AR6702 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING Lecture and compiling by Ar.A.Sivaraman, M.Arch, MCA, AIIA.
AR6702
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PLANNING Syllabus
UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9 Elements of Human Settlements human beings and settlements nature shells& Net work their functions and Linkages Linkages Anatomy & classification of Human settlements Locational, Resource based, Population size & Occupational structure. –
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UNIT II FORMS OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Structure and form of Human settlements Linear, Linear, non-linear and circular Combinations reasons for development disadvantages case studies factors influencing the growth and decay of human settlements. –
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9 advantages and
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UNIT III PLANNING CONCEPTS 9 Planning concepts and their relevance to I ndian Planning practice in respect of Ebenezer Howard Garden city concepts and contents Patrick Geddes Conservative surgery case study C.A. Perry Neighborhood concept Le Corbusier concept and case studies. –
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UNIT IV URBAN PLANNING AND URBAN RENEWAL 9 Scope and Content of Master plan planning area, land use plan and Zoning regulations zonal plan need, linkage to master plan and land use plan planned unit developme development nt (PUD) need, applicability and and development regulations regulations - Urban Renewal Plan Meaning,Redevelopment, Meaning,Redevelo pment, Rehabilitation and Conservation JNNURM case studies. –
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UNIT V ISSUES IN CONTEMPORAR CONTEMPORARY Y URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA Globalization and its impact on cities Urbanisation, emergence of new forms of developments development integrated townships case studies. –
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self sustained communities
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9 SEZ
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transit
CITY FORM IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPED AND developing COUNTRIES
Structure |
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Introduction •
city
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city forms
Types of city forms •
The Radio centric city
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The gridiron city
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The linear city
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City growth
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Ecological models of urban land use model •
Concentric Model
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Sector Model
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Multi nuclei Model
Introduction|
A city is a gr grou oup p of pe peop ople le and a nu within in a limited numb mber er of perm perman anen entt stru struct ctur ures es with geogra geo graphi phical cal ar area ea,, so orga organize nized d as to facilitate the interchange of goods and serv servic ices es amon among g its its resi reside dent ntss and and with with the the ou outs tsid ide e wo worl rld d. The settle settlemen ments ts grew grew into into villa villages ges,, vil villag lages es tr trans ansfo forme rmed d in into to cit cities ies.. Citi Cities es crea create ted d when when lar large numb number er of peop people le liv live toget ogethe herr, in a spec specif ific ic geog geogrraphi aphicc Creati tion on of urba urban n area areass. loca locati tion on lead leadin ing g to the the Crea Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms depends on the comple complexx functi functions ons that that cities cities perfo perform. rm.
Introduction|
Urban Form refers to the•
physical layout and design of the city
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spatial imprint of an urban transport system
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adjacent physical infrastructures.
Jointly, they confer a level of spatial arrangement to cities.
Urban form or city form defined as‘ the spatial pattern of human activities at a certain point in time’.
Factors Factors influencing city form|
geography
Period of development
Trade practiced
Impact of natural environment
Social , political and economic forces
Types of city form| The Radio centric (concentric) city •
Geographicall possibilities of sp Geographica spre read adin ing g in al alll di dire rect ctio ions ns..
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Radi Ra dio o ce cent ntri ricc - Radia Radiate te outw outward ard fr from om a co comm mmon on ce cent ntre re..
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Inne In nerr Ou Oute terr ri ring ng ro road adss li link nked ed by radi radiatin ating g road roads. s.
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Core Co re ha hass bu busi sine ness ss area.
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Industrial Indus trial area interspersed wit within hin the re resid siden entia tial. l.
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Periphery ha hass gr gree een n be belt lts. s.
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Examp Ex ample le : Wa Washi shing ngton ton DC, Pre Pre-in -indus dustri trial al Bag Baghda hdad d in Ir Iraq aq..
Advantages• A direct line of travel for centrally
directed flows, • economics of a single- centralised
terminal or origin point.
Disadvantages• Central congestion , • local flow problems , • difficult building sites
| CASE STUDY
Types of city form| The Th e Ra Radi dio o ce cent ntri ricc (c (con once cent ntri ric) c) ci city ty-Moscow, Moscow, the world biggest Megapolis Megapolis (Russian (Russian Moskva) is the capital of Russia. The city grew in a pattern of rings and radials that marked Moscow's growth from ancient time to modern layout. The center of all rings is Moscow Kremlin and famous Red Square.
