M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis
HM LMRPM LÜAF NIRRMADIGPM @I _IGPM. Mgtis `i igtrmr ig amtirdm, sirám rihivmgti qui tuvdärmafs lhmrm hm dapfrtmgldm qui tdigi hm lmrtm ig hm istrmtijdm `i amrkitdgj ig ih ristmurmgti, ¡iapizmg`f pfrqui is hm nirrmadigtm aís pftigti `igtrf `ih ristmurmgti cugtf lfg hms rilfaig`mldfgis `ih pirsfgmh! pir sfgmh! Lumg`f igtrijmafs hm lmrtm m ug lhdigti, hf qui istmafs nmldig`f gf is igsiýmr ug hdstm`f `i prf`ultfs (lfaf suli`i ig hm amyfrám `i hfs istmbhildadigtfs) hf qui istmafs `mg`f, is ug mgugldf pmrm vig`ir aís. @ibiafs tigir lhmrf qui ih aigó is ih ipdligtrf `ih ristmurmgti, is pmrti `i tu amrlm, is ih lmadgf qui tó hi `ms mh lhdigti pmrm qui omlturis, aís f aigfs. Hm lmrtm tdigi qui dr lfg rihmldüg m hms ixpiltmtdvms `ih lhdigti qui qudirms mtrmir, mh sirvdldf, ih pirsfgmh y ih `dsiýf `i hm lfldgm. M`iaís, tf`f jdrm mhri`i`fr `i äh, hfs prf`ultfs qui si lfaprmg, lfaf istí `dsiým`m hm lfldgm, ih iqudpmadigtf, lüaf si frjmgdzm y ofram mh pirsfgmh, quä lhmsi `i lnio f lfldgirf si tig`rí, quä vdgfs mlfapmýmg hfs phmtfs, nmstm ih gfabri `ih ristmurmgti si bmsm ig hm lmrtm `ih ristmurmgti. Is hüjdlf igtig`ir qui mgtis `i `ilfrmr ih ristmurmgti, mgtis `i nmlir lumhqudir pubhdld`m`, lfgtrmtmr mh pirsfgmh, lfaprmr hms vmcdhhms, aisms, itl., si `ibi tigir auy lhmrf quä tdpf `i lmrtm si qudiri tigir y gf mh lfgtrmrdf, pmrili fbvdf, pirf gf hf is tmgtf.
Hm lmrtm f aigó `ibi sir ih riohicf `ih lfgliptf `ih ristmurmgti, pfrqui hm lfad`m is hm d`igtd`m` `ih gijfldf.
¶Lüaf lfaigzmr m lrimr ugm lmrtm `i ristmurmgti6 Umrm lfaigzmr m `dsiýmr ih aigó y pmrm hfjrmr qui ih lhdigti fbtigjm vmhfr pfr ih prf`ultf qui fr`igmrí, si `ibirí tigir lhmrf hf sdjudigti. Ih aigó `ibi3 Istmr lfgliptumhdzm`f .
\ir mlfr`i lfg hm lfldgm. Istmr `drdjd`f m tus lhdigtis.
Istmr dgtijrm`f ig tf`f hf mgtirdfr. \ir rigtmbhi (islmg`mhhfs y lfstis).
M. Ih aigó `ibi istmr lfgliptumhdzm`f. Hfs phmtfs `ibig sir mlfr`is mh lfgliptf. Nmli ugfs aisis `mg`f ugm lnmrhm sfbri amrkitdgj jmstrfgüadlf, ugm msdstigti ai lfaigtm qui istí priflupm`m pfrqui hms vigtms lm`m viz istíg aís bmcms. Hi prijugtf ih tdpf `i ristmurmgti qui tdigi y ai `dli qui is pirumgf, hi prijugtf pfr ih phmtf aís vig`d`f y ai `dli rdsfttf. Ai qui`f lfg lmrm `i prijugtm y hi `djf ¶lüaf pui`i sir6 ¶\d tu ristmurmgti is pirumgf pfr quä vig`ig rdsfttf6 Ihhm si iglfjdü `i nfabrfs y gf supf rispfg`ir. Mquá pui`is vir lhmrmaigti lfaf gf nmy ug lfgliptf `iodgd`f y lüaf lfgoug`ig mh lhdigti lumg`f hi igtrijmg hm lmrtm. \d tdigis ug ristmurmgti tmdhmg`äs, hüjdlmaigti tig`rí qui tigir phmtfs `i isti pmás, ¶luígtms vilis gf ti nm pmsm`f `i dr m ug ristmurmgti y qui su lmrtm gf lfrrispfg`m lfg hf qui ispirmafs6 Ufr istf, sd quiriafs forilir ugm lmrtm lfgliptumhdzm`m, sus phmtfs tdigig qui tigir rihmldüg rihmld üg `driltm lfg ih istdhf, hm mtaüsoirm, hm Pf`fs hfs `irilnfs risirvm`fs ©Isluihm `i Nfstihirám Fghdgi Amrkitdgj Jmstrfgüadlf
M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis `ilfrmldüg, ih sirvdldf, ih ugdofrai `ih pirsfgmh, hfs nfrmrdfs `i mtigldüg, itl. @i tf`fs hfs iciaphfs qui nms d`f vdig`f m hf hmrjf `ih lursf, ¶riluir`ms mhjóg lmsf príltdlf `i äxdtf ig ih lumh gf istuvdisi lhmrf ih lfgliptf `ih ristmurmgti6 Ih ndhf lfg`ultfr is oug`maigtmh pmrm tigir ug buig lfgliptf.
B. Ih aigó `ibi sir `drdjd`f m tus lhdigtis. \d quiriafs `mr ih sirvdldf `i =<355 nfrms m =?355 nfrms m pirsfgms qui trmbmcmg pfr `i hm zfgm, `ibiafs sir lfgsldigtis `i qui guistrfs phmtfs si tdigig qui pf`ir pripmrmr y sirvdr rípd`maigti, ym qui hm amyfrám `i istms pirsfgms tig`ríg qui rijrismr m trmbmcmr. Ufr ig`i gf pf`iafs igoflmr guistrm lmrtm m phmtfs qui tmr`mríg aulnf, sd gfs quiriafs `drdjdr m isti lhdigti.
Ftrf iciaphf, is ih Pmki Mwmy, hfs phmtfs `ibig sir sigldhhfs y oíldhis `i hhivmr pmrm qui hi hhijui mh lhdigti `i hm amgirm m`ilum`m. Nmy ristmurmgtis qui ig su istmbhildadigtf ti forilig tf`m su lmrtm, pirf gf msá ig su sirvdldf m `fadldhdf, pfrqui smbig qui gf hhijmrí m hm tiapirmturm m`ilum`m f ig ih istm`f qui ihhfs `isimg. Ig ug ristmurmgti igoflm`f m pmricms y cüvigis, ¶ästfs quirríg smhdr prfgtf `ih ristmurmgti f pmsmr ugm vihm`m mjrm`mbhi y hmrjm6 Gf pf`iafs tigir ug aigó rípd`f pmrm qudigis ispirmg ugm gflni trmgqudhm, gd pf`iafs tigir ug aigó higtf, pmrm qudigis tdigig prdsm. Gf pf`iafs pf`iafs quirir tigir lfaf lfaf lhdigtis m omadhdms, sd gf tigiafs phmtfs pmrm gdýfs ig hm lmrtm, itl. Guistrm lmrtm tdigi qui sir ih ispicf `ih lhdigti lhdigt i qui quiriafs tigir. Isti is ug prdgldpdf bísdlf `ih amrkitdgj y hf `ibis luaphdr sd qudiris muaigtmr tus vigtms. Ftrf omhhf qui `m ugm auy amhm damjig y gf myu`m m subdr hms vigtms gd m tigir lhdigtis oriluigtis is tigir ugm lmrtm auy hmrjm `fg`i gf istäg aulnfs `i istfs phmtfs. \d ug lhdigti pd`i ugm rioirigldm qui gf istí ig hm lmrtm, ym sim pfrqui si tiradgü t iradgü f si nm qudtm`f `i lmrtm, sdiapri nmy qui dgoframrhi mgtis `i qui pd`m su fr`ig, sdgf hi nmrís sigtdr aulnm orustrmldüg y istm is ugm sigsmldüg qui gf quiriafs qui sdigtm.
L. Ih aigó `ibi sir mlfr`i lfg hm lfldgm. _fhviafs mh ristmurmgti `i hfs >5 átias. \u lfldgm irm auy piquiým y hmrjm, dglüaf`m y pflf fpirmtdvm; sd hm lfldgm pfr lumhqudir rmzüg gf is lfaf hm quiriafs, tig`riafs qui frjmgdzmrhm, `i ugm amgirm qui ih pirsfgmh pui`m trmbmcmr `i hm amgirm aís prf`ultdvm pfsdbhi, iapizmg`f lfg gf tigir tmgtfs phmtfs ig hm lmrtm. Ih aigó `ibi tigir ig luigtm lüaf istí `dstrdbud`f ih trmbmcf ig hm lfldgm, sus istmldfgis y luihhfs `i bftihhm. Gf si pui`i tigir prdairfs phmtfs auy rípd`fs `i sirvdr sirvdr y sijug`fs qui tmr`mg aulnf. aulnf. Mh lfgtrmrdf, sd tigiafs ugm lfldgm ispmldfsm, lüaf`m pmrm trmbmcmr ig ihhm, pf`riafs tigir ugm amyfr foirtm `i phmtfs, pirf sdiapri pigsmg`f ig hfs tdiapfs, ig hm lmgtd`m` `i phmtfs pfr omadhdms. Pmapflf si trmtm `i smturmr ugm pmrtd`m, pfrqui nmy ispmldf. Lfaf ih nfrgf is jrmg`i, vmafs m tigir aulnm lfad`m mh nfrgf y pflms igsmhm`ms y prdairfs, is hüjdlf qui gf pui`m sir msá, tdigi qui ixdstdr ug bmhmgli (lfaf tf`f ig hm vd`m) igtri hfs phmtfs `i hm lmrtm y hfs tdiapfs `i pripmrmldüg.
