Unit 1 Human Settlement Planning

AR6702 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING Lecture and compiling by Ar.A.Sivaraman, M.Arch, MCA, AIIA.

AR6702

HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING Syllabus

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9 Elements of Human Settlements human beings and settlements nature shells& Net work their functions and Linkages Anatomy & classification of Human settlements Locational, Resource based, Population size & Occupational structure. –

–

–

–

–

UNIT II FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Structure and form of Human settlements Linear Linear,, non-linear and circular Combinations reasons for development disadvantages case studies factors influencing the growth and decay of human settlements. –

–

–

–

–

9 advantages and

–

UNIT III PLANNING CONCEPTS 9 Planning concepts and their relevance to I ndian Planning practice in respect of Ebenezer Howard Garden city concepts and contents Patrick Geddes Conservative surgery case study C.A. Perry Neighborhood concept Le Corbusier concept and case studies. –

–

–

–

–

–

–

UNIT IV URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL 9 Scope and Content of Master plan planning area, land use plan and Zoning regulations zonal plan need, linkage to master plan and land use plan planned unit developme development nt (PUD) need, applicability and and development regulations regulations - Urban Renewal Plan Meaning,Redevelopment, Meaning,Redevelo pment, Rehabilitation and Conservation JNNURM case studies. –

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

UNIT V ISSUES IN CONTEMPORAR CONTEMPORARY Y URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA Globalization and its impact on cities Urbanisation, emergence of new forms of developments development integrated townships case studies. –

–

–

–

self sustained communities

–

9 SEZ

–

transit

• • •

•

the science of human settlements includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling design involves the study of all kinds of human settlements, settlements, with a view to geography and ecology — the physical environment — and human psychology and anthropology, anthropology, and cultural, political, and occasionally aesthetics coined by Konstantin Konstantinos os Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942

Note: The population figures below are are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic units for the year 2100 at which time he estimated estimated (in 1968) that Earth would achieve zero population growth at a population of 50,000,000,000 with human civilization being powered by fusion energy.

1. Ant nth hropos 2. Room 3. House 4. Ho House use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) 5. Sm Smal alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village) 6. Ne Neig ighb hbor orho hood od 7. Sm Smal alll pol polis is (t (tow own) n) 8. Pol olis is (c (cit ity) y) 9. Sm Smal alll me metr trop opol olis is 10. Metr Metropolis opolis 11. Small megalopoli megalopoliss 12. Mega Megalopol lopolis is 13. Small eperopo eperopolis lis 14. Epero Eperopolis polis 15. Ecumen Ecumenopol opolis is

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

1 2 5 40 250 1,500 10,000 75,000 500,000 4 million 25 million 150 million 750 million 7,500 million 50,000 million


1. Ant nth hropos

–

1


1. Ant nth hropos 2. Room

– –

1 2


1. Ant nth hropos 2. Room 3. House

– – –

1 2 5


1. 2. 3. 4.

Ant nth hropos Room House House Ho use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t)

– – – –

1 2 5 40


1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Ant nth hropos Room House House Ho use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) Smal Sm alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village)

– – – – –

1 2 5 40 250


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Ant nth hropos Room House House Ho use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) Smal Sm alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village) Neig Ne ighb hbor orho hood od

– – – – – –

1 2 5 40 250 1,500


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Ant nth hropos Room House House Ho use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) Smal Sm alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village) Neig Ne ighb hbor orho hood od Smal Sm alll pol polis is (t (tow own) n)

– – – – – – –

1 2 5 40 250 1,500 10,000


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Ant nth hropos Room House House Ho use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) Smal Sm alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village) Neig Ne ighb hbor orho hood od Smal Sm alll pol polis is (t (tow own) n) Pol olis is (c (cit ity) y)

– – – – – – – –

1 2 5 40 250 1,500 10,000 75,000


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Ant nth hropos Room House House Ho use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) Smal Sm alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village) Neig Ne ighb hbor orho hood od Smal Sm alll pol polis is (t (tow own) n) Pol olis is (c (cit ity) y) Smal Sm alll me metr trop opol olis is

– – – – – – – – –

1 2 5 40 250 1,500 10,000 75,000 500,000


1. Ant nth hropos 2. Room 3. House 4. Ho House use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) 5. Sm Smal alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village) 6. Ne Neig ighb hbor orho hood od 7. Sm Smal alll pol polis is (t (tow own) n) 8. Pol olis is (c (cit ity) y) 9. Sm Smal alll me metr trop opol olis is 10. Metr Metropolis opolis

