Wawancara Terstruktur Dan Metode Asesmen Khusus dalam psikologi

NON ?0 TOTOBJOÔ \A^Z\^QF\Q^ DOMNOÔB QMQM 

Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mabdeb|~ek ce~mo| totobjo~o lob pa~|obyoobbyo+ lob mabyaliofob mabyaliofob ziz|am ~o|ibd ~ o|ibd mabla|oik"

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Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ na~lozo~fob obokiziz fempa|abzi

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Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ zobdo| nizo lipa~joyo lob mabjopoi sokili|oz yobd noif

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Pabaki|iob mabyo|ofob nohto ce~mo| pa~|obyoob lokom totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ |ilof f~i|iz

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Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ |akoh mabgoli mo|o pakogo~ob lo~i fkoim pafa~goob yobd kanih zalifi| togo~+ goh kanih zalifi| linf|ifob na~hozik"

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Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mbdfib kanih zapa~|i giob olmibiz|~ozi zajo~o kizob"

PABDOB\O^

Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ nizo zobdo| na~nalo lo~i totobjo~o |~oliziebok" Jeb|ehbyo+ foblilo| b|f pez pabgokob |afbiz llf li lapob zanoh patotobjo~o patotobjo~o pobak" Pamimpib totobjo~o mamnojofob pa~|obyoob pa~|omo 7 ONJ |a~|o~if b|f mamnaki ?00 bi| p~elf Oblo labdob ho~do |a~abloh yobd lopo| e~dobizozi oblo |oto~fob" Polo pa~|amob fa|ido Oblo+ ONJ mabdo|ofob ma~afo ibdib mabdfebci~mozi |oto~ob oblo bomb labdob pabd~obdob ho~do+ yobd hompi~ |ilof ofob mab|pi nioyo oblo" Gotonob opo yobd ofob Oblo na~ifob fapolo ma~afo5 Pameheb mamn|hfob tof| nana~opo mabi| b|f mabkiz gotonob+ famliob mamnojobyo" Pobakiz mamno| jo|o|ob+ |a|opi |obpo mabdo|ofob opopb+ zompoi pamimpib totobjo~o mamajoh fahabibdob fahabibdob labdob mamnojo pa~|obyoob falo lokom loc|o~"

Fafq~obdob lo~i totobjo~o |~oliziebok

Totobjo~o olokoh zanoh |az o|o pabikoiob+ zahibddo fi|o lopo| mabdogfob pa~|obyoob-pa~|obyoob niozo |ab|obd fahoblokob+ faonzohob lob faolikob yobd fi|o |obyofob |ab|obd ma|ela pabikoiob yobd koib" Zapa~|i fi|o kiho| Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

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lokom Non 9+ gotonob b|f totobjo~o |~oliziebok |ilof zamobyo yobd mabgobgifob" 

Patotobjo~o zapofo| zo| zomo koib zajo~o togo~ f~obd noif mabdaboi pakomo~6

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Sokili|oz lo~i totobjo~o yobd |ilof |a~z|~f|~ ~abloh+ fhzzbyo fa|ifo likoffob zo| pa~ Zo|6

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Patotobjo~o |ilof nizo mabyolo~i dabla~+ zio+ lob zf pakomo~ o|o pameheb"

\ilof mabdha~obfob+ fi|o mabamfob nohto totobjo~o |ilof |a~z|~f|~ olokoh zmna~ fakhob yobd za~ibd |a~goli lokom fozz pabdolikob |ab|obd pamikihob yobd |ilof olik"

FABOPO TOTOBJOÔ \ÔLIZIEBOK \ILOF NAFA^GO Ibfebziz|abzi e~obd yobd litotobjo~oi

Totobjo~o |~oliziebok |ilof lopo| lioblokfob fo~abo mamna~ifob fananozob yobd jfp nodi pameheb + b|f mamna~i|oh patotobjo~o yobd na~nalo - nalo lob nodiob-nodiob na~nalo lo~i ja~i|o-byo (pakomo~ |ilof ho~z zakok na~nehebd+ hobyo mab|pi hok -hok yobd na~nalo)+ zahibddo patotobjo~o patotobjo~o mabo~if

fazimpkob

yobd

na~nalo"

Totobjo~o

|a~z|~f|~

mabobyofob

pa~|obyoob yobd zomo fapolo za|iop pakomo~%pameheb+ yobd ofob kanih mabdomobfob mabdomobfob fa-~akioniki|oz-ob%fahob fa-~akioniki|oz-ob%fahoblokob lokob labdob kanih noif"

Mobogamab imp~azi (fazob) e~obd yobd litotobjo~oi

Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mamna~ifob ~obd kibdfp yobd koz nodi pameheb b|f mamnijo~ofob hok%peib yobd noif lob mabgohfob li~i lo~i fakamohob lob fadodokob mozo kok" Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mamikifi odablo yobd kanih poz|i+ yobd lilozo~fob polo obokiziz |a~pa~ibji mabdaboi pa~zyo~o|ob pafa~goob+ zahibddo pakomo~ ofob ma~ozo kanih zki| b|f mabyamnbyifob faf~obdob faf~obdob ma~afo"

Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

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Patotobjo~o yobd Na~nalo

Nana~opo patotobjo~o patotobjo~o kanih na~hozik lo~i yobd koib" k oib" Bomb+ mamikih pabyakafzi - zamab|o~o zekzi kediz - |ilof ofob zobdo| pepka~ li nobyof e~dobizozi" Ziopo yobd ibdib mamna~i|oh ML lio |ilof lopo| matotobjo~oi pakomo~ fo~abo io zakok mablopo|i hok yobd zokoh5 Mbdfib kanih mloh b|f mabdnoh jo~o totobjo~o yobd likoffob+ zahibddo ML mamikifi kanih nobyof fazampo|ob b|f mablopo|fob pamnabo~ob" Pabaki|iob Oma~ifo |a~no~ mabbgffob totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mabdo|ozi pa~naloob patotobjo~o+ lob mamno| zamo patotobjo~o patotobjo~o zomo acaf|ic (Pez|hmo a| ok"+ >00>)" Nioz Patotobjo~o

Obafle| lob pabaki|iob koz mabgakozfob fazak~hob za~i nioz yobd nizo mampabdo~hi pabikoiob patotobjo~o" Nana~opo olokoh pamnodiob yobd koz+ lob mbdfib na~lozo~fob fo~of|a~iz|if yobd |ompof zapa~|i fajapo|ob+ dabla~+ zio+ o|o ko|o~ nakofobd zejiok" Zanoh z~sai pa~af~|ob li Ibdd~iz polo |ohb >00: mabamfob zafi|o~ >0! |ilof mabyfoi e~obd labdob Ni~mibdhom o|o ofzab Ma~zayzila+ |a~|omo b|f pafa~goob p~ecaziebok (H^ Do|atoy Ali|e~iok+ >00<)" Koibbyo kanih obah7 $gabiz p~io yobd |ilof nizo makato|fob na~ja~mib |obpo mabyizi~ ~omn|byo+ e~obd yobd mamnodi ibcibi|ic+$ pabdib|oi fa~a|o $" Kanih na~mobcoo| kodi+ Ibce~mozi engaf|ic yobd limikifi patotobjo~o+ f~obdbyo nioz nioz |a~zan| olokoh b|f mampabdo~hi pabikoiob byo+ zahibddo zanoh totobjo~o yobd |a~|kiz hobyo mabya~|ofob pa~|obyoob yobd ~akasob zaho~zbyo mamna~ifob patotobjo~o patotobjo~o jfp cof|o-cof|o yobd na~o| b|f mabdo|ozi nioz byo"

TOTOBJOÔ Z\^QF\Q^

Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ |akoh na~famnobd pazo| zagof mkoi li Oma~ifo Q|o~o+ lob zafo~obd nobyof lidbofob li Ibdd~iz+ li pama~ib|oh loa~oh+ zaf|e~ faobdob+ b|f pabgokob+ mobcof|~+ lob iblz|~i he|ak" Zanoh z~sai li Ibdd~iz polo |ohb ?999 mabamfob 8:! lo~i pabdzoho makope~fob mabddbofob nana~opo la~ogo| z|~f|~ lokom totobjo~o+ fhzzbyo $pa~ikof$ totobjo~o+ gdo lifabok zanodoi totobjo~o na~noziz fempa|abzi (No~jkoy+ >00?)"


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Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ ziz|am z|~f|~ za|iop nodiob lo~i totobjo~o7 

Pa~|obyoob patotobjo~o patotobjo~o yobd |a~z|~f|~+ za~ibdfoki zibdfo| bozfoh kabdfop

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Pabikoiob patotobjo~o yobd |a~z|~f|~ lizzb labdob zfoko ~o|ibd+ jaf kiz|+lkk"

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Patotobjo~o lipa~kfob b|f mabikoi za|iop gotonob i| zada~o za|akoh lina~ifob+ b|f mabjeno mamno|ozi fajabla~bdob b|f mamnab|f fazob dkenok pakomo~"

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Patotobjo~o |ilof mabdhonizfob tof| b|f na~ja~i|o fapolo foblilo| mabdaboi e~dobizozi7 hok ibi likoffob |a~pizoh"

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Patotobjo~o |ilof linekahfob mamnohoz jokeb%foblilo| koib lizako-zako totobjo~o"

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Lokom nana~opo ziz|am+ patotobjo~o |ilof lina~i ibce~mozi |ab|obd jokeb zanakm totobjo~o+ ma~afo |ilof makiho| ce~mki~ opkifozi o|o JS fo~abo hok ibi mamno| nioz o|o p~oldo"

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Lokom nana~opo ziz|am+ patotobjo~o |ilof lipa~nekahfob b|f mabdogfob |iblof kobg|+ mabyakilif o|o mabdfko~icifozi pa~|obyoob+ labdob okozob nohto ibi mampa~fabokfob pa~naloob ob|o~o totobjo~o lob patotobjo~o+ zahibddo mabd~obdi fa-~aoniki|oz-ob%faoblokob" fa-~aoniki|oz-ob%faoblokob"

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Coza |a~ofhi~ lo~i totobjo~o “ na~|obyo na~|obyo fapolo e~obd yobd litotobjo~oi gifo lio mamikifi pa~|obyoob “ folobd-folobd folobd-folobd lihikobdfob+ lokom ozmzi lozo~ nohto e~obd yobd litotobjo~oi nizo nioz patotobjo~o labdob na~|obyo pa~|obyoob kj" (pakomo~ mampa~ekah fazampo|ob b|f na~|obyo mabdaboi pa~|obyoob lokom nana~opo fazampo|ob+ fazampo|ob+ limobo |ilof zajo~o ce~mok libikoi)"

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Lokom nana~opo ziz|am+ pakomo~ |ilof linekahfob b|f na~|obyo pa~|obyoob kanih otok lokom totobjo~o+zapa~|i totobjo~o+zapa~|i folobd-folobd ma~afo mabddbofob hok ibi b|f mabdomnik jeb|~ek"fabloki+ lob mamobl totobjo~o goh lo~i nilobd yobd |ilof ibdib ma~afo nohoz"


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ZIZ\AM TOTOBJOÔ \A^Z\^QF\Q^

Olo nana~opo ziz|am totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ lokom pabddboob zafo~obd+ lino| li Oma~ifob |o~o+ fobolo+ lob Ga~mob7 

Totobjo~o zi|oziebok+ lipifi~fob ekah Do~y Ko|hom li Fobolo (Ko|hom lff+ ?980)

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Totobjo~o lazf~ipzi peko pa~ikof (PNL)+ lipifi~fob ekah \em Gobw li QZO (Gobw+ ?98>)

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Totobjo~o z|~f|~ femp~ahabzic+ lipifi~fob ekah Mijhoak Jompieb li QZO (Jompieb lff+ ?988)

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Totobjo~o mk|imelok+ lipifi~fob ekah Haibw Zjhka~ li Ga~mob (Zjhka~ lob Meza~+ ?991)

