Contenido 1.1 CAMPO DE ESTUDIO DE LA MACROECONOMIA............................................................2 1.2 FENOMENOS MACROECONOMICOS Y SUS VARIABLES DE INTERES .............................2 1.2.1 RENTA NACIONAL.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................ ..... 3 ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ...................................... ........................... 3 1.2.2 OCUPACION Y EMPLEO.....................
1.2.3 INFLACION.................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... .................................... ......................... 3 ................................ ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................................. ................................... 3 1.2.4 TASA DE INTERES.....................
1.3 LOS MODELOS ECONOMICOS: CLASICO, NEOLIBERAL Y KEYSIANO .............................3 .............................. ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... .......................... ................ 3 CLÁSICO....................
NEOCLÁSICO ..................... ............................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ............................. ................... 3 ................................ ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ..................... ....................................... ............................ 4 KEYNESIANO.....................
1.4 TEORIA DE LOS CICLOS ECONOMICOS.................... ............................... ..................... ......................................... ............................... 4
1.1 CAMPO DE ESTUDIO DE LA MACROECONOMIA
1
La mac!"c!#!m$a, "% &#a ama '" (a "c!#!m$a )&" %" "*+"" a (a caac+'a', (a "%-&c-&a "( c!m!-am+"#-! '" &#a "c!#!m$a #ac+!#a( ! "/+!#a( "# %& c!#0&#-!. L!% Mac!"c!#!m+%-a% "%-&'+a# (!% +#'+ca'!"% a/"/a'!% c!m! "( PIB, (a% -a%a% '" '"%"m("!, $#'+c"% '" "c+!% &%ca# "#-"#'" cm! *&#c+!#a (a "c!#!m$a "# %& c!#0&#-!. L!% mac!"c!#!m+%-a% '"%a!((a# m!'"(!% )&" "(+ca# (a "(ac+# "#-" *ac-!"% c!m! "( +#/"%! #ac+!#a(, (a !'&cc+#, "( c!#%&m!, '"%"m("!, +#*(ac+#, a!!, +#5"%+#, c!m"c+! +#-"#ac+!#a( *+#a#6a% +#-"#ac+!#a("%. E# c!#-a%-", (a m+c!"c!#!m$a %" c"#-a +#c+a(m"#-" "# (a% acc+!#"% '" (!% a/"#-"% +#'+5+'&a("%, c!m! (a% "m"%a% (!% c!#%&m+'!"%, cm! %& c!m!-am+"#-! '"-"m+#a (!% "c+!% ca#-+'a'"% "# m"ca'!% "%"c$*+c!%. S+ +"# (a mac!"c!#!m$a "% &# am(+! cam! '" "%-&'+!, a '!% 7"a% '" +#5"%-+/ac+# )&" %!# "m("m7-+ca% "# (a '+%c+(+#a: "( +#-"#-! '" c!m"#'" (a% ca&%a% (a% c!#%"c&"#c+a% '" c!-! (a6! '" (a% *(&c-&ac+!#"% "# "( +#/"%! #ac+!#a( 8"( c+c(! "c!