– – – – – – – – – –

1 2 5 40 250 1,500 10,000 75,000 500,000 4 million


1. Ant nth hropos 2. Room 3. House 4. Ho House use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) 5. Sm Smal alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village) 6. Ne Neig ighb hbor orho hood od 7. Sm Smal alll pol polis is (t (tow own) n) 8. Pol olis is (c (cit ity) y) 9. Sm Smal alll me metr trop opol olis is 10. Metr Metropolis opolis 11. Small megalopoli megalopoliss

– – – – – – – – – – –

1 2 5 40 250 1,500 10,000 75,000 500,000 4 million 25 million


1. Ant nth hropos 2. Room 3. House 4. Ho House use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) 5. Sm Smal alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village) 6. Ne Neig ighb hbor orho hood od 7. Sm Smal alll pol polis is (t (tow own) n) 8. Pol olis is (c (cit ity) y) 9. Sm Smal alll me metr trop opol olis is 10. Metr Metropolis opolis 11. Small megalopoli megalopoliss 12. Mega Megalopol lopolis is

– – – – – – – – – – – –

1 2 5 40 250 1,500 10,000 75,000 500,000 4 million 25 million 150 million


1. Ant nth hropos 2. Room 3. House 4. Ho House use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) 5. Sm Smal alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village) 6. Ne Neig ighb hbor orho hood od 7. Sm Smal alll pol polis is (t (tow own) n) 8. Pol olis is (c (cit ity) y) 9. Sm Smal alll me metr trop opol olis is 10. Metr Metropolis opolis 11. Small megalopoli megalopoliss 12. Mega Megalopol lopolis is 13. Small eperopo eperopolis lis

– – – – – – – – – – – – –

1 2 5 40 250 1,500 10,000 75,000 500,000 4 million 25 million 150 million 750 million


1. Ant nth hropos 2. Room 3. House 4. Ho House use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) 5. Sm Smal alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village) 6. Ne Neig ighb hbor orho hood od 7. Sm Smal alll pol polis is (t (tow own) n) 8. Pol olis is (c (cit ity) y) 9. Sm Smal alll me metr trop opol olis is 10. Metr Metropolis opolis 11. Small megalopoli megalopoliss 12. Mega Megalopol lopolis is 13. Small eperopo eperopolis lis 14. Epero Eperopolis polis

– – – – – – – – – – – – – –

1 2 5 40 250 1,500 10,000 75,000 500,000 4 million 25 million 150 million 750 million 7,500 million


1. Ant nth hropos 2. Room 3. House 4. Ho House use gr grou oup p (ham (hamle let) t) 5. Sm Smal alll nei neighb ghbor orho hood od (village) 6. Ne Neig ighb hbor orho hood od 7. Sm Smal alll pol polis is (t (tow own) n) 8. Pol olis is (c (cit ity) y) 9. Sm Smal alll me metr trop opol olis is 10. Metr Metropolis opolis 11. Small megalopoli megalopoliss 12. Mega Megalopol lopolis is 13. Small eperopo eperopolis lis 14. Epero Eperopolis polis 15. Ecumen Ecumenopol opolis is

– – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

1 2 5 40 250 1,500 10,000 75,000 500,000 4 million 25 million 150 million 750 million 7,500 million 50,000 million

The definition of human settlement is as given below: “The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to which these elements provide the material support. The physical components comprise shelter, i.e. the superstructures superstructures of different different shape, size, type and materials erected by mankind for security, security, privacy, and protection from the elements and for his singularity within a community; infrastructure, infrastructure, i.e. the complex networks designed to deliver or remove from the shelter people, goods, energy of information. Services cover those required by a community for the fulfillment of its functions as a social body, body, such as education, health, culture, welfare, recreation and nutrition.” Services Servi ces are color nodes

) s i x a x ( s t ) r n e e t l e m h l e S ( e l a c i s y h P

Services

Dwellings

Infra

Human settlements means the totality of the human community community - whether city, city, town or village - with all the social, material, organizational, organizational, spiritual and cultural elements t hat sustain it. The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to which these elements provide the material support. The physical components comprise,

different shapes, size, type and materials erected by mankind for security, security, privacy Shelter, i.e. the superstructures of different and protection from the elements and for his singularity within a community; Infrastructure, i.e. the complex networks networks designed to deliver to or remove from from the shelter people, goods, energy or information;

required by a community for the fulfillment of its functions as a social body, body, such as education, Services cover those required health, culture, welfare, recreation and nutrition.