@. Ih aigó `ibi sir rigtmbhi (islmg`mhhfs y lfstis). Damjdgf qui tf`fs tigiafs lhmrf qui äh % `i lfstf `i hfs dgjri`digtis lfg rispiltf mh prildf odgmh `ih phmtf gf pui`ig supirmr ih <9% sdig`f ug rmtdf üptdaf ih <5% pmrm ug ristmurmgti y igtri ug =9 y ug 25% sd is ugm lmoitirám. Pf`f hf qui istä igtri ai`df is mliptmbhi y istí `igtrf `i hf qui si `igfadgm, ugm lmrtm rigtmbhi. Umrm pf`ir smlmr ih lfstf `ih phmtf, nmbrí qui rimhdzmr islmg`mhhfs, qui gf sfg aís qui ih `itmhhi `i lm`m dgjri`digti, pisf, lmgtd`m` y prildf. Lud`m`f lfg sfhf lfstimr ih prf`ultf prdgldpmh lfaf pui`i sir hm lmrgi f ih pislm`f, si `ibi lfstimr tf`fs hfs dgjri`digtis, dglhud`fs, smh, jumrgdldfgis, mlidti, itl., pfrqui, mugqui
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M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis ig ug phmtf gf ripirlutm igfraiaigti, sd m hf hmrjf `ih mýf vig`iafs >55 kdhfs `i ug átia, `i gf ‘dapfrtmgldm‑ ‘dapfrtmgldm‑ si virí riohicm`f ig hm luigtm `i ixphftmldüg.
Lumg`f si rildbig hfs prf`ultfs `ih mhamläg, hm amyfrám `i ihhfs hhijmg ig ug istm`f brutf qui daphdlm ug prflisf `i hdapdizm y ihdadgmldüg `i pmrtis gf utdhdzmbhis `ih prf`ultf (`ispir`dldfs, airams `i `islfgjihmldüg, itl.). Istf daphdlm qui pmrm lfstimr ugm rilitm si gilisdtm lfgflir ih lfstf `ih prf`ultf qui si vm m iaphimr ig su istm`f odgmh. Umrm ihhf, si ihmbfrmg pruibms ig hm lfldgm, lfgfld`ms lfaf pruibms `i rig`dadigtf, ig `fg`i si hmvm ih prf`ultf, hdapdm, lfrtm, itl. pmrm `itiradgmr ih pisf gitf y lmhluhmr ih lfstf `i ästi ig su istm`f mprfvilnmbhi y qui sirí ih qui si iaphimrí ig hm rilitm.
Ufr iciaphf, lfaprmafs ug pislm`f `i =5 kj, si lfgjihm y m hfs < `áms hf smlmafs `i hm givirm. Mh pir`ir ih mjum `ih ndihf, isti pislm`f ym pism 4,2 kj, huijf si hdapdm, si qudtm hm lmbizm y odgmhaigti hf qui si pui`i utdhdzmr, utdhd zmr, pism > kj. Ufr hf lumh, ih lfsti `i hm rilitm, ym gf pui`i sir ih adsaf. Lud`m`f lfg hms airams gf lmhluhm`ms, tf`f luigtm m hm nfrm `i amxdadzmr hms vigtms y tigir hfs lfstis lfgtrfhm`fs.
I. Ih lnio `ibi istmr dgtijrm`f ig tf`f hf mgtirdfr. Hm odhfsfoám `ih ristmurmgti `ibi dr mlfr`i lfg ih lnio, f vdlivirsm. Ih lnio, is hm pirsfgm aís dapfrtmgti pmrm qui guistrf guistrf aigó tigjm äxdtf, ¶lüaf pf`rámafs pigsmr qui sd m guistrf lnio gf hi justm guistrm lmrtm, guistrf ristmurmgti tig`rí äxdtf6 F mh riväs, sd lfgtrmtmafs m ug lfldgirf y gf gfs tiradgm `i justmr su ofram `i icilutmr ih aigó… ¶lüaf p f`rámafs `mr ug sirvdldf `i lmhd`m`6 Is trdsti, pirf sd tigiafs ug ristmurmgti y hm pirsfgm qui lfldgm gf gfs lfgvigli, mugqui gfs luisti iglfgtrmr m ftrm, gf `u`is ig lmabdmrhf. \d pfr ih lfgtrmrdf istís lfgtigtf lfg tu lnio, äh f ihhm `ibi sir ih rispfgsmbhi tftmh `ih `dsiýf `i hm lmrtm, phmgdodlmldüg y iciluldüg, ym qui adigtrms aís pirsfgms istäg dgvfhulrm`ms ig hm lrimldüg `ih aigó, aís `doáldh sirí lfgtrfhmr ih prf`ultf odgmh.
Ih aigó f hm lmrtm, is hm nirrmadigtm `i amrkitdgj aís dapfrtmgti pmrm ug ristmurmgti cugtf lfg ih pirsfgmh y su amyfr ougldüg, is hm `i vig`ir. Ygm lmrtm vig`irí bdig, ig ougldüg m lüaf nm sd`f phmgdodlm`m, lfstim`m, hfs phmtfs qui istäg ist äg ig ihhm, lüaf istíg ubdlm`fs, itl. Ygm lmrtm bdig `dsiým`m lfg Dgjigdirám `i Aigós y Giurfamrkitdgj is dapfrtmgti, pirf sd gf riohicm hm `iamg`m `ih airlm`f, airlm`f, hfs níbdtfs `i lfgsuaf lfgsuaf f hms tig`igldms jmstrfgüadlms, ästi gf gf si vig`irí tmh lfaf ispirmafs gd sirí tmg rigtmbhi lfaf gilisdtmafs. Is pfr isf, qui pfgir mtigldüg mh airlm`f, is `i suam dapfrtmgldm ihijdr hfs phmtfs `i hm lmrtm. Gf pui`i sir ugm sdaphi hdstm `i phmtfs prioird`fs pfr hfs `uiýfs, ih pirsfgmh f `i hm omadhdm (ym smbiafs qui istf suli`i...)
NMT < UYGPF\ ]YI \I @IBIG PIGIR IG LFG\D@IRMLDÜG M HM NFRM @I IHIJDR HF\ UHMPF\ @I HM LMRPM 3 Igtfrgf.
Lhdigti.
Lfapitigldm.
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M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis
=. Ih igtfrgf. Ih prdair sijaigtf m istu`dmr `ibir sir ih igtfrgf `fg`i si igluigtrm tu istmbhildadigtf. \u hflmhdzmldüg sirí, igtri ftrfs mspiltfs, auy dapfrtmgti pmrm ih lhdigti. Uigsiafs qui ästi gf qudiri tmr`mr aís `i <5 adgutfs ig hhijmr h hijmr m ug ristmurmgti; sd lmhluhmafs pfr `doirigtis tdpfs `i trmgspfrti hm hhijm`m `ih lhdigti mh istmbhildadigtf, ym pf`iafs tigir t igir ug írim `fg`i si ubdlm guistrf lhdigti. Is dapfrtmgti vmhfrmr, pfr iciaphf, sd is ug sdtdf urbmgf, sd istí m hms mouirms, tdigi f gf pmrkdgj, sd qui`m ouirm `ih írim `i amyfr trígsdtf, sirí mprildm`f pfr ih lhdigti ih `isphmzmadigtf. ¶_mh`rí hm pigm6 Hm sijaigtmldüg ilfgüadlm tmabdäg is dapfrtmgti pmrm rimhdzmr hm lmrtm, ¶quä gijfldfs nmy pfr guistrm írim, quä vfhuaig `i iaphim`fs tdigi, quä pf`ir m`qudsdtdvf tdigig, ¶luígtf istíg `dspuistfs m pmjmr pfr ugm lfad`m f ligm6 ¶Nmy `isiaphif pfr guistrm zfgm6 ¶\i istí vdvdig`f ug muji ilfgüadlf, istmbdhd`m` f `ilhdvi6
2. Ih lhdigti. Lfaf nms vdstf isti pugtf is oug`maigtmh; lfgflir m guistrf lhdigti fbcitdvf y mgtdldpmrgfs m sus gilisd`m`is pf`rí nmlir qui tu lmrtm smtdsomjm sus justfs y gilisd`m`is ig su aíxdam ixprisdüg. Tm niafs vdstf ig hms prdairms ugd`m`is, lüaf lfgflir aicfr m guistrf lhdigti y lüaf hhijmr m äh. Uirf ih amyfr irrfr qui lfaigtig hfs h fs ristmurmgtis is qui dgtigtmg mjrm`mr m lm`m sijaigtf y istf gf sühf gf is pfsdbhi, sdgf qui, sd hf dgtigtmafs, istmafs `istdgm`fs mh ormlmsf.
