Trabajo Colaborativo 2 Fundamentos

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

TRABAJO COLABORATIVO 2

PRESENTADO POR:

ISA DANIELA CALLEJAS ARRIETA

CODIGO: 1039098400

GRUPO: 150001_148

PROGRAMA: PSICOLOGIA

CEAD TURBO ANTIOUIA

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

UNAD

20 DE ABRIL DE 2015

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

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PROBLEMA DE INVESTIGACION DESERCION ESCOLAR

C!"#$% &"'(")%* $+ $+*+,-./# +*-%(", #%* ,++,.)%* "( "'"#$%#% $+( +*!$.% %,  ",+ $+ (%* +*!$."#+* E* )! -%)# +# #!+*,% "* 6!+ (%* 7/+#+* *+ "(+7+# $+( +*!$.% " *+" %, *.!"-.%#+* $+ %%,!#.$"$+* % +-%#/).-"* 6!+ #% (+* +,).+# *+!., -%# *! %,)"-./# "-"$).-" L%* 7/+#+* &% +# $" #% *%# )! "+"$%* "( +*!$.% %,6!+ #% (+* "%," $.#+,% " +),"#% .+)% *. #% 6!+ *+ -%#*.!+# ,"'"7%* 6!+ (+* +#+," $.#+,%  -,++# 6!+ -%# +*% " +* *!.-.+#+ "," +#+, !# )+7%, !!,% S.# $",*+ -!+#" 6!+ "* (+* %-" );* $.-.( +# +( !!,% &" $.+,*%* "-%,+* 6!+ .#(!+# +# +( "'"#$%#% $+ (" +*-!+(" -%)% ("* -%#*+-!+#-."* $+ !#" %(.-" +*!$."#.( )!-&"* +-+* #% *+ .$+#..-"# (%* ,%'(+)"* $+ (%* +*!$."#+* +# ("* "!("* $+ -("*+* -%)% +( )"%#+% (" $+*)%."-./# $+ (%* +*!$."#+* (" -%#$!-" $+ +((%* ,+#+ "( +*!$.% (%* ,%'(+)"* ").(.",+*<

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

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EVIDENCIAS

3

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

4

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

5

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

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6

OBJETIVOS

L" %,)!("-./# $+ (%* %'7+.%*= +* (" $.,+--./# +# (" -!"( *+ $+'+ $.,+--.%#", +( +*!$.% % .#+*."-./# +# (" -!"( *+ ("#+" !# )+" % ,%/*.% " "(-"#>",= $+ )"#+," .#$..$!"( .#$..$!"( % $+ %,)" ,!"(= (" -%#%,)"-./# -%#%,)"-./# $+ !# +6!.%= (" -%#%,)"-./# -%#%,)"-./# $+ ")'%* "-%,+* (%* +*!+,>%*  (" %(!#"$ *+ +,;# ,+(+7"$%* %, (" $.*%*.-./# $+ (%* %'7+.%* "(-"#>", "(-"#>",== "$+);*= $!,"#+ $!,"#+ +( ,%-+*% $+ +7+-!-./# +7+-!-./# $+'" -!)(., (" !#-./# 6!+ *.," -%)% (" !" $+ (%* +7+* 6!+ *+ %)+# $!,"#+ +( ,%-+*%= %,6!+ !#" )"(" $+-.*./# !$+ &"-+, 6!+ #% *+ -!)(" -%# ("* )+"* ,%!+*"*= %, "( ,">/# ,"> /# (% (%* * %' %'7+ 7+.% .%* * +* !# !#" " $+ ("* .# .#*" *"##-."* ."* ! !#$" #$")+# )+#" "(+* (+* +# +( ,% ,%-+ -+*% *% $+ ("#..-"-./# +# $%#$+ *+ !+$+ -%#-,+", (" ,+"(.$"$ -%# ?.%<