These These element elementss alway alwayss int inter eract act wit with h one ano anothe therr. A human being has some invisible spheres around him. These spheres are the spheres of the senses like touch, smell, sigh ight, hear earing and also supernatural or spiritual. The spiritual sphere is directly proportional to his intellect. Peopl eople e inte interract act with with one one anot anothe herr by dir direct ect inte interracti action on of thes these e sphe sphere res. s. Human habitation requires a certain amount of overlapping of these spheres, and the planning of habita habitatio tion n would would mean, mean, social social planning’. Human desires and endurances have remained the same throughout the years and manifestations of whic which h have have chan change ged d by evol evolut utio ion. n.

The evolution of human settlements is a continuous cyclic process from the smallest, the room, to the largest possible, the universal human settlement. The process are born, develop, decline and die which can be compared to plant and animal which are everywhere in this universe. Settlements may have an initial structure, which only allows for a certain degree of growth, growth , but nothing excludes the possibility of an expansion and transformation transformation of this structure, which will allow them to surpass the initial structural limitations. The human settlements have no pre-determined death, though there is death in their activities, there will be born of another where the active exists.

The evolution of human settlements can b e divided into five major phases:

1. Primi Primitive tive non-o non-orga rganised nised huma human n settl settlements ements (started with the evolution of man.) 2. Primitive Primitive organ organised ised settleme settlements nts ( the period period of village villagess - eopolis eopolis - which which lasted lasted about about 10,000 years.) 3. Stati Staticc urban urban settlemen settlements ts or cities (polis - which lasted about 5,000-6,000 years.) years.) 4. Dynam Dynamic ic urba urban n settl settlement ementss (dynapolis (dynapolis - which lasted lasted 200 200 - 400 years.) years.) 5. The uni univer versal sal cit city y (ecumenopo (ecumenopolis lis - which which is now beginning.) beginning.)

1.Primitive human settlements

¾ Non - org organised anised settlements

The man began to modify Nature and to set settle tle tem temporarily or permanently tly in differ ferent location ion. Prob Probab ably ly bega begann with with fire fire,, they they went went on to anim animal al husb husban andr dryy and and the the dome domest stic icat atio ionn of graz grazin ingg anim animal als; s; afterw afterward ardss came came defore deforesta statio tionn and and agricu agricultu lture, re, and with it, perman permanent ent human human settle settleme ments nts.. 1.Primitive human settlements


Man Man had had settl settled ed first first in natural shelters such such as holl hollow owss in the the grou ground nd,, holl hollow ow tree treess or shal shallo low w cave caves, s, before he began to build his own primitive and unorganised habitat. habitat . After fter firs firstt explo xploititin ingg natu natura rall forma formatio tions ns and and trans transfo form rming ing them them into into dwellings, dwellings, by various changes and additions, additions , he began to cre create ate she shells lls inde indepe pennden dent of, and unre unrela late tedd to, to, pre-e re-exi xist stin ingg natu natura rall form formss and the their bou bounda ndary were were with within in cert certai ainn limi limitt beyo beyond nd whic whichh the the sett settle leme ment nt had had no link link and and trans transpo port rtat atio ion. n. For For exam exampl plee obse observ rvin ingg the the leve levell of agri agricu cultltur uree comm commun unititie ies. s. The The comm commun unititie iess take take up a smal smalle lerr area area wher wheree they they are are agric agricul ultu tura ral,l, and and a large largerr one one wher wheree they they are are hunt huntin ingg and and catt cattle le-b -bre reed edin ingg comm commun uniti ities es.. Thei Theirr nucl nucleu euss unde underr norm normal al cond condititio ions ns is in the the center of gravity; or of secu securi rity ty prob proble lem, m, in the the safe safest st plac placee in thei theirr area area,, or even even beyo beyond nd thei theirr area area of cult cultiv ivat atio ion. n. There are no transportation and communication lines between the communities. If we look at these primitive non-organised communities on a macro scale, there consists of a nucleus nucleus which is the built up part of the human settlement, and several parts which lead out into the open, thinning out until they disappear – either because nobody goes beyond certain limits of the community or because these tri ps take place so seldom that they would not be placed on the same scale of densities. There is no physical lines connecting this primitive settlement with others; there are no networks between settlements.

