Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
]rdjdgl präct`cl mb J`lilfïd EO #: Bst`odc`óe mb id lsolidr`mdm
]bod7 Bst`odc`óe mb id lsolidr`mdm be tbg`mls, cle id `eobrs`óe mb oubstrds be m`sliuc`lebs n`pltóe`cds b n`pbrtóe`cds.
Ljgbt`vls
M`abrbec`dr bi cdoj`l mbi vliuobe qub lcurrb be m`abrbetbs m`sliuc`lebs (`sl, n`pl b n`pbrtóe`cd) `eaiubec`dmds plr ils sliutls (EdCi y CNL) be id obojrded mb id uvd y cdicuidr su lsolidr`mdm.
Mbscr`j`r ils cloplebetbs mb ids obojrdeds j`lióf`cds.
Bxpi`cdr cóol id m`aus`óe y id lsols`s sle `oplrtdetbs pdrd ids càiuids.
Qdr`djibs
@embpbem`betb7 l
]`bopl be o`eutls
l
Clecbetrdc`óe mb id sliuc`óe
Mbpbem`betb l
Qdr`dc`óe mbi pbsl/vliuobe
Cletrlidmd l
Xbsl `e`c`di
l
]bopbrdturd doj`betb (´ :6 ¸C)
N`pótbs`s
Duobetdrä bi vliuobe mbi dfud ( )
be bi obm`l bxtbr`lr mb ued sliuc`óe
n`pltóe`cd.
Id uvd be id m`sliuc`óe n`pbrtóe`cd mb EdCi sb mbsn`mrdtdrä oäs räp`ml qub be id m`sliuc`óe n`pbrtóe`cd mb C 4:N::L44. 4
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
Odrcl tbór`cl Ids obojrdeds cbiuidrbs sle jdrrbrds sbibct`vds qub sbpdrde ids càiuids y alrode clopdrt`o`betls `etrdcbiuidrbs. Betrb sus auec`lebs bstäe7
Zbfuidr bi trdesplrtb mb oliàcuids qub betrde l s dibe mb id càiuid l mbi lrfdebil.
Fbebrdr sbôdibs pdrd olm`a`cdr bi obtdjli`sol.
Dmnbr`r càiuids pdrd alrodr tbg`mls.
Id obojrded cbiuidr bstä alrodmd plr ued cdpd mljib mb alsaliïp`mls, prltbïeds y cdrjln`mrdtls. Cdmd alsaliïp`ml bstä clopubstl plr fi`cbrli, äc`mls frdsls y alsadtl, qub be cleguetl crbde ued jdrrbrd n`mrlaój`cd betrb ils clopdrt`o`betls dculsls mb id càiuid. Ids prltbïeds pbro`tbe bi pdsl mb oliàcuids n`mrlaïi`cds d trdvàs mb id obojrded, mbtbro`ede ids auec`lebs bspbcïa`cds mb bstd b `eciuybe jlojds, cdedibs, rbcbptlrbs, oliàcuids mb dmnbs`óe, trdesmuctlrbs mb bebrfïd y bez`ods. Ids prltbïeds pbr`aàr`cds bstäe dslc`dmds cle ids supbra`c`bs, o`betrds qub ids `etbfrdibs bstäe `ecrustdmds be id obojrded y pubmbe dtrdvbsdr clopibtdobetb id cdpd mljib. Id auec`óe mb ils cdrjln`mrdtls dmnbr`mls d ids prltbïeds (fiuclprltbïeds) l d ils alsaliïp`mls (fiucliïp`mls) bs id mb dmnbs`óe y cloue`cdc`óe `etbrcbiuidr. Bi clibstbrli, qub bs ue bstbrl`mb (iïp`ml), mbtbro`ed id aiu`mbz mb id obojrded.
]rdesplrtb cbiuidr Xdrd qub id càiuid auec`leb ba`c`betbobetb, mbjb odetbebrsb be id o`sod ue doj`betb bstdjib clelc`ml clol
nloblstds`s. Xdrd odetbebr bstb bqu`i`jr`l bx`stbe obcde`sols pdrd
bi trdesplrtb sbibct`vl mb odtbr`dibs ndc`d bi `etbr`lr l bxtbr`lr mb id càiuid. Ids obojrdeds mb id càiuid sle sbibct`vdobetb pbrobdjibs, pbro`t`beml bi pdsl mb difueds sustdec`ds l pdrtïcuids (oliàcuids, ätlols, l `lebs), b `op`m`beml bi pdsl mb ltrds. Bstd sbibct`v`mdm sb mbjb d id cdpd mljib mb alsaliïp`mls mb id obojrded.
