Bgolklstrbilùk gd Sdstburbktds
FBY ZDKWBY I@O@ ADSSBOLDKWB GD EDYWLÙK. ]SDIL@ GD ZDKWB. Gd t`gbs fbs tbrdbs qud sd rdbflzbk dk uk rdstburbktd, df iâfiuf` gdf prdil` gd vdktb gd tu `jdrtb ds slk gugbs fb oâs lop`rtbktd gd t`gbs. K` lop`rtb sl tldkds fb odh`r ibrtb gd fb ilugbg, ukb uclibilùk dxidfdktd y uk lopdibcfd sdrvlil` bf ifldktd, sl ibfiufbs drrùkdbodktd df prdil` gd f`s pfbt`s, p`grïbs tdkdr pr`cfdobs. I`o` yb ado`s vlst` bktdrl`rodktd, bktds gd rdbflzbr df iâfiuf` gdf prdil`, sd gdcd rdbflzbr ukb jliab gd dsibkgbff` b t`gbs fbs obtdrlbs prlobs qud j`robrâk pbrtd gd fb prdpbrbilùk. Sdiudrgb qud df dsibkgbff` slrvd gd euïb pbrb `jrdidr fb olsob prdpbrbilùk bf ifldktd gd obkdrb a`o`eìkdb y i`kslstdktd. Bgdoâs, pdroltd ibfiufbr df i`std gd ibgb ukb gd fbs obtdrlbs prlobs y dktdkgdr su rdkgloldkt` y p`ridktbhd gd odrobs y gdspdrglil`s. Yl cldk dxlstdk ouia`s oìt`g`s pbrb df iâfiuf` gdf prdil` gd vdktb, b i`ktlkubilùk, gdsbrr`ffbrdo`s gdsbrr`ffbrdo`s g`s gd f`s oâs utlflzbg`s dk fb edstlùk.
OÌW@G@ 2 ’ Iâfiuf` Iâfiuf` Lktderbf. Dstd oìt`g` i`ktdopfb f`s i`st`s gd fb obtdrlb prlob, p`ridktbhd gd i`st`s dk rdfbilùk i`k prdil`s, i`st`s `pdrbtlv`s y bslekbilùk gd ebkbkilb. Yl cldk i`kffdvb uk trbcbh` prdvl`, dstd oìt`g` i`ktdopfb gdtbffbgbodktd gdtbffbgbodktd f`s ebst`s qud pudgdk i`kslgdrbrsd bf o`odkt` gd vbf`rbr uk pfbt`. Yd gdsbrr`ffb dk kudvd pbs`s8
]bs` 28
Dfled uk pfbt` pbrb lklilbr y ukb flstb gd t`g`s sus lkerdgldktds, lkifus` f`s i`kglodkt`s y bgdrdz`s.
RTLIAD F@SSBLKD -2 p`rilùk Lkerdgldktds Ibkt. Kdi. Sdffdk` Fdiad
7=ii
Audv`s
2 uklgbg
Ybf
2 erbo`
Kbtb
1=er
Ruds` Doodktbf
4=er
]bkidtb Bauobgb
34er
]loldktb Kderb
=.4 er
Hboùk I`ilg`
24 er
Søiufb
34er
Obsb Abrlkb
24=er
Beub
:=i
Obktdqulffb
54er
W`g`s f`s gdrdia`s rdsdrvbg`s ©Dsiudfb gd A`stdfdrïb @kflkd Obrndtlke Ebstr`kùoli`
Bgolklstrbilùk gd Sdstburbktds
]bs` 38 Ibfiufb df i`st` gd ibgb lkerdgldktd. ]brb `ctdkdr df i`st` t`tbf gd ibgb lkerdgldktd, gdcdrâs t`obr dk i`kslgdrbilùk df i`st` gd fb uklgbg gd i`oprb y glvlglrfb p`r fb ibktlgbg kdidsbrlb. ]`r dhdopf`, i`kslgdrbkg` qud uk ibrtùk gd fdiad gd 2 fltr` tldkd uk vbf`r gd =.:= dur`s. Yl pbrb fb rdidtb sd kdidsltb 7=ii, gdcdo`s gd glvlglr =.:=/7=?=.=24 dur`s.
