AR6702 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING Lecture and compiling by Ar.A.Sivaraman, M.Arch, MCA, AIIA.
AR6702
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING Syllabus
UNIT I INTRODUCTION Elements of Human Settlements human beings and settlements nature shells& Net work their functions and Linkages classification of Human settlements Locational, Resource based, Population size & Occupational structure. –
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9 Anatomy &
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UNIT II FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Structure and form of Human settlements Linear, non-linear and circular Combinations reasons for development disadvantages case studies factors influencing the growth and decay of human settlements. –
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9 advantages and
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UNIT III PLANNING CONCEPTS 9 Planning concepts and their relevance to Indian Planning practice in respect of Ebenezer Howard Garden city concepts and contents Patrick Geddes Conservative surgery case study C.A. Perry Neighborhood concept Le Corbusier concept and case studies. –
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UNIT IV AND UNIT V- URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL 9 Scope and Content of Master plan planning area, land use plan and Zoning regulations zonal plan need, linkage to master plan and land use plan planned unit development (PUD) need, applicability and development regulations - Urban Renewal Plan Meaning, Redevelopment, Rehabilitation and Conservation JNNURM case studies. –
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URBAN PLANNING
Urban
Definition of urban area
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(i) all places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee; (ii) all other places which has features as (1) a minimum population of 5000; (2) at least 75% of the male working population engaged in non- agricultural pursuits and (3) a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
Apart from urban area & urban agglomeration rest is considered as Rural Area
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URBAN PLANNING
Master plan A Master Plan is the long term perspective plan for guiding the sustainable planned development of the city.
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MASTER PLAN
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For a successful City/town planning there must be a plan, which envisages(predict) the entire City/town as a single unit. This is necessary to achieve overall developmentof the town in co-coordinated manner.
The development or expansion of a City/town takes a long time, and therefore, the development requires control at any time on the basis of a plan. such a plan is called as “Master Plan”
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MASTER PLAN
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MASTER PLAN
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NECESSITY OF THE MASTER PLAN •
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The period of ‘Industrial revolution’(1760 – 1820) marks an important epoch in the history of the growth of all the cities. Between the two world wars and especially after the Second World War (1939– 45), many towns and cities have been grown up haphazardly without proper planning. And the over-grown cities became a mess and a muddle with all the evils. The industries have been set up in the heart of the cities without any consideration of transport and other utility services. The migration of rural population has caused housing shortage and increased congestion. The rapid development of transport has been found tobe inadequate for the growing needs of the automobiles. It has caused over-crowding and congestion on the roads resulting road accidents. Industries have encroachedupon the residential areas causing shortage of open and recreational areas. In
order to eradicate the evils of the illplanned cities, there is a need of a comprehensive Master planfor the general welfare of the citizens in respect of health, convenience and comfort.
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URBAN PLANNING
SCOPE AND CONTENT
OF PLAN MASTER
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SCOPE AND CONTENT OF MASTER PLAN
The master plan may propose or provide for all or any of the following matters, namely 1. The manner in which the land in the planning area shall be used. 2. The ALLOTMENT OR RESERVATION o f land for residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural purposes and for parks, playfields and open spaces. 3. The allotment or reservation of land for public buildings, institutions and for civic amenities. 4. The making of provision for the national highways, arterial roads, ring roads, major streets, lines of communication including railways, airports and canals . 5. The traffic and transportation pattern and traffic circulation pattern. 6. The major road and street improvements. 7. The areas reserved for future development, expansion and for new housing. 8. The provision for the improvement of areas or bad layout or obsolete development and slum areas and for relocation of population. 9. The amenities, services and utilities. 10. The provision for detailed development of specific areas for housing, shopping, industries 11. 12.
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and civic amenities and educational and cultural facilities. The control of architectural features, elevation and frontage of buildings and structures. The provision for regulating the zone, the location height, number of storeys and size of buildings and other structures, the size of the yards and other open spaces and the use of buildings, structures and land. The stages by which the master plan shall be carried out.