#m+c!9, "( +#-"#-! '" "#-"#'" (!% *ac-!"% '"-"m+#a#-"% '" (a/! (a6! "( c"c+m+"#-! "c!#m+c! 8a&m"#-! '" (a "#-a #ac+!#a(9. 1.2 FENOMENOS MACROECONOMICOS Y SUS VARIABLES DE INTERES A#-"% '" (a P+m"a &"a M&#'+a( 81;14<1;1=9 "( -"ma '" '"%"m("! #! !5!caa /a# +m!-a#c+a, %" c!#%+'"aa c!m! a(/! 5!(&#-a+! )&" %& '&ac+# %"$a "5", %" a-+&$a a )&" (!% -aa0a'!"% )&" a$a# "'+'! %& "m("! #! '"%"aa# (a!a "# !-! (&/a m"#!% a># c!# %a(a+!% a0!%. E%-a %+-&ac+# "a a!a'a ! (!% c(7%+c!% c!m! A'am Sm+- Da5+' R+ca'!. D&a#-" (a /&"a "*"+'a, E%-a'!% U#+'!% -!m *&"6a a( '"%a#ca a I#/(a-"a c!m! +m"a !-"#c+a. S+# "ma/!, "% a *+#a("% '" 1;2; c&a#'! E%-a'!% U#+'!% "#*"#- &#a *&"-" c+%+%, ((ama'a (a a# D""%+#, m+%ma )&" %" !(!#/ ! 1? a@!% !5!c cam+!% '" %&ma +m!-a#c+a "# (a "%-&c-&a "c!#m+ca m&#'+a(. Oca%+!# /a5"% !("ma% '" '"%"m("! ma%+5! )&" -"#$a# "c"'"#-", %" 5+#! aa0! (a !'&cc+#, %" '"%(!ma!# (!% "c+!% '" (!% 5a(!"% &%7-+("% '+! c!m! "%&(-a'! "( '"#!m+#a'! cac '" 1;2; 8ca$'a '" (a !(%a '" 5a(!"% '" N&"5a Y!, a(( S-""-9 &# '"c(+5" '"( c!m"c+! +#-"#ac+!#a(. A "%-!% *"#m"#!% '" !'"# mac!"c!#m+c! %" ("% '+! &#a "(+cac+# '" ma#"a m+c!"c!#m+ca. A#-" "%-a %+-&ac+# (!% m!'"(!% c(7%+c!% m!%-a!# %& +#caac+'a' aa !'" "#-"#'", "(+ca "%!(5" (a "+%-"#c+a !(!#/a'a '" &# c"c+"#-" #+5"( '" '"%"m("! La% 5a+a("% mac!"c!#m+ca% %!# "( c!#0&#-! '" "("m"#-!% )&" '"%c+"# (!% *"#m"#!% "c!#m+c!% (a% "(ac+!#"% )&" %" "%-a("c"# "#-" "%-!% %" &"'"# ""%a c&a#-+-a-+5am"#-". P&"'"# ac" "*""#c+a a (a !'&cc+#, a( +#/"%!, a( 2
"m("!, a( #+5"( '" "c+!%, a( c+c(! "c!#m+c! a (a% "(ac+!#"% '" &# a$% c!# "( "%-! '"( m&#'! 1.2.1 RENTA NACIONAL E% (a %&ma '"( 5a(! '" -!'!% (!% +"#"% %"5+c+!% '" '"ma#'a *+#a( !'&c+'!% ! &#a %!c+"'a' "# &# -+"m! '"-"m+#a'!, )&" /"#"a(m"#-" "% &# a@!. I#c(&" (! /"#"a'! ! (!% #ac+!#a("% *&"a '"( a$%. E# "%-" ca%! %" a-+"#'" a (a #ac+!#a(+'a' '" (!% *ac-!"% )&" !'&c"# (!% +"#"%. 1.2.2 OCUPACION Y EMPLEO A(ca#6a &# "("5a'! #+5"( '" "m("!, "% '"c+, "'&c+ (a -a%a '" '"%"m("!. E%-a >(-+ma -+"#'" a 5a+a c!# (!% c+c(!% "c!#m+c!%. E# &# "+!'! '" '""%+# "( '"%"m("! %" "("5a, c!#-a+! a (! )&" %&c"'" "# &# "+!'! '" "a#%+# "# "( )&" %" "a#+ma (a "c!#!m$a c!# "((! %" /"#"a# "m("!%. 1.2.3 INFLACION E% &# *"#m"#! "c!#m+c! )&" c!#%+%-" "# &# +#c"m"#-! /"#"a(+6a'! %!%-"#+'! "# "( #+5"( '" "c+!% '" (!% +"#"%, %"5+c+!% *ac-!"% !'&c-+5!% '" &# a$%. La "%"#c+a '" (a +#*(ac+# ""c&-" "# &# !'" '" c!ma '"c"c+"#-". 1.2.4 TASA DE INTERES E% "( "c+! '"( '+#"! )&" %" "%-a. S+ &#a %&ma '" '+#"! %" "%-a ! &# "+!'! "%"c$*+c!, "( m!#-! )&" "( "%-a-a+! a/a a( "%-am+%-a "% ma! a( )&" %" "%- a( +#+c+!. E%-! +#*(&" "# "( #+5"( '" c!#%&m!, "# "( #+5"( '" +#5"%+# "# "( #+5"( '" a!!.