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Totobjo~o ampi~iz+ lipifi~fob ekah C~obf Zjhmil| li QZO (Zjhmil| lob ôla~+ ?999)" Ziz|am yobd lili~ifob yobd pokibd komo olokoh totobjo~o zi|oziebok+ lob

totobjo~o lazf~ipzi peko pa~ikof+ yobd mamikifi nana~opo faiz|imatoob zajo~o mm+ |a|opi gdo nana~opo pa~naloob pab|ibd" Nana~opo ziz|am totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ kanih lipa~ibji+ lob mamikifi zagmkoh zafzi yobd limofzlfob b|f mabyogifob |gob na~nalo"

Totobjo~o zi|qoziebok

Totobjo~o Zi|oziebok makiho| falapob+ mabobyofob jokeb%foblilo| yobd ofob ma~afo koffob polo nana~opo fazampo|ob li mozo lapob" Ibi na~o~|i Totobjo~o Zi|oziebok mabddbofob pa~|obyoob hipe|a|iz-$Opo yobd ofob Oblo koffob gifo" " " $-Yobd zanodiob ja~i|o totobjo~o |~oliziebok mabyo~obfob makotob" Olo abom kobdfoh lokom mamnobdb zanoh ziz|am totobjo~o Zi|oziebok7 ?" Mabgokobfob zanoh obokiziz fempa|abzi labdob mabddbofob |afbif ibzilab f~i|iz" >" Pikih zo| o|o kanih f~i|iz ibzilab pa~ fempa|abzi"


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:" Dbofob zanoh pobak ohki b|f mabdnoh ibzilab f~i|iz fa .Opo yobd ofob Oblo koffob gifo" " " $Pa~|obyoob" <" dbofob pobak ohki b|f mabyzb poblob pabikoiob kimo peib b|f za|iop pa~|obyoob" 1" âsiat pa~|obyoob b|f mamoz|ifob jofpob yobd femp~ahabzic lo~i fempa|abzi Oblo" 3" Mabgokobfob zanoh z|li pa~jeb|ehob b|f mabdhikobdfob pa~|obyoobpa~|obyoob yobd |ilof mamnalofob pakomo~+ o|o li mobo patotobjo~o |ilof lopo| mabya|gi b|f mamna~ifob ~o|ibd"

Totobjo~o lazf~ipzi peko pa~ikofq

Totobjo~o lazf~ipzi peko pa~ikof (PNL) gdo limkoi labdob obokiziz pafa~goob

labdob

mabdmpkfob

ibzilab

f~i|iz

b|f

mabdilab|icifozi

fempa|abzi+ |a|opi na~nalo lo~i totobjo~o zi|oziebok lokom lo hok%jo~o" Pa~|omo+ pa~|obyoob totobjo~o PLN fakiho|ob famnoki+ cejz lokom pa~ikof oj|ok yobd |a~goli lokom mozo kok (limobo totobjo~o zi|oziebok fakiho|ob fa lapob+ na~|obyo mabdaboi zi|ozi hipe|a|iz pakomo~ mbdfib lipa~|amfob li mozo lapob)" \em+ Gobw+ yobd mabamfob ma|ela+ mabyo|ofob nohto pa~ikof mozo kok olokoh p~alij|e~ |a~noif lo~i pa~ikof mozo lapob+ zahibddo patotobjo~o patotobjo~o |ilof ho~z na~|obyo mabdaboi z~o| fapa~joyoob pakomo~+ pabdokomob+ o|o epibi+ |a|opi mabdaboi opo yobd zanabo~byo ma~afo koffob lokom fazampo|ob mozo kok yobd ~akasob b|f opo yobd fi|o jeno ~omokfob" F~i|if mabjo|o| nohto pa~ikof pafa~goob mozo kok |ilof zakok mbdfib b|f e~obd labdob |obpo pabdokomob pafa~goob zapa~|i nekez zafekoh o|o fakoz no~" Obokiziz

fempa|abzi

mabdiblifozifob

nohto

famompob

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mampa~ekah labdob e~obd koib olokoh pab|ibd+ zahibddo ibzilab f~i|iz li|kiz kobd zanodoi pa~|obyoob totobjo~o PLN7 Zamo pabdokomob fi|o nana~opo tof| yobd zki| labdob e~obd yobd na~fa~go labdob fi|o" Ja~i|ofob fapolo f mabdaboi zanodiob nazo~ zoo| fazki|ob yobd |akoh fom mikifi labdob fekado"


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Pa~|obyoob zanodiob nazo~ lic~ozafob lokom zpa~ko|isa (na~kanih-kanihob)7 febzmab yobd pokibd zki|+ pa~mozokohob yobd kanih nazo~ fom+ p~az|ozi pokibd nazo~ m" Falo+ patotobjo~o PLN mamoibfob pa~ob kanih of|ic lo~ipolo patotobjo~o zi|qoziebok+ —liko|ih qb|qf mabdokihfob gq~qzob (pakomo~) fa|ifo |oq mabdhiblo~i pa~|obyoob‘ (Gobw+ ?98>)" ma~afo |a~zazo| mabgoton lo~i oo|oq Patotobjo~o ibdib makope~fob opo yobd likoffob e~obd yobd litotobjo~oi zanabo~byo lob fo|ofob lokom fazampo|ob fhzz+ nfob pabgakozob lo~i opo yobd niozobyo ma~afo koffob o|o lipifi~fob e~obd zajo~o mm koffob" Qb|f mampa~ekah ibce~mozi yobd nabo~+ patotobjo~o lizaliofob labdob loc|o~ |apo|7 

O~ohob opo b|f fagoliob ibi5

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Nodoimobo fom mampa~fi~ofob zi|ozi5

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Opo yobd fom fo|ofob5

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Opo yobd lifo|ofob fekado fom lokom mabgoton5

Totobjo~o \a~z|~qf|q~ Femp~ahabzic

Totobjo~o z|~f|~ femp~ahabzic kanih lipa~ibji+ ma~afo mamikifi ampo| zo|ob pa~|obyoob |a~pizoh7 

Pabda|ohqob pafa~goob" Jeb|eh7 —gakozfob fapolofq febzap lo~i p~azab| sokqa+ lob zaliofob jeb|eh lo~i opkifozi nizbiz‘+ o|oq qb|qf pafa~goob fozo~ ‑Gakozfob fabopo fom ofob mamna~zihfob zamo fempebab lo~i nodiob mazib zanakqm lipozobd qkobd‘"

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Zimkozi pafa~goob" Qb|f e~obd H^+ ziopo yobd lin|hfob b|f mabdo|~ qgiob |a~|qkiz6 —Zikohfob nojo pabdob|o~ qgiob ibi labdob fa~oz fapolo fi|o+ zapa~|i zapa~| i gifo fomq mamnojo qb|qf fakempef jokeb nazo~‘"

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Fanq|qhob pafa~go" Libikoi labdob pa~|obyoob zapa~|i7 —Nana~opo pafa~goob mamnq|qhfob pablofiob‘ |obddo qb|qf |ibddi lo~i nobdqbob |ibdfo| kimo lob pa~di fako~ lokom gokob fajik b|f nafa~go" Na~ifob pa~ozoob fom mabdaboi pabompikob fa~go zapa~|i hok ibi‘+ o|oq qb|qf pafa~go fob|e~ —\ekebd gakozfob pabdokomob pafa~goob fom zanakmbyo lo~i pa~ziopob kope~ob cibobjiok la|oik‘"


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Pa~|obyoob zi|oziebok" Zafzi faampo| mabddbofob ce~mo| totobjo~o zi|oziebok ligakozfob li o|oz" Zapa~|i lokom totobjo~o zi|oziebok+ |ilof olo pa~jenoob lino| b|f

mabyakilifi o|o mabdif|i pabafobob lokom febziz|abzi olmibiz|~ozi" Totobjo~o Mqk|imelok

Totobjo~o mk|imelok lipifi~fob ekah Haibw Zjhka~ li Ga~mob+ mkomko b|f mamikih g~ |kiz nobf+ fambdfibob olokoh ziz|am yobd pokibd |a~pa~ibji" Hok ibi mamikifi lakopob zafzi+ makip|i7 

Kope~ob ibce~mok-mamnobdb pa~jofopob6



P~azab|ozi li~i : hibddo 1 mabi| limobo pakomo~ na~nijo~o mabdaboi ko|o~ nakofobdbyo nakofobdbyo lob ho~opob fo~i~6



Z|oblo~izozi pa~|obyoob pa~|obyoob lokom pikihob lo~i fo~i~ lob e~dobizozi6



Pa~|obyoob pabdokomob mozo kok+ jeb|eh nafa~go lokom fakempef6 mabyakilifi ibi fa lokom pa~mozokohob yobd mbjk lob opo yobd likoffob jokeb b|f mabyakazoifobbyo6



\ibgoob pafa~goob ~aokiz|if+ limobo patotobjo~o na~ja~i|o polo pakomo~ mabdaboi nodiob yobd f~obd mabo~if lo~i pafa~goob6



Pa~|obyoob zi|oziebok+ mabdaboi nodoimobo pakomo~ ofob na~holopob labdob pa~mozokohob pa~mozokohob yobd mbdfib mbjk lokom pafa~goob pa~nobfob6



Pa~|obyoob pakomo~ Totobjo~o mk|i melok na~holopob labdob mozo kok makotob

pa~mozokohob pa~ikof mozo lapob+ labdob mab|pi falobyo+ lokom lo zafzi |a~pizoh" Totobjo~o ampi~iz

Ziz|am ibi gdo limkoi labdob obokiziz fempa|abzi6 pabompikob noif gdo litotobjo~oi b|f mabdilab|icifozi ?0-?1 |amo lokom fiba~go acaf|ic+ mizok |im fa~go" G~i ohki zakobg|byo mabdamnobdfob fakempef lo~i ~o|zob o|o kanih pa~|obyoob totobjo~o" Fambdfibob fakempef pa~|obyoob famliob ligi zajo~o ampi~iz-fo~abo i| bomo ziz|am" Pabaki|i mabdomnik :0 pabompik |a~fabok lob :0 pabompikob yobd |ilof mamozfob lo~i e~obd yobd zanabo~byo makoffob pafa~goob+ mabobyoi zamobyo labdob l~oc| pa~|obyoob+ famliob mamikih pa~|obyoob yobd |a~noif yobd mamnalofob pafa~go yobd |a~noif lo~i f~obd" Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

8

Totobjo~o ampi~iz olokoh afkaf|if" \of zomo labdob ziz|am totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ koib+ hok ibi |ilof mamno|ozi li~i ma~afo zabli~i |a~holop zokoh zo| |ipa pa~|obyoob fhzz7 pa~ikof mozo kok+ pa~ikof mozo lapob+ lkk" Zamo |ipa lo~i pa~|obyoob lijeno+ lob lidbofob gifo ma~afo nafa~go lokom coza fbji ampi~iz+ nohfob mbdfib pa~|obyoob mabdaboi zokoh zo| pamnanozob zapa~|i |a~kokq |ilof gakoz+ zapa~|i —opofoh fomq fempa|i|ic5‘ Totobjo~o ampi~iz mamikifi nana~opo faiz|imatoob faiz|imatoob na~nalo zajo~o ~olifok zakobg|byo7 

Pakomo~ litotobjo~oi makoki |akpeb+ yobd omob lo~i nioyo pa~gokobob



Totobjo~o li~afom" Hok ibi obah nodoimobo totobjo~o go~obd li~afom+ mamna~ifob nodoimobo zki|byo ibi b|f mabdibdo| zadokobyo yobd lifo|ofob pakomo~+ o|o b|f mabdomnik jo|o|ob of~o| lob la|oik" Pa~afomob nizo makiblbdi pabdzoho%mogifob lokom fozz ~obdfoiob pa~zakizihob mabdaboi ziopo yobd na~fo|o opo"