:
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
Id alrod be qub ids oliàcuids pdsde plr id obojrded mbpbemb be pdrtb mb id plidr`mdm mb ids o`sods. Ids oliàcuids
n`mrlaój`cds, l el plidrbs, pdsde cle rbidt`vd
i`jbrtdm d trdvàs mb id cdpd mb iïp`mls, o`betrds qub oliàcuids
n`mrlaïi`cds, l plidrbs,
`eciuybeml bi dfud, y ids oliàcuids mb odylr tdodôl, pdsde d trdvàs mb cdedibs alrodmls plr prltbïeds trdesplrtdmlrds. Id rbfuidc`óe mbi trdesplrtb mb ids oliàcuids, l id m`rbcc`óe be qub sb oubvbe mbpbemb mb su frdm`betb mb clecbetrdc`óe (m`abrbec`d be clecbetrdc`óe betrb mls iufdrbs).
M`aus`óe Ids oliàcuids sb oubvbe clestdetbobetb mbj`ml d su bebrfïd c`eàt`cd y sb bspdrcbe ue`alrobobetb be bi bspdc`l m`sple`jib. Bstb olv`o`betl, iidodml olv`o`betl jrlwe`del, bs id aubrzd oltr`z mb id m`aus`óe. M`aus`óe sb mba`eb clol bi olv`o`betl edturdi mb ids pdrtïcuids mb ue ärbd mb odylr clecbetrdc`óe d ue ärbd mb obelr clecbetrdc`óe ndstd dicdezdr ue bqu`i`jr`l m`eäo`cl, be bi cudi bi olv`o`betl ebtl mb pdrtïcuids bs cbrl. Id m`aus`óe el rbqu`brb fdstl mb bebrfïd plr pdrtb mb id càiuid y plr il tdetl bs ue olv`o`betl pds`vl. Cudeml id càiuid trdesplrtd sustdec`ds be cletrd mb ue frdm`betb mb clecbetrdc`óe (mb ue ärbd mb obelr clecbetrdc`óe d ue ärbd mb odylr clecbetrdc`óe) sb rbqu`brb bebrfïd (D]X) y sucbmb olv`o`betl dct`vl.
Ósols`s Bi cloplebetb pr`ec`pdi mb id càiuid bs bi dfud, qub dct÷d clol slivbetb (bi dfbetb qub m`subivb) mb sliutls (oliàcuids lrfäe`cds b `elrfäe`cds suspbem`mds be id sliuc`óe). Bi olv`o`betl mb dfud d trdvàs mb ids obojrdeds (qub sle sbibct`vdobetb pbrobdjibs) sb iidod
lsols`s (m`aus`óe mb dfud) y sucbmb s`boprb mbi ärbd mb odylr clecbetrdc`óe mb dfud (cle obelr clecbetrdc`óe mb sliutl) di ärbd mb obelr clecbetrdc`óe mb dfud (cle odylr clecbetrdc`óe mb sliutl). 3
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
Bi dfud sb olvbrä, betlecbs, d advlr mb ue frdm`betb mb clecbetrdc`óe ndc`d bi ärbd mb odylr clecbetrdc`óe mb sliutl (mlemb ndy ued obelr clecbetrdc`óe mb oliàcuids mb dfud i`jrbs).
Sliuc`óe `sltóe`cd Ids sliuc`lebs `sltóe`cds sle dqubiids mlemb id clecbetrdc`óe mbi sliutl bs id o`sod dojls idmls mb id obojrded mb id càiuid, plr il tdetl, id prbs`óe lsoót`cd be id o`sod m`sliuc`óe `sltóe`cd bs id o`sod qub be ils iïqu`mls mbi cubrpl y el ditbrd bi vliuobe mb ids càiuids.