1.Primitive human settlements


2. Primitive human settlements Organised settlements


Man, some ten to twelve thousand years ago, began to enter the era of organised agriculture, his settlements also began to show some characteristics of organisation.


It required time and acquisition of experience in organising the relationship between man and man, man and nature, and finally expressing these relationships relationships through cohesive forms of settlements. In initial the human had one-room dwelling in circular form , to organise the relationship of his community with other communities he expanded his dwelling by placing many round forms side by side, then elongated to elliptical ones and at some point came to conclusion and adopted the rectilinear forms . Due to the loss of space between them, they developed more regular shapes with no space lost between them. The evolution reached the stage at which a rectilinear pattern develops into a regular grid iron one.

In Nature evolution work towards a compression of circles and the gradual formation of polygonic systems, the clearest clearest form of which is the hexagon. hexagon. In evolution of human settlements we see two courses: 2. Primitive human settlements Organised settlements

On the micro-scale, where man must divide the land, construct one or more shells (rooms and houses), and circulate within a built-up area (neighbourhood), the solution leads to a synthesis at a right angle; On the macro-scale, where man must own and use space but not build it, and circulate within it, although to a much lesser degree than before (usually non more than one movement to and from every day), man continues to follow the t he course of nature towards hexagonall patterns. hexagona

During this era of the development of human settlements the patterns or regional distribution of the settlements differ depending on the phase of evolution and the prevailing conditions of safety, safety, the population still small, the villages can be found in the plains, near the rivers and near the sea. When the population becomes dense, new patterns develop, develop, and the villages come over to cover the entire plain on t he basis of the small hexagonal pattern and the hills and the mountains on a larger hexagonal pattern . The development of land cultivation, the population might be larger, larger, but would still be smaller than that of the era of large population and full exploitation of the land, when it would

At some point 5,000 or 6,000 years ago, the first urban settlement appeared as small cit ies in a plain or as fortresses on hills and mountains.

3.Static urban settlements or cities

As settlements grew in size, man came came to realise that the principle of the single-nucleus was not always valid in the internal organisation of the total shells of the community, at this single nodal point, which was adequate for the village and for small cities, no longer sufficed. The first thing to happen was the expansion of the nucleus in one or more directions ; it was no longer limited to the settlement's center of gravity. Example: The small settlement of Priene, in ancient G reece, where the central nucleus expanded in two ways: first in a linear form along a main street which contained shops that would normally be clustered in the central agora, agora, the secondly through the decentralisation decentralisation of some some functions, such as temples. In larger cities additional nodal points and central places gradually came into being within t he shells of the settlements - a phenomenon that is unique to human settlements. settlements.

4.Dynamic urban settlements

Started in the seventeenth century and became apparent only a century later in all probability, probability, it wall last for another 100 or 200 years until we reach the next phase that of the universal settlement. 4.Dynamic urban settlements

In the dynamic urban phase settlements in space are characterised by continuous continuous growth growth.. Hence, all their problems are continuously intensified (make stronger) stronger) and new ones continuously created. Dynamic settlements, created as a result of an industrial technological revolution, revolution , multiplying in number and form, and now being created at an even higher rate. The evils described in them are the evils of yesterday yesterday which are being multiplied today in a very dangerous manner. manner. This makes the dynamic settlement completely different from any other category of settlements and a real threat to humanity itself. Example: London - atmospheric pollution may be so severe severe as to account for for 4,000 deaths Hydrocarbons, lead, carcinogenic carcinogenic agents, deteriorating in a single week of in intense tense "fog". Hydrocarbons, conditions of atmospheric electricity -- all of these represent retrogressive retrogressive processes processes introduced and supported by man. The man's position is dangerous in the dynamic settlement, this can be shown through the following graph.

4.Dynamic urban settlements

•

Firs Firstt expa expans nsio ion n of the the urba urban n settlement.

4.Dynamic urban settlements Dynapolis:

•

30 mile miless in diam diamet eter er..

•

All All part art of the the lan land it covers ers is not steril sterilise ised. d.

•

The The micr icroor oorganism nismss in the the soil soil no long longer er exis exist. t.

•

The The orig origin inal al anim animal al inha inhabi bitt ants

have

largely

been

banished. •

Rivers are foul and the atmosp atmospher here e is pollut polluted. ed.