Moscow, 1893
| CASE STUDY
Types of city form| The Th e Ra Radi dio o ce cent ntri ricc (c (con once cent ntri ric) c) ci city ty-•
Successive epochs of development are traced by the •
The Boulevard Ring and
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The Garden Ring,
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The Moscow Little Ring Railway, Railway,
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And the Moscow Ring Road.
M
Types of city form| The Grid iron city •
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It is composed of straight streets crossing at right angles to create many regular city blocks. This form is typical of cities built after the industrial revolution – because only then did cities place such importance on economic activity. activity. A city grid iron plan facilitates the movement of people and product throughout the city.
Advantages
Disadvantages
• High accessibility,
• Requires flow hierarchies,
• minimum disruption of flow,
• limited in its adaptability to the terrain,
• expansion flexibility,
• potentially monotonous
• excellent psychological orientation, adaptability to level or moderately rolling terrain.
| CASE STUDY-1
Types of city form| The Grid iron iron city - chan chandig digarh arh
The pr prim imar ary y mo modu dule le of of city’s design
is
a
Sector,
varies bet between een 3000-20000
a
izes of plot plotss depend depending ing upon upon sizes
neighb nei ghbour ourhoo hood d un unit it of siz sizee
and topog topogra raph phy y of the the area area.
800 m X1200 m.
The population of a sector
It is a se self lf-su sufffi fici cien entt un unit it hav avin ing g shop sh ops, s, sc scho hool ol,, he heal alth th ce cent ntre ress an and d
The shopping street of each sector
plac pl aces es of re recr crea eati tion onss .
is
linked
to
the
adjoi adjoini ning ng secto sectors rs thus thus form forming ing continuous ribbon . one one long, long, continuous
The central green of each Sec Sector tor also also stretches to the
CHANDIGARH
gree gr een n of th the e ne next xt se sect ctor or
| CASE STUDY-2
Types of city form| The Grid iron city - San Francisco San Francisco was designed to accommodate outrageous number of people that came to the city during the Gold Rush. Rush.
It was laid out in a grid pattern imposed on a city of hills built on the end of a peninsula.
Both grids and irregular forms can be seen in San Francisco.
Downto Downtown wn San Francisc Francisco o is extremely dense. The planning commission split downtown into four separate zones with different purposes.
Office District
Retail District
San Francisco
General Commercial District Support District
Types of city form|
Types of city form| The linear city
Initially proposed by Soria Soria Y Mata Mata.
Expand the city along the spine of transport
The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form Of Urban Development with Housing And Industry Growing Along The Highwa Highway y Between existing cities cities and contained by the continuous open space of the rural countryside .
Advantages • High accessibility • adaptability to linear growth • useful along the limited edge.
Disadvantages • Very sensitive to blockage requires
control of growth • lacks focus, • The choice of connection or of
direction of movement are much less.
| CASE STUDY-1
Types of city form| The linear city – Navi Mumbai The growth of Mumbai city is constrained by sea at south, east and west. As a result total land area available for development of Mumbai is limited.
As a result a large population of service class and middle class population
The cost of real estate and housing in Navi Mumbai is much less than costs in Mumbai and sub-urban areas. Many government and corporate offices have been shifted from Mumbai to Navi Mumbai . the Taloja Taloja and Thane Belapur Belapur Indu Industri strial al Belt of Navi Mumbai offer job opportunities of every conceivable kind - from engineers to mechanics to cler clerks ks to peo peons. ns.
Navi Mumbai
shifted to
Navi Mumbai.