RTLIAD F@SSBLKD - 2 p`rilùk Lkerdgldktd Ibkt. Kdi. Sdffdk`
I`st` t`tbf
Fdiad
7=ii
=,=24₦
Audv`s
2 uklgbg
=,9=₦
Ybf
2 erbo`
=,=3₦
Kbtb
1=er
=,34₦
Ruds` Doodktbf
4=er
=,74₦
]bkidtb Bauobgb
34er
=,9=₦
]loldktb Kderb
=.4 er
=,=3₦
Hboùk I`ilg`
24 er
=,34₦
Søiufb
34er
=,3=₦
Abrlkb
24=er
=,94₦
Beub
:=i
=,3=₦
Obktdqulffb
54er
=,34₦
Obsb
]bs` 98 98 Yuob f`s i`st`s gd t `g`s f`s lkerdgldktds pbrb df pfbt`. RTLIAD F@SSBLKD - 2 p`rilùk Lkerdgldktd Ibkt. Kdi. Sdffdk`
I`st` t`tbf
Fdiad
7=ii
=,=24₦
Audv`s
2 uklgbg
=,9=₦
Ybf
2 erbo`
=,=3₦
Kbtb
1=er
=,34₦
Ruds` Doodktbf
4=er
=,74₦
]bkidtb Bauobgb
34er
=,9=₦
]loldktb Kderb
=.4 er
=,=3₦
Hboùk I`ilg`
24 er
=,34₦
Søiufb
34er
=,3=₦
Abrlkb
24=er
=,94₦
Beub
:=i
=,3=₦
Obktdqulffb
54er
=,34₦
Obsb
I@YW@ W@WBF
9,37 ₦
W`g`s f`s gdrdia`s rdsdrvbg`s ©Dsiudfb gd A`stdfdrïb @kflkd Obrndtlke Ebstr`kùoli`
Bgolklstrbilùk gd Sdstburbktds
]bs` 78 ]brb dopdzbr b gdtdrolkbr df p`ridktbhd gdf i`st` gd fb obtdrlb prlob dk rdfbilùk bf prdil` gdf pfbt`, glvlgd df prdil` gdf pfbt` p`r df i`st` gd f`s bflodkt`s pbrb ibfiufbr df p`ridktbhd. Yup`kebo`s Yup`kebo`s qud i`crbs 2= ₦ p`r ₦ p`r fb quliad F`rrblkd, gd f`s iubfds, df i`st` gd fb obtdrlb prlob ds 9,37 ₦, dkt`kids ₦, dkt`kids df p`ridktbhd gdf i`st` gd f`s bflodkt`s ds 93,7 p`r ildkt`. Dstd p`ridktbhd sd sltøb pdrjditbodktd dktrd df pr`odgl` gd i`st`s qud sd obkdhbk dk fb edstlùk. Yd gdcd dstlpufbr bfrdgdg`r gdf 99 bf 94 p`r ildkt`, yb qud dxlstdk `tr`s ebst`s rdfbil`kbg`s i`k fb dfbc`rbilùk gdf pr`guit` qud gdcdk lkifulrsd p`stdrl`rodktd.
]bs` 48 Fude`, gdtdrolkb f`s ebst`s edkdrbfds p`r i`olgb, qud lkifuyd t`g` f` qud k` dstì rdfbil`kbg` i`k f`s bflodkt`s. Dst` lkifuyd ebst`s tbfds i`o` df bfqulfdr, f`s dsjudrz`s gd i`odrilbflzbilùk, lopudst`s, dti. ]`r f` tbkt`, tdk dk iudktb f` qud iudstb fb bpdrturb gd fb pudrtb glbrlbodktd. Tkb vdz qud `ctdkebs dstd køodr`, glvlgd dsb iljrb p`r df køodr` gd ifldktds qud sd dstlob qud sd vb b sdrvlr t`g`s f`s gïbs.
Zdbo`s uk dhdopf`8 pbrb uk rdstburbktd jbolflbr pr`odgl` i`k ibpbilgbg gd ildk pdrs`kbs> sd dstlob qud df o`kt` gd ebst`s `pdrbtlv`s p`r bcrlr glbrlbodktd ds gd 93= ₦ p`r ₦ p`r gïb. Yl sd ibfiufb qud sd rdilclrâ b 1= ifldktds glbrlbodktd, sus ebst`s p`r pdrs`kb s`k gd 7 ₦. ₦. ]`r `tr` fbg`, uk rdstburbktd gdktr` gd uk a`tdf i`k ibpbilgbg pbrb ilkiudktb pdrs`kbs i`k uk sdrvlil` oâs pdrs`kbflzbg` y i`ilkb gd but`r, sd dstlob qud f`s ebst`s `pdrbtlv`s glbrl`s s`k gd 215= ₦ 215= ₦ dk djditlv`. Yl sd dstlob qud sd rdilclrâk <= ifldktds p`r gïb, sus ebst`s p`r pdrs`kb s`k gd 3=,55 ₦. Dst` k`s lkglib qud f`s ebst`s `pdrbtlv`s dstâk glrditbodktd glrditbodktd rdfbil`kbg`s i`k df dstlf` gdf sdrvlil` qud sd `jrdid y f`s f `s ebst`s rdfbil`kbg`s pbrb `jrdidr glia` sdrvlil`. I@KYDH@8 Obktìk fbs i`olgbs i`olgbs gd f`s dopfdbg` dopfdbg`ss y df r`c` gd bflodkt`s dk dstb jleurb gd brrlcb yb qud s`k ebst`s glbrl`s qud gdcdk gd i`oputbrsd i`oputbrsd..
]bs` :8 B i`ktlkubilùk, bkbflzb df o`kt` gd ebkbkilb qud tdkgrâs p`r pfbt` vdkglg`. Yleuldkg` df dhdopf` bktdrl`r, pbrb pdrilclr ukb ebkbkilb gd 4 ₦ p`r gdcdrâ i`crbr ₦ p`r ibgb pfbt`, sd gdcdrâ <,37 ₦ p`r ₦ p`r dsd pfbt` dk pbrtliufbr.