Dgtigtmr hhijmr m tigir tf`f tdpf `i lhdigtis nmli qui pdir`ms ih oflf y mh odgmh gf hhijuis m gdgjugf ig su tftmhd`m`. Ih äxdtf `i lumhqudir gijfldf is `iodgdr quä tdpf `i lhdigti is mh qui quiriafs `drdjdr guistrf lfgliptf y igoflmrgfs m isi airlm`f.
Igtfglis pmrm lfaprig`ir aicfr qudig is guistrf lhdigti, viriafs hf sdjudigti3 =. @iodgi rimhástdlmaigti quä tdpf `i lhdigti is aís prfbmbhi qui `dsoruti lfg hf h f qui forilis. 2. D`igtdodlm hfs vmhfris y mspdrmldfgis `i tus lhdigtis, pfr iciaphf; ic iaphf; prf`ultf hflmh, sfstigdbhi, rispitufsf lfg ih ai`df mabdigti, vijitmrdmgf, smhu`mbhi, hdbri `i mhärjigfs, `ipfrtdstms, am`ris sdg tdiapf, iaprismrdfs, istu`dmgtis, itl. <. Ivmhóm tu igtfrgf y msijórmti `i qui hms pirsfgms qui vdvig ig tu rmtdf, his hhmai hm mtigldüg tu foirtm (gf fhvd`is, `iafjrmoám, sixf, i`m`, dgjrisfs ig hms líamrms `i lfairldf, níbdtfs `i lfgsuaf, sdtumldüg `ih airlm`f, tig`igldms jmstrfgüadlms.) 0. Msijórmti `i qui ih amrkitdgj tmgtf `igtrf `ih ristmurmgti, lmrtm, `dsiýf, mabdigti, itl., lfaf ouirm, ri`is sfldmhis, rivdstms, itl. simg pigsm`fs ig ih lhdigti qui buslm tu prf`ultf.
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M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis
<. Hm lfapitigldm. Lfgflir m hm lfapitigldm is ugm ixlihigti vdsdüg `i gijfldf, is pfr isf, qui istu`dmr guistrm írim f airlm`f is oug`maigtmh. @ibiafs `itiradgmr hfs sdjudigtis mspiltfs3
Ih g³ tftmh `i istmbhildadigtfs `i ristmurmldüg ig guistrm írim. Ih g³ `i lmtijfráms (Omst off`, tmki mwmy, omadhdmr, jmstrfgüadlf, itl.) Hfs prildfs, tdlkit ai`df `i lm`m ugf `i ihhfs. Hm lfapitigldm `driltm, adsafs prildfs, tdlkit ai`df qui guistrf istmbhildadi istmbhildadigtf. gtf.
Ufr iciaphf, sd is guistrm írim nmy 0 pdzziráms, sirí hüjdlf qui guistrm foirtm sim `doirigti, sdgf hf ógdlf qui hfjrmriafs, mugqui guistrf prf`ultf sim ih aicfr, sirí ripmrtdr ih airlm`f y smturmrhf, @ispuäs `i mgmhdzmr m hm lfapitigldm tig`riafs qui istu`dmr, quä prf`ultfs lfaphiaigtmrámg m hm foirtm mltumh `ih airlm`f y luíhis sfg hfs aís prfbmbhis qui smtdsomjmg hms gilisd`m`is `ih airlm`f.
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M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis
ODCMLDÜG @I URILDF\ IG RI\PMYRMGPI\. Gf is ugm gfvi`m` `ildr qui tf`fs hfs ristmurmgtis qui pirsdjuig bigiodldfs odcmg prildfs m sus prf`ultfs y sirvdldfs y qui ih prildf is ih ógdlf ihiaigtf `ih amrkitdgj adx qui prfpfrldfgm dgjrisfs, ym qui hfs ftrfs lfapfgigtis ógdlmaigti prf`ulig lfstis. Lfaf `mtf dapfrtmgti, is dgtirismgti smbir qui hm odcmldüg `i prildfs y hm lfapitigldm igtri ihhfs, oui lhmsdodlm`m lfaf ugf `i hfs prfbhiams aís dapfrtmgtis pmrm hfs `driltfris `i amrkitdgj.
Uf`iafs fbsirvmr, qui hfs irrfris aís oriluigtis lfg hfs prildfs sfg hfs sdjudigtis3 Gf si rivdsm lfg suodldigti oriluigldm pmrm tigir ig luigtm hfs lmabdfs prf`uld`fs ig ih airlm`f, pfr iciaphf ic iaphf lfg hm subd`m lfgstmgti `i mhdaigtfs.
Hfs prildfs, jigirmhaigti, istíg auy frdigtm`f m hfs lfstis.
\i odcm lfg dg`ipig`igldm `ih ristf `i hms vmrdmbhis `i amrkitdgj adx, sdg lfgsd`irmr qui is ug ihiaigtf lhmvi ig hm istrmtijdm `i pfsdldfgmadigtf `ih airlm`f.
Gf vmrám hf suodldigti suodldigti pmrm hfs `dstdgtfs prf`ultfs y sijaigtfs `ih airlm`f. Ufr ih rivigui amgmjiaigt, smbiafs qui tigir ugm ispildi `i prildfs odcfs, sdjgdodlmrí, gf pf`ir lfbrmr aís m aís `iamg`m y mh riväs.
Odcmr prildfs risuhtm ug prfbhiam lumg`f si tdigi qui nmlir pfr prdairm viz, lumg`f si `ismrrfhhm f m`qudiri ug guivf prf`ultf, lumg`f dgtrf`uli su prf`ultf ig ug guivf lmgmh `i `dstrdbuldüg f írim jifjríodlm f lumg`f rimhdzm ugm guivm foirtm. Hfs istmbhildadigtfs nftihirfs, `ibig `ild`dr `üg`i pfsdldfgmr su prf`ultf rispiltf m hm lmhd`m` y ih prildf. M`iaís, nmy mhjugfs mspiltfs psdlfhüjdlfs `ih prildf qui `ibig sir tigd`fs ig luigtm m hm nfrm `i odcmr prildfs, lfaf pfr iciaphf, qui hfs lfgsuad`fris lfgoámg aulnf ig ih prildf lfaf dg`dlm`fr `i lmhd`m` `ih prf`ultf, sfbri tf`f lumg`f m`fptmg `ildsdfgis `i lfaprm sdg `dspfgir `i aulnm dgoframldüg. Ufr supuistf, hm pirlipldüg `i hm lmhd`m` `ih prf`ultf pfr hfs lfgsuad`fris tmabdäg pui`i virsi dgohuigldm`m pfr hm riputmldüg `ih istmbhildadigtf nftihirf, hm pubhdld`m` f hm prfafldüg. Pigiafs qui smbir qui ih prildf gf is sühf hm lmgtd`m` `i `dgirf qui si pmjm pfr fbtigir ug prf`ultf, sdgf ih tdiapf utdhdzm`f pmrm lfgsijudrhf, msá lfaf ih isouirzf y afhistdms afhistdm s gilismrdms pmrm fbtigirhfs, pfr pmrti `ih lhdigti, `i istm amgirm, ästi hi `mrí amyfr f aigfr vmhfr. \dg `u`m, aulnms `i hms `dodluhtm`is rihmldfgm`ms lfg ih istmbhildadigtf `ih prildf pmrtig `i ug nilnf auy sdaphi, ih `i gf smbir ih sdjgdodlm`f `i hm pmhmbrm prildf, mugqui lumg`f hf nmbhmafs ig ug íabdtf pirsfgmh, gfs suigm auy omadhdmr y hf viafs auy sdaphi `i `islrdbdr. Pf`fs hfs `irilnfs risirvm`fs ©Isluihm `i Nfstihirám Fghdgi Amrkitdgj Jmstrfgüadlf
M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis
_iafs qui, ig tiradgfhfjám ilfgüadlm, ih prildf, vmhfr y utdhd`m` sfg lfgliptfs rihmldfgm`fs. Ytdhd`m` • Mtrdbutf `i ug mrtáluhf
qui hf nmli lmpmz `i smtdsomlir ugm gilisd`m`.
_mhfr • Ai`d`m lumgtdtmtdvm `ih
dgtirlmabdf `i ug prf`ultf lfapmrm`m lfg hm `i ftrfs.
Urildf • _mhfr ixprism`f ig
täradgfs `i ugd`m`is afgitmrdms.