Sliuc`óe n`pltóe`cd Red sliuc`óe n`pltóe`cd bs dqubiid qub t`beb obelr clecbetrdc`óe mb sliutl be bi obm`l bxtbrel be rbidc`óe cle bi obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl mb id càiuid
Sliuc`óe n`pbrtóe`cd Red sliuc`óe n`pbrtóe`cd bs dqubiid qub t`beb odylr clecbetrdc`óe mb sliutl be bi obm`l bxtbrel, plr il qub ued càiuid be m`cnd sliuc`óe p`brmb dfud (N:L) mbj`ml d id m`abrbec`d mb prbs`óe, bs mbc`r, d id prbs`óe lsoót`cd, iibfdeml `eciusl d olr`r plr mbsn`mrdtdc`óe. Id sdi`md mbi dfud mb id càiuid clet`e÷d ndstd qub id prbs`óe lsoót`cd mbi obm`l bxtbrel y mb id càiuid sbde `fudibs.
Lsolidr`mdm Id lsolidr`mdm bs id obm`md pdrd bxprbsdr id clecbetrdc`óe tltdi (obm`md be lsolibs/i`trl) mb sustdec`ds be m`sliuc`lebs. Bi prba`gl "lsol-" `em`cd id pls`jib vdr`dc`óe mb id prbs`óe lsoót`cd be ids càiuids, qub sb prlmuc`rä di `etrlmuc`r id m`sliuc`óe be bi lrfde`sol. Be id lsolidi`mdm (vàdsb qub bs m`abrbetb d lsolidr`mdm), id clecbetrdc`óe qubmd bxprbsdmd clol lsolibs plr k`ilfrdol mb dfud, rbabrbetbs tdoj`àe d difueds sustdec`ds bspbcïa`cds.
=
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
Id clecbetrdc`óe lsoót`cd, elrodiobetb clelc`md clol lsolidr`mdm, bs id obm`c`óe mb id clecbetrdc`óe mb sliutls, mba`e`md clol bi e÷obrl mb lsolibs (Lso) mb ue sliutl plr i`trl (I) mb sliuc`óe (lsoli/ I l Lso/I).
A lrouids7 . ()
()
. ()
Lsolidr`mdm (Lso/I) ? Olidr`mdm (O) x El. mb pdrtïcuids m`slc`dmds
Odtbr`dibs pdrd id präct`cd
Xdpbi cbilaäe
N`il mb eyile (l s`o`idr)
2 uvds
Crlelobtrl
2 rbc`p`betbs mb :>8oi (´ 8.2 oi.)
4 cucndrd mb piäst`cl
> f. mb dz÷cdr jidecd (C 4:N::L44)
> f. mb sdi mb obsd (EdCi)
388 oi. mb dfud pltdjib plr
4 jdidezd bibctróe`cd (´ 8.2 f.)
rbc`p`betb
: prljbtds mb :28oi
3 plpltbs l pdils a`els mb odmbrd.
4 j`sturï
Odtbr`dibs mb idjlrdtlr`l
Eltd7 Sb rbdi`zó be bstd präct`cd ued oubstrd be bi obm`l `sltóe`cl slil pdrd tbebr clol jdsb yd qub el lcurr`räe cdoj`ls. 2
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
Xrlcbm`o`betl Oubstrd #47 Obm`l `sltóe`cl
4. Sb clfb ue rbc`p`betb y cle dyumd mb ued prljbtd sb o`mb id cdet`mdm mb dfud qub ib plemrbols ’slivbetb‟ (:28 oi ). Sb `etbetd rbcrbdr bi obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl.
:. Sb clrtd ued iäo`ed mb pdpbi cbilaäe el tde pbqubôd y mbetrl mb biid vbrtbols dfud yd obm`md (:8 oi. ), cle ued uvd detbr`lrobetb pbsdmd (1,6 fr.), sbfu`ml sb dodrrd cle bi n`il eyile d id vbz qub ue`ols ils pdils a`els mb odmbrd cle bi euml pdrd qub el sb els cd`fd id oubstrd di plebrid be bi rbc`p`betb. Bstl sbrïd clol ued ràpi`cd mb ’x‟ obojrded mb ued càiuid.
3. Sb clilcd id bevliturd mb cbilaäe (obojrded mb ued càiuid) mbetrl mbi rbc`p`betb (obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl) y mbgdols rbplsdr.
=. Sb obm`rä cdmd c`brtl t`bopl (48-:8-38-=8 o`e.) bi pbsl y bi vliuobe pdrd clrrljlrdr qub cdoj`ls suarb id obojrded y bi obm`l bxtbr`lr.
Oubstrd #:7 Obm`l n`pltóe`cl cle dz÷cdr (C 4:N ::L44 )
4. Sb clfb ue rbc`p`betb y cle dyumd mb ued prljbtd obm`ols id cdet`mdm mb dfud qub ib plemrbols ’slivbetb‟ (:18 oi. ) (A`f.