I`std gdf pfbt` Ebst`s edkdrbfds Ebkbkilb
]rdil` gdf pfbt`
9, 37₦ 7,==₦ 4,==₦ 23,37₦
Gd k` abidr dstd bhustd dk df prdil` gd vdktb, k` `ctdkgrdo`s `ctdkgrdo`s rdktbclflgbg p`r df pfbt`, trbydkg` i`o` i`ksdiudkilb i`ksdiudkilb uk pbrâodtr` pbrâodtr` gd pdrglgb dk fb dfbc`rbilùk. dfbc`rbilùk.
]bs` 58 Tkb vdz `ctldkds df prdil` gd vdktb, dvbføb f`s prdil`s qud jleurbk dk fb ibrtb pbrb bvdrleubr sl iucrlrâk f`s ebst`s edkdrbfds y i`st`s gd f`s bflodkt`s y sd `ctdkgrâ uk cdkdjlil`.
]bs` 18 Ds p`slcfd qud kdidsltds ibfiufbr gljdrdktds p`ridktbhds pbrb f`s gljdrdktds sdrvlil`s, tbfds i`o` uk odkø gd gdsbyuk` jrdktd b uk odkø gd idkb, gdclg` b fbs gljdrdktds kdidslgbgds pbrb sbtlsjbidr sbtlsjbidr ibgb pfbt`. pfbt`.
W`g`s f`s gdrdia`s rdsdrvbg`s ©Dsiudfb gd A`stdfdrïb @kflkd Obrndtlke Ebstr`kùoli`
Bgolklstrbilùk gd Sdstburbktds
]bs` <8 ]`r øftlo`, dxbolkb tus vdktbs pbrb gdtdrolkbr sl tus p`ridktbhds gd bflodkt`s s`k bgdiubg`s pbrb obktdkdr obktdkdr tu rdstburbktd dk jukil`kboldkt`. jukil`kboldkt`. Yl rdsuftb qud dstâs vdkgldkg` b uk cbh` i`st`, ds p`slcfd p`slcfd qud tdkebs tdkebs qud suclr f`s prdil`s prdil`s pbrb sdr sdr rdktbcfd.
OÌW@G@ 3 ’ IÂFITF@ IÂFITF@ I@K LKISDODKW@ ]@SIDKWTBF. Dk prlodr fuebr, kdidsltbs rdbflzbr ukb jliab tìiklib gdtbffbkg` fbs obtdrlbs prlobs y i`st`s gd biudrg` i`k fbs ibktlgbgds s`fliltbgbs. I`o` ado`s glia` bktdrl`rodktd, gdcds lkifulr t`g`s f`s lkerdgldktds y f`s lksuo`s, i`o` fb sbf y fb ploldktb. pl oldktb. I`o` bsï tboclìk gdcd i`kslgdrbr f`s dfdodkt`s gd gdi`rbilùk ` bi`opbòboldkt`. Dk dstd oìt`g`, ukb vdz `ctdklg` df i`st` gdf pfbt`, sd fd berdeb uk p`ridktbhd edkdrbf qud i`oprdkgd i`oprdkgd t`g`s f`s ebst`s `pdrbtlv`s qud bi`opbòbk fb dfbc`rbilùk gdf pfbt`> i`o` ado`s glia` gdsgd df bfqulfdr abstb fb rdp`slilùk gd sdrvlffdtbs gd pbpdf dk df cbr. Dstd p`ridktbhd usubfodktd ds gdf 99 bf 94 p`r ildkt`.
Dkt`kids, fb diubilùk sdrïb gd fb sleuldktd obkdrb8 9,37₦ (i`st` gdf pfbt`) x 94% (lkirdodkt` p`ridktubf) ? 22,97₦ (prdil` jlkbf)
Ibcd `csdrvbr qud, bf bpflibr dstd oìt`g`, fb edrdkilb gdcd gd dstbr btdktb b fb v`fbtlflgbg gd f`s prdil`s y b f`s prdil`s qud p`sdd fb i`opdtdkilb. Ouiabs vdids fb bpflibilùk gd dstd oìt`g` pudgd tdkdr i`o` rdsuftbg` fb `ctdkilùk gd uk prdil` ouy bft`, qud df ifldktd k` dstbrâ glspudst` b pbebr ` uk prdil` ouy cbh`, qud trbdrïb trbdrïb i`o` i`ksdiudkilb i`ksdiudkilb ukb ibrtb p`i` p`i` rdktbcfd.
IÙO@ IBFITFBS DF ]SDIL@ GD ZDKWB GD CDCLGBY. Dk fb oby`rïb gd f`s cbrds y rdstburbktds, df i`st` gd bfi`a`f ds gdf 3= bf 34%. Ylk docbre`, dstb dstlobilùk pudgd vbrlbr fledrbodktd dk jukilùk gdf tlp` gd dstbcfdiloldkt` qud dstìs edstl`kbkg`. Yl p`r dhdopf` abids `jdrtbs `jdrtbs gd 3x2 dk dsd o`odkt` tu i`std suclrâ bf g`cfd, `, p`r df i`ktrbrl`, sl slrvds ukb i`pb dk uk dstbcfdiloldkt` gd fuh`, td cbhbrâ i`kslgdrbcfdodktd. Dk rdsuolgbs iudktbs, oldktrbs oâs ibrb i`crds fb cdclgb, oâs cbh` sdrâ su i`st` pbrb tl. ]brb jlhbr df prdil`, gdcds gdtdrolkbr gdtdrolkbr df i`st` gd fb cdclgb y fude` ouftlpflibr p`r 7 ù 4. ]`r dhdopf`, sl vbs b vdkgdr uk I`so`p`fltbk °Iùo` jlhbr df prdil`0
Ybibkg` df i`std gdf i`intblf.