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CONTENT OF MASTER PLAN
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Introduction Demography Economy Land use & structure Infrastructure -water supply -sewage -Electricity 6. Environment and Disaster Management 7. Traffic and Transportation 8. Urban basic services for the poor - slum rehabilitation - schemes - Housing 9. Social facilities 10. Finance patterns 11. Visions and goals 12. Investment plans
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STAGES IN THE PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN
prepare Government
scheme
Collect data
Negative of town
Positive of town
The re-planning of an existing town is more complex than planning or designing a new town on virgin land, such as capital towns like New Delhi, Chandigarh, industrial town like rourkela, port town, military cantonments etc. The work of ordinary town-planner is usually restricted to re planning of an existing town. After taking the Government sanction to prepare the scheme, next work is to collect the data and relevant information, with the help of a comprehensive civic survey. From the data collected in the civic survey, he is in a position to make a correct diagnosis of the various ills of the town and suggest remedies for their cure. For the collection of data for the planning scheme, the town is divided into old town and new town. In the former case, the work is tedious because the old town usually consists of narrow streets, congestion, insanitation, and un-healthy conditions etc. But in the later case, zoned areas, provision of all civic amenities etc.
Diagnosis/suggest remedies However care should be taken to keep the whole town, old or new alike in all aspect and finally blended skillfully so as to form in-separately interwoven structure.
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DURATION OF PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN •
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The planning authority prepares the interim master plan, also called the outline development plan. The statutory time limit is two years. It shall then be notified for the public comments and suggestions (1 month). The draft plan may be revised in the light of the public and expert comments and shall be submitted for Govt’ssanction (4 months from date of publication of the draft plan to be further extended by the Govt. by three months, if required). The Govt. sanctions the revised plan and appoints an arbitrator (12 months). The arbitrator after holding proceedings in respect of each plot, publishes the award and submits the detailed proposals to the higher authority such as the president of the Tribunal of Arbitration (no fixed time limit but at least 12 months for small scheme and more for longer schemes). The tribunal shall make thorough scrutiny of arbitrator’s proposals and convey their decision ( usually 6 months). The arbitrator prepares the final scheme and submits to Govt. with plans through the local authority (usually 6 months). The local authority forwards the final scheme to the Govt. (usually 3 months). Govt. sanctions the final scheme after the photozinco Dept., has printed all the plans (normally 9 months) after which the final scheme of Action plan comes into force (usually 2 months after the Govt.’s sanction). The detailed master plan also called the comprehensive development plan is duly approved and sanctioned by the Govt. then made legally bindings on all the authorities concerned, by giving it a legal status. Lastly a financial programme is prepared to devise the ways and means for the implementation of the master plan according to the schedule.
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APPROACH TO URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT •
Taking into account the problems of existing planning system of urban development in India, the UDPFI (Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation) guidelines were prepared byITPI (Institute of Town Planners, India) at the behest of the Ministry of Urban development and poverty alleviation, Government of India and recommended urban development planning system consisting of a set of four inter-related plans i.e.
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(a) perspective plan
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(b) Development plan
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(c) Annual plan and
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(d) Plans of projects / schemes
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APPROACH TO URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT •
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DEVELOPMENT PLAN Development plan preparedwithin the framework of the approved perspective plan is medium term (5 years) comprehensive plan ofspatio-economic development of the urban center . The OBJECTIVE of a development plan is to provide further necessary details and intended actions in the form of strategies and physical proposals for development of the urban center, including employment generation, economic base, transportation and land use, housing and other infrastructure, and matters like environment, conservation and ecology. It also contains implementation strategies, agency-wise(including private sector) schemes / projects, development promotion rules, and resource mobilization plan with particular reference to finance, land and manpower and provides an efficient system of monitoring and review. Development plan is a statutory document , approved and adopted by the local authority for implementation, with the help of schemes and projects and would be co-terminus WITH FIVE YEAR PLANS OF STATE GOVERNMENTS/ local bodies, which would provide opportunities to incorporate the needs and development aspirations of the people through the elected representatives.
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APPROACH TO URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT •
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ANNUAL PLANS The purpose of preparation of Annual plan, is to identify the new schemes / projects, which the authority will undertake for implementation, during the year, taking into account the physical and fiscal performance of the preceding year, keeping in view the priorities, the policies and the proposals contained in the approved Development plan.
