THE PR IZ IZE: E: TH THE E E PIC QUES QUES T FOR FOR OIL,MONEY OIL,MONEY A ND POWE POWE R By Daniel Yergin 1. Who was the responsible for the creation of the Oil Industry? George Bissell. 2. What was the name of the first well driller? William A. Smith, he was known as “Uncle Billy”. 3. What was the German Chemistry Industry Conglomerate that was a donor to the National Socialism Party, closed in 1952? The IG Farben Chemical Industry. 4. When y where OPEC was founded and what is the meaning of the acronym? OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) was founded in September 14, 1960 in Baghdad, Iraq 5. When and who discovered the fabulous Portrero del Llano 4 well, inaugurating the “Golden Age” of Mexican Oil? Everette Lee DeGolyer, well known as “the hundred man”, in 1910, with a production of 110MBPD. 6. Who was the first person to produce oil intentionally intentionall y in the western world in Pennsylvania? Was the colonel Drake in 1859 7. Which countries were OPEC initially consisted of? 5: Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela
A P P L IE D DR D R IL L IN G E NG IN E E R IN ING G by Adam T. Bourgoyne Jr . Jr . 8. Which are the principal components of the hoisting system? The derrick and substructure The block and tackle The drawworks 9. Which is the main main function of the circulation system? Remove the rock cuttings from the bottom hole to surface. 10. Which are the main objectives of cementing the well? Protect and support the casing & and isolate zones 11. Name one of the five processes that API recommend for testing drilling cements? Mud balance for determining the slurry density. 12. What other name does flow formation fluids receive? Kick.
NATU NAT URAL GA S RE SE RVOI RVOIR R ENGINEER IN ING G by Ikoku, Chi. 13. Reservoir rock volume is usually obtained by… planimetering planimeteri ng isopachous maps polygon method for computing volumes 14. Relates the volumes to the reservoir conditions with surface conditions volumetric factor or Formation factor. 15. Gas in place, reserves and wáter influx may be estimated using material balance 16. When a gas is at pressure and standard temperature, how much is its compressibility factor Z ? It is Z= 1 17. With this method you can calculate the volume insitu of hydrocarbon
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Volumetric Estimates
GE OLOGY & GE OPHYS ICS IN OIL EXPLORATION 2010 18. Cocretions, septaria and geodes are part of what type of sedimentary structure? Secondary Sedimentary Structure 19. Name the types of sediments? Terrigenous clastic sediments 2. Carbonate Rocks 3. Evaporites 4. Ironstones 5. Phosphate deposits 6. Siliceous sediments 7. Volcanic Rocks 20. Name (1-2-3) types of depositional environments? ‐Continental deposits -Transitional deposits -Marine or Shallow Marine -Fluvial 21. This is a deposit zone in which a tension occurred & forming faults. Sometimes Blocks may slump in this zone which called Interblock Tension Divergent Wrench 22. Process of movement from source rock. Fluids are squeezed out by the weight of the overlying sediments. Fluids tend to move toward the lowest potential energy. Primary migration
RE SE RVOIR E NGINEER ING HANDBOOK By: Ahmed Tarek. 23. A test is performed on gas condensates or crude oil to simulate the pressure-volume relations of these hydrocarbon systems. Constant-composition expansion. 24. Name laboratory analysis for gas - condensate systems • Recombination and analysis of separator samples • Measuring the pressure-volume relationship, i.e., constant-composition expansion test • Constant-volume depletion test (CVD) 25. When does linear flow occur in reservoirs? When flow paths are parallel and the fluid flows in a single direction. 26. How the principle of superposition applies to the effect of multiple wells? We simply superimpose one effect upon the other. 27. Is a test of a series of bottom-hole pressure measurements made during a period of flow at constant producing rate. Pressure Drawdown Test.
FUNDAMENTALS OF RE SE RVOIR ENGINEE RING By: L.P. Dake 28. This value of 1 psi/ft is a typical value of what? Gradient of overburden pressure, also: Lithostatic gradient. 29. Name some conditions listed by Bradley that can cause abnormal fluid pressures Temperature change Geological changes Osmosis between waters having different salinity 30. Which are the two main categories of hydrocarbon recovery o Primary recovery o The supplementary or secondary recovery 31. What two assumptions are used in the gas material balance equation? o No water influx (Volumetric Depletion Reservoirs)
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o
When there is significant water influx (Water Drive Reservoirs)
A PPLIE D PE TR OL E UM RE S E R VOIR E NG IN E E R IN G By: B.C. Craft & Hawkins 32. Name 6 petrophysical properties of the rock. Porosity, permeability, fluid saturations and distributions, electrical conductivity of both the rock and the fluids, pore structure and radioactivity. 33. Who developed the Material Balance Equation? Schilthuis. 34. How are defined the Reservoir types with reference to phase diagrams? Bubble point or disolved gas reservoirs Dew point or retrograde gas-condensate reservoirs Single phase gas reservoirs 35. These are the measurement methods of original fluid saturation: The direct approach and the indirect approach. 36. How is the formation volume factor defined and what are the units? Is the relation of volume of gas in the reservoir to the volume on the surface and is represented in cu ft/SCF or bbl/SCF.