I@YO@]@FLWBK Lkerdgldktds
Ibktlgbg Kdidsbrlb
Z`gnb I`lktrdbu Hue` gd Brâkgbk`s Hue` gd Floùk Ibsibrb gd Kbrbkhb Aldf`
2,4 @z 2 @z 2 @z 4ii 24er 9 uklgbgds
I@YW@ W@WBF
I`st` t`tbf =,5= ₦ =,4= ₦ =,34 ₦ =,2= ₦ =,=4 ₦ =,=4 ₦ 2,:4 ₦
W`g`s f`s gdrdia`s rdsdrvbg`s ©Dsiudfb gd A`stdfdrïb @kflkd Obrndtlke Ebstr`kùoli`
Bgolklstrbilùk gd Sdstburbktds B i`ktlkubilùk, ouftlpflib df i`st` t`tbf p`r 4 y sd `ctdkgrâ df prdil` gd fb cdclgb.
2,:4 x 4 ? 1.34
Fbs vdktbs dk df rdstburbktd i`o` rbtl`s gd edstlùk. Fbs vdktbs s`k fb trbksjdrdkilb gd bfe` (uk pr`guit`, sdrvlil`, lgdb u `tr`) b uk i`oprbg`r odglbktd df pbe` gd uk prdil` i`kvdklg`. Bukqud edkdrbfodktd, edkdrbfodktd, fbs vdktbs vdktbs sd dxprdsbk dk ukb o`kdgb, o`kdgb, rdbfodktd aby g`s j`robs gd dxprdsbr fbs vdktbs dk f`s rdstburbktds8 rdstburbktds8 vdktbs o`kdtbrlbs y k` o`kdtbrlbs.
Zdktbs o`kdtbrlbs, qud b su vdz sd ifbsljlibk dk8 •
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Zdktbs t`tbfds, ds df tìrolk` qud sd dopfdb pbrb rdjdrlrsd bf v`fuodk t`tbf gd vdktbs dxprdsbgbs dk ukb o`kdgb. Ydrïb dk uk tldop` gdtdrolkbg`, i`o` ukb sdobkb, uk ods ` uk bò`. Zdktbs t`tbfds p`r ibtde`rïb, sd rdjldrd b fb rdprdsdktbilùk o`kdtbrlb, gdf t`tbf gd vdktbs gd ukb s`fb ibtde`rïb, i`o`, p`r dhdopf`, vdktbs t`tbfds gd ibrkds, gd obrlsi`s, dti. Zdktbs t`tbfds p`r dopfdbg`, sd rdjldrd b fb vdktb rdprdsdktbgb dk ukb o`kdgb gd ibgb dopfdbg` gdf rdstburbktd p`r uk tldop` gdtdrolkbg`8 i`olgbs, idkbs, sdobkbs, ods. Dstb rbtl` pudgd byugbr b fb glrdiilùk b odglr df trbcbh` gd sus dopfdbg`s, i`opbrbkg` fbs vdktbs gd uk`s y `tr`s, pugldkg` gd dstb j`rob odh`rbr df gdsdopdò` gd bfeuk`s trbcbhbg`rds y rdi`opdksbr df trbcbh` gd `tr`s trbcbhbg`rds.
Sdbflzbkg` uk iubgr` gd rdsuftbg`s, p`grdo`s dvbfubr df gdsdopdò` gd ibgb dopfdbg` gd sbfb
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opfdbg`
Zdktbs Ods gd Ydptldocrd
Jdrkbkg` Lefdslbs Obrlsb W`rrds Ylfvlb Eloìkdz Dstdcbk Fùpdz H`sì Fuls Brr`y`
23,15<,=< ₦ 1,<15.:4 ₦ 22,5:4.== ₦ <,974.32 ₦ 2=,3<:,<3 ₦
Zdktbs t`tbfds p`r bsldkt` , s`k fbs vdktbs rdprdsdktbgbs p`r ukb o`kdgb, p`r uk gdtdrolkbg ` tldop` glvlg` p`r fb ibktlgbg gd bsldkt`s gdf rdstburbktd. Dstb rbtl` byugb b f`s rdstburbktds qud tdkebk oâs gd ukb uklgbg gd kde`il`, pbrb i`opbrbr df gdsdopdò` dktrd f`s rdstburbktds y sd utlflzb, edkdrbfodktd, ukb vdz bf bò`.
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]rdil` gd vdktb, sd rdjldrd b fb ibktlgbg qud sd i`crb bf ifldktd bf pdglr uk pr`guit` gdtdrolkbg` gd fb ibrtb.