| CASE STUDY – Copenhagen city
Types of city form|
| CASE STUDY Map of the fortress in the 17th century
Types of city form|
| CASE STUDY Tokyo with two Loop structure
Types of city form|
| CASE STUDY Ebenezer Howard’s GARDEN CITY
Types of city form| decentralized concentration
| STUDY
Types of city form| Land Use Pattern-Shapes
Linear Usually the result of natural topography which restricts growth; may also be a transportation spine. Branch A linear span span with connecting arms. Sheet A vast urban urban area with little or no articulation. articulation. Articulated sheet A sheet accented accented by one or more central clusters clusters and several subclusters. Constellation A series of nearly equal sized cities cities in close proximity proximity Satellite Constellation of cities around a main cluster
City growth| Growth
Accor Acc ordin ding g to urb urbani anist st HANS BLU BLUMENF MENFELD ELD,, ci citi ties es ca can n gr grow ow in an any y of th thrree ways ys:: Outward (expanding horizon horizontally) tally) Upward (expandin (expanding g verticall vertically) y) Towa oward rd grea greater ter densi density ty (expandin (expanding g inter interstitiall stitially) y)
As long as intra city traffic moved only by foot or hoo ooff, po poss ssiibi billities of hor oriizon onttal an and d verti ver tical cal exp expans ansion ion wer were e st stric rictl tly y li limit mited. ed. Growth Grow th wa wass ma main inly ly in intter erst stit itia ial, l, fi fill llin ing g up ev ever ery y sq squa uarre yar ard d of vac acan antt la land nd lef leftt bet betwee ween n buildings. With the adv dven entt of th the e el ele evator an and d the stee eell frame me,, th the e ve vert rtic ical al gr grow owth th of sk sky ysc scrrap aper erss began. Suburb Subu rbss sp sprrea ead d ou outt ho hori rizzon onttal ally ly along streetcar and bus lines and around su sub burban rail ra ilro road ad st stat ation ions, s, sur surro roun unded ded by wid wide-o e-open pen spa spaces ces..
Ecological urban land-use Model| Concentric zone model Developed in 1925 by Ernest w. Burgess.
Cities grow radially outward away from a single centre.
Different land uses are distributed like concentric rings around the city centre.
They are: CBD, zone in transition, low-class residential zone, middle-class residential zone, high-class residential zone.
Criticisms about concentric zone theory
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Physical Physic al features - land may restrict restrict growth of certain sectors
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Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone but located far from the city Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and entertainment It assumes an isotropic isotropic plain - an even, unchanging unchanging landscape
Ecological urban land-use Model| Concentric zone model
Ecological urban land-use Model| Sector model
Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt ,states that a city develops in sectors, not rings
All land uses except the CBD form sectors around the city centre.
The land use zones are influenced by radial transport routes.
High-rental and low-rental areas repel one another.
Criticisms about sector model
Applies well to Chicago.
Low cost housing is near industry indu stry and transportation proving Hoyt’s model
Theory based on 20th century and does not take into account cars which make commerce easier With cars, people can live anywhere and further from the city and still travel to the CBD using their car. Not only do high-class residents have cars, but also middle and lower class people may have cars.
Ecological urban land-use Model| Sector model
| CASE STUDY-1
Ecological urban land-use Model| Sectorr mode Secto modell- Gand Gandhina hinagar gar •
GANDHINAGAR is planned to function mainly as administrative center for the state. The sectors are numbered from 1 to 30 and they are formed by seven roads running in each direction and cutting each other perpendicularly.
They are planned on the neighborhood concept in two phases: Fir First Phas Phase e - The basic amenities were constructed. Second phase construct uctions of capita ital comp comple lex, x, sport sportss comp comple lex, x, town halls, research institution, cinemas, cultural centers, residential residential bungalows bungalows etc.
Ecological urban land-use Model| Multiple nuclei model
A model of urban land use in which a city grows from several independent points rather than from one central busines businesss district. Apart from the CBD, there are several separated, secondary centres. Certain functions require require specialised facilities or sites, e .g. a port district needs a suitable waterfront. Similar functions may group together for agglomeration economies.
Criticisms about the Multiple nuclei model
Negligence of height of buildings.
Non-existence of abrupt divisions between zones.
No consideration of influence of physical relief and government policy.
The concepts may not be totally applicable to oriental cities with different cultural, economic and political backgrounds.
Ecological urban land-use Model| Multiple nuclei model
Ecological urban land-use Model| Multiple nuclei model
Advantages
• Optional locations for focal activities and system terminals , • good psychological orientation • adaptability to existing conditions
Disadvantage s
• Depends on stability to key points, • potential accessibility problems • tendency to dilute focal activities
Ecological urban land-use Model| Radial to multi-nuclei or polycentric city form Delhi
References| Website and books
Cities and Urban Life – By John J. Macionis Macionis And Vincent N. Parrillo Parrillo Good City Form – Kelvin Lynch www.urbanform.org www.cityform.mit.edu www.ocw.mit.edu › Courses › Architecture
www.urbanmodel.com www.cs.toronto.edu/~mes/russia/ moscow /description.html www.sf - planning planning.org jnnurm.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/CDP_ jnnurm.nic.in/wp-cont ent/uploads/2010/12/CDP_Delhi .pdf .pdf chandigarh.gov.in/knowchd_gen_ plan.htm www.cidco.maharashtra.gov www .cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/NM_Development .in/NM_Development plan.aspx