Totobjo~o yobd li~afom lizfe~ famliob ekah e~obd koib" Mamizohfob pa~ob lo~i patotobjo~o lob pabikoi mamnekahfob pabikoi b|f febzab|~ozi lokom opo pakomo~ fo|ofob+ |obpo mamikifi fafhoto|i~ob mabdaboi pabd~oiob pa~|obyoob zakobg|byo o|o mabdakeko totobjo~o" Ma|ela ampi~iz lipifi~fob pa~|omo b|f mabkiz loc|o~ pa~|obyoob

fap~inoliob" Lokom falo pablafo|ob+ pa~|obyoob li|ohob hobyo gifo ma~afo mabddob|ifob lokom pa~naloob zokoh zo| fakempef lo~i e~obd koib+ |obpo mampa~ho|ifob ~akasobzi ~akasobzi yobd gakoz ma~afo+ o|o ~akasobzi |ae~i|iz" Hok ibi ofob gakoz zafo~obd nohto totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mabgoli nobyof zakobg|byo lo~ipolo mabdifq|i mabdi fq|i —~abjobo |qgqh |i|if‘+ o|oq mabyapofo|i ziopo yobd na~|obyo opo yobd zanakmbyo totobjo~o limkoi" Mabdo|~ z|~f|~ ziz|am totobjo~o yobd nabo~ olokoh zoho |omo+ ofob mamn|hfob nobyof tof|+ lob nioyo nobyof obd (f~obd gifo mogifob ziop |akoh mabdamnobdfob zo|ob yobd noif lo~i fempa|abzi+ na~lozo~fob obokiziz fempa|abzi fazak~hob)" âfemablozi7 noto fa po~o ohki b|f mamifi~fob ziz|am totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ b|f fom"


9

FANA^HOZIKOB LOÎ TOTOBJOÔ \A^Z\^QF\Q^

Mabibgo pabaki|iob totobjo~o mabdfebci~mozifob nohto totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mabjopoi hozik kanih noif linoblibdfob totobjo~o febsabziebok" Domno~ ?0"? ma~ibdfoz zagmkoh z|li lokom totobjo~o+|a~z|~f|~ lob mabbgffob lo foki totobjo~o yobd |ilof |a~z|~f|~" Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ nafa~go zomo noif+ opofoh olo zokoh zo| patotobjo~o o|o nana~opo (limobo totobjo~o |ilof |a~z|~f|~ mamna~ifob hozik kanih noif labdob g~i)" Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ na~lozo~fob obokiziz fempa|abzi ce~mok (zapa~|i lizkfob b|qf b|qf obokiziz pafa~goob —fq~zi |obdob‘ lo~ipolo pabdozohob zamqobyo) nohfob mabjopoi hozik yobd kanih noif" Hozik ibi mabdiblifozifob nohto nioyo afz|~o yobd lipa~|imnobdfob lo~i ziz|am totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ linabo~fob" Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mamikih pakomo~ yobd noif zajo~o of~o|6 ma~afo olokoh zokoh zo| ma|ela pamikihob yobd pokibd na~hozik zap|o~ totobjo~o febsabziebok+ mab~| feb|~oz+ hok ibi zajo~o togo~ jo~o yobd f~obd mabamfob e~obd yobd noif"

Zi|qoziebok makotob lazf~ipzi peko pa~ikofq

Ofmkozi pabaki|iob lokom totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mamno| hok ibi mbdfib b|f mamkoi pa~noblibdob ziz|am yobd na~nalo" Pa~noblibdob lo~i :? pabyakilifob lo~i totobjo~o zi|oziebok lob >0 lo~i totobjo~o lazf~ipzi pa~ikof mabamfob fazak~hob |obpo pa~naloob (Hccj||+ lff+ lokom ja|ofob)" Nodoimobopb Nodoimobopb gdo+ domno~ ?0"> mabdiblifozifob nohto totobjo~o zi|oziebok mbdfib |ilof zazoi b|f fempkafzi|oz |ibddi pafa~goob zapa~|i moboga~ pon~if+ lob mqbdfib kanih acaf|ic qb|qf

pamikihob —fempkafzi|oz ~abloh‘ pafa~ goob

zapa~|i pafa~go foy"

Totobjo~o ampi~iz

P~ed~om yobd koz lo~i pabaki|iob mabbgffob |a~|omo totobjo~o ampi~iz na~hozik (Zjhmil| lob ôla~+ ?999)" Domno~ ?0": mabbgffob totobjo~o ampi~iz mamikifi of~ozi yobd noif zajo~o fazak~hob+ libikoi labdob j~i|a~io ~o|ibd zpa~size~ yobd febsabziebok" Domno~ ?0": mabbgffob nohto totobjo~o ampi~iz gdo nizo ma~omokfob ozpaf koib lo~i fiba~go pafa~goob7 Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

?0

p~elfzi+ pabgokob lob |a|op |ibddok labdob e~dobizozi" Hobyo fa|ilofholi~ob f~obd noif lip~alifzi" Zapa~|i jo|o|ob Zjhmil| lob ôla~+ |ilof olo pabaki|iob zanakmbyo yobd koib |akoh mabbgffob totobjo~o momp ma~omokfob pabgokob+ p~elfzi o|o faholi~ob" Domno~ ?0"? sokili|oz lo~i totobjo~o febsabziebok lob z|~f|~

Zmna~7 lo|o lo~i Tiazba~ lob J~ebzhot (?988) Domno~ ?0"> totobjo~o lazf~ipzi zi|oziebok lob pa~ikof b|f fempkafzi|oz

pafa~goob |ibddi+ zalobd lob ~abloh" Zmna~7 Lo|o lo~i Hccj|| lff+ >00< Domno~ ?0": sokili|oz lo~i totobjo~o ampi~iz

Zmna~7 lo|o lo~i Zjhmil| lob ôla~+ ?999 âfemablozi7 âfemablozi7 Fa|ifo mamikih ziz|am totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~+ pikih zokoh zo| yobd fom pifi~ zazoi b|f e~dobizozi fom" Ma~afo zamo fakiho|ob nafa~go zomo noif" \ipa pa~|obyoob

Zafo~obd fi|o mamikifi jfp pabaki|iob b|f mamno| pa~noblibdob ob|o~o e~iab|ozi-falapob o|o pa~|obyoob hipe|aziz lob e~iab|ozi fa mozo kok o|o pa~|obyoob

na~lozo~fob

pabdokomob"

îbdfozob

lo~i

<9

z|li

|a~pizoh

mabdiblifozifob nohto lo |ipa lo~i pa~|obyoob mamna~ifob hozik yobd zomo (\oyke~ lob Zmokk+ >00>)" Lo |ipa lo~i pa~|obyoob mbdfib zajo~o cblomab|ok mabikoi zazo| na~nalo7 pa~|obyoob zi|oziebok mbdfib mabikoi opo yobd e~obd |oh+ mizok famompob+ pa~|obyoob lazf~ipzi pa~ikof mbdfib mabgakozfob opo yobd e~obd |akoh koffob+ zahibddo mbdfib mabja~mibfob fiba~go fhoz+ mizok fap~inoliob"

Pabikoiob z|~qf|q~ totobjo~o

Pabaki|iob |a~fibi |akoh mamnoblibdfob ~o|ibd z|~f|~ totobjo~o labdob pabikoiob koib+ niozobyo pabdgiob pzifekediz+ yobd mabgakozfob opo z|~f|~


??

totobjo~o yobd zanabo~byo libikoi" Totobjo~o |~oliziebok lopo| mabikoi famompob mab|ok b|f pa~kozob7 

Famompob mab|ok"



Pabda|ohob pafa~goob"



Fap~inoliob"



Fa|a~ompikob zeziok"

Sokili|oz |omnohob

Nizofoh z|~f|~ totobjo~o mampa~noifi p~alifzi yobd lino| ekah ma|ela koib+ labdob mab|pi ozpaf lo~i fiba~go pafa~goob nohto ma|ela pamikihob koib dodok b|f mab|pibyo5 C~obf Zjhmil| mabyo|ofob nohto totobjo~o yobd |ilof |a~z|~f|~ pa~k ligi famompob mab|ok+ zanon totobjo~o |ilof |a~z|~f|~ zobdo| life~akozifob labdob famompob mab|ok lokom |ampo| pa~|omo" Labdob fo|o koib+ totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ lidob|ifob kanih lo~i gi ib|akidabzi zomo~ob+ zahibddo ho~z mabomnohfob zazo| yobd afz|~o" Lokom fabyo|oobbyo+ femnibozi gi famompob mab|ok lob totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ olokoh zokoh zo| lo~i |ido jo~o yobd C~obf Zjhmil| ~afemablozifob b|f

lidbofob"

Pabaki|iob

|a~fibi

mabdfebci~mozifob

nohto

z|~f|~

totobjo~o mamikifi |omnohob sokili|oz yobd nizo lipa~|imnobdfob makanihi |az| lo~i famompob mab|ok lob na~zico| ho|i-ho|i (Je~|ibo lff+ >000)"

FATOGOÔB LOB LOMPOF NA^KOTOBOB Fatogo~ob

Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ |a~nab|f lo~i fatogo~ob lob fakiho|ob togo~" Totobjo~o febsabziebok za~ibdfoki lif~i|if zanon pakomo~ na~nalo li|obyoi pa~|obyoob na~nalo" Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ lopo| mabjadoh hok ibi lob mamoz|ifob zamo totobjo~o pakomo~ olokoh zomo" Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ ho~z mabjadoh patotobjo~o mabdamno~o fa lokom i~~akasob| lob fambdfibob nilobd na~nohoyo" Z~say lo~i fozz pafa~goob togo~ li QZO mabdfebci~mozi bikoi lo~i totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ (\a~pz|~o lff+ ?9996 Tikkiomzeb lff+ ?994)" Pa~|omo Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

?>

liobokizo ?:0 fozz pabdolikob+ b|f mabdilab|icifozi faiz|imatoob lo~i totobjo~o yobd mamnob| mogifob mamnako ma~afo zabli~i makotob fa|iloftogo~ob fkoim" Obokiziz mabdilab|icifozi lo |amo |omo" Pa~|omo olokoh z|~f|~7 pabddboob zo|ob z|oblo~ lo~i pa~|obyoob+ mamno|ozi fakakozoob patotobjo~o lob mamoz|ifob zamo totobjo~o olokoh zomo" Hok ibi lifebci~mozi zajo~o kobdzbd nohto totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ zazbddhbyo likoffob b|f makiblbdi mogifob b|f fa|iloftogo~ob fkoim" Falo+ engaf|ici|oz lob fa|a~foi|ob pafa~goob+ yobd mobo totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ fambdfibob kanih mamikifi zanon ma~afo na~lozo~fob obokiziz fempa|abzi la|oik" Hok ibi gdo g do makiblbdi mogifob b|f |lhob fa|iloftogo~ob" Z~say mabamfob+ nohfob kanih mamofzo+ okozob b|f mabdho~doi totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ b|f mogifob" Fa|ifo totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ olokoh pefef lo~i fempkoib+ mogifob zakok mamabobdfob fozz" Hok ibi |ilof |a~goli labdob totobjo~o |ilof |a~z|f|~+ limobo <0! mogifob fahikobdob fozz ma~afo " Lompof na~kotobob

Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ pepko~ li nodiob Oma~ifo |o~o zanon dodozob ma~afo mabdhiblo~i lompof na~kotobob" Nodoimobopb gdo+ pabaki|iob mabamfob domno~ jomp~ob" Dabla~

\ibgoob yobd pokibd |a~fibi mabamfob nohto totobjo~o totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ |ilof |i lof mabjip|ofob lompof na~kotobob nodi tobi|o (limobo totobjo~o febsabziebok makoffob nana~opo pa~kozob) (Hccj|| lff+ >00?)" Pabaki|iob l|iibgo hompi~ zamo e~obd Oma~ifo |o~o" Zokoh zo| |ilof omob mabdozmzifob hozik za~po ofob mabamfob lokom Bado~o koib+ mamna~ifob zana~opo koz zifop b|f dabla~ yobd na~noh-noh" Mogifob ho~z mamebi|e~ pamikihob labdob totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ labdob ho|i-ho|i polo ma|ela koib" Fazqfqob

Li zibi fi|o mamikifi pa~naloob lokom epibi ohki+ lob febzafabzibyo |ilof poz|i" Zokoh zo| obokiziz yobd zobdo| |a~fibi lizimpkfob nohto totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ |ilof mabjip|ofob lompof na~kotobob polo e~obd Oma~ifo beb fki| p|ih (limobo totobjo~o |ilof |a~z|~f|~ febsabziebok likoffob+ fhzzbyo totobjo~o yobd mabikoi famompob ib|akaf|ok lob pabdokomob) (Hccj|| lff+ Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

?:

>00?)"