4). Sb `etbetd rbcrbdr bi obm`l
c`tlpidsoät`cl. (A`f. :)
:. Sb clrtd ued iäo`ed mb pdpbi cbilaäe el tde pbqubôd y mbetrl mb biid vbrtbols dfud yd obm`md (:8 oi. ) (A`f. 3) y ib dfrbfdols c`brtd cdet`mdm mb dz÷cdr mb obsd ’sliutl‟ (3,3 fr. mb C 4:N::L44)
(A`f. =), cle ued uvd detbr`lrobetb pbsdmd (1,6 fr.)
(A`f.2) sbfu`ml sb dodrrd cle bi n`il eyile d id vbz qub ue`ols ils pdil a`els mb odmbrd cle bi euml pdrd qub el sb els cd`fd id oubstrd di plebrid be bi rbc`p`betb. Bstl sbrïd clol ued ràpi`cd mb ’x‟ obojrded mb ued càiuid. ( A`f. 1)
1
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
3. Sb clilcd id bevliturd mb cbilaäe cle id oubstrd (obojrded mb ued càiuid) mbetrl mbi rbc`p`betb (obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl) y mbgdols rbplsdr.
=. Sb obm`rä cdmd c`brtl t`bopl (48-:8-38-=8 o`e.) bi pbsl y bi vliuobe pdrd clrrljlrdr qub cdoj`ls suarb id obojrded y bi obm`l bxtbr`lr. (Debxl 4)
(A`f. 4) Sb rbdi`zd ids obm`c`lebs rbspbct`vds.
(A`f. :) Zbc`p`betbs cle dfud qub s`ouidrde bi obm`l bxtbr`lr.
(A`f. 3) Xrbpdrdc`óe mb id ’obojrded‟
(A`f. =) Obm`c`óe mbi sliutl. Dz÷cdr mb obsd (3,3 fr.) (´ 8.2 f.)
(A`f. 2) Rvds qub s`ouidrde ued càiuid ’x‟
(A`f. 1) ’Obojrded‟ i`std pdrd bi bxpbr`obetl.
Oubstrd #37 Obm`l n`pltóe`cl cle sdi (E dCi)
4. Sb clfb ue rbc`p`betb y cle dyumd mb ued prljbtd obm`ols id cdet`mdm mb dfud qub ib plemrbols ’slivbetb‟ (:18 oi. ). Sb `etbetd rbcrbdr bi obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl.
6
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
:. Sb clrtd ued iäo`ed mb pdpbi cbilaäe el tde pbqubôd y mbetrl mb biid vbrtbols dfud yd obm`md (:8 oi. ) y ib dfrbfdols c`brtd cdet`mdm mb sdi ’sliutl‟ (3,3 fr. mb EdCi)
(A`f. 2) cle ued uvd detbr`lrobetb pbsdmd (1,6 fr.) sbfu`ml sb dodrrd cle bi
n`il eyile d id vbz qub ue`ols ils pdil a`els mb odmbrd cle bi euml pdrd qub el sb els cd`fd id oubstrd di plebrid be bi rbc`p`betb. Bstl sbrïd clol ued ràpi`cd mb ’x‟ obojrded mb ued càiuid.
3. Sb clilcd id bevliturd mb cbilaäe cle id oubstrd (obojrded mb ued càiuid) mbetrl mbi rbc`p`betb (obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl) y mbgdols rbplsdr.
=. Sb obm`rä cdmd c`brtl t`bopl (48-:8-38-=8 o`e.) bi pbsl y bi vliuobe pdrd clrrljlrdr qub cdoj`ls suarb id obojrded y bi obm`l bxtbr`lr. (Debxl4 )
(A`f. 2) Obm`c`óe mbi sliutl. Sdi (3,3 fr.) (´ 8.2 f.)
Oubstrd # =7 Obm`l n`pbrtóe`cl cle dz÷cdr (C 4:N ::L44)
4. Sb clfb ue rbc`p`betb y cle dyumd mb ued prljbtd obm`ols id cdet`mdm mb dfud qub ib plemrbols ’slivbetb‟ (:18 oi. ) y ib dfrbfdols c`brtd cdet`mdm mb dz÷cdr mb obsd ’sliutl‟ (3,3 fr. mb C 4:N::L44). Sb `etbetd rbcrbdr bi obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl.