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These plans would also provide the resource requirementsduring the year and the sources of funding including those mobilized by the local authorities, i.e. grants, aids and projects / scheme funds, of the state and central governments. It is thus, an important document for resource mobilization. This will also enable the funding agencies to allocate the funds in phased manner.
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APPROACH TO URBAN PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT •
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PLANS OF SCHEMES / PROJECTS Conceived within the framework of the Development plan, schemes / projects are the working layouts, providing all necessary details for execution including finance, development, administration and management. These schemes / projects could be for any area, old or new, of any activity or land use like residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, educational or health related or infrastructure development, separately or in an integrated manner, by any agency such as government, semi-government, private or even individuals or for any agency.
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URBAN PLANNING
Regional planning integrated development of human settlements and countryside within a region.
REGIONAL PLANNING
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Regional planning deals primarily with the integrated development of human settlements and countryside within a region. It aims at reducing the disparity in the level of living of the people and the wide gulf between urban and rural life. Regional planning can be a tool for balanced development of the nation and co-ordinate the aims and objectives of the national development planning with the implementation programmes at the micro-level.
REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
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REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
A village is the center for many of the activities of its countryside, that the town is the center for an area within a radius of about 10 to 15kms, and a great city for a still wider area, which it serves a s a regional center of economic and social organization. Industrial revolution has caused certain towns to grow very rapidly without organic relation to countryside and the services have tended to concentrate in a few centers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF “GROWTH CENTER” IN REGIONAL PLANNING
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REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
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Every town or village is in more or less degree a regional capital Each town works as a service center for the neighboring area; it is the seat of regional integration for the area around it. Present day activities are to be concentrated in some central area Consumer markets govern the location of industries, which in turn depend on the population of the town and its environs Population size alone cannot decide the hierarchy of human settlements The function of settlement is more important than the size of population The absence of more towns may make a town serve a wider area and closer proximity of more towns in an area may force some big towns to remain only trading towns and be in a lower order of hierarchy.
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URBAN PLANNING
Zonal plan a link between the layout and the Master Plan.
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ZONAL PLANNING
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A Zonal Development Plan means a plan for a Zone (Division) of the Union Territory of Delhi. The Zonal Plan (Divisional Plan) details out the policy of the Master Plan and acts as a link between the layout and the Master Plan.
The development schemes/layout plans indicating use premises should conform to the Master Plan/Zonal (Divisional) Plan.”
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ZONAL PLANNING
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SCOPE OF THIS ARTICLE IS ANSWERING QUESTIONS LIKE:
1.Where zonal development plans srcinate from? 2.What is a zonal development plan? 3.Why a zonal level development plan is required? 4.Legality of ZDP.
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ZONAL PLANNING
STARTING OF ZONING
Indian Master plan approach was fundamentally guided by the British Town Planning legislations. And further integrating the western concept of 'zoning' into the Master planning lead to the preparation of new lower hierarchy development plans called 'Zonal development plan' handling more comprehensive and more focused objectives derived from the Master plan.
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ZONAL PLANNING
DEFINITION OF ZONING The basic concept of zoning lies in the division of a settlement into zones and districts according to present and potential uses of land and buildings. Zoning has to pay particular attention to the character of a place and its suitability. Thus, ‘zoning’ is establishing ‘districts’ within which certain rights of citizens are legally curbed.
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ZONAL PLANNING
OBJECTIVES OF ZONING
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To lessen congestion in streets
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To secure safety of fire and other hazards
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To promote health and general welfare
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To protect amenity value and hence property
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To provide adequate light and air
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To prevent over concentration of population
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To facilitate transportation, water supply, sewerage, schools, parks, etc
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To encourage the most appropriate use of land
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URBAN RENEWAL
URBAN RENEWAL
The redevelopment of areas within a large city, typically involving the clearance of slums.
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URBAN RENEWAL
urban renewal successes of Barcelona, Spain's
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URBAN RENEWAL
DEFINITIONS OF SOME OF THE TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING URBAN RENEWAL
Slums Slums may be broadly defined as an area with untidy and ill ventilated residences without proper sanitation and water supply. In slum and blighted areas we can find “submerged humanity” and social disorganization. Poor mostly inhabit these areas.