Hfs lfgsuad`fris lmptmg `i ugm ofram `driltm y lhmrm hms af`dodlmldfgis ig prildfs y su rimlldüg sirí dgai`dmtm. Ig isti sigtd`f, si pf`rám modramr qui ih prildf is hm aís dapfrtmgti `i hms vmrdmbhis `ih amrkitdgj lfgtrfhmbhi pfr hm iaprism. Lfaf risuaig pmrm vir hm dapfrtmgldm `i hfs prildfs3
Is ug dgs dgstruaigtf igtf m lfrtf phmz hmzf lfg ih qui si pui`i mltu ltumr lfg ugm rmpd`iz d`iz y ohi ohixdbd dbdhd`m d`m` supirdfr dfr m hm `i ftrf trfs dgs dgstru truaigtf igtfss `ih amrkitdg tdgj, m`iaí iaís `i tigir tigir ugfs ugfs ioilt ioiltfs fs dgai` dgai`dmt dmtfs fs sfbr sfbrii hms hms vigtm vigtmss y bigi bigiodl odldf dfs. s.
Uf`irfsf dgstruaigtf lfapitdtdvf dvf ig ug airlm`f m`f ig ih qui ixdstmg tmg pflms rijuhm rijuhmldf ldfgis gis.. \u tdhdzml tdhdzmldüg düg pui pui`i `i vfhvi vfhvirsi rsi ug dgstru dgstruaig aigtf tf mhtmai mhtmaigti gti pihdjr pihdjrfs fsff ym qu quii ug ugmm ixtr ixtria iamm lfa lfapiti pitigl gldm dm ig prild rildffs pui`i i`i hhij hhijmr mr m ugm sdtu sdtummldü ldüg ig hm qui qui gm`di gm`di smhi smhi jmgm jmgmg` g`ff (süh (sühff ih lfgs lfgsua uad`f d`fr). r).
Ógdlf dgst Ógdlf dgstru ruai aigt gtff qui qui prfp prfpfr frld ldfg fgmm dgjr dgjris isfs fs ym qui qui hfs hfs rist ristmg mgti tiss dgst dgstru ruai aigtf gtfss `i amrkitdg tdgj supfgig ug jmstf. tf. Gf fbstmgt mgti, y mugqui istfs tfs dgstruaigtfs tfs lfgt lfgtrd rdbu buyi yigg m qui qui ih prf` prf`ul ultf tf si `iam `iamg` g`ii y sim sim vig` vig`d` d`f, f, hfs hfs risu risuht htm` m`fs fs ig hms hms vmrdm mrdmld ldffgis gis `ih pri prildf ldf sfg sfg aís oíld oíldhi hiss `i lumg umgtdod tdodlm lmrr y sfg sfg ug `iti `itira radg dgmg mgti ti `dril `driltf tf `i hfs bigi bigiod odldf ldfs. s.
Pdigi Pdigi dapf dapfrt rtmg mgti tiss ripi ripirl rlus usdfg dfgis is psdl psdlfh fhüj üjdl dlms ms sfbr sfbrii ih lfgs lfgsua uad` d`fr fr.. Ih pril prildf df `ibi istmr m`ilum`f mh vmhfr pirldbd`f, pirf hm sigsdbdhd`m` mh prildf y hm dapf dapfrt rtmg mgld ldmm msdj msdjgm gm`m `m mh adsaf dsaf pfr pfr ih lfgs lfgsua uad` d`fr fr gf sdia sdiapr prii sfg sfg lfgs lfgstm tmgt gtis is ym qui qui `ipi `ipig` g`ii `i hm itmp itmpmm ilfg ilfgüa üadl dlmm ig qui qui gfs gfs iglf iglfgt gtri riaf afs. s.
.Ógdlm dgoframldüg `dspfgdbhi ig aulnms `ildsdfgis `i lfaprm, lfgvdrtdäg`fsi ig ug vmhdfsf dg`dlm`fr `i hm lmhd`m` `ih prf`ultf, `ih pristdjdf f damjig `i hm amrlm f `i hm fpfrtugd`m` `i lfaprm.
@ispuäs `i istm dgtrf`ulldüg y mgtis `i lfaigzmr m odcmr prildfs, si `ibig mgmhdzmr ugm sirdi `i omltfris, qui sfg lhmvis m hm nfrm `i `ild`dr quä pfhátdlm `i prildfs sijudr ig ih ristmurmgti. Istfs omltfris si `dvd`ig ig dgtirgfs y ixtirgfs3 Pf`fs hfs `irilnfs risirvm`fs ©Isluihm `i Nfstihirám Fghdgi Amrkitdgj Jmstrfgüadlf
M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis
M. Omltfris dgtirgfs. Ih prdairf `i hfs omltfris dgtirgfs m tigir ig luigtm ig hm `iodgdldüg `i hm pfhátdlm `i prildfs `ih ristmurmgti, is ih lfgcugtf `i fbcitdvfs `i amrkitdgj, qui si nmg istmbhild`f pmrm pirdf`fs outurfs. Umrm hm supirvdvigldm `ih gijfldf ig `itiradgm`ms sdtumldfgis, hfs ristmurmgtis, tig`ríg qui mcustmr sus prildfs m hm bmcm f pfgir aigós odcfs m prildfs bmcfs, ugm lmrtm aís piquiým, pmrm pf`ir sfbrivdvdr. Hm amxdadzmldüg `ih bigiodldf m lfrtf phmzf lfgsdsti ig istdamr, quä istrulturms `i lfstis, quä prildfs y quä gdvih `i `iamg`m `mríg lfaf risuhtm`f amyfris bigiodldfs ilfgüadlfs, pfr igldam `i hm mtigldüg u flupmldüg. Hm bósqui`m `ih hd`irmzjf pfr luftm `i airlm`f, sfg hms iaprisms, qui buslmg ixpmg`drsi y sus vfhóaigis, sfg m su viz, su vigtmcm lfapitdtdvm, ym qui gf si pui`i lfapitdr lfg hfs prildfs `i ugm ormgqudldm, pfr iciaphf. Ih hd`irmzjf pfr lmhd`m`, pfsdldfgmrsi ig hfs lhdigtis, lfaf ugm amrlm qui mpfrtm vmhfr y lmhd`m`, mgti tf`f. Ih sijug`f `i hfs omltfris dgtirgfs m tigir ig luigtm ig hm odcmldüg `i prildfs is hfs lfstis `i hm iaprism, hfs lumhis amrlmg ih háadti há adti dgoirdfr `i hfs adsafs, Ih prildf `ibi lubrdr hfs lfstis `i ihmbfrmldüg, sirvdldf, `dstrdbuldüg, m`iaís `ibi jigirmr ug amrjig hfs suodldigtiaigti mhtf lfaf pmrm mbsfrbir ugm pmrti `i hfs lfstis istrulturmhis y rigtmbdhdzmr hms dgvirsdfgis rimhdzm`ms.
B. Omltfris ixtirgfs. Hfs omltfris ixtirgfs qui moiltmg m hm odcmldüg `i prildfs, sfg bísdlmaigti lumtrf3
Pdpf `i airlm`f ig ih qui lfapdti.
@iamg`m.
Lfapitigldm.
Omltfris ilfgüadlfs ig hm zfgm `i dgohuigldm.
=. Pdpf `i airlm`f3 `is`i hm `drilldüg `ih nftih f ristmurmgti si pui`i vir ih airlm`f lfaf ug pmás igtirf, lfaf ug írim jifjríodlm f nmstm ug lfgtdgigti sd nmbhmafs nmbh mafs `i ormgqudldms dgtirgmldfgmhis. Uirf pmrm lm`m jirigti f `uiýf `i ug istmbhildadigtf nftihirf, `ibi adrmr ih airlm`f, lfaf adlrf, hf qui qudiri `ildr, adrmrhf `is`i su igtfrgf aís lirlmgf, ug ligtrf lfairldmh, ug bmrrdf lfglritf, itl. Ih tdpf `i airlm`f ig ih qui si igluigtrm hm ristmurmldüg, si `igfadgm airlm`f `i lfapitigldm afgfpfhástdlm, istf is pfrqui nmy aulnm `iamg`m, pirf tmabdäg bmstmgti foirtm, pirf gf is ug prf`ultf nfafjägif, lm`m ristmurmgti, tdigi su prfpdf prf`ultf. 2. Hm `iamg`m3 tigiafs qui sir lfgsldigtis `i qui, m hfs lhdigtis gf his dapfrtm hf aís aágdaf hfs lfstis qui tigjmafs, pfr hf lumh, tig`riafs qui dgtudr f istu`dmr, lüaf si lfapfrtmg mgti `doirigtis prildfs. \d subdafs prildfs ig mhjugfs sijaigtfs, `üg`i tigiafs pfsdbdhd`m` `i dgjrismr aís (lüaf sfg hms istrmtijdms `i rivigui amgmjiaigt) ¶ih lhdigti sijudrí mlu`dig`f m guistrf ristmurmgti6 <. Hm lfapitigldm3 Hfs prildfs `i hfs lfapitd`fris sfg ftrf `i hfs omltfris ixtirgfs lhmvi m hm nfrm `i odcmr prildfs, ym qui ästfs riprisigtmg ih pugtf `i rioirigldm, hfs lhdigtis ym hfs lfgflig y ixdsti ugm ixpirdigldm mgti ihhfs. 0. Omltfris ilfgüadlfs `i hm zfgm `i dgohuigldm3 M hm nfrm `i odcmr prildfs, tmabdäg nmy qui fbsirvmr hm sdtumldüg ilfgüadlm `ih igtfrgf y su tig`igldm m lfrtf phmzf f hms hiyis y rijhmaigtfs `i prildfs qui `dltmg hms m`adgdstrmldfgis.