GENERAL 

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

7

ESPECIFICOS

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

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8

JUSTIFICACION

E( ).#.*+,.% $+ +$!-"-./# #"-.%#"( &" +#.$% $+*",,%(("#$% !#" *+,.+ $+ "-..$"$+* ",++* $+ %$"* ("* *+-,+",."* $+ +$!-"-./# $+ %$% +( "*= $+ .% -!"#.".%  -!"(.".% %, )+$.% $+ $+ +#-!+*"= 6!+ (+ +,)."# ,%!#$.>", +# %$% +( +,,.%,.%  $++,).# $++ ,).#", ", ("* -"! -"!*"* *"*  "* %$+, .)(+)+# .)(+)+#", ", +*,"+ +*,"+."* ."* 6!+ (+ ,%%,-.%# ,%%,-.%#+* +* $"%* % ",."'(+* 6!+ (+ )!+*,+ (" ,%'(+);.-" $+*$+ !#" +,*+-." )! %'7+." $+ (" ,+"(.$"$ $+ (" $+*+,-./# +*-%(", +# %$% +( "* E# *! )%)+#% +( DANE  (" UNAL UNAL "$+("#",%# "$+("#",%# !# ,"'"7% -%# -%# (%* +*!$."#+*= +*!$."#+*= $%-+#+*  "$,+* $+ ").(." +# 2 +*"'(+-.).+#%* +$!-".%*= *+ +#,+.*",%# " 889 +*!$."#+*= 2 2 $.,+-.%*  343 $%-+#+* +# (" -.!$"$ $+ ARMENIA .#-(!+#$% "( *+-,+",.% $+ +$!-"-./# )!#.-."(= -%# +( ,%/*.% $+ $++,).#", (%* +(+)+#%* ".-%* 6!+ *%# ("* -"!*"* $+( ,%'(+)" $+ +*!$.%< L" -% -%# #+? +?! !"( "(.> .>""-./ ./# # $+ $+(( , ,%' %'(+ (+)" )" (% &" &"# # " ",! ,!" "$% $% +# -! -!" ",% ,% $. $.)+ )+#* #*.% .%#+ #+* * +*,!- +*, !-!,"( !,"(+* +* $+ (" ,% ,%'(+) '(+);.;.-"= "= ", "," " $+* $+*"-", "-", ("* ,"> ,">%#+* %#+* 6!+ &"# +#.$% (%* +*!$."#+* "," *! $+*.#-!("-./# $+ (" ",+ +$!-"." +# (" -.!$"$ $+ ARMENIA ("* -!"(+* *%#: (" ,+("-./# -%# (" >%#"= -%# (" ").(."= -%# (" .#*.!-./# +$!-"."  -%# +( +*!$."#+< C%)% &+-&% ,+(+"#+ +* 6!+ +( ,+.,% % $+*.#-!("-./# $+ +*!$."#+* 6!+ &"# $+7"$% *!* *!* +*!$.%* +*!$.%* $+ !#" !#" %,)" ! %," %,)" " *+" +)%,"( +)%,"()+#+ )+#+ % "(!#" "(!#" +> "#+* $+ +,).#", *!* +*!$.%* ,+*+-% "( "@% +*-%(", +* $+-., $+*+,-./# .#," "#!"( +#,+ (%* (%* 6!+ +#-!+* +#-!+*",%# ",%# (%* $+*+,%,+* $+*+,%,+* $+ (%* -+#,%* +$!-". +$!-".%* %* +#"# +#"# )!-&" ,+("-./# -%# *!* -!.$"$%,+* % *!* ,+*+-.%* ,+*+-.%* "$,+* *.+),+ % -"*. *.+),+ .+#+ (" ).*)" ,">/#< E( $+*.#+,* %, ("* -("*+* % (" %,)" +$"/.-"* %-% "-+,"$"* % "'!,,.$"*<  A&%," ).,",+)%* ("* ,">%#+* ,">%#+*== 6!+ &"# $++,).#" $++,).#"$% $% ("* -"!*"* $+ (" $+*+,-./ $+*+,-./# # +*-%(", -%)% (" *+-,+",." $+ +$!-"-./#= *+# (%* $"%* *%#= (% ,+.,"$% +( -%(+.% $+ (%* &%",+*= ("* >%#"* .#*+!,"*  ("* >%#"* $+ $+*"*,+*= +*%* +#/)+#%* "+-"# " (%* +*!$."#+*< A&%," ).,+)%* -%# ,+("-./# " (%* $%-+#+* *! )"%,  $..-!(" +* (" (+7"#" $+( -+#,% +$!-".% -%# ,+("-./# " *!* &%",+*  (%* $+*"*,+* #"!,"(+*  +# )+#%, ,"$% ("* %,"* ",."#+*<  A&%," '.+#= ("* )(.(+* -"!*"* 6!+ %-"*.%# %-"*.%#"# "# (" $+*+,-./ $+*+,-./# # +*-%(", $+ (%* +*!$ +* !$."# ."#+* +* *% *%# # (" +# +#*+ *+@" @"#>" #>" (+* ", ",++-+ + "' "'!, !,,.$ ,.$"= "= (% (%* * -%( -%(+ +.%* .%* #% .+ .+#+ #+# # (" -%'+,!," &"*" +( ,"$% %#-+= ,%'(+)"* $+ ,"#*%,+= (%* &%,",.%* +*"'(+-.$%* ","* ("* -("*+*= +$!-"-./# -%# +#%6!+* $.+,+#+* " *!* .#+,+*+*= -%#(.-%  (" .%(+#-." +# +( -+#,% +$!-".%= +$!-".%= (" $..-!(" $+ +?%* $+ +#*+@"# +#*+@"#>"= >"= .#*"("-.%#+* +# )"( +*"$%= )"(,"% $+ *!* -%)"@+,%* = (" "(" $+ "!$" "(.)+#",."= (" "(" $+