PETROLEUM RE SER VOIR E NGINEE RING By: Amyx 37. In what year was the first well drilled commercially in the United States? 1958 38. Name two important physical properties of liquid petroleum Density and viscosity 39. The density of a fluid is in function to? Temperature and pressure 40. What are the two main forces that cause oil migration? Buoyancy and capillarity 41. How are sediments classified according to its mineralogical composition and sedimentary materials? The fragmented dominantly sediments and partially fragmented
BA SIC PETROLEUM GE OLOGY A ND LOG ANALYS IS By: Halliburton, 2001 42. ¿Which 4 processes are the main cause in the creation of subsurface geological formations in which petroleum reservoirs are found? Weathering, erosion, transportation and lithification. 43. ¿Mention (2-3) main methods to determine the age of sedimentary rocks? Carbon-14, Thorium-230, Protactinium-231, Uranium-238. 44. ¿What is the study of the origin, composition, distribution, and sequence of sedimentary rock? Sequence Stratigraphy 45. ¿Which types of sedimentary rocks are important for the production of hydrocarbons? Sandstones, Limestones, Dolomites, Shales, and Evaporites. 46. ¿Which are the five major types of hydrocarbons of interest to petroleum exploration? Kerogen, Crude Oil, Asphalt, Natural Gas, and Condensates.
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IADC MANUAL FOR WELL CONTROL By: Well Control School, 47. The main objective of this operation is to avoid contingencies of kick may occur and in case, to prevent to happen by handling them properly to prevent a major disaster. What would this be? Well Control Operations. 48. Condition factor that influence the intensity of the onslaught of the well? Formation pressure greater than hydrostatic pressure 49. Name (1-2-3) causes of a pressure imbalance between the formation pressure and the hydrostatic pressure? Improper filling of the hole during travel Swab & Surge Insufficient fluid density Loss of circulation formation with Abnormal Pressure 50. Indication of kick in well while drilling. Decrease in pumping pressure. 51. While drilling, this effect of suction is caused by provoking the formation by the Speed of the Trip pulling the tool out of the hole. Swab & Surge
THE PROPER TIES OF PETROLEUM FLUIDS By: William McCain Jr. 52. How does sulfur affect the density of Hydrocarbons? The quantity of sulfur increases as the density of the crude increases. 53. How can the crude oil be classified? By its Physical properties and chemical structure of molecules. 54. The physical properties of crude oil are subdivided into properties that depend of the quantity of mass and independent of the mass. Name these properties. Intensive properties and extensive properties. 55. It’s a graph of pressure plotted against temperatures showing the condition under which the various phases of a substance will be present. Phase Diagram 56. In phase behavior, this is the upper limit of the vapor-pressure line. Critical Point.
A MOC O MA NUA L F OR DR IL LIN G FLUIDS By: AMOCO 57. Name o o o 58. Name
three classifications of drilling fluids? Pneumatic Oil-Based Water-Based (3-5) functions of Drilling fluids? Control subsurface pressure. Transport Cuttings. Support and stabilize wellbore. Support weight of Tubular. Cool and Lubricate the Bit and Drill string. Transmit hydraulic horsepower to Bit. Provide medium for wireline logging. Assist in the gathering of subsurface geological data and formation evaluation.
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59. What does Marsh Funnel Viscosity indicate? relative mud consistency or thickness. 60. What are the major uses of polymers in drilling fluids? Viscosity Bentonite extension Deflocculation Filtration control Shale stabilization 61. This fluid is left in the casing tubing annulus when completing a well. The name is? Packing Fluid.