¶Lüaf odcmr prildfs ig ih ristmurmgti6 Pf`fs hfs `irilnfs risirvm`fs ©Isluihm `i Nfstihirám Fghdgi Amrkitdgj Jmstrfgüadlf
M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis
Ixdstig lumtrf oframs `i odcmr prildfs y sfg hms sdjudigtis3 Bmsm`m ig lfstfs.
Bmsm`m ig hm `iamg`m.
Lfapitigldm.
Urdgldpdf `i Fagis.
=. Odcmldüg `i prildfs bmsm`m ig hfs lfstis. Hm odcmldüg `i hfs prildfs `ih ristmurmgti tigdig`f lfaf igofqui prdgldpmh y pfr tmgtf lfaf pugtf `i pmrtd`m hfs lfstis, nm sd`f y prfbmbhiaigti tf`mvám sim ih aätf`f aís utdhdzm`f pfr hm ristmurmldüg. Hm prdgldpmh lmusm `i ihhf is hm sigldhhiz `i isti igofqui, qui lfgsdsti ig mým`drhi mh prildf `i lfsti `i hms amtirdms prdams gilismrdms pmrm rimhdzmr ug phmtf, is `ildr mh islmg`mhhf `ih phmtf, ugm lmgtd`m` suodldigti (amrjig brutf) lmpmz `i msuadr pmrti `i hfs lfstis istrulturmhis y `i hdbirmr ug amrjig amrjig daputmbhi m rigtmbdhd`m`. Hm prdgldpmh `dodluhtm` `i isti aätf`f is hm rimhdzmldüg rimhdzmldüg `i hfs islmg`mhhfs `i ofram ofram lfrriltm. Umrtdig`f `ih islmg`mhhf hms oframs `i mým`drhi ih amrjig brutf sfg `fs3
=. M trmväs `i hm sdaphi suam hdgimh `i ugm lmgtd`m`.
2. M trmväs `i mphdlmrhi mh islmg`mhhf ug lfiodldigti auhtdphdlm`fr, ri`fg`iíg`fsi pfstirdfraigti ih risuhtm`f.
@i istm ofram ih lfsti `ih phmtf si lfgvdirti ig ug pfrligtumh `ih prildf `i vigtm, hf lumh, lfapmríg`fhf lfg hfs fbcitdvfs `i rigtmbdhd`m`, pui`ig `mrgfs lfaf lfglhusdüg qui ih ristmurm`fr busqui tigir pfr iciaphf ug lfsti `i prf`ultf `i ug <9% `i hms vigtms, lfg hf lumh odcmr ih prildf `i hfs pmhtfs auhtdphdlmg`f hfs islmg`mhhfs `i lm`m ugf pfr ih lfiodldigti qui luaphm hm rijhm `i qui ih <9% `ih prildf `i vigtm is lfsti `i prf`ultf. \upfgjmafs qui ih lfsti `i prf`ultf `i ug phmtf is `i 2.> iurfs y qui ih `driltfr `ih ristmurmgti nm istmbhild`f ig su líhluhf `i privdsdüg `i luigtms `i risuhtm`fs qui ih lfsti `i prf`ultf `ibi sir `ih <9% (dglhud`ms `isvdmldfgis pfr `dvirsfs aftdvfs lmhluhm`ms ig ug 9%). Umrm odcmr ih prildf, mphdlmrí ug lfiodldigti auhtdphdlm`fr `i <,<< sfbri ih islmg`mhhf. Msá 2.> x <,<< 1 4,<2 sdig`f ästi ih prildf `i vigtm mh póbhdlf lfg hf lumh l umh ih lfsti `i prf`ultf tiürdlf sirám `i ug <5% y ih amrjig brutf sirám `i ?,9? ₨ lmgtd`m` `istdgm`m ig pmrti m rigtmbdhd`m` y ig pmrti m hm mbsfrldüg `i hfs lfstis odcfs `ih gijfldf. Mpmrti `i isti lfiodldigti auhtdphdlm`fr, m hm nfrm `i odcmr prildfs ig hm lmrtm, sijóg sus lfstis, tigiafs hm oürauhm `i auhtdphdlmr pfr su Rmtdf `i vigtm3 Isti rmtdf, gfs sirvdrí lfaf ug auhtdphdlm`fr m mphdlmr sfbri ih prildf `i lfsti pfr rmldüg pmrm fbtigir ug prildf `i vigtm istdam`f. \i msdjgmg ugfs pmríaitrfs sijóg hm lhmsdodlmldüg `i hm rilitm, ig hm qui si `itiradgm ug rmtdf aís mhtf pmrm hfs prf`ultfs lfg ug lfsti ig frdjig aís bmcf (pfstris y igtrmgtis) adigtrms qui si `isdjgm ug rmtdf aís bmcf m hfs prf`ultfs aís aís lmrfs (pislm`fs y lmrgis ispildmhaigti). ispildmhaigti). Ih rmtdf ai`df is `i <, hf qui sdjgdodlm qui guistrf prildf `i vigtm is tris vilis supirdfr mh prildf `i lfsti.
Istm sirám hm lhmsdodlmldüg pfr tdpfhfjám `i phmtfs3
Pf`fs hfs `irilnfs risirvm`fs ©Isluihm `i Nfstihirám Fghdgi Amrkitdgj Jmstrfgüadlf
M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis
Igtrmgtis3
\fpms y Umstms 3
• Rmtdf `i ? m <. • \fhf mphdlmrámafs ug rmtdf <
ig igsmhm`ms adxtms lfg prf`ultfs auy lmrfs (igsmhm`ms `i vdidrms, f sitms `i tiapfrm`m).
• Rmtdfs mhtfs, ? m 0. • \fg phmtfs auy rigtmbhis
pmrm guistrfs istmbhildadigtfs.
Uislm`fs
Lmrgis3 sijóg hms lmrg lmrgis, is, • @i 2,9 m 0 sijóg • Hms aís rigtmbhis suihig sir ih lir`f y ih pfhhf, y hms aigfs rigtmbhis hms lmrgis `i lmzm y hfs lnuhitfgis f igtrilfts.
Ufstris
Ih prf`ultf aigfs rigtmbhi y aís `ihdlm`f `i guistrm lmrtm Rmtdf `i vigtm `doáldhaigti mhlmgzm ih <, smhvf ixlipldfgis (aicdhhfgis, bfquirfgis, lmhmamr). Maphdm vmrdi`m` `i lmhd`m`is, sijóg tdpf `i pislm, frdjig f istm`f mh rilipldfgmr hm airlmglám amrlmg aulnf su prildf ig frdjig.
Is ih mpmrtm`f aís rigtmbhi `ih ristmurmgti, pu`dig`f mhlmgzmr rmtdfs `i >,=5 i dglhusf =2, lfaf ig ih lmsf `i hfs lripis. \i pui`ig hfjrmr pripmrm`fs auy prisigtmbhis lfg amtirdms prdams auy bmrmtms. Pigir ugm buigm pmstihirám, gfs mpfrtm ugm rigtmbdhd`m` qui `ibiafs ixphftmr.
•
•
•
•
•
Ftrm oürauhm, sijóg hfs rmtdfs m auhtdphdlmr, sdadhmr m hm mgtirdfr, pirf bmsm`ms ig hfs lfstis , aís qui ig hms omadhdms `i mhdaigtfs, qui adigtrms aís mhtf sim ih lfsti `ih phmtf, aigfr sirí ih rmtdf auhtdphdlm`fr.
% Lfsti
Auhtdphdlm`fr
25
9,55
29 <5 <9 05 95
0,55 <,<< 2,>9 2,95 2,55
M`iaís, ixdsti hm odcmldüg `i prildfs, sijóg hm Dgjigdirám `i Aigós, ih lumh viriafs ig hm sdjudigti ugd`m`.
2. Odcmldüg `i prildfs bmsm`m ig hm `iamg`m. Hm lmgtd`m` `iamg`m`m `i ug sirvdldf is hm suam `i hfs `isifs `i lfaprm ig ug afaigtf `m`f, `i tf`fs hfs lfgsuad`fris pftigldmhis, pfr hf tmgtf, hm odcmldüg `i prildfs bmsm`m ig hm `iamg`m, is, ig `iodgdtdvm, ug igofqui bmsm`f ig ih lfgsuad`fr, sus lfapfrtmadigtfs y pirlipldfgis y pfr supuistf sus lmpmld`m`is ilfgüadlms. Istm odcmldüg, si mpfym ig hm trm`ulldüg ig ugd`m`is afgitmrdms `ih vmhfr pirldbd`f pfr ih lhdigti y gf hfs lfstis `ih sirvdldf.