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

9

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

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10

MARCO TEORICO

L" $+*+,-./# +*-%(", +* !# ,%'(+)" $+ -",;-+, (%'"(= %, %,% ("$%= (% +#%-",+ $+*$+ (% #"-.%#"(  (%-"( $+'.$% " ("* -","-+,*.-"* $+( +*!$.% 6!+ "$+("#")%* $++,).#"#$% $++,).#" #$% ("* "-%,+* 6!+ .#-.$+# +# (" -"(.$"$ $+ (" +$!-"-./#= "* ).*)% +( +*"$ +* "$% % " ," ," * * $+ $+(( ).# ).#.* .*+,. +,.% % $+ +$ +$!!-"-. "-./# /# #" #"-. -.%#" %#"((  *! *!* * *+*+-,+ ,+",. ",."* "* $+ +$!-"-./# +$!-"./# (%-"(+*= $+'+# .#-(!., .#-(!., %(.-"* '(.-"* '(.-"* "," ",%#", ",%#", (" ,%'(+);.-"* ,%'(+);.-"* +$!-" +$ !-". ." "  *! *!* * -"! -"!*"* *"* -% -%# # !# !#%* %* %' %'7+ 7+.% .%* * 6!+ % %)+# )+#+ +# # (" .# .#+* +*. .""-./# ./# + .##%"-./# -,+"#$% -%#$.-.%#+* "," 6!+ -%#%-.).+#% *+" !# .#*,!)+#% $+ $+*",,%((%= $+*",,% ((%= +# (" -,+"-./# -,+"-./# $+ !# )+7%, !!,% !!,% " (%* +*!$."#+* +*!$."#+* +# C%(%)'."= C%(%)'."= E( ("# #"-.%# #"-.%#"( "( $+ $+*",,%( $+*",,%((% (% 200  2010 +*"'(+ +*"'(+-./ -./ +*,"+ +*,"+."* ."* $+ +6!.$"$  ,+$!--./# $+ (" %',+>" +# (" ',!*6!+$"$ $+ (" .!"($"$ $+ %%,!#.$"$+*  +( "--+*% " (" -"(.$"$ $+ (" +$!-"-./# -%)% !# *+,.-.% *%-."(= "," +*% ,+6!.+,+ -(",.$"$ -(", .$"$ *%',+ *%',+ ("* ("* -","-+, -","-+,*.*.-"* "* $+ ("* ",."' ",."'(+* (+* +*"'( +*"'(+-.$ +-.$"* "* +# (%* $"%* $"%* +*"$*.-%* ,+*+#"$%* %, (" *+-,+",." $+ +$!-"-./# $+ (" -.!$"$ $+ A,)+#." A,)+#." P%, %,% ("$%= *+ "$+("#",%# !#%* +*!$.%* " ,"* $+ +#-!+*"* " +*!$."#+*= $%-+# $% -+#+* +*== $., $.,+- +-. .%* %* $+ (% (%* * -+ -+,% ,% +$!-". +$!-".% %*= *= -" -"'+ '+ $+ $+*" *"-" -",, 6! 6!+ + +( #. #.+( +( $+ )", )" ,-!( !("* "* +* $+ $+(( 92 92=3 =30H 0H +* +*% % +* " "# #% % +# +( ;, ;,+" +" !, !,'" '"#% #%* * -% -%)% )% ,! ,!," ,"(( $+ $+(( )!#.-..% -"'+ "#%", 6!+ " +*", 6!+ +* !# #$.-+ "-+"'(+ #% +* *!.+#+ +#.+# +# .+#$% $% +# -!+ -!+#" #" ("* % %( (.-" .-"* * +$ +$!-" !-". ."