:. Sb clilcd ued uvd be bi `etbr`lr mbi rbc`p`betb detbr`lrobetb pbsdmd (1,6 fr.) 3. Sb obm`rä cdmd c`brtl t`bopl (48-:8-38-=8 o`e.) bi pbsl y bi vliuobe pdrd clrrljlrdr qub cdoj`ls suarb id obojrded y bi obm`l bxtbr`lr. (Debxl :) >
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
Oubstrd #27 Obm`l n`pbrtóe`cl cle sdi (E dCi)
4. Sb clfb ue rbc`p`betb y cle dyumd mb ued prljbtd obm`ols id cdet`mdm mb dfud qub ib plemrbols ’slivbetb‟ (:18 oi. ) y ib dfrbfdols c`brtd cdet`mdm mb sdi ’sliutl‟
(3,3 fr. EdCi ). Sb `etbetd rbcrbdr bi obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl. :. Sb clilcd ued uvd be bi `etbr`lr mbi rbc`p`betb detbr`lrobetb pbsdmd (1,6 fr.) 3. Sb obm`rä cdmd c`brtl t`bopl (48-:8-38-=8 o`e.) bi pbsl y bi vliuobe pdrd clrrljlrdr qub cdoj`ls suarb id obojrded y bi obm`l bxtbr`lr. (Debxl :)
Mdtls ljtbe`mls. (Fräa`cl #4) ]djid #4 Oubstrd #47 Cdoj`ls mb id obojrded mb id uvd y bi obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl mb id o`sod, be
id sliuc`óe `sltóe`cl. Qdr`djib ]`bopl (o`e) 8 48 :8 38 =8
Xbs l mb id ob ojrded b e frdols (´ 8.2 f .)
Qliuob e mbi rb c`p`b etb b e o`i`i`trls (´ 8.2 f .)
1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6 1,6
:28 :28 :28 :28 :28
]djid #: Oubstrd #:7 Obm`l n`pltóe`cl cle dz÷cdr (C 4:N ::L44)
Ósols`s be id obojrded mb id uvd y bi obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl mb id o`sod, be id sliuc`óe n`pltóe`cd. Qdr`djib
Xbsl mb id uvd be frdols
Qliuobe mb id sliuc`óe
(´ 8.2 f.)
be o`i`i`trls (´ 8.2 f.)
8
1,6
:18
48
1,6
:2>
:8
1,>
:26
38
1,>
:22
=8
1,0
:23
]`bopl (o`e)
0
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
]djid #3 Oubstrd #37 Obm`l n`pltóe`cl cle sdi (EdCi)
Ósols`s be id obojrded mb id uvd y bi obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl mb id o`sod, be id sliuc`óe n`pltóe`cd. Qdr`djib
Xbsl mb id uvd be frdols
Qliuobe mb id sliuc`óe
(´ 8.2 f.)
be o`i`i`trls (´ 8.2 f.)
8
1,6
:18
48
1,6
:26
:8
1,>
:21
38
1,0
:2=
=8
6,4
:24
]`bopl (o`e)
]djid #= Oubstrd #=7 Obm`l n`pbrtóe`cl cle dz÷cdr (C 4:N ::L44 )
Ósols`s be id obojrded mb id uvd y bi obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl mb id o`sod, be id sliuc`óe n`pbrtóe`cd. Qdr`djib ]`bopl (o`e)
Xbsl mb id uvd be frdols Qliuobe mb id sliuc`óe (´ 8.2 f.) be o`i`i` trls (´ 8.2 f.)
8
1,6
:18
48
1,6
:18
:8
1,1
:14
38
1,1
:14
=8
1,2
:1:
]djid #2 Oubstrd #27 Obm`l n`pbrtóe`cl cle sdi (EdCi)
Ósols`s be id obojrded mb id uvd y bi obm`l c`tlpidsoät`cl mb id o`sod, be id sliuc`óe n`pbrtóe`cd. Qdr`djib
Xbsl mb id uvd be frdols Qliuobe mb id sliuc`óe (´ 8.2 f.)
be o`i `i`trls (´ 8.2 f.)
8
1,6
:18
48
1,1
:14
:8
1,2
:1:
38
1,=
:13
=8
1,3
:1=
]`bopl (o`e)
48
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
Mbsdrrliil7 Xrlcbsdo`betl mb mdtls. Xlrcbetdgb mb vdr`dc`óe mb pbsls ’Alrouid‟
(%) ?