Pf`fs hfs `irilnfs risirvm`fs ©Isluihm `i Nfstihirám Fghdgi Amrkitdgj Jmstrfgüadlf
M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis Ig ih lmsf `i hm ristmurmldüg istm modramldüg is lfgtug`igti puistf qui ih vmhfr igtrijm`f mh lhdigti gf risd`i ógdlmaigti ig ih prf`ultf prdgldpmh y ig ih sirvdldf, sdgf qui ixdstig m`iaís ftrfs ihiaigtfs tmgjdbhis i dgtmgjdbhis, qui gf gilismrdmaigti lmusmg lfstis, qui pui`ig sir pirldbd`fs pfr hfs lhdigtis, lfaf ihiaigtfs `i mhtf vmhfr mým`d`f. Ig hfs óhtdafs tdiapfs si istíg dapfgdig`f ig hfs ristmurmgtis `i ug ldirtf gdvih, ih aätf`f `ih vmhfr pirldbd`f, qui lfgsdsti ig lfgflir luígtf istíg `dspuistfs m pmjmr hfs lhdigtis pfr ug sirvdldf `i ristmurmldüg, ig bmsi m hm pirlipldüg `ih vmhfr rildbd`f y tigdig`f ig luigtm hms h ms ixpirdigldms lfapmrmbhis `i hfs lhdigtis lfg hfs lfapitd`fris. Ufr tmgtf, isti is ug aätf`f `i odcmldüg igtri ih igofqui `iamg`m y ih igofqui lfapitigldm. Umrm istdamr luígtf istíg `dspuistfs m pmjmr hfs lhdigtis lhdi gtis si pui`ig utdhdzmr `fs aätf`fs, hfs `driltfs y hfs dg`driltfs. Hfs `driltfs si bmsmg ig prijugtmr m hfs lhdigtis ih vmhfr qui mtrdbuyig mh sirvdldf lfgsd`irm`f, adigtrms qui hfs dg`driltfs si bmsmg ig lumgtdodlmr hms vigtmcms qui ug ristmurmgti prisigtm ig sus prdgldpmhis mtrdbutfs rispiltf `i hfs `i sus lfapitd`fris `driltfs. Umrm ihhfs si pui`i daphiaigtmr ih hhmam`f aätf`f `i hfs mtrdbutfs, qui si bmsm ig d`igtdodlmr luíhis sfg hfs mtrdbutfs `ih ristmurmgti, lfgsd`irm`f lfaf prf`ultf jhfbmh, aís vmhfrm`fs pfr hfs lhdigtis. Ig ih lmsf `i ristmurmgtis `i gdvih mhtf hfs mtrdbutfs qui usmriafs `i iciaphf pf`rámg sir3
Hm lmhd`m` jmstrfgüadlm.
Ih gdvih `ih sirvdldf y hm mtigldüg. Hms lmrmltirástdlms `i hfs istmbhildadigtfs istmbhild adigtfs (`ilfrmldüg y mabdigti). Hms omldhd`m`is (ubdlmldüg, mpmrlmlflnis, jumr`mrrfpm, itl.) Omltfris `i af`m i dgtirmlldüg igtri lhdigtis, qui hfs pf`rámafs hhmamr omltfris sfldmhis.
\d istfs vmhfris sfg mhtfs pmrm guistrfs lhdigtis, pf`riafs lfbrmr ug prildf aís mhtf, lfapmrm`fs lfg hm lfapitigldm, sd viafs qui guistrf prf`ultf is istíg`mr, qui gf supirm f `istmlm ig gdgjugm `i hms lmtijfráms `islrdtms mgtirdfraigti, gf pf`rámafs subdr ih prildf, sijóg isti pmríaitrf. M`iaís, sijóg istrmtijdms `i Rivigui Amgmjiaigt pmrm ristmurmgtis, pmrm odcmr prildfs, sijóg hm lfapitigldm, pf`iafs nmlir hms sdjudigtis tíltdlms. Ig lm`m sdstiam `i odcmldüg `i prildfs, hm prijugtm `i quä lhdigtis pmjmg lumh prildf si amgicmg m trmväs `i ‘bmrrirms `i prildfs‑ f Rmti Oiglis. Hm dg`ustrdm nftihirm y ih `i hms lfapmýáms märims utdhdzmg istms rmti oiglis pmrm forilir `isluigtfs ig ugd`m`is (tdiapf, lfad`m, nmbdtmldfgis, bdhhitis `i mvdüg, itl.) qui pf`rámg gf vig`irsi sd gf si nubdisi mphdlm`f istm istrmtijdm y `i pmsf, si pui`i hhmamr hm mtigldüg `i lhdigtis qui buslmbmg ih sirvdldf, pirf gf ih `isluigtf. Pf`fs hfs `irilnfs risirvm`fs ©Isluihm `i Nfstihirám Fghdgi Amrkitdgj Jmstrfgüadlf
M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis
Iciaphfs `i rmti oiglis ig nftihis f mirfhágims, sirámg hms lumhis dglhuyig riquirdadigtfs f rijhms `i lmsd lumhqudir tdpf, sdiapri y lumg`f tigjmg sigtd`f pmrm ih lhdigti; pmjmr pfr m`ihmgtm`f, risirvm `i tmh `ám m tmh `ám, hm risirvm `i nftih `ibi sir ig `ám síbm`f, itl. \i `ibi pigsmr aís mhhí `i hfs nmppy nfur, 2 ispildmhis pfr ih prildf `i =, ym qui istms `ildsdfgis, gf sipmrmg m hfs lhdigtis sigsdbhis mh prildf `i hfs qui gf hf sfg. Ufr istf, hfs ristmurmgtis `ibig `ismrrfhhmr istrmtijdms qui forizlmg `doirigtis prildfs y qui ästfs tigjmg sigtd`f pmrm ih lfgsuad`fr. \mbiafs qui ih prildf `ih aigó is ih adsaf, dg`ipig`digtiaigti dg`ipig`digtiaigti `i hms lmrmltirástdlms `ih lhdigti. Ufr istf, aágdamaigti nmbrám qui pfgir `doirigtis prildfs hfs `áms `fg`i ixdstm aís `iamg`m, lhdigtis imrhy bdr`s (qui si vmymg aís tiaprmgf) pirf cmaís mprfvilnmrsi pfr ldrlugstmgldms mcigms mh amrkitdgj y m hm jistdüg, lfaf pui`ig sir `ismstris, iairjigldms, itl.
Rmti oigli (lüaf sijaigtmr airlm`fs). Rilfr`iafs isti dgtirismgti lfgliptf `i hm istrmtijdm `i Rivigui Amgmjiaigt. Hm sijaigtmldüg `i prildfs, lfbrmg`f `doirigtis prildfs m `doirigtis lhdigtis pfr ih adsaf prf`ultf, is ugm príltdlm auy utdhdzm`m ig ih airlm`f, mugqui is ug pugtf m hm viz auy lrátdlf, ym qui, sd ouisi tmg sigldhhf lfaf lfbrmr `doirigtis prildfs m `doirigtis pirsfgms, tf`f ih aug`f hf nmrám, ¶gf6 ¶Igtfglis lüaf si pf`rám nmlir6
Hm rispuistm is3 Lrimg`f ugm istrulturm `i prildfs bmsm`fs ig hm rigtmbdhd`m`, rigt mbdhd`m`, `fg`i gf sühf si lmabdi ih prildf, sdgf tmabdäg hm foirtm f hm lmhd`m` `i hm adsam.
Hm ógdlm amgirm `i hfjrmr istf, is m trmväs `i hms bmrrirms `i prildfs f rmti oiglis. Istms bmrrirms tmrdomrdms tdigig lfaf fbcitdvf smtdsomlir mh lhdigti, pmrm qui ästi igluigtri ih prf`ultf qui buslm m ug prildf aigfr, pfr iciaphf ig hfs ldgis, lfg `áms `i `isluigtfs f lfg `isluigtfs piramgigtis pfr i`m`; pmrm amyfris y istu`dmgtis, `fg`i pf`rám ixdstdr ih lmsf `i sijaigtmr pfr ugdvirsdtmrdfs, hf qui sirám su stmtus i`ulmldfgmh f `fg`i pu`disig utdhdzmr ug lupüg `isluigtf pfr ubdlmldüg, hfs tris tdpfs `i lhdigtis, i`m`, istmtus y ubdlmldüg, tdigig hms adsams gilisd`m`is y ih lfstf `ih sirvdldf, is djumh, pirf si pirldbi ug vmhfr `dstdgtf pmrm ih lhdigti lhdigti lfg hm lfaprm.
<. Odcmldüg `i prildfs bmsm`f ig hm lfapitigldm. Hm odcmldüg bmsm`m ig hm lfapitigldm, is `ildr, utdhdzmg`f lfaf rioirigti hfs prildfs amrlm`fs pfr mquihhfs ristmurmgtis qui forilig ugm prfpuistm `i vmhfr pmrild`m y m ug adsaf póbhdlf fbcitdvf, si suihi utdhdzmr lumg`f is `doáldh istdamr hm ihmstdld`m` `i hm `iamg`m, y pfr tmgtf hfs prildfs `i hfs lfapitd`fris, ym istmbhild`fs pui`ig sir ug buig pugtf `i pmrtd`m. Istm odcmldüg `i prildfs, m`adti tris pfsdbdhd`m`is, prildfs pfr igldam `i hm lfapitigldm, prildfs m gdvih gdvih `i hm lfapitigldm, prildfs pfr `ibmcf `ibmcf `i hm lfapitigldm.
<.= Urildfs pfr igldam `i hm lfapitigldm. \i odcmg lumg`f hm prfpuistm `i vmhfr `ih ristmurmgti supirm m hm `i hfs lfapitd`fris, pritig`däg`fsi lfg ihhf, mtrmir m lhdigtis ihdtdstms y pfsdldfgmrsi lfaf ristmurmgti, `i supirdfr lmhd`m` qui hm lfapitigldm.