Nodoimobopb Nodoimobopb gdo+ |ibgoob falo ekah ekah Phikip Phikip lff+ (>00>) |akoh |akoh

mampa~|obyofob mampa~|obyofob hok ibi lob mablopo|fob fazimpkob" Obokizizbyo mabbgffob totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mabjip|ofob nana~opo lompof na~kotobob li lokom e~obd Oma~ifo Oc~ifo" Zakobbg|byo+ ê|h mabyo|ofob nohto pa~naloob li|amfob lokom obokizizbyo mbdfib li notoh az|imozi" Lio mabyompoifob nohto pa~hi|bdob lompof na~kotobob b|f totobjo~o za~ibdfoki lino| lokom e~dobizozi limobo totobjo~o lidbofob za|akoh pakomo~ |akoh ziop lizo~ibd labdob giob |a~|kiz" Qgiob |a~|kiz ofob jabla~bd mabyo~ibd famompob yobd f~obd+ lob fo~abo i| mabdo~oh polo faf~obdob az|imozi lo~i lompof na~kotobob lo~i totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~" ê|h mamno| fe~afzi z|o|iz|ij b|f pabdo~h p~o pabyo~ibdob o|o giob |a~|kiz+ lob mabyimpkfob totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mbdfib zanabo~byo mabjip|ofob fatogo~ob lompof na~kotobob yobd nazo~+ mazfipb mozih nakm zanazo~ yobd lijip|ofob ekah giob famompob mab|ok" Gifo mabddbofob zyz|am totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~+ jaf labdob ho|i-ho|i b|f lompof na~kotobob"

Famqbdfibob Pa~mozokohob Totobjo~o \a~z|~qf|q~ Na~pq~o-pq~o noif lob mabipq

Fambdfibob zazae~obd mabda~gofob labdob gotonob yobd nabo~ b|f mamna~ifob lob mabgakozfob pa~ikof ma~afo yobd |ilof zanabo~byo" Pabkiz lo~i zyz|am totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ folobd-folobd mabdo|ofob mabdo|ofob pa~|obyoob ma~afo lic~ozafob qb|qf mabdhiblo~i mabyo|ofob gotonob —nabo~‘+ |a|opi fi|o |ilof |ohq gifo ma~afo lidob|ifob" Pakomo~ nizo mabjo~i nob|ob mabdaboi gotonob yobd —nabo~‘ lo~i nqf nqf nodoimobo litotobjo~oi lob tanzi|a" Fambdfibob falo olokoh b|f mabip" Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ jabla~bd mamikifi bozfoh yobd |a|op+ yobd |ilof nizo na~noh-noh+ lob |ilof |a~kok komo b|f liibdo|" Gifo pakomo~ mabdibdo| pa~|obyoob lob makokibyo+ kobdfoh pakomo~ na~if|byo nizo mamna~ifob ma~afo zabli~i fab|bdob yobd |ilof togo~ labdob nafa~go li ko~ melak gotonob polo fazabobdob ma~afo" âzife ibi fambdfibob kanih nazo~ limobo zyz|am lidbofob b|f p~emezi lo~ipolo pamikihob"


?<

âziz|obzi lokom e~dobizozi

Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ mabdhikobdfob patotobjo~o lo~i zanodiob nazo~ e|ebemi |~oliziebok ma~afo+ lob mabdomnik nobyof fazabobdob li ko~ totobjo~o" Patotobjo~o ho~z mabdif|i bozfoh+ ho~z mabddbofob zfoko ~o|ibd+ lob |ilof linekahfob b|f na~jofop-jofop labdob jokeb o|o na~ja~i|o mabdaboi e~dobizozi" Ma~afo |ilof linekahfob b|f mamnohoz pakomo~ liob|o~o totobjo~o" Koibbyo+ zapa~|i totobjo~o ampi~iz+ pa~ob ma~afo lino|ozi b|f mabdmpkfob ibce~mozi+ e~obd koib mabdasokozibyo lob mamno| fap|zob" Lokom fanobyofob e~dobizozi moboga~ yobd mamna~ifob totobjo~o kanih na~fafo|ob lo~ipolo lapo~|amab H^M+ yobd mamnoto totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ lob mabjeno b|f mampa~|ohobfob foki|ozbyo" Peib ibi mabyo|ofob zyz|am z|~f|~ totobjo~o mbdfib |ilof zakok mabjopoi hozik yobd noif lokom paba~opob"

Famompqob maba~imo qb|qf pakomo~

Ma|ela pamikihob ho~z nizo li|a~imo b|f pakomo~+ fhzzbyo fa|ifo pakomo~ lokom paboto~ob zibdfo|" Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ linab|f zajo~o of~o| lob togo~+ zahibddo lokom |ae~i ho~z kanih nizo li|a~imo b|f pakomo~ lo~ipolo totobjo~o |~oliziebok+ yobd nizo zobdo| mabddidi| lob zokoh hnbdob" Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ olokoh no~ lob |ilof of~on+ zahibddo pakomo~ mbdfib f~obd nizo maba~imobyo" G~i patotobjo~o mamnojofob pa~|obyoob yobd ~mi|+ famliob llf liom mabbdd gotonob lo~i pakomo~" Patotobjo~o |ilof mabjeno mamno| byomob po~o pakomo~" Patotobjo~o mbdfib |ilof mabdiblifozifob opofoh gotonob |akoh mamna~ifob ibce~mozi yobd ma~afo ibdibfob+ opofoh hok ibi |a~kok la|oik o|o |ilof jfp la|oik+ lkk" Fa|ifo mabddbofob zyz|am totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~+ gakozfob labdob ho|i-ho|i b|f pakomo~" Totobjo~o o|oq mamnijo~ofob loc|o~ pa~|obyoob5

Pa~naloob yobd zobdo| fon~ totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ liob|o~o totobjo~o+ |kizob lob giob pabzik" Gifo patotobjo~o mamnojo lo~i bozfoh lob |ilof mabyakilifi o|o zanokifbyo na~ib|a~ofzi labdob jokeb+ fabopo lio li zobo zamo5


?1

Fabopo |ilof mabja|of pa~|obyoob lokom nf pa~|obyoob+ lob mamikifi gotonob jokeb lokom lokom |kizob5 Hok ibi ibi ofob nobyof nobyof kanih japo| japo| lob kanih m~oh+ zanon zanon zamo pakomo~ nizo libikoi polo tof| yobd zomo" C~obf Zjhmil| mamna~ifob “ ce~mo| zokoh zo| gotonob b|f pa~|obyoob ibi ibi “ ce~mo| totobjo~o |ilof mamna~ifob e~obd tof| b|f mampa~ziopfob labdob ho|i-ho|i dodozob gotonob+ yobd mbdfib |ilof fazak~hob gg~" Okozob koib olokoh nohto giob |kizob jabla~bd

mabjip|ofob

pa~mozokohob

fazampo|ob

kanih

zomo

lo~ipolo

totobjo~o+ fhzzbyo gifo pamikihob giob mamn|hfob famompob mamnojo kanih lo~ipolo pafa~goob i| zabli~i"

Z\QLI FOZQZ

Obdia Nkofa olokoh moboga~ H^ b|f Batpho~m+ pa~zohoob co~mozi mamp~elfzi eno| daba~ij lob zpaziokizbyo p~elf hipa~|abzi"

Mame qb|qf gq~i totobjo~o

Pa~zohoob ma~af~| ozeziozi pabgokob b|f mab|p pozo~ koz yobd pe|abziok li |abddo~o" Lo pez| li|oto~fob lob loc|o~ zibdfo| lo~i kimo pakomo~ |akoh lipikih lo~i ~azpeb otok 84 opkifozi kabdfop" Pakomo~ |akoh maba~imo z~o| blobdob b|f totobjo~o na~zomo labdob kaocka| giob paba~opob |a~mozf zazi pabdgiob pzifema|~if+ bma~ijok+ lob okozob f~i|iz sa~nok lob ibsab|o~iz fap~inoliob" Obdia |akoh ma~abjobofob ho~i zanodoi pabikoiob%pzo| pamikihob+ labdob pabdgiob li podi podi lob za|akoh mofob ziobd+ >0 mabi| totobjo~o totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ lob lob ?0 mabi| p~azab|ozi" Fom liblobd b|f na~donbd labdob g~i totobjo~o" Mozibdmozibd jokeb ofob limib|o b|f p~azab|ozi zada~o za|akoh totobjo~o" Ze~a linodi fa lokom :1 mabi| pa|of+ mamnekahfob 1 mabi| pa~nohob lo~i tof| fa tof|"


?3

G~i totobjo~o Obdia+ moboga~ pabgokob ~adiebok Geobba J~ec| lob moboga~ pabgokob o~ao Fasib Nkofa" Moboga~ pabgokob o~ao koib Kaa Bat|eb+ ofob llf zaho~iob zanodoi pabdomo|+ makofzobofob pakob|ifob zanodoi patotobjo~o+ Geobba lob Fasib patotobjo~o |a~ko|ih" Obdia ofob mabyaliofob nab|f totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ b|f lidbofob ekah obdde|o g~i" Polo ofhi~ totobjo~o+ jokeb ofob limib|o b|f mamno| zibdfo|+ ?0 mabi| p~azab|ozi lokom pa~|obyoob —nodoimobo zoyo nizo mabibdfo|fob pabgqokob p~elqf Batpho~m‘" Zikohfob na~|am polo ?>":0 pm b|f mofob ziobd li ~az|e~ob" \a~imo fozih b|f fa~gozomo lokom ho~i yobd pab|ibd ibi" Mijhoak Gebaz Li~af|~ H^

Totobjo~o |a~z|~f|~ Batpho~m Totobjo~o z|oblo~7 pa~|obyoob |a~z|~f|~ Obdde|o g~i7 Pabdomo|7 \obddok 7

bomo jokeb7

ô|ibd 1=zobdo| noif+ <=noif+ :=nizo li|a~imo+ >=f~obd+ ?=zobdo| ?=zobdo| f~obd Pa~|obyoob

ô|ibd

?"

Fabopo fom mamozfi lbio pabgokob5

? > : < 1

>"

Nodoimobo fom mabomnoh ofzaz b|f ? > : < 1

Femab|o~

DP yobd zinf5


?4

:"

Opofoh yobd |akoh pabgokob pabgoko b jopoi lo~i

? > : < 1

opo yobd fom pokibd nobddofob5 <"

Opofoh |ob|obdob yobd pokibd nazo~ yobd

? > : < 1

ofob fom holopi mabdaboi pabgokob li Batpho~m5 1"

Opofoh me|isozi fom lokom fa~go5

3"

Opofoh

me|isozi

fom

fako~

? > : < 1 lo~i

? > : < 1

Nodoimobo fom ofob mabomnoh ofzaz

? > : < 1

pafa~goob5 4"

b|f moboga~ ~a|oik yobd zinf5 8"

Opofoh yobd fom mofzl labdob kasak

? > : < 1

of|isi|oz5 9"

Zana~opo pab|ibd f~ob pazobob5

? > : < 1

?0"

Zana~opo pab|ibd makoyobi febzmab5

? > : < 1

Batpho~m Totobjo~o zi|oziebok ô|ibd 1=zobdo| noif+ <=noif+ :=nizo li|a~imo+ >=f~obd+ ?=zobdo| ?=zobdo| f~obd Pa~|obyoob ? Ibi mbdfib+ labdob mabyzb pafa~goob lo~i ~moh" Lokom ho~i fhzz ibi+ mi|~o fom zofi| ck6 obof kakofi fom na~kemno li zafekoh ho~i ekoh~odo" Fom |akoh mabyzb lo pabgokob lob zo| gozo pobddikob ze~a i|+ 30 mik gohbyo" Opo yobd ofob fom koffob lokom zi|ozi ibi5


?8

Mabobloi poblob b|f gotonob Of ofob mamib|o pomob oboff b|f mabeb|ebyo

Zobdo| noif

1

Nizo li|a~imo

:

Zobdo| f~obd

?

polo ho~i ekoh~odo lob mamno| fazapofo|ob Of ofob mabjeno b|f mamofzofob pa~gobgiob fa podi i| Of ofob mabyzb kobd pa~gobgiob zoyo Pa~|obyoob >