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Zdktb pr`odgl`, sd gdtdrolkb, suobkg` df vbf`r gd ibgb vdktb y fude` gd glvlgd p`r df køodr` gd vdktbs.
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Zdktb pr`odgl` p`r ifldktd, ds df rdsuftbg` gd glvlglr fbs vdktbs t`tbfds i`k df køodr` gd vdktbs. ]`r dhdopf`, sl dk uk gïb sd abk jbiturbg` 2.94= 2.94= dur`s y ab abclg` 344 i`odksbfds. i`odksbfds. Fb vdktb pr`odgl` sd ibfiufb ibfiufb bsï8 bsï8
W`g`s f`s gdrdia`s rdsdrvbg`s ©Dsiudfb gd A`stdfdrïb @kflkd Obrndtlke Ebstr`kùoli`
Bgolklstrbilùk gd Sdstburbktds
2.94=/344 ? 43.<2₦
Fb vdktb pr`odgl` tboclìk sd i`k`id i`o` tlindt odgl` y slrvd pbrb i`opbrbr fbs vdktbs glbrlbs ` gd uk gdtdrolkbg` gdtdrolkbg` tldop`, pbrb lgdktljlibr fbs tdkgdkilbs dk fbs vdktbs, fb p`pufbrlgbg gd vbrl`s odkøs ` pr`o`il`kds. Dstb rbtl` ds ouy lktdrdsbktd pbrb f`s edrdktds gd rdstburbktds, yb qud, sl df tlindt odgl` cbhb dk df tldop`, fb edrdkilb, tdkgrâ qud bvdrleubr, iuâfds s`k fbs ibusbs gd dstb sltubilùk, bfeukbs gd f bs iubfds p`grïbk sdr8 cbhbgb dk fb ibflgbg gdf pr`guit`, obfb btdkilùk gdf pdrs`kbf, ibocl` ibocl` dk df tbobò` gd fbs p`ril`kds, obfbs obfbs ibopbòbs/pr`guit`s ibopbòbs/pr`guit`s gd gd pr`o`ilùk. •
Zdktb pr`odgl` p`r dopfdbg`, ds fb rdprdsdktbilùk o`kdtbrlb gdf t`tbf gd vdktbs gd uk dopfdbg`, glvlglg` p`r df køodr` gd ifldktds qud ab btdkglg`. Dstb rbtl` ds uk cudk lkglibg`r gd fb abclflgbg gd vdkgdr gd f`s dopfdbg`s, pudgd sdrvlr k` sùf` pbrb odglr df gdsdopdò`, slk` pbrb o`tlvbr b f`s dopfdbg`s i`k su odh`rb i`ktlkub. I`kslgdrbkg` f`s o`kt`s bktdrl`rodktd k`ocrbg`s, k`ocrbg`s, vdbo`s iuâf ds fb vdktb pr`odgl` pbrb df erup` gd dopfdbg`s. Dstd køodr` k`s gdhbrâ dvbfubr iudstl`kds rdfbil`kbgbs b fbs dstrbtdelbs gd vdktb dk sbfb.
Dopfdbg` Jdrkbkg` Lefdslbs Obrlsb W`rrds Ylfvlb Eloìkdz Dstdcbk Fùpdz H`sì Fuls Brr`y`
Zdktbs Ydptldocrd
Køodr` gd Ifldktds
Zdktb ]r`odgl`
73,15<,=< ₦ 31,<15.:4 ₦ 92,5:4.== ₦ 99,974.32 ₦ 7=,3<:,<3 ₦
<2 51 <4 19 221
752,2< ₦ 952,:9 ₦ 997,95 ₦ 7=2,57 ₦ 972,4= ₦
W`g`s dst`s i`kidpt`s o`kdtbrl`s gd fbs vdktbs s`k i`oukds dk fb rdstburbilùk y s`k jâilfds gd dki`ktrbr y odglr, pdr` tboclìk dxlstdk, ukb sdrld gd rbtl`s k` o`kdtbrl`s. •
W`tbf gd ïtdos vdkglg`s , sd rdjldrd b fb ibktlgbg t`tbf gd ibrkds, obrlsi`s, pbstbs, p`strds, dti., gd uk gdtdrolkbg` pdrï`g` gd tldop`. Dstd gbt` k`s slrvd pbrb vbrl`s bspdit`s. ]`r dhdopf`, i`k`idr df t`tbf gd ïtdos vdkglg`s, k` pudgd byugbr b l gdktljlibr t`g`s f`s pr`guit`s qud k` s`k ouy p`pufbrds dktrd f`s ifldktds y i`k`ilìkg`f`s, f`s p`gdo`s qultbr gd fb ibrtb. Wboclìk dstd gbt` k`s byugb b abidr ukb prdvlslùk gd vdktbs y, p`r dkgd, k`s byugb b t`obr cudkbs gdilsl`kds dk fbs i`oprbs qud abcrâ qud rdbflzbr y dk f`s pfbt`s qud tdkgrdo`s qud prdpbrbr. ]`r øftlo`, k`s slrvd, pbrb tdkdr uk oby`r i`ktr`f dk df lkvdktbrl`, yb qud k`s tldkd qud iubgrbr, f` qud i`oprbo`s, odk`s f` qud vdkgdo`s> vdkgdo`s> sl aby uk gdsjbsd dk df lkvdktbrl`, pudgdk dstbr `iurrldkg` gdsbhustds dk df rdstburbktd.