1.3 LOS MODELOS ECONOMICOS: CLASICO, NEOLIBERAL Y KEYSIANO CLÁSICO C"a'! ! L!% "c!#!m+%-a%, Da5+' R+ca'!, Ma(-&%, A'am Sm+- "%-&'+a "( ")&+(++! %+m&(-7#"! "# "( m"ca'! '" -aa0!, '" +"#"% m!#"-a+!. La *&#c+# '" !'&cc+# "*("0a (a -"c#!(!/$a "( %a(a+! "% "( !'&c-+5+'a' ma/+#a( '"( -aa0!. La% "m"%a% c!#-a-a# "( "%!#a( )&" ac" m7+m! "( "#"*+c+! (a '"ma#'a '" '+#"! "% '+"c-am"#-" !!c+!#a( a (a "#-a. La !*"-a '" '+#"! ac&'" a (a -"!$a c&a#-+-a-+5a '"( '+#"! )&" "(ac+!#a !*"-a m!#"-a+a, 5"(!c+'a' '" c+c&(ac+# ca#-+'a' '" -a#%acc+!#"% c!m"c+a("%. E( a!! (a +#5"%+# 5a$a# c!# "( -+! '" +#-"%. E( #+5"( !'&c-+5! ! ca#-+'a' '" output #! a*"c-a a( -+! '" +#-"%. U# a!! ma! ac" '+%m+#&+ (!% -+!% '" +#-"%, &#a ma! +#5"%+# (!% a&m"#-a. NEOCLÁSICO E# (a 'ca'a '" 1;? (a "%c&"(a N"!c(7%+ca '"%a*+ a (!% "#"%+a#!% -+a#'! ! -+"a %& -"!$a mac!"c!#m+ca "# (a m+c!"c!#!m$a. La '+*""#c+a "% &# ma! "#*!)&" "# (a !($-+ca m!#"-a+a, c!m! (a% -a%a% '" +#-"% (a !*"-a '" '+#"!. E%-a "%c&"(a %&/+ '&a#-" (a 'ca'a '" 1;? c!# (a c$-+ca '" L&ca%. L!% "c!#!m+%-a% #"!c(7%+c!% %" a%a# "# (a% ""c-a-+5a% ac+!#a("%, (! )&" %+/#+*+ca )&" (a% "("cc+!#"% %" "a(+6a# '" *!ma -+ma -"#+"#'! "# c&"#-a "( -+"m! (a +#c"-+'&m", -!'!% (!% m"ca'!% %" "%-7#
3
(+m+a#'!. La Mac!"c!#!m$a N"!c(7%+ca %" a%a /"#"a(m"#-" "# (!% m!'"(!% '"( c+c(! "c!#m+c! "a(. KEYNESIANO La "c!#!m$a "#"%+a#a "% &#a -"!$a aca'm+ca *&"-"m"#-" +#*(&"#c+a'a ! "( "c!#!m+%-a G!# Ma#a' K"#"%. E%-" "$!'! %" c"#- "# (a '"ma#'a a/"/a'a aa "(+ca (!% #+5"("% '" '"%"m("! "( c+c(! "c!#m+c!. E% '"c+, (a% *(&c-&ac+!#"% '"( c+c(! "c!#m+c! '"" "'&c+%" a -a5% '" (a !($-+ca *+%ca( 8"( /!+"#! /a%-a m7% ! m"#!% '""#'+"#'! '" (a %+-&ac+#9 (a !($-+ca m!#"-a+a. P+#c++!% '" (a mac!"c!#!m$a "#"%+a#a Hac-+5+%-aH a!/ ! "( &%! "/&(a '" (a !($-+ca aa "%-a+(+6a (a "c!#!m$a ca+-a(+%-a, m+"#-a% )&" a(/&#!% "#"%+a#!% !&%+"!# (a a(+cac+# '" (a% !($-+ca% '" +#/"%!%.
1.4 TEORIA DE LOS CICLOS ECONOMICOS L!% c+c(!% "c!#m+c!% %!# &# -+! '" *(&c-&ac+# )&" %" "#c&"#-a# "# (a ac-+5+'a' "c!#m+ca a/"/a'a '" (a% #ac+!#"% )&" !/a#+6a# %& -aa0! +#c+a(m"#-" "# "m"%a% '" #"/!c+!%: &# c+c(! c!#%+%-" "# "a#%+!#"% )&" !c&"# a!+ma'am"#-" a( m+%m! -+"m! "# m&ca% ac-+5+'a'"% "c!#m+ca%, %"/&+'a% ! "c"%+!#"% +/&a(m"#-" /"#"a("%, c!#-acc+!#"% "c&"ac+!#"% )&" %" *&#'"# "# (a *a%" '" "a#%+# '"( c+c(! %+/&+"#-", "# (a '&ac+#, (!% c+c(!% "c!#m+c!% 5a$a# '" m7% '" &# a@! a '+"6 ! '!c" a@!%, #! %!# '+5+%+("% "# c+c(!% m7% c!-!%. E( c+c(! '" (a "c!#!m$a %&"(" %"/&+ &#a %"+" '" "-aa% )&" %" '"#!m+#a# *a%"% '"( c+c(! "c!#m+c!: • • • •
R"c&"ac+# Ea#%+# A&/" R"c"%+#
E%-! #! /aa#-+6a )&" %"a a%$ '" *!ma +#'"*+#+'a, %+#! )&" "+%-" (a !%++(+'a' '" (a '""%+#, c!m! a)&"((a *a%" '" "c"%+# a/&'a "# (a )&" #! "+%-"# a5+%!% '" )&" 5aa a !'&c+%" &#a "c&"ac+#.
4