Moboga~ o~ao fom ibdib fom mamno| kanih nobyof pobddikob pabgokob b|f mamnfo nizbiz no~" Fom mabyo|ofob nohto fom nizo mamnoto nizbiz labdob noif labdob gozo acaf|ic" Moboga~ fomq na~fo|o —zapobgobd —zapobgobd fom mamno| ?0! li o|oz nqkob kokq domno~fob yobd fomq nizo kofqfob opo yobd fomq zqfo/‘ nodoimobo fom nizo mamno| pabibdfo|ob ?0!5 Of ofob ofob mabibdfo|fob ~o|o-~o|o of|isi|oz of|isi|oz p~ezpaf p~ezpaf fa fa

Zobdo| n oif

1

Nizo li|a~imo

:

Zobdo| f~obd

?

febzmab no~ lob mabibdfo|fob pobddikob gozo Of ofob mabjeno b|f mabibdfo|fob p~ezpaf fa febzmab no~ Of ofob mamno| pobddikob gozo kanih nobyof kodi

Batpho~m Totobjo~o lazf~ipzi pa~ikof7 pa~|obyoob Pa~|obyoob ? \adozfob |o~da| pabgokob nkobob fom zakok li notoh no~iz b|f e~obd pabgokob" Ja~i|ofob fapolo f |ab|obd tof| fa|ifo fom |ilof mabadozfob |o~da| nkobob fom" Pabyakilifob 

Opofoh yobd mabdo~ohfob fom b|f |ilof mabadozfob |o~da|5



Nodoimobo fom mabjeno b|f mamnabo~fob pa~mozokohob5 pa~mozokohob5


?9



Opofoh fako~obbyo5



Zana~opo za~ibd hok ibi |a~goli polo fom lokom lo |ohb kok5

Pa~|obyoob >

Pifi~fob feb|of fkiab no~ yobd pokibd zki| yobd pa~boh fom na~|am" Ja~i|ofob fapolof mabdaboi mabdaboi hok ibi" Pabyakilifob 

Opofoh yobd mamno| feb|of ibi zobdo| zki|5



Nodoimobo fom mabjeno na~holopob labdob fazki|ob5



Nodoimobo ~azpeb feb|of5



Opofoh fom nakogo~ lo~i apizela ibi5



Opofoh pa~zab|oza lo~i fkiab no~ zapa~|i ibi5

Non ?? Ma|ela Ozazmab Fhqzqz Lokom mo|a~i ibi+ ma|ela-ma|ela ozazmab yobd ofob ligakozfob ma~pofob ma|ela-ma|ela ozazmab fhzz yobd lidbofob zanodoi pakabdfop lokom za||ibd pafa~goob" Nana~opo liob|o~obyo |ilof nadi| na~dbo fo~abo fakamohob-fakamohob fakamohob-fakamohob zapa~|i pabdo~h znyaf|isi|oz |az|a~ yobd |ibddi lob mk|imk|i ib|a~p~a|ozi yobd lopo| mabimnkfob mozokoh lokom pabdomnikob fap|zob+ |a~|omo fa|ifo makoffob p~ezaz ~af~|mab lob zakafzi" Bomb ma|ela-ma|ela ozazmab |a~zan| mozih lopo| lidbofob labdob noif zazoi labdob zpazicifozi o~aobyo mozibd-mozibd" Na~if| nana~opo ma|ela-ma|ela ozazmab fhzz 7 Pama~ifzoob Ko|o~ Nakofobd

Pama~ifzoob ko|o~ nakofobd ma~pofob zanoh p~ezaz mabjo~i lob mabdmpkfob lo|o-lo|o |ab|obd fa|a~ompikob+ pabdokomob fa~go+ jo|o|ob j~imibok+ lob pe|abzi yobd limikifi ekah iblisil" Pama~ifzoob ibi niozobyo likoffob polo jokeb pafa~go +fhzzbyo polo pafa~goob yobd mabb|| ofob |ibddibyo fapa~joyoob lob faza|ioob |a~holop pafa~goobbyo zapa~|i fo~yotob li~moh zofi|+ nolo cibobjiok+ noblo~o+ lob pama~ib|ohob" Pama~ifzoob ibi lidbofob ekah po~o pimpibob zo| pa~zohoob b|f mabdasokozi zajo~o


>0

enyaf|ic |ab|obd qokicifozi+ fo~of|a~+ fazazoiob lob ilab|icifozi ~azife-~azife yobd na~faboob labdob faomobob o|o faza|ioob |a~holop pa~zohoob |a~zan|" Lokom makoffob pama~ifzoob ibi lopo| likoffob labdob na~nodoi jo~o+ nana~opo pimpibob nohfob mabdbgbdi ~moh jokeb pafa~go b|f mabda|ohi limobo lob nodoimobo doyo hilp jokeb pafa~go |a~zan|" Zalobdfob polo mmbyo pama~ifzoob ko|o~ nakofobd ibi likoffob labdob mamna~ifob zo| azzoi yobd |a~lopo| pa~|obyoob-pa~|obyoob |ab|obd lo|o-lo|o zago~oh j~imibok+ pabdokomob fa~go+ fafoyoob+ za~|o pe|abzi lob fa|a~ompikob yobd limikifibyo" Nana~opo liob|o~obyo kodi mamib|o jo|o|ob zago~oh mabdamli lob jo|o|ob faobdob lob fo~| f~ali|" Nana~opo pimpibob yobd mabddbofob ma|ela ibi na~okozob nohto labdob mama~ifzo jo|o|ob zago~oh mabdamli lob jo|o|ob fo~| f~ali| lopo| mabikoi zifop |obddbd goton po~o jokeb pakomo~ fa~go" Lokom pama~ifzoob ko|o~ nakofobd ibi yobd pokibd mabgoli pa~|imnobdob lo~i po~o pimpibob olokoh zago~oh f~imibokbyo fo~abo po~o pimpibob pa~zohoob |ilof ibdib mabdomnik ~azife b|f mampa~fa~gofob fo~yotob yobd pa~boh makoffob |iblof j~imibok" Zakoib i| bomo noif pa~zohoob ofob lipa~|o~hfob" Li Oma~ifo+ Nojfd~ebl Jhajfibd Odabjiaz maboto~fob b|f pama~ifzoob zago~oh j~imibok" Bomb zoyobdbyo lo|o-lo|o jo|o|ob j~imibok li Oma~ifo |a~zano~ lizak~h tikoyoh zahibddo |a~kompo zki| b|f lizo|fob lob nobyof lo|o-lo|o yobd |a~fmpk yobd mozih nakm kabdfop" Na~nalo lo~i Oma~ifo+ li QF jo|o|ob j~imibok kanih |a~zab|~okizozi zahibddo kanih mloh liofzaz lob lo|o yobd lipa~ekah kanih kabdfop"

D~ophekedy

D~ophekedy ma~pofob zabi lob pabda|ohob |ab|obd obokiziz |kizob |obdob zazae~obd" Labdob mabdobokiziz |kizob |obdob+ zae~obd d~opeked lopo| mabda|ohi fap~inoliob iblisil labdob mabdomo|i lob mabdobokizo nab|f+ |anok-|ipiz +fozo~-hokz lo~i |kizob iblisil i blisil |a~zan|"Ma|ela ibi nobyof lidbofob li C~objiz yoi| zafi|o~ 81! po~o pabdzoho mabddbofobbyo b|f p~ezaz zakafzi fo~yotob" Bomb yobd mabgoli pa~|obyoob ekah nobyof pabaki|i fhzzbyo polo nilobd pzifekedi olokoh opofoh d~ocekedi momp b|f mabdbdfop fap~inoliob iblisil lob zo| ma|ela yobd |apo| b|f lidbofob zanodoi zokoh zo| ma|ela ozazmab" Po~o pablfbd ma|ela ibi mabbgffob nf|i obafle| lo~i ~inob Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

>?

|az|imeby pezi|ic zanodoi okozob nohto ma|ela ibi ma~pofob zokoh zo| ma|ela yobd |apo| b|f mabdbdfop mabdbdfop fap~inoliob iblisil" Cof|obyo+ Cof|obyo+ nohto fanobyofob fanobyofob pabaki|iob yobd mabaki|i |ab|obd sokili|oz ma|ela ibi dodok mabbgffob nohto ibi olokoh zo| ma|ela yobd |apo|+ zakoib i| ma|ela ibi mk|i-ib|a~p~a|ozi lob zobdo| znyaf|ic zahibddo mamno| ma|ela ibi |ilof nadi| na~dbo b|f ligolifob zanoh ozazmab lokom feb|afz iblz|~y"

Pekyd~oph

Pekyd~oph o|o yobd kanih pepko~ labdob iz|ikoh ‑kia la|aj|e~– ma~qpofob zo| oko| yobd mabdf~ fambdfibob iblisil na~nehebd labdob mabla|afzi |afobob lo~oh+ laby| boli+ |ibdfo| pa~bopozob+ lob feblf|isi|oz fki| iblisil" Oko| ibi zobdo| pepko~ li pa~zohoob-pa~zohoob Oma~ifo |a~|omo b|f mama~ifzo fambdfibob zae~obd fo~yotobbyo mabj~i" Lokom pakofzoboobyo+ iblisil lipozobd zo| oko| yobd lopo| mabla|afzi |afobob lo~oh+ laby| boli+ |ibdfo| pa~bopozob+ lob feblf|isi|oz fki| li|nhbyo" Famliob |az|a~ mabobyofob zazo| n a~bolo ‑ib|~ed~ozi– qb|qf famliob likiho| pabdo~hbyo polo pa~nohob |afobob lo~oh+ laby| boli+ |ibdfo| pa~bopozob mopb feblf|isi|oz fki| labdob ozmzi nohto gifo |a~goli pa~nohob polo ampo| hok |a~zan| mofo iblisil lopo| lifo|ofob na~nehebd" Bomb fabyo|oobyo ma|ela ibi za~ibd makoffob fazokohob ib|a~p~a|ozi Fo~abo polo lozo~byo yobd liqfq~ nqfobkoh ‑famqbdfibob iblisilq na~nehebd– bomb kanih polo hok-hok niekediz yobd lidaba~okizozifob zahibddo jabla~ibd madhozikfob pabikoiob yobd nioz" Lo~i hok ibi lopo| lifo|ofob nohto oko| ibi f~obd acaf|ic b|f lidbofob lokom ~oboh ~ oboh iblz|~y" Zakoib i| |a~lopo| ma|ela bif koib yoi| labdob mabdomo|i liko|ozi ppik (mamnazo~byo ppik polo mo|o)" Ozmzi lozo~byo olokoh ppik iblisil jabla~bd mabdokomi liko|ozi fa|ifo iblisil |a~zan| |a~|o~i |a~holop zazo| yobd likiho|byo" Pabdomo|ob liko|ozi ppik ibi niozobyo lidbofob polo pafa~goobpafa~goob yobd mamikifi ofzaz polo obof-obof b|f mabdhiblo~i iblisil yobd palephikio" Jokeb pafa~go ofob li|bgffob nana~opo domno~ e~obd labdob m~ yobd na~so~iozi limobo |az|a~ ofob mabdomo|i lob mabla|afzi ofob olobyo fajabl~bdob fajabl~bdob jokeb pafa~go ma~pofob iblisil yobd palephikio"


>>

Bomb |a~lopo| nana~opo mozokoh lokom ma|ela ibi+ yoi| jokeb pafa~go ma~ozo |a~dobdd labdob |az|a~ yobd makoffob enza~ozi+ nakm olobyo lamebz|~ozi |ab|obd acaf|isi|oz ma|ela ibi lokom ~af~|mab jokeb pafa~go fhzzbyo yobd ofob na~fa~go b|f zakok mabobdobi obof-obof+ lob jabla~bd |a~goli fazokohob ib|a~p~a|ozi lokom ozmzi gifo ppik na~liko|ozi mofo iblisil |a~zanq| mamikifi ‑fa|a~|o~ifob–+ limobo ‑fa|a~|o~ifob– lizibi mozih nakqm nizo liiblab|icifozi mofbo zanabo~byo+ opofoh iblisil |a~zan| mamikifi dobddob o|oq hobyo zafalo~ ‑fa|a~|o~ifob niozo–" Zae~obd pabaki|i+ Pok Afmob |akoh mabdamnobdfob zo| pamohomob |ab|obd ji~i-ji~i iblisil yobd na~nehebd limobo mab~| Afmob fanobyofob iblisil mamikifi jo~o-jo~o |a~zabli~i lokom mab|pi fanehebdobyo" Olo yobd mabdhiblo~i |o|opob mo|o kobdzbd+ olo yobd na~nijo~o labdob zo~o dama|o~+ olo yobd |obdobbyo |a~kiho| dama|o~ lob mozih nobyof kodi |oblo-|oblo iblisil na~nehebd yobd libyo|ofob ekah Afmob" Bomb lokom hok mabla|afzi hok-hok zamojom ibi lipa~kfob zae~obd ohki yobd f~alinak b|f mabdhiblo~i |a~golibyo nioz ib|a~p~a|ozi"