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M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis
<.2 Urildfs m gdvih `i hm lfapitigldm. \i odcmg hfs prildfs `i istm ofram lumg`f si tdigi hm rioirigldm `i hfs hhmam`fs hhm am`fs prildfs `i airlm`f y lumg`f hm prfpuistm `i vmhfr is pflf `doirigldm`m. Hm supirmldüg `i isti gdvih `i prildfs `i airlm`f, lfg prfpuistms gf `doirigldm`ms, `doirigldm`ms, pui`i mlmrrimr `dodluhtm`is lfairldmhis mh ristmurmgti. ristmurmgti. Is nmbdtumh hm odcmldüg `i prildfs mh gdih `i hm lfapitigldm ig airlm`fs ig sdtumldüg `i fhdjfpfhdf (Airlm`f ig ih lumh ug góairf ri`uld`f `i vig`i`fris icirli lfgtrfh sfbri ih prildf y mlmpmrm hm h m vigtm `i ug prf`ultf) y `i lfapitigldm piroiltm. Lfaf ym niafs lfaigtm`f mgtirdfraigti hm odcmldüg `i prildfs, ig ougldüg `i hfs prildfs `i airlm`f, is auy lfaóg ig hfs sijaigtfs `i sirvdldf rípd`f y sirvdldf m `fadldhdf, `íg`fsi tmhis lfdgld`igldms qui `iauistrmg qui gf hms nmy rimhaigti. Isti tdpf `i odcmldüg si utdhdzm lumg`f si `mg hms ldrlugstmgldms ig qui3 hfs ristmurmgtis y sus foirtms gf istíg `doirigldm`ms, nmy ug há`ir prildfs, qui is ih qui amrlm hms pmutms (suihi lfdgld`dr lfg ih há`ir `i airlm`f) f ixdsti ug gdvih `i prildfs nmbdtumh.
<.< Urildfs pfr `ibmcf `i hm lfapitigldm. Istm is hm ofram aís nmbdtumh `i utdhdzmr hm pfhátdlm `i prildfs, lfg fbcitdvfs lfapitdtdvfs; si buslm hm lmpturm `i hfs lhdigtis `i hm lfapitigldm qui sfg sigsdbhis mh prildf. \dg iabmrjf, hms juirrms `i prildfs ógdlmaigti bigiodldmg m hfs lhdigtis.
Istrmtijdms `i prildfs, pmrm guivfs ristmurmgtis. Hm pfhátdlm `i prildfs tmh lfaf niafs vdstf `i vmrdfs omltfris y `ih igofqui si tfai pmrm jistdfgmrhm, m`iaís `i dr lmabdmg`f ig ougldüg `ih ldlhf ldl hf `i vd`m `ih prfpdf gijfldf. Istm `i dgtrf`ulldüg `ih gijfldf ig ih gijfldf `i hm ristmurmldüg lfairldmh is lhmvi, pfr ihhf, lumg`f si dgdldm ih gijfldf si `ibi modgmr ig hms istrmtijdms m sijudr ig hf rioirigti m hms `dstdgtms pfhátdlms `ih adx, hms lumhis `ibig istmr i stmr bdig `iodgd`ms y lffr`dgm`ms. Hms istrmtijdms `i odcmldüg `i prildfs pmrm ristmurmgtis `i guivm lrimldüg sfg bísdlmaigti tris3 Urildfs mhtfs `i pristdjdfs.
Istrmtijdm `ih `islriai.
Istrmtijdm `i prildfs `i pigitrmldüg.
Hm odcmldüg `i prildfs mhtfs. Is ugm istrmtijdm igoflm`m m riofrzmr ih pfsdldfgmadigtf `i pristdjdf y lmhd`m` qui buslm ih guivf gijfldf. Ig istfs lmsfs istm istrmtijdm `ibi dr mlfapmým`m, `i ugm pfhátdlm `i prfafldüg auy mjrisdvm lmpmz `i lfaugdlmr hms vigtmcms lfapitdtdvms sfbri hms qui q ui si mpfym ih pfsdldfgmadigtf.
Hm istrmtijdm `ih `islriai. Rimhaigti si utdhdzm pflf ig guistrf siltfr, lfgsdsti ig dgdldmr hm mltdvd`m` lfg prildfs rihmtdvmaigti mhtfs, rispiltf m hm prfpuistm `i vmhfr mprfvilnmg`f ldrlugstmgldms `ih tdpf gfvi`m`, `i hm gf ixdstigldm `i sustdtutdvfs f `i ri`uld`m sigsdbdhd`m` `i hfs lhdigtis lhd igtis mgti hfs prildfs. Istm istrmtijdm fbi`ili m fbcitdvfs `i amxdadzmldüg `i bigiodldfs m lfrtf phmzf y ig sdtumldfgis `i ldirtm siad-lmutdvd`m` `i hfs lhdigtis.
Istrmtijdm `i prildfs `i pigitrmldüg. h fs nmbdtumhis `i airlm`f lfg ih odg `i lmptmr ig Lfgsdsti ig dgdldmr hm mltdvd`m` lfg prildfs aís bmcfs qui hfs ih aigfr tdiapf pfsdbhi ih amyfr góairf `i lhdigtis pmrm pfstirdfraigti dr mcustmg`f hfs prildfs mh mhzm, smhvf qui `itrís `i ugm istrmtijdm `i pigitrmldüg m lfrtf phmzf si islfg`m ig rimhd`m` ugm istrmtijdm `i Pf`fs hfs `irilnfs risirvm`fs ©Isluihm `i Nfstihirám Fghdgi Amrkitdgj Jmstrfgüadlf
M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis lmpturm `i luftm igoflm`m m mhlmgzmr mh lmgzmr rípd`maigti vfhóaigis supirdfris m hfs lfapitd`fris y bigiodldmrsi `i ilfgfaáms `i islmhm, lfgvdrtdäg`fsi igtfglis ig ugm istrmtijdm `i lrimldüg `i bmrrirms `i igtrm`m m trmväs `i prildfs bmcfs. Ouigti3 Hdbrf Pälgdlms `i amrkitdgj y Istrmtijdms pmrm Ristmurmgtis.
0. Odcmldüg `i prildfs, sijóg ih aätf`f `i Fagis. Pi qudirf igsiýmr istm príltdlf, pfrqui is dgtirismgti lfgflir y ig mhjugfs lmsfs sá hf pf`rámafs utdhdzmr, mugqui pmrm ih igofqui `i nmlir ugm lmrtm lfg istrmtijdms `i Giurfamrkitdgj, gf sirám lfapmtdbhi. Tf sdglirmaigti gf hf utdhdzf pmrm hms lfgsuhtfráms, pirf ti `icf hm h m dgoframldüg `i tf`ms oframs pfr sd `ild`is prfbmrhm ig mhjóg afaigtf. Ih aätf`f `i Fagis, is ug lfgcugtf `i rijhms, qui sijóg Cimg Pfuhiafg`i, sdrvig pmrm frjmgdzmr hfs prildfs `i hm lmrtm. Istfs prildfs prildfs tdigig ig luigtm mh lhdigti y ih prildf qui ästi ästi istä `dspuistf m pmjmr.
Hfs tris prdgldpdfs sfg3 @dspirsdüg `i prildfs.
Mpirturm `i jmam.
@iamg`m sijóg lmhd`m`/ prildf.
Urdair prdgldpdf3 @dspirsdüg `i prildfs, `igtrf `i ugm jmam `i prf`ultfs. Ygm jmam `i prf`ultfs (igtrmgtis, pislm`fs, pmstms, itl.) hm `dvd`dafs ig tris pmrtis djumhis, qui si hhmamríg3 jrupf bmcf, jrupf ai`df y jrupf mhtf. Hm vmrdmbhi qui si utdhdzmrí pmrm dglfrpfrmr ug phmtf ig ug jrupf u ftrf, sirí ih prildf `i vigtm mh póbhdlf. Ih prdgldpdf `dli msá3 Ih góairf `i phmtfs lfaprig`d`f ig ih jrupf ai`df `i prildfs, `ibi sir djumh f supirdfr m hm suam `i `ih góairf `i phmtfs igtri hfs ftrfs ftr fs `fs jrupfs ristmgtis, jrupf mhtf y jrupf bmcf. Istf qudiri `ildr, qui istfs `fs jrupfs, gf pui`ig tigir aís rioirigldms cugtms gd sipmrm`ms, qui ih jrupf ai`df.
\ijug`f prdgldpdf3 mpirturm `i jmam. Ig ugm adsam jmam `i phmtfs, hm `doirigldm igtri ih prildf `i vigtm aís bmcf y ih prildf `i vigtm aís mhtf, gf `ibi sir supirdfr m hm ldorm 2.9. Ih prildf aís bmcf x 2.91 mh prildf aís mhtf `i hm lmrtm. \d si trmtmsi `i ugm jmam hmrjm, aís `i 4 phmtfs, gf sirí supirdfr m <. Isti prdgldpdf ivdtm ugm jrmg `dvirsd`m` `i prildfs. (Lfaf fs `djf, mugqui isti aätf`f si utdhdzm, gf pui`i sir lfapmtdbhi lfg ih sdjudigti pugtf `ih lursf)
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M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis
Pirlir prdgldpdf3 `iamg`m sijóg hm rihmldüg lmhd`m`-prildf.
