ZINC OXIDE PASTE Activity 11 QUESTIONS: 1. How are are pastes pastes diferen diferentt rom ointmen ointments? ts? Paste is a substance that behaves as a solid until a sufciently large load or stress is applied at !hich point it "o!s li#e a "uid paste typically consists o$ a suspension o$ s%all particles in a bac#ground "uid the s%all particles are &a%%ed together li#e li#e grains grains o$ sand on a beach $or%ing $or%ing a disorder disordered ed glassy or a%orphous structure and giving pastes their solid'li#e character in phar%acology phar%acology paste is basic phar%aceutical phar%aceutical $or% it consists o$ $atty base (e)g) *etroleu% &elly+ and at least ,-. solid substance (e)g) /inc o0ide+) Ointments is an oint%ent is a viscous se%isolid preparation used topically on a variety o$ body sur$aces) These include the s#in and the %ucus %e%branes o$ the eye (an eye oint%ent+ vagina glans and nose an oint%ent %ay or %ay not be %edicated) . !"at is t"e t"e met"od met"od o adminis administerin terin# # paste? paste? evigation' In this process a paste is 2rst $or%ed by the addition o$ a suitable nonsolvent to the solid %aterial) *article si3e reduction then is acco%plished by rubbing the paste in a %ortar !ith a pestle or on an oint%ent sab using a spatula) evigation generally is used by the phar%acist to incorporate solids into der%atological and ophthal%ic oint%ents and suspensions) $. !"at is t"e o%&ia o%&ia'' paste paste in t"e mar( mar(et? et? An ofcial paste is the conventional /inc O0ide *aste4 another is Tria%cinolon Tria%cinolone e Acetonide 5ental *aste *aste $or the speciali3ed speciali3ed use use the na%e i%plies)
!HITE OINT)ENT Activity 1, QUESTIONS: 1. !"at are ointments? *i+e anot"er termino'o#, or ointment. Oint%ents are se%isolid preparations intended $or e0ternal application to the s#in or %ucous %e%branes4 usually but not al!ays they contain %edicinal substances) The types o$ oint%ent bases used as vehicles $or drugs are selected or designed $or opti%u% delivery o$ the drugs and also to contribute e%olliency or other 6uasi'%edicinal 6ualities) Oint%ent properties vary since they are designed $or speci2c uses ease o$ application or e0tent o$ application) The ofcial de2nition o$ oint%ent in its present $or% !as introduced in the US* 78 in 19--) The de2nition is broad and enco%passes petrolatu% i)e) oleaginous bases e%ulsion bases' either !ater in oil (;O+ or oil in !ater (O;+ and the so called !ater'soluble bases) In unofcial ter%s oleaginous bases are described as oint%ents but e%ulsion bases %ay be ter%ed crea%s or lotions) Either o$ these containing large a%ounts o$ solids is ter%ed a paste) All o$ these subclasses are de2ned ofcially as oint%ents) . !"at are t"e diferent t,pes o ointments? Des&ri-e ea&" 1) Petro'atm/ 0SP is a puri2ed %i0ture o$ se%isolid hydrocarbons obtained $ro% petroleu%) It is an unctuous %ass varying in color $ro% yello!ish to light a%ber) It %elts at <=>? to @>? and %ay be used alone or in co%bination !ith other agents as an oint%ent base) *etrolatu% is also #no!n as yello! petrolatu% and petroleu% &elly) A co%%ercial product is 8aseline) ,) !"ite Petro'atm/ 0SP is a puri2ed %i0ture o$ se%isolid hydrocarbons $ro% petroleu% that has been !holly or nearly decolori3ed) It is used $or the sa%e purpose as petrolatu% but because o$ its lighter color it is considered %ore esthetically pleasing by so%e phar%acists and patients) hite petrolatu% is also #no!n as !hite petroleu% &elly) A co%%ercial product is hite 8aseline) <) e''ow Ointment/ 0SP) Is the puri2ed !a0 obtained $ro% the honeyco%b o$ the bee Apis %elli$era) The oint%ent is prepared by %elting the yello! !a0 on a !ater bath adding the petrolatu% until the %i0ture is uni$or% then cooling and stirring until congealed) Also called si%ple oint%ent it has a slightly greater viscosity than plain petrolatu%) B) !"ite Ointment/ 0SP ) This oint%ent diCers $ro% yello! oint%ent by substitution o$ !hite !a0 (bleached and puri2ed yello! !a0+ and !hite petrolatu% in the $or%ula) -) H,drop"i'i& Petro'atm/ 0SP It is prepared by %elting the stearyl alcohol and !hite !a0 on a stea% bath adding the cholesterol !ith
stirring until dissolved adding the !hite petrolatu% and allo!ing the %i0ture to cool !hile stirring until congealed) @) 2ano'in/ 0SP (anhydrous lanolin+ obtained $ro% the !ool o$ sheep (Ovis aries+ is a puri2ed !a0 li#e substance that has been cleaned deodori3ed and decolori3ed) It contains not %ore than ),-. !ater) Additional !ater %ay be incorporated into lanolin by %i0ing) D) )odi3ed 2ano'in/ 0SP is lanolin processed to reduce the contents o$ $ree lanolin alcohols and any detergent and pesticide residues) =) Po',et",'ene *',&o' Ointment/ N4 *E is a poly%er o$ ethylene o0ide and !ater represented by the $or%ula F(O?F,?F,+nOF in !hich n represents the average nu%ber o$ o0yethylene groups) The nu%eric designations associated !ith *Es re$er to the average %olecular !eight o$ the poly%er) *Es having average %olecular !eight belo! @ are clear colorless li6uids4 those !ith %olecular !eight above 1 are !a0li#e !hite %aterials4 and those !ith %olecular !eight in bet!een are se%isolids) The greater the %olecular !eight the greater the viscosity) The NG lists the viscosity o$ *Es ranging $ro% average %olecular !eight o$ , to =)