√
Oubstrd #4 Xbsl `e`c`di7 1.6 fr.
.. .
8 %
Xbsl a`edi7 1.6fr.
Oubstrd #: Xbsl `e`c`di7 1,6 fr.
,, ,
, %
Xbsl a`edi7 1,0 fr.
Oubstrd #3 Xbsl `e`c`di7 1,6
,, ,
, %
Xbsl a`edi7 6,4
Oubstrd #= Xbsl `e`c`di7 1,6
,, ,
, %
Xbsl a`edi7 1,2
Oubstrd #2 Xbsl `e`c`di7 1,6
,, ,
, %
Xbsl a`edi7 1,3
44
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
]djid mb ils plrcbetdgbs ljtbe`mls mb id vdr`dc`óe mb ils pbsls be =8 o`e. (Fräa`cl #:) Oubstrds (sliuc`lebs)
Xlrcbetdgbs ljtbe`mls be =8 o`e. (%)
#47 @sltóe`cd
8
#:7 N`pltóe`cd (dz÷cdr )
:,0>
#37 N`pltóe`cd (sdi)
2,06
#=7 N`pbrtóe`cd (dz÷cdr)
-:,>6
#27 N`pbrtóe`cd (sdi)
-2,06
Cäicuil mb id lsolidr`mdm mb ids oubstrds. Oubstrd #47 Obm`l `sltóe`cl Red sliuc`óe `sltóe`cd el t`beb lsolidr`mdm yd qub el sb ib dfrbfl sliutl.
Oubstrd #:-=7 Obm`l n`pltóe`cl/n`pbrtóe`cl cle dz÷cdr (C 4:N::L44) Sliuc`óe dzucdrdmd ’dz÷cdr mb obsd‟ (C4:N::L44) Odsd mbi sliutl (clopubstl)7 3,3 fr. Qliuobe mbi sliutl7 :8 oi. ↚ 8,8: I. Odsd/pbsl olibcuidr mb C4:N::L44 ↚ 3=: fr./oli
El. mb olibs ( )7
. ()
3,3 . . 8,88012 3=:
Olidr`mdm (O)7 ()
8,88012 8,8:
8,=>:2
Lsolidr`mdm (Lso/I)7 (C 4:N ::L44 ↚
C 4:N ::L44)
Lsolidr`mdm (Lso/I) ? 8,=>:2O x 4? 8,=>:2 Lso/I 4:
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
Oubstrd #3-27 Obm`l n`pltóe`cl/n`pbrtóe`cl cle sdi (EdCi) Sliuc`óe sdi`ed ’sdi mb obsd‟ (EdCi) Odsd mbi sliutl (clopubstl)7 3,3 fr. Qliuobe mbi sliutl7 :8 oi. ↚ 8,8: I. Odsd/pbsl olibcuidr mb EdCi. ↚ 2> fr./oli
El. mb olibs ( )7
. ()
3,3 . . 8,8210 2>
Olidr`mdm (O)7 ()
8,8210 8,8:
:,>=2
Lsolidr`mdm (Lso/I)7 (EdCi ↚
+ √ )
Lsolidr`mdm (Lso/I) ? :,>=2 O x :? 2,10 Lso/I
]djid mb id lsolidr`mdm ljtbe`md be ids m`vbrsds oubstrds. (Frda`cl #3) Lsolidr`mdm mb ids oubstrds (Lso/I) 8 8,=>:2 2,10
Oubstrds (sliuc`lebs) #47 @sltóe`cd #:7 N`pltóe`cd/N`pbrtóe`cd (dz÷cdr ) #37 N`pltóe`cd/N`pbrtóe`cd (sdi)
43
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
Deäi`s`s Dedi`zdeml ils plrcbetdgbs ljtbe`mls mb id vdr`dc`óe mbi pbsl be ids m`st`etds oubstrds, plmbols ljsbrvdr id bx`stbec`d mb plrcbetdgbs ebfdt`vls y pls`t`vls be bstds. Bstls rbsuitdmls sle prlmuctl mbi `ecrbobetl l mbscbesl mb ils pbsls mb ids oubstrds, be ue ibefudgb odtboät`cl ue plrcbetdgb pls`t`vl rbprbsbetd ue `ecrbobetl be bi pbsl y v`cbvbrsd. D pdrt`r mb il detbs obec`ledml, dedi`zdrbols ids oubstrds7 Id pr`obrd oubstrd el nujl cdoj`ls mbj`ml d qub sb trdtdjd mb ued m`sliuc`óe `sltóe`cd, yd qub t`beb id o`sod clecbetrdc`óe mb sliutl be bi obm`l bxtbrel b `etbrel. Id sbfuemd y id tbrcbrd, qub t`bebe plrcbetdgbs mb vdr`dc`óe mb :,0> y 2,06 rbspbct`vdobetb, sb pubmb mbmuc`r qub sb trdtd mb sliuc`lebs n`pltóe`cd, plr il qub su pbsl duobetl y plr bemb dojds oubstrds mbj`brle ndjbr djslrj`ml pdrtb mbi slivbetb ( ), cdjb mbstdcdr qub dojds oubstrds sle sliuc`lebs n`pltóe`cds pbrl sb pubmb vbr qub ndy ued m`abrbec`d be bi plrcbetdgb y bstl sb mbjb d qub be ued sb ut`i`zó dz÷cdr (clopubstl clvdibetb) y id ltrd sdi (clopubstl `óe`cl) ids cudibs d tbopbrdturd doj`betb bs oäs aäc`i qub cbmde ils beidcbs mb sdi qub ils mb dz÷cdr plr bsb olt`vl id oubstrd cle sdi t`beb ue cdoj`l oäs eltdjib (odylr). Id cudrtd y id qu`etd, qub t`bebe plrcbetdgbs mb -:,0> y -2,06 rbspbct`vdobetb, sb pubmb mbmuc`r clol detbr`lrobetb, qub sb trdtd mb sliuc`lebs n`pbrtóe`cds, plr il qub su pbsl m`so`euyl y plr bemb dojds oubstrds mbj`brle ndjbr pbrm`ml pdrtb mbi dfud mb su `etbr`lr y dmboäs pdsl il o`sol cle id m`abrbec`d mb plrcbetdgbs mbj`ml di sliutl ut`i`zdml dz÷cdr y sdi. Cle rbspbctl di cäicuil mb id lsolidr`mdm, sb puml mbtbro`edr cuäi aub id clecbetrdc`óe tltdi mb sliutls lsoót`cdobetb dct`vls be m`cnds sliuc`lebs.
4=
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
Clecius`óe Cle bstd präct`cd pubmb betbembr cidrdobetb bi prlcbsl mb id ósols`s be ids m`vbrsds m`sliuc`lebs (`sl, n`pl b n`pbrtóe`cds), sb ljsbrvó clol id uvd duobetdjd su pbsl s` sb becletrdjd be ue obm`l mlemb bi sliutl mbi ’obm`l bxtbr`lr‟ brd obelr cle rbidc`óe di sliutl mbi ’obm`l `etbr`lr‟ (sliuc`óe n`pltóe`cd), tdoj`àe clol m`so`euïd cudeml ndjïd oäs sliutl be bi ’obm`l bxtbr`lr‟ cle rbidc`óe di ’obm`l `etbr`lr‟ (sliuc`óe n`pbrtóe`cd).
Sbfu`ml d bstl, pubml mdr ued rbspubstd vbrïm`cd d ids n`pótbs`s pidetbdmds di `e`c`l, id pr`obrd obec`ledjd, ’duobetdrä bi vliuobe mbi dfud ( ) be bi obm`l bxtbr`lr mb ued sliuc`óe n`pltóe`cd‟ sb pubml mbolstrdr be id präct`cd y be ids `evbst`fdc`lebs rbdi`zdmds qub bstl el bs clrrbctl bstl slil pdsdrïd be sliuc`lebs n`pbrtóe`cds; id sbfuemd7 ’Id uvd be id m`sliuc`óe n`pbrtóe`cd mb EdCi sb mbsn`mrdtdrä oäs räp`ml qub be id m`sliuc`óe n`pbrtóe`cd mb C4:N::L44 ‟ cle ils mdtls ljtbe`mls bstd n`pótbs`s s` bs clrrbctd, yd qub clol sb obec`leó detbr`lrobetb bs oäs aäc`i qub cbmde ils beidcbs mb sdi qub ils mb dz÷cdr plr il qub sb mbsn`mrdtl oäs räp`ml.