Pablilifob

Pablilifob lopo| ligolifob ‑|az|– lo|o yobd zqki| qb|qf li pokzqfob" Hok yobd za~ibd na~olo li nabof fi|o olokoh nohto e~obd-e~obd yobd mabgokobi pablilifobbyo labdob noif li zafekoh o|o li bisa~zi|oz lopo| makoffob zazo| yobd kanih+ mamikifi me|isozi yobd |ibddi+ lob kanih mo|obd+ ekah fo~abobyo+ fo~abobyo+ ma~afo lopo| kanih mloh lokom mablopo|fob pafa~goob" Hok |a~zan| goh kanih mloh lob m~oh b|f mabobyofob na|opo hano| opo yobd likoffob zazae~obd li zafekoh lo~ipolo mabjeno mabd-ozzazz famompob+ famo|obdob+ lob me|isozi" Obokizo kanih otok lo~i Oma~ijob jekkada d~olaz mabamfob hobyo olo hnbdob yobd kamoh labdob fiba~go (Noi~l+ ?981)" \a~lopo| fe~akozi pezi|ic yobd ~abloh ob|o~o pabjopoiob zafekoh o|o bisa~zi|oz lob iblifozi yobd na~so~iozi lo~i fazfzazob pafa~goob+ zapa~|i hozik ikmioh+ pafa~goob zanodoi zae~obd lef|a~+ o|o fazfzazob lokom mobogamab"


>:

Fomi ma~afemablozifob gifo oblo mabddbofob pablilifob zanodoi zakaj|ieb ozzazzmab| (ozazmab pamikihob)+ pa~ifzokoh polo lompof n~f yobd mbdfib |a~goli"

\az Zompak Fa~go

\az zompak fa~go libikoi na~lozo~fob na~lozo~fob |ae~i febziz|abzi pa~ikof ( nahosie~ok jebziz|abjy |hae~y )+ yobd mobo mabyo|ofob lo p~ibzip na~if|" ‛pa~ikofq mozo kokq ma~qpofob p~alif|e~ |a~noif qb|qf pa~ikofq mozo lapob” lob ‛mi~ip zapa~|i

yobd lip~alifzi”" lip~alifzi”" Hnbdob a~o| ob|o~o izi |az lob izi pafa~goob zazbddhbyo mamoz|ifob sokili|oz yobd kanih |ibddi+ gdo poblobdob yobd kanih zalifi| b|f |ob|obdob yobd kadok" \az famompob mab|ok mabikoi fazazoiob mm pakomo~ lob mabjip|ofob ~aca~abzi |ibdfo| kobg| ‚ nohto e~obd ibi ja~loz zahibddo io ofob jejef nafa~go lokom tilda| z|ompibd" Mabdgi fo~yotob labdob tilda| byo|o o|o yobd |a~zimkozi |ilof ofob mamna~ifob zmna~ pabikoiob zamojom i| (famompob tilda|-z|ompibd nabo~-nabo~ mambjkfob ozpaf ameziebok zanodoi famompob mab|ok mm)"

Zfe~ibd

Zompak fa~go ho~z liomo|i lob libikoi" \a~folobd |a~jip|o pabikoiob dkenok 6 |a~folobd pabikoiob lo~i na~nodoi ozpaf lo~i pabyamp~boob |doz |a~jip|o+ hok |a~zan| pb mambdfibfob b|f li~o|o-~o|o" Za~ibdfoki pabikoi ofob lizaliofob jhajfkiz|" Zompak fa~go niozobyo lopo| mabjopoi ~akioniki|oz yobd ko~ niozo"

Sokili|oz

Nana~opo ~asiat mabyimpkfob nohto zompak fa~go ma~oih sokili|oz yobd noif" Obokiziz |az |ohb ?94> polo iblz|~i pa|~ekam OZ mablopo|i nohto zompak fa~go mabjopoi sokili|oz 0":0-0"<0 b|f pabdepa~oziob lob pam~ezazob+ pa~oto|ob lob pafa~goob cibobziok (Lbba||a+ ?94>)" âsiat koib mabbgffob nohto zompak fa~go lopo| mabda~gofob |az |a~noif (0"1<) labdob fap|zob Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

><

pablaf b|f p~emezi+ limobo+ zamo |az mabbgffob hozik yobd noif (Hb|a~ # Hb|a~+ ?98<)" Isob êna~|zeb |akoh ma~asiat zompak fa~go lo~i nilobd pabaki|iob yobd kanih koz+ likofzobofob li OZ polo zoo| pa~obd lob gdo lokom pabaki|iob li Ibdd~iz+ za~|o mablopo|i nohto sokili|oz zompak fa~go jfp noif (~o|o-~o|o mamikifi fe~akozi 0"9:)+ ofob |a|opi mamikifi ~ab|obd yobd zobdo| koz (Jokkibob obl êna~|zeb+ >000)" âfemablozi 7 Mabddbofob zompak |az fa~go b|f pafa~goob mamn|hfob faohkiob yobd zpazicif"

Sokili|oz \omnohob

Mijhoak Jompieb (?94>) mabgakozfob zanoh za| |az zompak fa~go b|f mafobif menik" Lio mamkoi labdob obokizo pafa~goob labdob zafzomo+ famliob mamikih ampo| |doz7 mamozobd fa~afob lob zonf+ makapoz lob mamozobd dao~ nex+ mamozobd lob mabyazoifob me|e~ lob mabafob nqzh fa lokom zp~ejfa| lob mabyazoifobbyo mabyazoifobbyo labdob gbd fapoko" Zompak fa~go na~hnbdob labdob famompob mab|ok+ yobd mobo mabdimpkifozifob nohto |az ibi zajo~o mm lopo| mamna~ifob mobcoo| nodi sokili|oz" Femnibozi zompak fa~go lob |az famompob mab|ok olokoh zokoh zo| lo~i |ido hok yobd li~afemablozifob C~obf Zjhmil| nodi Pa|doz pa~af~| b|f lipa~dbofob"

Sokili|oz Lemoib

Zompak fa~go lopo| lifa~gofob labdob sokili|oz lemoib polo kibdfp |a~|ab|" Gifo Pa|doz pa~af~| lopo| mabloc|o~ |iop |doz yobd momp likofzobofob fo~yotob lob lopo| ma~mzfob zompak fa~go b|f |iop |doz+ mofo Pa|doz pa~af~q| pa~af~ q| lopo| mabyo|ofob nohto ‑X mabdqozoi 80! lo~i fanq|qhob pafa~goob–" X linoblibdfob labdob pafa~goob yobd linq|qhfob+ nqfob labdob pakomo~ yobd koib zanodoimobo fozz zakafzi niozobyo" Ibi ofob mabdhiblo~fob nobyof pa~mozokohob" Pa~mozokohob lokom hok pablafo|ob lemoib olokoh pabdako~ob lob |ibdfo| fap~of|izob" Hobyo zalifi| pa|doz paba~imo fo~yotob yobd lopo| mabddomno~fob pafa~goob |a~zan| lokom la|ik yobd liho~opfob+ lob zobdo| Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

>1

nobyof pafa~goob yobd |ilof zazoi labdob lazf~ipzi la|ik |a~zan|" Miki|a~ Oma~ifo |akoh mabloc|o~ |doz-|doz pab|ibd yobd ho~z likofzobofob QZ Mo~iba+ lob mabdamnobdfob zompak fa~go b|f mabikoibyo"

\az Famompqob Na~ko|ih ( \~oiboniki|y \az|z )

\az famompob na~ko|ih ma~oih hozik yobd noif b|f na~nodoi |ipa pafa~goob7 pabyzb no|-no|o+ |fobd foy+ |fobd koz+ pabgohi|+ zpi~ ce~fkic|+ pamozobd nog+ epa~o|e~ mazib+ nohfob lef|a~ didi" Li OZ+ O\#\ mabddbofob |az famompob b|f liko|ih yobd lizan| mibijeq~zaz+ b|f mamikih z|occ dbo pako|ihob |afbekedi no~+ lob makope~fob olobyo hnbdob noif ob|o~o fiba~go ko|ihob lob fiba~go polo zoo| nafa~go" âsiat

|a~holop

|~oiboniki|y

|az|z

mablopo|i

nohto

|az

ibi

mamp~alifzifob fana~hozikob ko|ihob kanih noif linoblibd fiba~go lokom nafa~go+ mazfipb ibi ma~pofob oko| yobd na~dbo b|f mabdf~ fiba~go (êna~|zeb # Letbz+ ?989)" âsiat gdo mablopo|i nohto sokili|oz |az famompob b|f na~o|ih |a~z mab~b"

Ib|a~siat Zompak Fa~go

\a~folobd ma|ela ibi |ilof p~of|iz+ o|o nohfob omob+ b|f mamnio~fob zazae~obd makapozfob ‑hok yobd byo|o–" Fi|o |ilof ibdib qb|qf mabdqgi zano~opo hano| iblisil zoo| na~olo polo pakbj~ob IJNMz labdob mizzik yobd byo|o/" Miki|a~ Oma~ifo mabddbofob ib|a~siat zompak fa~go yobd mamna~i hozik yobd ~o|o-~o|o sokil zanodoi nodiob lo~i zompak fa~go+ lob kanih m~oh za~|o omob" \a~kanih kodi mabdamlifob |obf yobd byo|o lo~i O fa N+ foblilo| na~li~i labdob zanoh zimko|e~ lob mabgakozfob nodoimobo mabdamlifob |obf"

Hqfqm+ Faolikob+ lob \az Zompak Fa~go

Zompak fa~go mabgoli pepka~ zanodoi ok|a~bo|ic b|f makadokfob |az famompob mab|ok yobd na~azife" Zompak fa~go mamikifi sokili|oz za|ibddi |az famompob mab|ok+ |a|opi lopo| mamno| lompof n~f yobd goh kanih fajik"


>3

No|ozob \az Zompak Fa~go

Zompak fa~go mamobd of~o| lob |apo|+ bomb mamikifi nana~opo no|ozob+ no|ozob+ yoi| 7 

Zpazicif-fa~go+ goli zo| ziz|am b|f pabdamli |~am |ilof ofob mama~kfob zompak fa~go na~nalo b|f pabdamli+ ibzpaf|~+ mafobif+ ohki fakiz|~ifob+ lob zanodoibyo zanodoibyo yobd |a~nf|i mohok"



Nafa~go pokibd noif b|f faohkiob febf~i| yobd zpazicif lob |ilof nafa~go labdob noif niko gabiz pafa~goob na~odom o|o onz|~of o|o makino|fob e~obd koib6



Liolmibiz|~ozifob zo| pa~ zo|+ yobd mobo mabgolifobbyo mohok" Nobyof

gdo

yobd

mama~kfob

pamizohob

yobd

mama~kfob

pa~oto|ob ~obd lob fan|hob" Za|akoh oblo mabdgi >0 pakomo~ b|f pamozobd no|-no|o+ oblo ofob mama~kfob >0 liblibd no|no|o b|f lifa~gofob (|az pamozobd no|-no|o mabddbofob zamab yobd |ilof ofob |a~zalio+ zahibddo liblibd nizo lipozobd labdob mloh+

ofob

|a|opi

mama~kfob

nobyof

fa~go

koib

b|f

mabyibdfi~fobbyo)