Blight Any area or a part of urban or rural in deterioration is called “Blighted area irrespective of its degree of deterioration” The blight may be in physical conditions such as topological blight, or economic blight as the semi or full deterioration of
commercial activities in that area.
Obsolescence It can be defined as an associate of blights and slums, since the basic nature is same for all. An area which is unfit for the present use either due to the change in the pattern of living or due to cultural or economic changes is called “obsolescent area”
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URBAN RENEWAL
DEFINITIONS OF SOME OF THE TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING URBAN RENEWAL
Central Area Generally oldest parts of the city will be the central area. Since from where the city starts growing to meet the increasing population and to provide fashionable and luxurious type of buildings coupled with the residences of the poorest city dwellers. CBD This term CBD or Central Business District is used to denote the important Central commercial Zone where the commercial function is the predominant function and others are mostly negligible. This is the most accessible area of the town. This is the most populous area in the daytime. This areas predominant function is commercial (retail and wholesale)
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URBAN RENEWAL NEED FOR URBAN RENEWAL Urban renewal programme is essential to remove the congestion of traffic, to demolish the useless building, or buildings which cannot be used for any purposes such as commercial or residential etc. The sub-standard condition will make the buildings unfit for any such use. The urban renewal programme permits us to demolish them. It also enables us to rebuild the same area with all the facilities and to make the environment to be a planned one. The reasons for the need of urban renewal can be divided into three: 1. Physical obsolescence – blight and deterioration 2. Economic losses 3. Social imbalances
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URBAN RENEWAL GOALS OF URBAN RENEWAL To maintain health of •
Urban settlement
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Functions
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Financial adequacy of government
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Capacity of city
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Traffic & transportation
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Maintenance of basic services
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URBAN RENEWAL TYPES OF URBAN RENEWAL Three aspects constitute the urban renewal. They are 1. Redevelopment (clearing and reuse of land)
2. Rehabilitation (repairing or remodeling)
3. Conservation (preventing)
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URBAN RENEWAL TYPES OF URBAN RENEWAL 1.REDEVELOPMENT: It is applicable to areas where the arrangement of the building and general character of obsolescence and deterioration make it worth less to live and thus liable the area to be redeveloped. Main aims of redevelopment policy are: 1. Removal of existing building 2. Reuse of cleared land 3. Use of any open land that was interspersed among the improved buildings and possibly adjacent land also. This latter may be required for street widening, commercial uses etc.
Bilbao, Spain
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URBAN RENEWAL TYPES OF URBAN RENEWAL 2.REHABILITATION:
It is an area where buildings may be good structurally but may not be proper for habitation purposes and some repairing or remodeling may make them fit fro habitation purposes. Modernizing and repairing so as to enable them to be at satisfactory standards of living can restore some neighbourhood. The policy is most applicable to those city zones: In which there is a high degree of loss of efficiency in srcinal function or functions In which there are conditions appearing which are likely to cause deterioration in the sound economic activity In which there is continuous deterioration in living conditions • • • •
In which, buildings although generally in structurally good conditions have begun to deteriorate due to lack of maintenance.