•

Climate and microclima imate


The first dynamic urban urban settlement - the early Dynapolis.


This is the phase when small independent human settlements when small independent human settlements with independent administrative units are beginning to grow beyond their initial boundaries. From the economic point of view this development is related to industrialisation, and from the technological point of view vi ew to the railroad era, which first made commuting from distance points possible. The settlements expands in all directions, instead of spreading only along the railway railway lines creating new islands of dependent settlements around railway stations, as during the phase of the early Dynapolis. The city is breaking its walls and spreading into the countryside in a disorgnised manner. manner.

The next phase of dynamic settlement is of metropolis, which incorporates incorporates several other urban and rural settlements of the surrounding area

4.Dynamic urban settlements Metropolis I Dynametropo Dyname tropolis lis :

4.Dynamic urban settlements Metropolis I Dynametropo Dyname tropolis lis :

The few metropolises from the past became static following a period of dynamic growth, then declined and died. This was to a certain extent, true of ancient Rome in it s last phases and Byzantine Constantinople Constantinople - which disintegrated disintegrated to such a degree that the mobs mobs in the streets became uncontrollable uncontrollable and sometimes succeeded in imposing their will on the government. From the economic, social, administrative or technological point of view, view, the fate of the historical metropolises has been dynamic growth, a static phase, and then death. To base our experience on the history of cities, we must recognise the fact that a static phase for a metropolis is the prelude of its decline and death. In such a case this should be said as a dynamic metropolis, after losing its momentum for growth, becomes negatively dynamic. To calculate the number of metropolises attributed to the effect of the railway and to the effect of the automobile, we will find the latter to be much greater, greater, out of all proportion to the number of the former. Dynametropolis, continuing its course towards becoming a megalopolis.

4.Dynamic urban settlements Megalopolis I Dynamegalopolis:

The area on a large scale including more than one metropolis and many other urban settlements and it cannot be static. A megalopolis has the same s ame external characteristics characteristics as the metropolis, the only difference being that every phenomenon appears on a much larger scale. It is characteristic characteristic that all phenomenon of the development of human settlements up to the metropolis shown on a 100 sq.km. Scale, for megalopolis would be 1,000sq.km.

Regardless Regardless of whether dynamic settlements are simple (Dynapolis), or composite (metropolises and megalopolises), they have been growing continuously during the last centuries and this is apparent everywhere at present 5.The Universal human 5.The h uman settlement: Ecumenopolis

i.e. the whole Earth will be covered by one human settlement. The population explosion, will be definitely be the most decisive factor in the next phase of human settlements.

Settlement Characteristics

Area Area

:

How lar large the the area area of a set settlem tlemen entt is. is.

Site Site

:

desc descri ribe bess the the actu actual al land land upon upon whic which h a sett settle leme ment nt is buil built. t.

Population:

The size and type of people that live in a settlement.

Function :

The function of a settlement relates to its economic and social development and refers refers to its main activities.

Situation :

describes where a settlement is located in relation to other surrounding features features such as other settlements, rivers and communications.

Shape Shape

descri describes bes how the settlem settlement ent is laid out. out. Its patter pattern. n.

:

Site Factors: Some sites have specific advantages that mean settlements developed in that place.

The function of a Settlement relates to its economic and social development and refers to its main activities. Function of a Settlement:

Function of a Settlement:




This refers to the arrangement of settlements in an order of i mportance , usually from many isolated dwelling or hamlets at the base of the Hierarchy Hierarchy to a Conurbation. Settlement Hierarchy

The order of importance is based on the following: 

The area and population of the settlement (size)



The range and number of services/functions within each settlement



The relative sphere of influence of each settlement

Sphere of Influence is defined as the area served by a particular settlement.

Sphere of Influence

The size of this sphere of influence depends on the size and functions of a town and its surrounding settlement ,the transport transport facilities available and the level of competition from a rival settlement. In general, the larger the settlement the larger larger the sphere of Influence. Eg: London compared to Barnsley Sphere of Influence is based upon two main principles: 1.Threshold Population: The minimum number of people needed to support a settlement or service. 2.Range:: The maximum distance that people are 2.Range are prepared to travel travel to obtain a particular service

Sphere of Influence

Sphere of Influence

Sphere of Influence

Sphere of Influence

Sphere of Influence

Unit 1 Human Settlement Planning

Recommend Documents