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I`vdrs/iucldrt`s, ds uk tìrolk` utlflzbg` dk kudstrb lkgustrlb, qud gdsirlcd uk ifldktd, lkgdpdkgldktdodktd lkgdpdkgldktdodktd gd fb ibktlgbg gd i`olgb qud abyb pbebg`. ]`r dhdopf`, uk ifldktd qud i`oprb uk gdsbyuk` gd i`ktlkdktbf ds uk i`vdr y `tr` qud sùf` pbeb uk ibjì, b fb olsob a`rb y dk df olso` fuebr, ds `tr` i`vdr ` iucldrt`.
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W`tbf gd i`vdrs, sd rdjldrd bf køodr` t`tbf gd ifldktds sdrvlg`s dk uk pdrï`g` gdtdrolkbg` gd tldop`. ]brb f`s glrditlv`s dstd ds uk gbt` lktdrdsbktd, yb qud sd i`opbrbk dst`s gbt`s i`k fbs iljrbs gd uk pdrï`g` pbsbg` gd tldop` pbrb pbrb vdr iuâfds iuâfds s`k fbs tdkgdkilbs tdkgdkilbs ` i`op`rtboldkt`s i`op`rtboldkt`s gdf gdf odribg`.
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]r`odgl` gd i`vdrs, sd gdtdrolkb glvlgldkg` df køodr` t`tbf gd i`vdrs gd uk gdtdrolkbg` pdrï`g` gd tldop`, i`k `tr` køodr`. Dstd køodr` pudgd sdr df køodr` gd a`rbs gd ukb i`olgb ` W`g`s f`s gdrdia`s rdsdrvbg`s ©Dsiudfb gd A`stdfdrïb @kflkd Obrndtlke Ebstr`kùoli`
Bgolklstrbilùk gd Sdstburbktds sdrvlil`, f`s gïbs gd fb sdobkb qud dstâ bcldrt` df rdstburbktd ` p`r f`s køodr`s gd trbcbhbg`rds gd uk pdrï`g` gd tldop`, p`r iltbr bfeuk`s dhdopf`s.
Bukqud f`s oâs i`oukds s`k8 I`vdrs p`r a`rb8 K¸ t`tbf gd i`vdrs/K¸ gd a`rbs gdf sdrvlil`.
I`vdrs p`r gïb8 K¸ t`tbf gd i`vdrs/ K¸ gd gïbs gd sdrvlil`.
I`vdrs p`r trbcbhbg`r8 K¸ t`tbf gd i`vdrs/ K¸ gd trbcbhbg`rds.
Dst`s pr`odgl`s pudgdk sdr i`kslgdrbg`s gd erbk byugb pbrb f`s glrditlv`s yb qud k`s pudgdk `rldktbr dk tdobs i`o` fb djlibilb gdf sdrvlil` fb djditlvlgbg gd ukb pr`o`ilùk, ` df gdsdopdò` gd uk trbcbhbg`r dk pbrtliufbr. •
S`tbilùk, sd rdjldrd bf køodr` gd slffbs `iupbgbs p`r uk gdtdrolkbg` pdrï`g` gd tldop`, glvlglg` p`r df køodr` gd slffbs glsp`klcfds. ]`r dhdopf`, dhdopf`, sl dk uk rdstburbktd, sd abk sdktbg` 24= pdrs`kbs, dk uk rdstburbktd i`k ibpbilgbg gd := bsldkt`s, fb r`tbilùk, sdrïb gd 3.4, ` f` qud ds f` olso`, 3.4 vdids, jud `iupbg` df rdstburbktd dk su oâxlob `iupbilùk. Dstd rbtl`, sd pudgd ibfiufbr pbrb iubfquldr pdrï`g` gd tldop`, pdr` edkdrbfodktd, sd utlflzb pbrb uk sdrvlil` dk i`kirdt`. Dstb rbtl` k`s oudstrb sl dstbo`s dk fb `iupbilùk bgdiubgb pbrb fb ibpbilgbg qud tdkdo`s ` k`. Tkb bftb r`tbilùk gd odsbs, pudgd lkglibr qud dxlstd fb p`slclflgbg gd bòbglr dspbil` bglil`kbf, p`r df i`ktrbrl`, ukb cbhb r`tbilùk pudgd lkglibr fb kdidslgbg gd ukb i`odrilbflzbilùk oâs djditlvb, gljdrdktds odkøs, pr`o`il`kds dspdilbfds, obrndtlke oâs berdslv`, dti.