HER IOT-WATT UNIVER SITY: PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY HWU Dept. of Petroleum E ng ineering 62. According to the basis of an analytical design of Gas Lift. What is the result that must be taken into account for the operational actions of the gas lift injection? The arrangement and depth of the mandrels. 63. in a gas lift valve nitrogen load act on the bellows´ exerting a force pushing the ball against the choke, in which prevents the flow of? The injection of gas. 64. What are the methods in which are used to injection of gas lift? continuous, intermittent and closed system lifting. 65. What is caused when the sand is produced from unconsolidated deposits? Erosion of tubulars / high costs. 66. CO2 dissolved in water can form an acid solution strong enough to allow the steel to dissolve in water. What partial pressure of CO2 can be used to be dissolved in water? 30 psi or greater 67. What is the mean function of Artificial Lift System (ALS)? Adds energy to the well fluid which allows the well to flow. 68. Which are the most popular forms of artificial lift System? Rod Pumps, Hydraulic Pumps, Electric Submersible Pump, Gas Lift and Progressive Cavity Pump. 69. Which ALS uses surface equipment connected, through rods, to a positive displacement bottom pump that will generate a suction process in the pump to lift the oil from the reservoir to the surface? Sucker Rod Pumps 70. These charts allow analyzing background problems and identifying the resulting loads acting on the surface equipment, it’s refer to? Dynamometric charts 71. What are the principal components that an electric submersible Pump (ESP) uses to lift the oil to the surface? Employs a downhole centrifugal pump and an electric motor.
DRILLING TECHNOLOGY By: Steve Devereux. 72. In drilling, when rock sequence is repeated or part of the rock sequence is missing, the drillers are drilling through a? Normal or Reverse Fault. 73. What is the fracture pressure? It is the pressure in which the stress or fluid weight is large enough to fracture the rock. 74. What elements are necessary for overpressure to occur? Watertight barrier and high pressure.
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75. When a kick occurs, the first equipment to seal the well is called? Blow-out preventer (BOP). 76. This is the depth at which the drilling stops to execute casing setting operations Intubation Point. * 77. These materials are used for power fluids (gas drive), fracturing energy, and propulsion energy sources and their primary function is to provide quick fluid volume. Gas generators. 78. What are the critical steps that needs to be executed to estabilish an optimum flow path? Design Quality control Quality control inspection 79. How can pressure differential between wellbore and reservoir before perforating be described? - Underbalanced - Overbalanced - Extreme Overbalanced (EOB) 80. What are the four main types of perforation guns? - Wireline conveyed casing guns - Throught-tubing hollow carrier guns - Throught-tubing strip guns - Tubing conveyed perforation guns 81. This is the number of holes specified in shots per foots aimed to reduce perforation skins and produce wells at lower pressure differentials. High Shot Density
NATURALLY FR ACTURE D RES ER VOIRS By:Roberto Aguilera, PhD. 82. This is a macroscopic planar discontinuity that results from stresses that exceed the rupture strength of the rock. natural fracture 83. A reservoir which contains fractures created by mother nature. These natural fractures can have a positive or a negative effect on fluid flow. Open uncemented or partially mineralized fractures might have, for example, a positive effect on oil flow but a negative effect on water or gas flow due to coning effects. a naturally fractured reservoir. * 84. what are the requirements for hydrocarbon accumulation? source rock, reservoir rock, seal rock, trap, migration or fluid content. 85. what are the types of structural traps? a) dry synclines b) anticlines c) salt-cored structures or those formed by salt domes d) hydrodynamic fault 86. what are the types of stratigraphic traps? a) Varying permeability caused by sedimentation. b) Varying permeability caused by ground water.
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c) Varying permeability caused by truncation and sealing. 87. How is porosity classified? Porosity be classified as primary and secondary.
RE SE RVOIR G EOMECHANICS By: Mark Zoback, PhD. 88. Name the types of faults Normal faulting, Strike-Slipe Faulting and Reverse Faulting 89. What is the difference between the pore pressure and the least principal stress The Mud Window. 90. Disequilibrium compaction, Hydrocarbon maturation, aquathermal compaction, mineral diagenesis, tectonic compression and Hydrocarbon column heights are what? Mechanisms of over pressure generation. 91. A subsurface condition in which the pore pressure of a geologic formation exceeds or is less than the expected, or normal, formation pressure. Abnormal pressure 92. Pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity. hydrostatic pressure. * 93. What are types of reservoir flow geometry: Radial flow Linear flow Spherical and Hemispherical flow 94. A mechanism for pore pressure generation that is analogous to compaction disequilibrium if large-scale tectonic stress changes occur over geologically short periods of time Tectonic compression 95. A salt body affects stress orientations around it because the local orientations of the three principal stresses are determined by the surface of the salt body. True or false ? True. 96. What are the three main stress orientations? Vertical Stress (SV), Max. horizontal stress (Sh max) and Min. horizontal stress (Sh min) 97. The smaller the “mud window” the harder it is to manage drilling parameters such as mud weight. True or False ? True 98. How many elastic moduli (say minimum number) are needed to completely describe a material that is isotropic and homogeneous? We need two. * 99. When was oil exploration based on surface mapping of anticlines? through the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century 100. When and where was applied the first electric log run of geophysical methods? Pechelbronn, France, in 1927
101. Which region of flow shows boundaries’ behavior in well testing? Late time region 102. What does the reduction of permeability, reduction of the aparental well
radious and the poor or hard flow of fluids in a well refers to?