I`o`tdc`lebs Di rbdi`zdr id präct`cd nujl c`brtds i`o`tdc`lebs clol brrlrbs s`stboät`cls be id jdidezd bibctróe`cd, qub t`beb ue odrfbe mb brrlr mb (´ 8.2 f.) tdoj`àe bi pdpbi qub sb ut`i`zó pdrd s`ouidr id obojrded el bs bi t`pl mb odtbr`di bxdctl; plr ltrd pdrtb bi brrlr pbrsledi di olobetl mb rbdi`zdr ids obm`c`lebs cle ils t`bopls bstdjibc`ml, sb puml ndjbr cdïml be ue brrlr mb cäicuil y tdivbz el sle rbsuitdmls di c`be plr c`betl pbrl sle rbsuitdmls dpbfdmls d id rbdi`mdm.
42
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
Debxls
(Debxl 4) Sb ljsbrvd id s`ouidc`óe mb ids oubstrds n`pl b n`pbr cle id dz÷cdr (mb `zqu`brmd d mbrbcnd rbspbct`vdobetb)
(Debxl :) Sb ljsbrvd id s`ouidc`óe mb ids oubstrds n`pl b n`pbr cle id sdi (mb `zqu`brmd d mbrbcnd rbspbct`vdobetb)
Fräa`cls.
#47 M`dfrdod mb jdrrds mb id vdr`dc`óe mb pbsls be ids oubstrds #4-2 6.> . r f e b l s b p i b m e l ` c d ` r d Q
1.2 2.: 3.0 :.1 4.3 8 @sltle`cd
Xbsl `e`c`di fr.
1.6
N`pltóe`cd (dzucdr) 1.6
Xbsl a`edi fr.
1.6
1.0
41
N`pltóe`cd (sdi) 1.6
N`pbrtle`cd (dz÷cdr) 1.6
N`pbrtle`cd (sdi) 1.6
6.4
1.2
1.3
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
#:7 M`dfrdod mb jdrrds mb id vdr`dc`óe mbi plrcbetdgb mb ils pbsls be ids oubstrds #4-2 6 2.1 % e b l s b p i b m e l ` c d ` r d Q
=.: :.> 4.= 8 -4.= -:.> -=.: -2.1 -6 @sltle`cd
Xlrcbetdgb be =8 o`e.
8
N`pltóe`cd (dzucdr) :.0>
N`pltóe`cd (sdi) 2.06
N`pbrtle`cd (dz÷cdr) -:.>6
N`pbrtle`cd (sdi) -2.06
#37 Xidel mb id vdr`dc`óe mb id lsolidr`mdm be ids oubstrds #4-2 6 s d r t s b u o s ) d I i / b m o s m L d ( m ` r d i l o s L
1 2 = 3 : 4 8 -4
Lsolidr`mdm Jdsb (8)
Lsolidr`mdm Ljtbe`md
N`pltle`cd/N`pbrtle`cd (sdi)
8
2.10
N`pltle`cd/N`pbrtle`cd (dzucdr)
8
8.=>:2
46
Gbrboy @srdbi Xdiod Cdrjl fom021 (828:2: -8880)
J`ji`lfrdaïd Ailrbs, O. O. (= mb Sbpt`bojrb mb :844).
jilfsplt . Ljtbe`ml mb
nttp7//ole`cdqu`o`cd.jilfsplt.clo/:844/80/qub-bs-ued-`sltle`cd-n`pltle`cd.ntoi N`ebbstrlsd Mïdz mbi Cdst`iil, D., Qdrfds, I., Cdstdôl, B., & Qbflbcnbd, G. (s.a.). ODERDI
MB IDJLZD]LZ@L . Ljtbe`ml mb Auec`le Zbedi7 nttp7//obm.gdvbr`ded.bmu.cl/a`s`lilf`d/dutlbstum`l/ODERDIIDJZBEDI.XMA Qbibz, G. (s.a.). Dcdmbo`c. Ljtbe`ml mb nttp7//dcdmbo`c.upro.bmu/~gvbibzf/idj6.pma
CZ@]BZ@LS MB BQDIRDC@ÓE CLOXZLO@SL XBZSLEDI B^XILZDC@LE DEÄI@S@S BQDIRDC@ÓE CLORE@CDC@ÓE ]L]DI (: XRE]LS) (1 XRE]LS) (1 XRE]LS) (1 XRE]LS) (= XRE]LS) (:= XRE]LS)
4>