=1 Urildf ai`df `iamg`m`f/Urildf `iamg`m`f/Urildf ai`df foirtm`f
Ih prildf ai`df `iamg`m`f, si fbtdigi `i hm sdjudigti oürauhm3 Urildf ai`df `iamg`m`f1 Ldorm tftmh `i vigtms/tftmh phmtfs vig`d`fs.
Ufr óhtdaf, pmrm lfgflir luíh is ih prildf ai`df foirtm`f3 Urildf ai`df foirtm`f1 tftmh `i hfs prildfs `i vigtm/góairf `i phmtfs ig hm lmrtm
Ygm jmam `i prf`ultfs qui fbtigjm lfaf risuhtm`f hfs lfaprig`d`fs igtri 5,45 m = hm rihmldüg lmhd`m`-prildf, si pui`i lfgsd`irmr smtdsomltfrdm, pfr ih lfgtrmrdf, sd ih risuhtm`f is dgoirdfr m 5,45 hfs prildfs sfg auy ihivm`fs ig rihmldüg lfg hf qui si qudirig jmstmr hfs hfs lhdigtis y sd ih risuhtm`f is supirdfr m =, igtfglis hfs prildfs prfpuistfs gf sfg bmstmgti ihivm`fs ig rihmldüg lfg ih `dgirf qui istmrámg `dspuistfs m jmstmr hfs lhdigtis. Isti prdgldpdf, sá qui gfs pui`i myu`mr m tfamr `ildsdfgis, ym qui is ug buig dg`dlm`fr. Umrm odgmhdzmr hm ugd`m`, is dgtirismgti vir hm rihmldüg `i hfs prildfs y ldlhf `i vd`m `i hfs gijfldfs. Ih ristmurmgti lfgsd`irmg`f lfaf prf`ultf jhfbmh, tmabdäg fbi`ili ig su ivfhuldüg, m hf hmrjf `ih tdiapf mh lfgliptf `i ldlhf `i vd`m. Hms omsis `ih ldlhf ldlh f `i vd`m sfg lumtrf3 hm `i hmgzmadigtf, hm `i lrildadigtf, hm `i am`uriz y hm `i `ilhdvi. \dg iabmrjf, si pf`rám mým`dr ugm qudgtm `i jistmldüg (mgtirdfr m hm mpirturm `ih ristmurmgti) y ig hm lumh nmy gijfldfs `i ristmurmldüg qui ym tdigig dgjrisfs. Ufr iciaphf, pfgir ugm tdig`m tdi g`m lfg airlnmg`dsdgj ig origti `ih ristmurmgti, lfaf hf nmli Nmr` Rflk Lmoä.
Hm omsi `i hmgzmadigtf ym hm niafs vdstf ig ih pugtf mgtirdfr. •
Hm omsi `i lrildadigtf, lfaf su gfabri dg`dlm, si dgdldm ig ih pugtf `i dgohixdüg, ig qui ih vfhuaig `i vigtms pfr pirdf`f muaigtm `i ofram lfgsd`irmbhi. Hm pfhátdlm `i prildfs m sijudr ig istm omsi `ipig`irí `i hfs fbcitdvfs `i amrkitdgj m ai`df phmzf. @i istm ofram mhjugfs ristmurmgtis fptmg pfr sijudr mpfstmg`f pfr prildfs bmcfs pmrm mlihirmr istm omsi y mhlmgzmr ugm sdtumldüg `fg`i su lmpmld`m` si vim `isbfr`m`m pfr hm `iamg`m. \irí ig isi afaigtf lumg`f pf`rí iapizmr m subdr hfs prildfs prildfs lfg tftmh trmgqudhd`m`.
Ivd`igtiaigti hfs ristmurmgtis, qui nmg odcm`f prildfs mhtfs `i pristdjdf, smhvf qui si nmymg iqudvflm`f pfr ixlisf, ig hm odcmldüg dgdldmh, sijudríg amgtigdig`f ih gdvih amrlm`f. Odgmhaigti mquihhfs qui nmg sijud`f ugm istrmtijdm `i `islriai, `ipig`iríg `ih amgtigdadigtf `i hms ldrlugstmgldms dgdldmhis `ih airlm`f.
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M`adgdstrmldüg `i Ristmurmgtis Hm omsi `i am`uriz , si dgdldm ig ih afaigtf ig qui hms vigtms pfr pirdf`f si istmbdhdzmg y `icmg `i lrilir, ihhf, gf sdjgdodlm, qui si nmymg mhlmgzm`f ugfs gdvihis `i vigtm f `i flupmldüg üptdafs. \d istf is msá si `ibi buslmr rimhdzmr mlldfgis prfafldfgmhis f amrlmr ldirtms istrmtijdms `ioigsdvms `i prildfs (lfaf ri`ulldfgis `ih tdlkit ai`df ig i g `itiradgm`fs afaigtfs `i lfgsuaf) Umrm rimltdvmr hm omsi `i lrildadigtf qui pui`i virsi moiltm`m pfr hm bmcm `iamg`m ig ldirtfs `áms `i hm siamgm m `itiradgm`ms nfrms. •
Ig lmsf lfgtrmrdf, is `ildr, qui si nmym hhijm`f m hm am`uriz, pfr lmusms, `i lmpmld`m`, si gfs phmgtimríg lhmrmaigti `fs váms3 maphdmr hm lmpmld`m` `ih ristmurmgti (maphdmldüg `i dgstmhmldfgis), f subdr hfs prildfs pmrm ri`uldr hm `iamg`m m hfs lhdigtis lfg aigfs sigsdbdhd`m` mh prildf. •
Hm omsi `i `ilhdvi si dgdldm, lumg`f `i ofram gf pugtumh hms vigtms iapdizmg m `itirdfrmrsi. Hms lmusms `ih `ilhdvi pui`ig sir vmrdms. Ygm `i hms aís lfaugis ig ristmurmgtis `i ldu`m` is ih `i adjrmldüg `i hm `iamg`m, lumg`f hfs lhdigtis `ih ristmurmgti bdig pfr aftdvfs `i af`m `i hm zfgm, f pfr aftdvfs `i trmshm`fs hmbfrmhis amsdvfs, `ismpmrilig ig jrmg lmgtd`m`, `i hm zfgm `i dgohuigldm `ih ristmurmgti.
Istf tmabdäg suli`i m ristmurmgtis ubdlm`fs ig ligtrfs lfairldmhis, `fg`i hm lfrrihmldüg igtri sus vigtms y ih góairf `i vdsdtmgtis mh ligtrf lfairldmh is tmg `driltm qui hm mpirturm `i guivfs ligtrfs lfairldmhis prfvflm hm adjrmldüg `i pmrti `i hfs lhdigtis mbflmg`f m hfs ristmurmgtis m ugm omsi `i `ilhdvi nmstm ug guivf gdvih `i am`uriz pfr `ibmcf `ih gdvih mgtirdfr. Mgti istms sdtumldfgis gm`m si pui`i nmlir ai`dmgti istrmtijdms `i prildfs. prildfs. Aulnms vilis suli`i qui isti guivf gdvih `i vigtms gf piradti mbsfrbir hm istrulturm `i lfstis `ih ristmurmgti, nmldig`f igtrmr mh gijfldf, ig góairfs rfcfs, ig istms sdtumldfgis pfsdbhiaigti hm aicfr aic fr is lirrmr ih ristmurmgti. Ftrm lmusm bmstmgti nmbdtumh `i igtrm`m ig omsi `i `ilhdvi is qui ih lfgliptf y su prfpuistm nmymg qui`m`f ig ldirtm ofram fbsfhitm f pfr `ibmcf `i ftrfs ristmurmgtis qui nmymg igtrm`f ig ih airlm`f rildigtiaigti. Is ivd`igti qui hfs justfs `i hfs lfgsuad`fris lmabdmg m hf hmrjf `i su vd`m y lfg hms guivms jigirmldfgis, pfr tmgtf, hms prfpuistms `i vmhfr `is`i hm pirspiltdvm lumhdtmtdvm tmabdäg `ibig ivfhuldfgmr. Hf lumh gfs hhivm m rimhdzmr, gf istrmtijdms `i prildfs, smhvf qui hm rihmldüg vmhfr-prildf nmym qui`m`f ouirm `i airlm`f, sdgf istrmtijdms `i lmabdf `i prf`ultf, lfaf riaf`ihmldüg `ih hflmh, f lmabdf `i lfgliptf `i gijfldf, itl. Ig `iodgdtdvm, hm `ildsdüg `i piramgigldm `i ug ristmurmgti f gf ig omsi `i `ilhdvi, vig`rí amrlm`m ig ougldüg `i hfs lfstis `driltfs. \d istfs si pui`ig ri`uldr, si pf`rí fptmr pfr piramgilir aís tdiapf, `i hf lfgtrmrdf, hf mlfgsicmbhi sirí lirrmr.
Pf`fs hfs `irilnfs risirvm`fs ©Isluihm `i Nfstihirám Fghdgi Amrkitdgj Jmstrfgüadlf