$. !"at are t"e diferent ointment -ases? Des&ri-e ea&". *i+e e5amp'es. HD6OCA67ON 7ASES 8O2EA*INO0S9 E0a%ple: hite *etrolatu% hite Oint%ent 1) E%ollient ,) Occlusive <) Non'!ater !ashable B) Fydrophobic -) reasy A7SO6PTION 7ASES 8ANHD6O0S9 E0a%ples: Fydrophilic *etrolatu%4 Anhydrous anolin 1) E%ollient ,) Occlusive <) Absorb !ater B) Anhydrous -) reasy A7SO6PTION 7ASES 8!:O TPE9 E7AH*ES: anolin ?old ?rea% 1) E%ollient ,) Occlusive <) ?ontain !ater B) So%e absorb additional !ater -) reasy !ATE6;6E)O
1) ater'!ashable ,) Nongreasy <) ?an be diluted !ith !ater B) Nonocclusive
!ATE6;SO2072E 7ASES E0a%ple: *olyethylene lycol Oint%ent 1) Usually anhydrous ,) ater'soluble and !ashable <) Nongreasy B) Nonocclusive -) ipid'$ree
CO2D C6EA) Activity 1< QUESTIONS:
1. Diferentiate ointments and &reams Cream= a se%isolid dosage $or% containing one or %ore drug substances dissolved or dispersed in a suitable base) An e%ulsion dosage $or% o$ten containing %ore than ,. !ater and volatiles and;or containing -. hydrocarbons !a0es or polyols as the vehicle $or the A*I) ?rea%s are generally intended $or e0ternal application to the s#in or %ucous %e%branes) Ointment= a se%isolid preparation intended $or e0ternal application to the s#in or %ucous %e%brane) A se%isolid dosage $or% usually containing ,. !ater and volatiles and %ore than -. hydrocarbons !a0es or polyols as the vehicle) This dosage $or% generally is $or e0ternal application to the s#in or %ucous %e%branes . !", are &reams preerred to ointments? *har%aceutical crea%s are classi2ed as !ater're%ovable bases and are described under Oint%ents) In addition to oint%ent bases crea%s include a variety o$ cos%etic'type preparations . $. !"at is t"e distin#is"in# &"ara&teristi&s o &o'd &ream? An e%ollient and oint%ent base) It is a ;O e%ulsion
ASPI6IN DI
1. !"at are t"e ad+anta#es o powders? *o!ders possess advantages and thus still represent a portion o$ the solid dosage $or%s currently being e%ployed) These advantages are "e0ibility in co%pounding relatively good che%ical stability and rapid dispersion o$ ingredients because o$ the s%all particle . !"at are t"e disad+anta#es o preparin# powders? The chie$ disadvantages o$ po!ders as a dosage $or% are they are ti%e'consu%ing to prepare and they are not !ell suited $or dispensing the %any unpleasant'tasting hygroscopic or deli6uescent drugs) Jul# po!ders have another serious disadvantage !hen co%pared !ith divided and individually !eighed po!ders: inaccuracy o$ dose) The dose is in"uenced by %any $actors including si3e o$ %easuring spoon density o$ po!der hu%idity degree o$ settling "ufness due to agitation and personal &udg%ent) Not only do patients %easure varying a%ounts o$ po!der !hen using the sa%e spoon but they o$ten select one diCering in si3e $or% that speci2ed by their physician. $. !"at is t"e ot"er term or di+ided powders? ?hartula ; ?hartulae or *aper tablets
TA72ET T6IT06ATES Activity 1QUESTIONS:
1. !", are ta-'ets pop'ar as dosa#e orms? 7e&ase o t"e ad+anta#es aforded -ot" to t"e mana&trer E.#. a) *recision and lo! content variability o$ the unit dose b) o! %anu$acturing cost c) Easy to pac#age and ship d) Si%ple to identi$y e) Easy to s!allo! $) Appropriate $or special release $or% g) Jest suited to large scale production h) Host stable o$ all oral dosage $or%s i) Essentially ta%perproo$ . !"at are additi+es and &omponents o ta-'ets? Des&ri-e ea&". a) 5iluents or 2llers !hich add the necessary bul# to a $or%ulation to prepare tablets o$ the desired si3e b) Jinders or adhesives !hich pro%ote adhesion o$ the particles o$ the $or%ulation allo!ing a granulation to be prepared and %aintaining the integrity o$ the 2nal tablet c) 5isintegrants or disintegrating agents !hich pro%ote brea#up o$ the tablets a$ter ad%inistration to s%aller particles $or ready drug availability d) Antiadherents glidants lubricants or lubricating agents !hich enhance the "o! o$ the %aterial into the tablet dies %ini%i3e !ear o$ the punches and dies prevent 2ll %aterial $ro% stic#ing to the punches and dies and produce tablets !ith a sheen e) Opa6uants and colorants to %a#e the appearance o$ the coated tablets handso%e and distinctive) E0a%ples: opa6uant titaniu%dio0ide4 colorant G5K? or 5K? dyes $) S!eeteners "avors and aro%as to enhance the acceptability o$ the tablet by the patient) E0a%ples: s!eeteners saccharin4 "avors and aro%as vanillin $. !"at are t"e #enera' &'asses o ta-'ets: de3ne ea&"
*2CE6IN S0PPOSITO6IES Activity 1@ QUESTIONS: 1. !"at are t"e diferent (inds o sppositories? 7rie>, des&ri-e ea&" . !"at are t"e +e"i&'es sed in sppositories? $. How do ,o administer sppositories?
COD 2I