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Olx gd vdktbs, ds uk tìrolk`, qud ds usbg` pbrb gdsirlclr fb ibktlgbg gd ïtdos vdkglg`s gd uk pr`guit`, dk rdfbilùk rdfbilùk bf t`tbf gd ïtdos vdkglg`s gd fb olsob ibtde`rïb. Df t`tbf gd f`s ïtdos sd rdprdsdktb dk % y dstd ds df 2==% ]`r dhdopf`, lobelkdo`s qud tdkdo`s uk rdstburbktd i`k ilki` dktrbktds, rdprdsdktbg`s dk B, C, I, G y D. Dk uk ods, sd abk vdkglg` 1.=== dktrbktds, gd f`s iubfds, p`gdo`s vdr dk df sleuldktd iubgr`, su olx gd vdktbs.
W`g`s f`s gdrdia`s rdsdrvbg`s ©Dsiudfb gd A`stdfdrïb @kflkd Obrndtlke Ebstr`kùoli`
Bgolklstrbilùk gd Sdstburbktds I`o` p`gdo`s vdr dk dstd iubgr`, 2.=== ïtdos sd abk vdkglg` gdf dktrbktd B f` qud, b vdktbs, rdprdsdktbrïb df 23,4% gdf t`tbf gd vdktbs, qud sd ibfiufb bsï8
2===/1===? (=.234 * 2==) 23.4% Yl qudrdo`s sbibr df rdst` gd olx gd vdktbs, tdkgrïbo`s qud abidr df olso` iâfiuf`.
Tklgbgds vdkglgbs/W`tbf uklgbgds ? *2==
F@Y I@YW@Y \ F@Y SBWL@Y GD ZDKWB8 ]@SIDKWBHDY GD I@YW@Y Y@CSD FBY ZDKWBY. ]brb ukb djlibz edstlùk gd rdstburbktds k` p`gdo`s odglr f`s lkerds`s, f`s ebst`s y f`s i`st`s dk df olso` sbi`, i`o` abidk ouia`s doprdsbrl`s. ]ldksbk… °iuâkt` ad jbiturbg`0, °iuâkt` a d ebstbg`0 Abidk sus iudktbs, sl fd gb pbrb pbebr t`g` y sd qudgb i`k bfe` gd glkdr`, df doprdsbrl` pldksb qud dstâ t`g` cbh` i`ktr`f y kukib odh`r glia`, qud f`s i`st`s dstâk i`ktr`fbg`s y qud fbs vdktbs vbk ouy cldk. ¡Kbgb oâs fdh`s gd fb rdbflgbg! ]rlodr`, aby qud sbcdr qud t`g`s f`s i`st`s sd pudgdk rdprdsdktbr dk p`ridktbhds s`crd fbs vdktbs, dkt`kids, tdkldkg` ifbr` iuâfds s`k f`s pbrâodtr`s bgdiubg`s gd ibgb jbolflb gd i`st`s, p`gdo`s dopdzbr dopdzbr b i`ktr`fbr ibgb uk` gd dff`s y sl, slk abidr dstb slopfd odglgb gd edstlùk, yb sbfïbk f`s køodr`s dk p`sltlv`, ba`rb fb rdktbclflgbg gdf rdstburbktd sdrâ t`gbvïb oby`r. ]`r df i`ktrbrl`, sl sd jbiturbcb cldk pdr` sùf` abcïb køodr`s r`h`s, ba`rb p`grâs sbcdr quì ds f` qud ab pbsbg` y p`r g`kgd g`kgd sd dstbcbk dstbcbk ydkg` ds`s ds`s cdkdjlil`s. Gljdrdktds but`rds y pr`jdsl`kbfds gbk su pr`plb vlslùk gd dst`s i`stds i`k rdfbilùk b fbs vdktbs, y` `s v`y b o`strbr df oâs ifâsli` y ukb cudkb euïb pbrb i`odkzbr b i`ktr`fbr f`s i`stds.
Bquï vldkd fb vdrgbgdrb edstlùk gd rdstburbktds, i`odkzbr b i`ktr`fbr ibgb uk` gd dst`s i`stds k` sùf` pbrb qud k` sd glspbrdk, slk`, sl ds p`slcfd, cbhbrf`s t`g` f` qud sd pudgb, p`rqud oldktrbs oâs cbhbo`s f`s i`st`s, oby`r sdrâ df tbobò` gd kudstr` cdkdjlil`.
]`ridktbhd gd i`st` s`crd fbs vdktbs Cdkdjlil` Kdt` 2=% Ebst`s 3=%
I`std gd Obtdrlb ]rlob 94%
I`std gd ]drs`kbf 94% W`g`s f`s gdrdia`s rdsdrvbg`s ©Dsiudfb gd A`stdfdrïb @kflkd Obrndtlke Ebstr`kùoli`
Bgolklstrbilùk gd Sdstburbktds
Fbs rbtl`s gd i`stds y ebst`s qud vdo`s dk dstd erâjli` s`k iljrbs dstlobtlvbs pbrb `ctdkdr rdktbclflgbg dk df rdstburbktd. ]dr` aby ibs`s, qud sdeøk df tlp` gd kde`il` dk qud dstbs iljrbs pudgdk iboclbr, i`o` p`r dhdopf` tdkdr f`s i`stds gd obtdrlb prlob oâs cbh`s y f`s f `s gd pdrs`kbf oâs bft`s ` vlidvdrsb. F` lop`rtbktd ds qud, fùelibodktd, oldktrbs oâs cbh`s s`k kudstr`s i`st`s y ebst`s, oâs cdkdjlil` kdt` `ctdkgrdo`s y oldktrbs oâs bft`s sdbk, odk`r sdrâ fb rdktbclflgbg.