Ib-\~oy Axa~jizaz

Ib-|~oy olokoh zanoh mobogamab zompak fa~go" Foblilo| lina~ifob zo| za| fa~|oz+ mame+ be|o+ ~ape~|+ lob ZMZ 7 zanoh pozobdob lo~i zompak i|am lina~ifob

li ??"<" Pakomo~ lina~ifob lina~ifob ibz|~fzi ibz|~fzi b|f mabda~gofob i|am i|am

|a~zan|+ |ilof mabkizfob polo i|am |a~zan|+ |a|opi lino|ozi b|f mabkiz nokozob labdob ozmzi nohto ho~i i| ho~i mibdd lob polo ho~i i|+ ma~afo no~ zogo na~obdfo| b|f kin~ mibddob o|o pa~gokobob nizbiz fa k o~ bada~i" Ib-\~oy |ilof mama~kfob pabdozoob faohkiob |a~|ab|+ zahibddo lopo| lidbofob b|f ~af~i|mab yobd no~ kkz pablilifob" Fiba~go foblilo| niozobyo libikoi zajo~o mabyak~h lob i|am pa~ i|am" Fazak~hob pama~ifzoob asokozi mama~ifzo opofoh foblilo| mabd~|fob i|am fa lokom p~ie~i|oz |ibddi lob ~abloh+ lob mabjo|o| olobyo hnbdob ob|o~ i|am" Nana~opo Ma|ela Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

>4

pabikoiob f~obd kanih na~zico| enyaf|ic+ mizokbyo+ mabdhi|bd na~opo nobyof fap|zob yobd lino| foblilo|6 yobd koib mama~kfob pabikoiob ekah pabikoi lob na~cefz polo ozpaf z|yka" Ko|ihob Ib-\~oy lopo| libikoi labdob ~akioniki|oz yobd lopo| li|a~imo ekah pabikoi |a~ko|ih" Hozik ko|ihob ibi mamikifi sokili|oz yobd noif" Nana~opo z|li makope~fob nohto ib-|~oy gdo mamikifi sokili|oz kanih7 io mabomnohfob mabomnohfob ibce~mozi no~+ lob |ilof hobyo makip|i nilobd yobd zomo labdob |az famompob sa~nok o|o mm" \az ibi bompofbyo noif+ bomb+ mabikoi fempa|abzi zpazicif" Gifo fi|o mabddbofob ib-|~oy b|f mabikoi ampo|i+ lakadozi+ lob mobogamab tof|+ mofo fi|o ofob mabamfob nohto pabikoiob lo~i fa|idobyo na~hnbdob a~o|"

Zakc-Ozzazzmab|

De~leb Okkpe~| (?9:4) pa~boh mabdo|ofob ‛Gifo oblo ibdib |ohq |ab|obd zazae~obd+ fabopo |ilof na~|obyo polobyo5 Io mqbdfib ofob mabdo|ofob polo

oblo” " Zakc-ozzazzmab| na~|obyo polo iblisil b|f zanoh az|imozi yobd kobdzbd lo~i pe|abzi ma~afo" Zfoko BAE Ozza~|isabazz mama~kfob gotonob lemibob yobd lina~ifob e~obd koib b|f lakopob pa~|obyoob6 zo| pabikoiob li~i bompof zajo~o kobdzqbd polo peib7 —Zana~opo |adoz |adoz--foh oblo5‘ ‚ polo ‚ polo zfoko kimo peib" \az fa|if mama~kfob za|abdoh gom b|f mabdgi famompob mabda|if" Zqo|q pabikoiob li~i zajo~o zala~hobo mabobyofob ‑pabda|if yobd zana~opo noif foh oblo5–

Sokili|oz

Pabaki|i mabjeno b|f mamnoblibdfob mamnoblibdfob zakc-ozzazzmab| lo~i famompob mab|ok --- pamohomob mafobif+ e~iab|ozi zpoziok+ pabjo~iob sizok+ a|j"---labdob zfe~ |az yobd of|ok+ lob mabamfob fe~akozi yobd zobdo| ~abloh+ mabdobg~fob zakc-ozzazzmab| |ilof lidob|ifob b|f |az" âsiat ~ibdfozob lo~i <: z|li mablopo|i hozik yobd jfp noif7 sokili|oz byo|o 0"<> (Moyna # taz|+ ?98>)" âsiat gdo momp mabdilab|icifozi |ido feblizi limobo zakc-ozzazzmab| hompi~ of~o|7 

Fa|ifo lina~ifob obebimi|oz6


>8



Fa|ifo

e~obd-e~obd

lina~i-|oh

nohto

zakc-ozzazzmab|

ofob

linoblibdfob linoblibdfob labdob pabiokoiob enyaf|ic 

Fa|ifo e~obd mamnoblibdfob li~ibyo labdob pafa~go |a~|ab|"

Fa|ido hok |a~zan| mabgolifob pabikoiob li~i |ilof p~of|iz b|f zakafzi" Pabaki|iob kanih kobg| mamnoblibdfob bikoi fiba~go ekah li~i zabli~i+ zpa~size~ lob labdob ~afob+ fekado polo |ibdfo|ob yobd zomo" Pabikoiob li~i |ab|obd fiba~go n~f linoblibdfob ~o|ibd e~obd koib (hobyo zafi|o~ 0":1)" Pa~za|gob kanih |ibddi polo pafa~go fa~oh ni~ lob kanih ~abloh polo |ibdfo| moboga~+ mabbgffob nioz adezab|~iz lokom hok mabikoi fiba~go fa~go kanih nazo~ lokom pafa~goob lob kanih zalifi| lokom hozik byo|o" Zamab|o~o

zakc-ozzazzmab|

|a~folobd

|akoh

mampa~kiho|fob

b|f

mamp~alifzi fiba~go labdob jfp noif+ ziopopb ma~ozo fazki|ob b|f mabddbofob zakc-ozzazzmab| lokom fap|zob yobd byo|o" Zapa~|ibyo zakcozzazzmab| |ilof lidbofob fo~abo fo~yotob mabdho~zfob iblisil b|f |ilof nizo o|o |ilof ofob lina~ifob az|imozi % pa~hi|bdob yobd of~o| b|f famompob ma~afo" Pabaki|iob koib |akoh mabamfob nohto iblisil |a~kok makanih-kanihfob famompob ma~afo"

\AZ CIZIF

\a~folobd |az cizif na~mobcoo| lokom pamikihob7 

Nana~opo pafa~goob yobd mama~kfob fafo|ob+ fakibjohob+ o|o loyo |ohob



Nana~opo pafa~goob mama~kfob o|o |a~folobd mabzyo~o|fob f~ob cizif



Nana~opo pafa~goob mama~kfob fa|obdfozob



Qb|f pafa~goob yobd mama~kfob pabompikob mabo~if+ zajo~o impkizi| hok |a~zan| ma~pofob zyo~o|



Polo pako|ihob pike|+ tof| ~aofzi mampa~fi~ofob fazfzazob b|f pa~famnobdob

Fafqo|ob

\az fafo|ob |a~folobd lin|hfob li Ibdd~iz+ Mizokbyo zapa~|i |az pamolom fanofo~ob mama~kfob pakomo~ yobd lopo| mamobgo| |obddo labdob


>9

mamnoto nanob na~o|" Zalobdfob pa|doz paba~imo fo~yotob li Oma~ifo Q|o~o mabddbofob mabddbofob |az cizif zajo~o ziz|amo|iz" 

‚ kabdob+ Iblz|~i dooz mabddbofob ampo| |az fafo|ob izema|~if izema|~if ‚ dabddomob+ noh+ lob |e~ze notoh ‚ b|f pafa~goob labdob pa~zyo~o|ob fafo|ob |ibddi o|o malim



O~mje Ibj" mabddbofob |az zompak fa~go cizif b|f pafa~go nazi nogo lob mamikifi lo|o afz|abzic |ab|obd pa~naloob be~mo lob dabla~"



Nobyof Pafa~go |afbizi O\#\ mamn|hfob pafa~go b|f mamobgo| |iobd |akad~oc6 pa~zohoob |akoh mabdamnobdfob |ido mojom |az7 fazaimnobdob+ fafo|ob z|o|iz (mabo~if |oki)+ lob loyo |ohob |nh o|oz (kamof kanih zalifi|+ kanih nobyof e|e|)

Limabzi fafqo|ob cizif

Nobyof pabdf~ob na~nalo |a~holop famompob cizif yobd lopo| lidbofob+ ofob |a|opi obokiziz z|o|iz|if mablopo|i nohto hok |a~zan| na~hnbdob a~o|+ goli fomi mabyala~hobofob pa~|imnobdob famompob cizif fomi" Hedob (?99?) mabyo|ofob melak yobd kanih zala~hobo+ labdob hobyo |ido fafo|ob |omo7 fafo|ob+ loyo |ohob+ lob foki|oz da~ofob" Foki|oz da~ofob ~akasob lokom ekoh ~odo zahibddo fi|o mamikifi melak lo cof|e~ b|f zakafzi"

\onka ??"? Zamnikob Cof|e~ polo Famompob Cizif Mobzio Cof|e~

Lazf~ipzi

Jeb|eh

Fafo|ob

Famompob b|f mabda~ohfob

Pzh-pz+ mamobgo|

libomiz

fafo|ob

|oki

e|e|

na~kobd

o|o

na~fakobg|ob" Fafo|ob

e|e|

pa~|

Famompob b|f mabda~ohfob

Mabdobdfo|

fafo|ob

zi|-p

e|e

na~fakobg|ob

na~kobd

o|o

mabddbofob

fofi+

e|e|

pa~| Fafo|ob z|o|iz

Fafo|ob yobd likoffob iblisil |a~holop

enyaf

afz|a~bok

b|f na~o|+

pa~iela |a~|ab| Fafo|ob

Mabdobdfo|

nablo

mable~ebd

oko| na~o|"

Famompob b|f ma~ab|obdfob Kempo| goh+ kempo|


:0

afzpkezic

aba~di

mofzimm

lokom

zo|

|ibddi+

nokop

10

|iblofob o|o zapa~obdfo| |iblofob" |i blofob"

ma|a~"

âb|obd

Famompob b|f ma~ab|obdfob

Mamnbdff

ckafziniki|oz

e|e| pa~| lob e|e| pbddbd zagoh

na~fakobg|ob+

mbdfib fa zadoko o~oh"

ma~ab|obdfob |nh+ z|~a|jhibd"

Ckafziniki|oz

Famompob

b|f

makamozfob

Mamnbdff

libomiz

o|o mabdabjobdfob e|e| pa~| lob

na~fakobg|ob+

pbddbd na~kobdfoki"

ma~ab|obdfob |nh+ z|~a|jhibd"

Fe~libozi kib|oz Gdo lifabok labdob fa|obdfozob" |nh Fazaimnobdob Fazaimnobdob

Famompob na~li~i o|o na~gokob li kib|ozob zampi|

Z|omibo

Loyo

|ohob

famompob

fo~liesozfka~+ Ko~i go~of goh b|f

makoffob

fadio|ob lokom gobdfo pobgobd+ mabdako~fob mabdako~fob fafo|ob f afo|ob mofzimm

Sokili|oz

\az pobgo| |iobd O\#\ mabdilab|icifozi e~obd-e~obd yobd jabla~bd na~|ohob lokom fa~go b|f abom nkob" b|f pafa~goob yobd nabo~-nabo~ mamn|hfob famompob cizif (zafi|o~ 0":>)" Nana~opo pafa~goob |ompofbyo |ilof mama~kfob famompob cizif+ mazfipb zajo~o mm bompofbyo pa~k"

Lompof Ma~qzof

\az cizif lopo| mabjip|ofob pa~mozokohob pa~mozokohob lompof ma~zof yobd znz|obziok7 

Tobi|o |ilof makofzobofob ~o|o-~o|o |doz cizif labdob noif" Nobyof ekoh ~odo mamizohfob fempa|izi ob|o~o p~io lob tobi|o fo~abo okozob ibi" Pa~naloob kofi-kofi pa~ampob lokom nana~opo ozpaf famompob cizif zobdo| nazo~"


:?