Skin
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103. Name 4 methods used to determinate permeability and skin of a well during a Build Up test Horners method Muskat method MHD-Miller, Dyes Hutchinson Method Agarwall´s Method 104. What does the average pressure refers to? Is the pressure reached when all the drilled wells shut down their production. 105. How are acuifers classified? Active. Medium active. Poor active. 106. The objective of this discipline is to formulate a program from many variables for drilling a well taking into account the following characteristics: safety, minimum costs, usable tools. What is the name of the discipline? Well Planning. 107. Mention 3 types of how Wells can be classified into? wildcats exploratory holes step-outs infills re-entries 108. Name the normal ranges for normal formation pressures gradients in psi/foot 0.433-0,465 psi/ft
109. What kind of information provides the heading of the bit record (provide three)? The heading of the bit record provides information such as the following:
operator
contractor
rig number
well location
drillstring characteristics
pump data
110. These describe the physical and chemical characteristics of the mud. Drilling Mud records. PRES SURE TRANSIENT TES TING By: John Lee, PhD.
111. A GOR greater than 100.000 (one-hundred thousand) scf/STB, is evidence of? Dry gas.
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112. A GOR less than 50.000 (fifty thousand) scf/STB, is evidence of? Wet gas. 113. What is the term that researchers, both educators of the industry, give to the proportionality between the index of volumetric flow and the pressure drop for a liquid that was lost at a speed that is lower than that predicted by the number of Reynolds? Non-Darcy flow. 114. During the period of initial flow or well accumulation which factors can be determined with greater precision in a flow test? undamaged effective permeability, measurement of well damage, initial in gas in solution, initial reservoir pressure, distances to the closet reservoir barries, and description of the drainage area. 115. What is the check list of data verification that the reservoir engineer needs during drilling of a reservoir? During drilling: a) Use a logging program capable of determining porosities and saturation. b) Provide for sufficient cores to give a good statistical analysis of porosities and permeabilities. Store core not needed for core analysis. 116. This occurs when the well is set to produce at constant Surface rate and a shut in period occurs. Initially, fluid will unload from the wellbore with no flow from the formation to the wellbore. Wellbore Storage 117. A well may be produced at constant rate or constant pressure and have wellbore storage, true or false? True 118. Mention two types of flow applied to the Darcy Law? Radial Flow-Linear Flow-Spherical Flow
119. For 2 point each, which are the solutions to the Diffusivity Equation? Transient radial flow, constant rate production from a line source well, both without skin factor and with skin factor and wellbore storage.
Pseudosteady state radial flow, constant rate production from a cylindrical source well in a closed reservoir. Steady state radial flow, constant rate production from cylindrical source well in a reservoir with constant pressure outer boundaries. Transient linear flow, constant rate production from hydraulically fractured well.
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120. This term means a summation of all individual parts that contribute to the total
system. Superposition in space. 121. Explain the superposition in space when you have a well near a fault? 1. First set up the appropriate image wells and fault configuration.
2. Also we can now consider this as a multiwell problem form of superposition. 122. A f test is conducted by producing a well at a known rate or rates while measuring changes in bottomhole pressure (BHP) as a function of time A pressure-drawdown test. What information you could obtain with these test? Permeability
Skin Factor
Flow Efficiency
123. How are drilling fluids categorized according to their continuous phase?* _ Water-based fluids _ Oiled based fluids _ Pneumatic (gas) fluids 124. How are water-based fluids classificated? _ Inhibitive _ Noninhibitive _ Polymers 125. Mention 3 of the most common types of additives used in water-based muds?* _ Clays, polymers, weighting agents, fluid- loss-control additives, dispersants or thinners, inorganic chemicals, lost-circulation materials, and surfactants 126. Which is the best known additive in drilling fluids for viscosity to lubricate and cool the bit? Bentonite. 127. What is the chemical name for bentonite? Sodium montmorillonite.
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