nsor* 4':&47&'4. Tri Ra-i*ati -an A+usto, .M. Tepung tapioka. Su;an+ : BPTTG Pusit;an+ Fisi0aT!ra2an J LIPI, &((/ 6a. &/7&. U9a*a", E.  A9run, 6. %//'. Ui A0tiitas Antio0si-an E0stra0 Bua"  Na+a#6*oc!r!us un-atus #6a?.) Britt.  Ros!). 5urnal 6lmu Dasar . 8o #&) 7(/ i-anar0o, S.%//.  !ek Pengolahan terhadap 7omposisi 7imia 8 9isik bi  5alarngu dan 7unin+. "tt2:HHsi9on;?i-anar0o.?or-2r!ss.co9#-ia0s!s & Mar!t %/&').

$/

LAMPIRAN FOO 

Ba"an J ;a"an



Pros!s 2!9asa0an

$&

LAMPIRAN PER&IUNGAN A# Kompo.+.+ G+1+ pe' $88 g'am p'o9(k0

 No &. %. . $. . 4.

Ba"an Ma0anan T!2un+ t!ri+u Bua" na+a T!2un+ 0ani T!ur a*a9 Min*a0 Gara9 OAL

B!rat #+ra9) // / ', &// &/ %,

Ko92osisi Gi>i En!r+i

Prot!in

L!9a0

K6

((( / &4,&% &$ ' 7 &$/4,&%

%' /,%' /,$& &%,$ 7 7 $/,/

 7 /,&( &/, (, 7 %,'(

%&,4 ,' ,/ /,' 7 7 %'&,&

Ko92osisi Gi>i 2!r &// +ra9 

En!r+*



 %&4, 00a

Prot!in



= 6,18 gram

L!9a0



= 3,66 gram

Kar;o"i-rat



= 41,71 gram

B# B+oa,a+-+l+ta. P'ote+n:

&. S0or Asa9 A9ino #SAA) a-el# !ko' A.am Am+no  !AA 0



%$  No

&. %. . $. .

Konsu9si Asa9 A9ino

5!nis Pan+an *an+ Di0onsu9si T!2un+ t!ri+u Bua" na+a T!2un+ 0ani T!ur a*a9 Min*a0

B!rat

Konsu9si

L*sin

Tr!onin

Tri2to@an

#+ra9) // / ', &// &/

Prot!in %' /,%' /,$& &%,$

#9+) 44,&

#9+) 780,3

#9+) 332,1

18,3 756,4

11,4 531,96

&,' 152,2

 #P) $/,/

#L) &$/,

#T) &%,'

#R) $4

"UMLA&

K!t!ran+an 2!r"itun+an : L1SIN 1. T!2un+ t!ri+u 2. T!2un+ ta2io0a 3. T!ur a*a9 TREONIN 1. T!2un+ t!ri+u 2. T!2un+ ta2io0a 3. T!ur a*a9 TRIPTOFAN 1. T!2un+ t!ri+u 2. T!2un+ ta2io0a 3. T!ur a*a9

: : :

27 x 24,3 = 656,1 0,41 x 44,7 = 18,3 &%,$ x 61 = 756,4

: : :

27 x 28,9 0,41 x 27,9 &%,$ x 42,9

: : :

27 x 12,3 = 332,1 0,41 x 4,1 = 1,7 = 152,2 &%,$ x 12,3

= 780,3 = 11,4 = 531,96

a-el# Kon.(m.+ AA 9an PKAE

Konsu9si AA 2!r +ra9  2rot!in # 9+H+ ) Poa K!cu0u2an Asa9 A9ino Es!nsia #PKAE) #9+H+) Asa9 a9ino #AAE)

Es!nsia

LHP ,'

THP ,/

RHP &%,&

%%

&

'

&,4%

%,$

&,'

R(m(. !AA

$

SAA



SAA





L*sin



 %,44

&



Tr!onin



 $,&4





Tri2to@an



 %,

%

 Niai "asi 2!r"itun+an -ari ru9us SAA *an+ 2ain+ 0!ci 9!ru2a0an niai S0or  Asa9 A 9ino #SAA) *aitu isin s!;!sar %,44 %. Mutu !rna T!oritis #M) a-el M(t( 5e'na eo'+t+.

Konsu9si Asa9 A9ino  No

#&) &. %. . $. .

Ba"an Ma0anan

#%) T!2un+ t!ri+u Bua" na+a T!2un+ 0ani T!ur a*a9 Min*a0 5u9a"

Konsu9si

Mutu !rna

Prot!in

#) Bio7assa*

#) %' /,%' /,$& &%,$ 7 P  $/,/

#$) (4  4 &// 7

Kons.  Mutu Prot!in !rna Bio7assa* #)  #$) %(% %,'4 ,%4 &%$/ 7 5  (&,/%

M(t( 5e'na eo'+t+. 50 : " / P ? @8>

. N!t Prot!in Utii>ation #NPU) Ru9us NPU *aitu :

$$