Li Oma~ifo Q|o~o+ |a~lopo| pa~naloob ~o|o-~o|o ob|o~ nana~opo fakempef a|biz lokom f~ob cizif lob fafo|ob



Pa~zyo~o|ob cizif jabla~bd mabdako~fob pakomo~ yobd jojo|



Phyzijok ~aqi~amab|z |abl |e axjkla lizonkal oppkijob|z"

Polo ~asiat fozz fa|abodo fa~goob yobd olik polo |ohb ?999 li OZ mablopo|i |az cizif mbjk |ido o|o ampo| foki kanih za~ibd linoblibd az|imozi c~afabzi fadboobbyo (\a~pz|~o a| ok"+ ?999)" Lizibi |az cizif ho~z likofzobofob labdob pikihob lob sokilozi yobd na~ho|i-ho|i" Pa|doz paba~imoob fo~yotob yobd mabddbofob |az cizif zoo| ibi kanih ziz|amo|iz" Joksib Heccmob (?999) mabddomno~fob olobyo p~ed~om |az cizif yobd |aki|i li iblz|~i doz Oma~ifo" Pafa~goob zapa~|i oziz|ab+ f~ febz|~fzi ho~z mabbgffob bikoi noif polo |az fafo|ob izema|~iz yobd ma~pofob p~alif|e~ sokil lo~i famompob b|f makoffob pafa~goob yobd makip|i mamnoto |oz zana~o| 80 peb o|o na~dko| labdob zonf na~fo~o|" Nobyof pafa~goob |a~foi| doz mamikifi |a~kok zalifi| e~obd yobd makofzobofob

sokilozi

febsabziebok

yobd

limbdfibfob+

goli

Heccmob

mabddbofob Fizieba~ Obokiziz Pezizi (lidomno~fob polo Non 4) |a~holop fakempef fa~go |a~foi| febz|~fzi+ jqz|ema~ za~sija+ |a~foi| faobdob+ lob zanodoibyo" Lob mabdiblifozifob nohto pafa~goob ibi mama~kfob pa~zyo~o|ob cizif6 jqz|ema~ za~sija na~olo li |ibdfo| malim6 ohki faobdob ~abloh+ lob zanodoibyo" \a~mozqf gqdo fakempef yobd ma~qpofob —paboblo‘ qb|qf pafa~goob zapa~|i oziz|ab f~ febz|~fzi" âfemablozi7 Gifo oblo pa~k mabddbofob |az famompob cizif+ mofo

ibi ho~z lilozo~fob polo obokiziz fa~go yobd la|ik"

Qb|f ma~ibdfoz ~asiat yobd mabbgffob olobyo |az sokili|~oz lob fa|obdfozob b|f epa~ozi fablo~oob+ pa~lodobdob+ lob fazabiob+ za~|o fa~go iblz|~i (Dhizakki+ ?933)" Polo |ibdfo| pafa~goob yobd pokibd zala~hobo+ limobo hobyo olo mozokoh fa|obdfozob lob famompob mab|ok mm |ompof |ilof lin|hfob7 pafa~go pabdokabdob+ pabdomnik lobd o|o epa~o|e~ mazib pabdekoh godbd" Gabiz Gabiz fa|obdfozob fa|obdfozob ibi |a~folobd na~zico| mafobiz" Fa|obdfozob Fa|obdfozob gdo lopo| libikoi lo~i nobyof hok"


:>



Nobyofbyo zompak fa~go lob |az fambdfibob liko|ih mama~kfob fa|obdfozob



Fa|obdfozob Fa|obdfozob i| zabli~i makip|i |afz fa|obdfozob Z|~emna~d6



\ha Daba~ok Op|i|qla \az| No||a~y makip|i |az fa|obdfozob fa|obdfozob yobd fozo~

lob hokz"

Pabompikob lob Loyo \o~if

Pabaki|iob na~fakobg|ob o|oz loyo |o~if cizif mablopo|i nohto olo febzabzz zajo~o koz |ab|obd ziopo yobd mabo~if lob ziopo yobd |ilof" Qb|f of|ibd lob melakkibd+ poz|ibyo" Pabompikob lob loyo |o~if gdo za~ibdfoki ma~pofob zyo~o| impkizi| b|f ~azapziebiz" Nobyof pabdifkobob mamib|o —pabompikob ja~loz‘+ —pabompikob yobd mabyabobdfob+ lob zanodoibyo"

\AZ PABDDQBOOB ENO\ Zq~say li OZ makope~fob nohto 4! Polo |ohb ?990 Bo|iebok Heqzahekl Zq~say

fo~yotob latozo mabddbofob eno| |a~ko~obd+ zamab|o~o 3"8! mamibm okfehek zajo~o na~kanih (Dc~ea~a~ a| ok"+ ?990)" Polo |az pakomo~ li OZ b|f “ zobdo| pabddboob eno|-eno|ob - mo~igobo+ jejoiba+ ha~eib ha~eib “ zobdo| pepka~+ lob feb|~esa~ziok" \az okfehek gdo zakok likoffob li OZ b|f |az p~o-pafa~go nodi pabdamli |~f" Z~say li pa~zohoob OZ mampa~fi~ofob <0! fo~yotob mabddbofob |az eno|-eno|ob" \az eno|-eno|ob lopo| likoffob labdob na~nodoi jo~o7 

Obokiziz fimio zompak ~ib+ yobd mobo ma~pofob ma|ela yobd pokibd za~ibd lidbofob



Pabdf~ob li~i zabli~i mabddbofob fa~|oz lob pabzik



\az fe~libozi b|f mabdgi olobyo jojo|



Obokiziz zompak ~omn|"

Sokili|oz

Pabaki|iob |a~holop |az eno|-eno|ob jabla~bd na~cefz polo onzabzi+ pa~nohob fo~yotob+ lob fajakofoob linoblibdfob fiba~go zazbddhbyo" Lo z|li yobd zobdo| nazo~ li Koyobob Pez OZ mablopo|i nohto pabddbo eno|eno|ob jabla~bd onzab+ o|o za~ibdfoki mabimnkfob pa~dob|iob fo~yotob


::

(Be~mobl a| ok"+ ?9906 Wta~ a| o"+ ?990)" Impkifozibyo olokoh notoh pabddbo eno| ofob mabibdfo|fob p~elf|isi|oz"

Mali|ozi

F~i|if za~ibdfoki na~pablopo| nohto hnbdob ob|o~o pabddbo eno|no|ob lob fiba~go li |ampo| fa~go na~hnbdob fo~abo cof|e~ fa|ido" Hnbdobbyo mbdfib jojo| mm6 e~obd yobd |ilof ibdib mabyazoifob li~i labdob mozyo~ofo| Oma~ifo yobd mabddbofob eno| lob na~pa~ikof nalo li |ampo| fa~go+ ofob |a|opi jabla~bd na~pa~ikof nalo li |ampo| fa~go fo~abo mabddbofob eno|" Lokom hok ibi+ pabyo~ibdob b|f pabddbo eno| ho~z likoffob ekah pa|doz paba~imo fo~yotob yobd |ilof ibdib mampafa~gofob —e~obd—e~obd-e~obd yobd fakqo~ lo~i zafekoh‘" E~obd E~obd-e~obd -e~obd nohfob mabyo~obfob odo~ |az eno| ibi nizo lidbofob fo~abo na~mobcoo| na~mobcoo| nodi mibe~i|oz a|biz" âfemablozi7

na~pifi~koh

noif-noif

zanakm

mabddbofob

|az

pabddboob eno|"

NIECAALNOJF (QMPOB NOKIF NIEKEDIZ)

Zanodiob e~obd mabdokomi pabibdfo|ob lokom la|of gob|bd lob na~fa~ibdo| polo zoo| z|~azz" âzpeb |nh |a~holop z|~azz+ nohoyo+ pobif o|o fadamni~oob ameziebok ma~pofob pa~ziopob b| qf ~aofzi —na~|o~qbd o|oq ko~i‘" Lokom ma~azpeb zibyok lo~i e|of+ feblf|isi|oz akaf|~if fki| na~noh" Ibi mabdnoh akaj|~e-la~mok oj|isi|y (ALO) zahibddo lopo| lif~" Lokom iz|ikoh pzifekediz+ niecaalnojf mabdf~ faoloob jamoz lob fajamozob lifaboki zanodoi bz~ fap~inoliob" Pzifeked fap~inoliob na~nijo~o |ab|obd bz~ fajamozob lob faoloob jamoz" Fizieba~ kope~ob li~i fap~inoliob mabdf~ bz~ fajamozob lob oko| ALO niecaalnojf ofob mabdf~ faoloob jamoz (yobd |a~goli o|o ibz|ob)"

Z\QLI FOZQZ

Pama~ifzoob ko|o~ nakofobd Iob Hb|kay lihfm polo |ohb >00: o|oz pamnbhob lo doliz mlo yobd io fabok lokom |obddbdgotonbyo zanodoi pabgodo zafekoh" Za|akoh io Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

:<

lihfm+ |a~bdfop nohto io mamikifi zago~oh pabya~obdob zafzok+ limobo e~obd yobd mampafa~gofobbyo mamp afa~gofobbyo |ilof |ohq ofob hok i|q" Io |akoh —litotobjo~oi labdob noif‘ lob |ompof noif lob na~bio| |qkqz" Io mamna~ifob gotonob yobd —nabo~‘ qb|qf pa~|obyoob |ab|obd hqnqbdob yobd nabo~ labdob obof -obof -obof zafekoh" Pama~ifzoob |a~holop jo|o|ob f~imibok |akoh likoffob+ ofob |a|opi dodok fo~abo lo okozob" ?" Io |a~folobd mabddbofob bomo yobd na~nalo+ goli nodiob lo~i zago~ohbyo |ilof likope~fob >" Zago~oh

pabya~obdob

zafzokbyo

mabbgffob

olobyo

lakopob

pabya~obdob+ pabya~obdob+ ofob |a|opi |ilof olo hfmob

\az Cizif qb|qf Obdfo|ob Na~zabgo|o Ibdd~iz (N~i|izh O~my)

Obdfo|ob na~zabgo|o ibdib ma~af~| pa~ampob lo~i zamo nilobd+ ofob |a|opi ma~afo maba|opfob z|oblo~ cizif yobd |ibddi" Zanoh p~ed~om |az lifamnobdfob ekah Mo~f ôyzebb lob ~afob (>000) polo otokbyo mabjo|o| nana~opo |doz-|doz cizif yobd ho~z momp lifozoi p~og~i| ibcob|~i+ yobd makip|i7 

Obdfo|ob |bddok+ mabdobdfo| << fd fe|of ombizi lo~i |oboh fa nof |~f polo go~of ?"4 m"



Mamnoto+ mamnoto lo fob|ebd oi~ zana~o| >0fd zagoh >?0m"



Ko~i obdfo| nanob+ mabamph go~of ?:fm lokom > gom mamnoto

>1fd pof"

\az ibi zobdo| mabb|| nobyof ~af~|mab pe|abziok |ilof lopo| mabdo|ozi hok ibi" Hok ibi gdo mabimnkfob nobyof lompof ma~difob7 kanih nobyof pa~ampob dodok b|f mamabhi z|oblo~ yobd lin|hfob" Obokiziz pafa~goob mamoz|ifob mobcoo|byo fo~abo zloh libyo|ofob nohto |az ibi mabdf~ famompob lozo~" Bomb+ ib|i |doz |a~zan| |ilof lopo| lidbofob zanodoi |az ~af~|mab olokoh+ fo~abo nana~opo liob|o~obyo |ilof omob+ (mizokfob pakomo~ mabgo|hfob fe|of ombizi fa fofibyo+ nana~opo liob|o~obyo |ilof p ~of|iz)" Lo~i nobyof |az |a~zan| mabbgffob sokili|oz yobd na~nalo7 |az ibi nafa~go labdob noif b|f p~io+ |opi |ilof b|f tobi|o" Fiba~go pa~ampob b|f |doz ibi jabla~bd zokoh lip~alifzifob ekah |az falo+ yobd mobo na~o~|i |ilof lopo| lidbofob" Lizqzqb ekah 7 Bebe+ Jei+ Mo~lho+ Tablie+ \eby" QMM

:1

P~ed~om N~i|izh O~my ibi mabbgffob nodoimobo pabdgiob |az cizif yobd na~zico| p~of|iz+ sokil+ lob olik+ nizo mabyki|fob"


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Wawancara Terstruktur Dan Metode Asesmen Khusus dalam psikologi

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