* "* 6! 6!+ + *+ ,% ,%+ +-" -"# # " !# 10 100H 0H $+ -%'+,! -%' +,!," ," +# %$ %$% % +( )!# )!#.-. .-..%= .%= A&%," A&%," '.+ '.+#= #= ", "," " $++ $++,).# ,).#", ", (%* "-%,+* "-%,+* 6!+ -","-+,.>"# (" $+*+,-./# +*-%(",= -%# +( ,%/*.% $+ +#+, !#" .#%,)"-./# *%',+ ("* (" * -" -"," ,"- -+, +,* *. .-" -"* * 6! 6!+ + .# .#-. -.$+ $+# # +# (" $+ $+*+ *+,,-./ ./# # +* +*-% -%(" (",,  $+ $++ +,) ,).# .#", ", *! *!* * %,-+ % ,-+#" #"7+ 7+* * +* +*"$ "$* *.-% .-%*= *= -% -%)% )% +(+ +(+)+# )+#% % $+ "# "#;(. ;(.*.* *.* $+ ("* -" -"!* !*"* "* 6! 6!+ + (% %-"*.%#"#  %$+, -%#*%(.$", ("* ,">%#+* "," .)(+)+#", ("* +*,"+."* $+ ("* %*.'(+* *%(!-.%#+* $+ (" ,%'(+);.-"<  E# ,+("-./# -%#= +*% #% +* !# ,%'(+)" *%(% $+ (%* +*!$."#+* *.#% 6!+ "$+);* (" ").(."* ").(."* 7!+"# 7!+"# !# " "+( +( $+ )!-&" ,+(+"#,+(+"#-." ." +# -"$" !#% $+ "-%,+* "-%,+* 6!+ $++, $+ +,).# ).#"# "# (" ("* * $. $.+, +,+# +#+* +* " ",." ,."'(+ '(+* * -" -"!* !*"# "#+* +* $+ (" $+ $+*+, *+,-./ -./# # +*+*-%( %(", ",== 6! 6!+ + $++, $+ +,).# ).#", ",+)% +)%* * +# +* +*+ + +* +*!$ !$.%= .%= +# $% $%#$ #$+ + +* +*# # !# !#"* "* " ",." ,."'(+ '(+* * -% -%)% )% (" +$"%" +* "'!,,.$" -%# !# 14H= (" #% -%'+,!," &"*" ,"$% %#-+ !# 14H= (" "(" $+ ,"#*%,+ !# 14H= $..-!(" -%# +( &%,",.% $+ -("*+* !# 10H= ( "(" $+ .#+, .# +,* * +# (%* (" ("#+* #+* +$ +$!-" !-". .%* %* !# 10 10H= H= (%* -% -%#( #(.- .-%* %* +# (%* -% -%(+ (+.% .%* * !# 4H=+)'","*%* #% $+*+"$%* 4H= .!"()+#+ "," (" "(" $+ .(+* +*-%(",+*= (" "(" $+ !#.%,)+*= .#*"("-.%#+* .#"$+-!"$"*= (" "(" $+ ,+-!,*%* "," )",.-!("*= %$"* +*"* -%# !# 4H= +( )"(,"% $+ ,%+*%,+* -%# !# 3H= )"(,"% %, ",+ $+ (%* (% * -% -%) )"@ "@+, +,%* %* !# 3H 3H== $+ $+* *(" (">" >"). ).+# +#% % ", ",)" )"$% $% 3H 3H== % %,, " "( (" " $+ " "!$ !$"* "* "(.)+#",." 2H= +*"* *%# !#" *+,.+ $+ ",."'(+* 6!+ ,+6!.+,+# $+ !# +*!$.% .#$. .# $.. .$! $!"( "(.> .>"$ "$% % " "," ," % %$+ $+,, $+ $++ +,) ,).# .#", ", (" ("* * +* +*, ," "+ +." ."* * % ( ("# "#+* +* 6! 6!+ + #% #%* *