Administrative measures of controlling the use of reuse of land and the buildings are Either restore the area to its srcinal functions To bring about a new and appropriate functions, in accordance with the general city development proposals. • •
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URBAN RENEWAL TYPES OF URBAN RENEWAL 2.REHABILITATION:
La Matanza Urban ReHABITATION Project
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URBAN RENEWAL TYPES OF URBAN RENEWAL 2.REHABILITATION:
Suburb ZEN, Palermo, Italy
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URBAN RENEWAL TYPES OF URBAN RENEWAL 3.CONSERVATION :
It is most applicable to zones of city which are now generally suited to their function, zones in which buildings are kept in good condition, zones containing buildings and areas of historical, cultural or architectural value. A conservation policy would have as its objectives the protection of such areas by preventing their falling into a condition requiring redevelopment . The following measures are important in such zones: Owners must maintain buildings to legally prescribed standards •
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Overcrowding of rooms and dwellings are not to be permitted Overcrowding of buildings on sites not to be permitted (new buildings proposals are to be carefully assesses) Strict enforcement of zoning regulations i.e., the area is not allowed to disturb the essence of what is being conserved
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URBAN RENEWAL TYPES OF URBAN RENEWAL 3.CONSERVATION :
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URBAN RENEWAL BENEFITS FROM URBAN RENEWAL
There is a wide range of benefits to be derived from urban renewal. Generally they are classified under 3 groups as follows:
1. Physical benefits 2. Social benefits 3. Economic benefits
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URBAN RENEWAL BENEFITS FROM URBAN RENEWAL 1.PHYSICAL BENEFITS :
These are the benefits that can be seen and experienced and include 1. Provision for urgently needed facilities in the urban area or at least land for it (such as a hospital, school, bus terminal, park etc.) 2. Traffic betterments in the form of rearrangement of an obsolete street system; increasing traffic carrying capacity of streets by widening or channelising them, providing space for transit facilities, etc. 3. Enhancement of utilities by r eplacing worn-out or obsolete water lines and sewage facilities and installing drainage facilities to eliminate flooding in low lying areas, and reducing water pollution by installation of sewage treatment facilities
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URBAN RENEWAL BENEFITS FROM URBAN RENEWAL 2.SOCIAL BENEFITS :
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These benefits are not as easily evaluated or measured and yet may have more impact than physical ones. Broader social benefits include new schools and recreation facilities, a community center building with programmes for the poor and aged, a health clinic, or a job-training programme. Probably the most impressive social advancement renewal offers is the elimination of substandard housing and the creation of standard housing in neighbourhood. Due to renewal programmes there is a chance to uplift the status of the slum dwellers.
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URBAN RENEWAL BENEFITS FROM URBAN RENEWAL 3.ECONOMIC BENEFITS :
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If renewed area is used for commercial purposes, or even for residential (for rent) the returns from them (in terms of economic benefits) are more in addition to physical and social benefits.
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The renewed area may fetch more money than the income, which we can get, from the un-renewed buildings.
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The chances of accidents (fire accidents) are comparatively very less.
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This was revealed in a study in United States.
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The maintenance cost will be less in renewed area than that of the un-renewed area in addition to the fear of collapse of these substandard building at any time.
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URBAN RENEWAL STRATEGIES OF URBAN RENEWAL STRATEGIES OF URBAN RENEWAL
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Rebuilding
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Conservation
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Redevelopment
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Preservation
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Re-habilitation
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Blight
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Renewal
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Infrastructure
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Clearance
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Economic up gradation
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URBAN PLANNING
PUD
A planned unit development (PUD)
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URBAN PLANNING
A planned unit development (PUD), is a type of building development and also a regulatory process. As a building development, it is a designed grouping of both varied and compatible land uses , such as housing, recreation, comm ercial centers, and industrial parks, all within one contained development or subdivision.
PUD
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Current definitions PUD as a regulatory process is a means of land regulation which promotes large scale, unified land development by means of mid-range, realistic programs in chase of physically curable, social and economic deficiencies in land and cityscapes. Where appropriate, this development control promotes: •
A mixture of both land uses and dwelling types with at least one of the land uses being regional in nature
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The clustering of residential land uses providing public and common open space
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Increased administrative discretion to a local professional planning staff while setting aside present land use regulations and rigid plat approval processes The enhancement of the bargaining processbetween the developer and government municipalities which in turn strengthens the municipality's site plan review and control over development for potentially increased profits due to land efficiency, multiple land uses, and increased residential densities.
small clusters of houses combined with open spaces to new and Frequently, PUDs take on a variety of forms ranging from developing towns with thousands of residents and various land uses. However, the definition of a PUD does not take into consideration these types of developments unless they fit into a category of size ranging from 100 to 200 acres (40 to 81 ha). In a PUD the property owner owns the land the dwelling sits on.
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URBAN RENEWAL JNNURM Note:
Land cost will not be financed (except North Eastern States and hilly States, namely Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Jammu and Kashmir).