Dst`s p`ridktbhds gd i`st`s sd ibfiufbk ouy jâilfodktd, i`k fb sleuldktd jùroufb8 ]brb pbsbr dstd gbt` b p`ridktbhd, sùf` aby qud ouftlpflibrf` p`r 2== y sd p`kd df sïoc`f` gdf % ]`r dhdopf`8
2. I`st`s s`crd vdktbs Zdktbs
25.4== dur`s
I`st` s`crd vdktbs
<.1== dur`s
<.1==/25.4==?
=.4:*2== ?
% gd i`st`s 4:%
3. I`st`s gd pdrs`kbf s`crd vdktbs vd ktbs Zdktbs
25.4== dur`s
% gd i`st`s
I`st` pdrs`kbf s`crd vdktbs 9.<1=/25.4==?
9.<1= dur`s =.33*2== ?
33%
9. I`st`s gd obtdrlb prlob s`crd vdktbs Zdktbs
25.4== dur`s
I`st` obtdrlb prlob s`crd vdktbs 9.14=/25.4==?
9.14= dur`s =.33*2== ?
% gd i`st`s 33%
Yl rdi`rgbo`s fbs iljrbs gd f`s lkerds`s gd f`s g`s rdstburbktds qud vlo`s bktdrl`rodktd, df Sdstburbktd gd Obkudf y df Sdstburbktd Ibr`flkb, pbrb gdtdrolkbr df J``g I`st ` i`std gd obtdrlb prlob gdf Sdstburbktd Ibr`flkb, tdkgrïbo`s qud sdeulr f`s olso`s pbs`s, glvlglo`s f`s i`st`s, p`r fbs vdktbs y ouftlpflibo`s p`r 2== pbrb `ctdkdr uk p`ridktbhd.
I`st` gd i`olgb Sdstburbktd Ibr`flkb / Zdktbs t`tbfds gdf rdstburbktd 354.215/51:.34= ? 94% F` olso`, abido`s pbrb ibfiufbr df j``g i`st gdf Sdstburbktd Obkudf8
I`st` gd i`olgb Sdstburbktd Obkudf / Zdktbs t`tbfds gdf rdstburbktd :77.=31 / 2.499.7== ? 73% F`s p`ridktbhds gd i`st`s s`k øtlfds pbrb f`s edrdktds y bgolklstrbg`rds, bf odk`s dk g`s vïbs. ]`r uk fbg`, k`s oudstrbk f`s i`st`s i`k rdfbilùk b fbs vdktbs gd g`s ` oâs pdrï`g`s gd tldop` y k`s slrvdk pbrb i`opbrbr i`opbrbr f`s i`st`s i`st`s gd dst`s pdrï`g`s. pdrï`g`s. W`g`s f`s gdrdia`s rdsdrvbg`s ©Dsiudfb gd A`stdfdrïb @kflkd Obrndtlke Ebstr`kùoli`
Bgolklstrbilùk gd Sdstburbktds
Wboclìk k`s slrvdk pbrb i`opbrbr f`s i`st`s gd g`s rdstburbktds rdstburbktds glstlkt`s, sldoprd y iubkg` sdbk gdf olso` tlp`, yb qud fùelibodktd, k` p`gdo`s i`opbrbr i`opbrbr f`s i`stds gd bflodkt`s, gd uk jbst j``g ` cbr gd tbpbs, qud df gd uk rdstburbktd gd oby`r ibtde`rïb. \ ds bquï, iubkg` t`g`s f`s gbt`s qud dstuglbo`s dstuglbo`s t`obk sdktlg`. Iubkg` p`gdo`s i`opbrbr quì ds f` qud pbsb dk g`s dstbcfdiloldkt`s ` iubkg` slopfdodktd vdo`s fb sltubilùk rdbf gd kudstr` rdstburbktd. Ydeurbodktd ba`rb sd pudgd dktdkgdr p`r quì df rdstburbktd k` dstbcb sldkg` tbk rdktbcfd i`o` pdksâcbo`s. pdksâcbo`s. ➣ ➣
9.:=/=.9= ? 23.== dur`s. I`st`s/ vdktbs ? % gd i`st`s. Sdstburbktd Ibr`flkb
Sdstburbktd Obkudf
Zdktb bflodkt`s
51:.34=
2.499.7==
I`st` gd bflodkt`s I`st` gd vdktb
354.215 =.94
:77.=31 =.73
J``g I`st
94%
73%
Bgdoâs, p`gdo`s utlflzbr f`s p`ridktbhds gd i`st`s pbrb `ctdkdr8 •
Df t`tbf gd f`s i`st`s p`r vdktbs I`st` gdf pfbt` / j``g i`st gdsdbg` ? ]rdil` ]rdil ` gd vdktb.
W`g`s f`s gdrdia`s rdsdrvbg`s ©Dsiudfb gd A`stdfdrïb @kflkd Obrndtlke Ebstr`kùoli`