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URBAN RENEWAL
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
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URBAN RENEWAL
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Mission Objective and Coverage
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Planned development
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Integrated development of infrastructure
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Linkages between asset creation & asset management
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Ensuring adequate investment of funds
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Scaling up delivery of services and emphasis on universal access
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Renewal of inner city areas
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URBAN RENEWAL
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Salient Features
Cities are required to prepare City Development Plans (Vision Documents) as participatory frameworks for Infrastructure planning and prioritization, and Framing urban reform agendas • •
Funding support for infrastructure is linked to reforms Cities and State need to enter into Memorandum of Agreement with Government of •
India to implement urban reforms in order to access JNNURM funds Urban Infrastructure Projects are prepared and executed by the Cities Cities are provided funding assistance for implementing urban projects based on Detailed Project Report. •
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URBAN RENEWAL
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
Eligible projects • • • • • • • •
Urban Renewal Water Supply Sewerage & Sanitation Solid Waste Management Storm Water Drains Urban Transport Parking spaces (through PPP) Development of heritage areas
• Preservation of water bodies • Prevention & rehabilitation of soil erosion
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URBAN RENEWAL JNNURM
JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission):
It is a massive city modernization scheme. To improve the quality of life and infrastructure in the cities. The duration of the Mission is 7 years (2005-2012).
Background of the Program:
(1) Need for Urban Sector Development: According to the 2001 census, India has a population of 1027 million with approximately 28% or 285 million people living in urban areas.
Urban population may increase to about 40% of total population by the year 2021. By the year 2011, urban areas would contribute about 65 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP). However, this depends on the availability and quality of infrastructure services.
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URBAN RENEWAL JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission): (2) Investment Requirements in the Urban Sector: In seven-year period.
JNNURM
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URBAN RENEWAL JNNURM
The cities should have elected bodies in position.
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URBAN RENEWAL JNNURM
MISSION STATEMENT: The aim is to encourage reforms and fast track planned development of identified cities. Focus is to be on efficiency in urban infrastructure and service delivery mechanisms, community participation, and accountability of ULBs towards citizens. SCOPE OF THE MISSION The Mission shall comprise two Sub- Missions, namely: (1) Sub-Mission for Urban Infrastructure and Governance: Administered by the Ministry of Urban Development. The main thrust of the Sub-Mission - on infrastructure projects relating to water supply and sanitation, sewerage, solid waste management, road network, urban transport and redevelopment of old city areas (2) Sub-Mission for Basic Services to the Urban Poor: Administered by the Ministry of Urban Employment and Poverty Alleviation. The main thrust of the Sub-Mission - on integrated development of slums through projects for providing shelter, basic services and other related civic amenities with a view to providing utilities to the urban poor. Other cities and towns: Other than that selected 63 towns/cities, Smaller cities/towns are covered under Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP).
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URBAN RENEWAL JNNURM JNNURM: BASIC SERVICES TO THE URBAN POOR (BSUP) Salient features • Central Assistance in the form of ACA(Additional Central Assistance) as full grant.
• A minimum of 12% beneficiary contribution for houses which in the case of SC /ST/BC/OBC/PH and other weaker sections is 10%. • Access of Central assistance predicated upon the State/ Urban Local Bodies/Parastatals agreeing to reforms. • Reforms to ensure improvement in urban governance and management. • Cities to prepare City Development Plans and Detailed Project Reports.
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URBAN RENEWAL JNNURM JNNURM: BSUP: Funding The Central fund is released as Additional Central Assistance (in the form of grant). The financing pattern of BSUP is as under:
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URBAN RENEWAL JNNURM Sectors and Projects Eligible for Assistance - Directorate for Basic Services to the Urban Poor.
Integrated development of slums, housing and development of infrastructure projects in slums in the identified cities. Projects involving development, improvement, and maintenance of basic services to the urban poor.
Slum improvement and rehabilitation of projects.
Projects on water supply, sewerage, drainage, community toilets, and baths etc.
Projects for providing houses at affordable cost for slum dwellers, urban poor, economically weaker sections (EWS) and lower income group (LIG) categories. Construction and improvement of drains and storm water drains. Environmental improvement of slums and solid waste management. Street lighting. Civic amenities like community halls, child care centers etc. Operation and Maintenance of assets created under this component. Conver ence of health, education and social securit schemes or the urban oor