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

11

,%%,,%% ,-.%# .%#+* +* !# !#%* %* -, -,.+ .+,.% ,.%* * -% -%)% )% $" $",, *% *%(!(!-.% .%#+* #+* % ,+ ,+-% -%)+# )+#$" $"-. -.%#+ %#+* * " "," ," $.*).#!., (" $+*+,-./# +*-%(", +# #!+*,% )!#.-..%< C"'+ $+*"-", 6!+= +*+ +#/)+#% *+ ,+*+#" +*+-."()+#+ +# (%* +*,"%* *%-.%+-%#/).-%* 1= 2=3 -"'+ $+*"-", 6!+ (" *+-,+",." "$+("#" +$"%"* "," %,.+#", " (%* +*!$."#+*  .#-+#.",(%* "," +# (" -%#.+#-." "," 6!+ (%,+# *!* %'7+.%*  +#"# %%,!#.$"$+* +# +,).#", *!* +*!$.%* "-"$).-%*= +*+-." +*+."()+ ()+#+ #+ *.# $+ $+7", 7", $+ -% -%#* #*.$+ .$+," ,",, 6! 6!+ + +# (%* +* +*," ,"%* %* "( "(%* %* " ")'. )'.# # *+ ,+*+#" ,+* +#" ",.% ",.%* * "-%,+* "-%,+* "6! "6! $+*-,. $+*-,.%* %* "!#6! "!#6!+ + *%# ",."'( ", ."'(+* +* $.+,+# $.+,+#+* +* 6!+ 6!+ ")+, ") +,. ."# "# % %,% ,% . .% % $+ +* +*! !$. $.% % -% -%# # !# !#%* %* -, -,. .+, +,.% .%* *  " ",. ,."' "'(+ (+* * -% -%# # +# +#% %6! 6!+* +* $++,).# $++ ,).#"$% "$%*= *= " 6!+ (%* +#/)+#%* +#/)+#%* $+ $+*+,-./ $+*+,-./# # +*;# ,++*.$%* ,++*.$%* $+ %,%* "*+-%* );* %, ,%'(+)"* ").(.",+* % $+ -%)%,").+#%* -%#$!-!"(+*< Conceptos básicos

E# (" +#-!+*"* #"-.%#"( "$+("#"$" %, ).#.*+,.% $+ +$!-"-./# *+@"(" 6!+ (" (%* #.@%*= "$%(+*-+#+* +*;# +# !#" +"" +# (" 6!+ *+ +*"'(+-+# ",%#+* $+ -%)%," -%) %,").+# ).+#% % $+ ,"# ,"#*.% *.% $+ (" #.@+> " (" "$%(+*-+ "$%(+*-+#-." #-." +? +?,+*" ,+*"#$% #$% -.+," -.+," )"$!,+* )"$! ,+* +# *!* +%(!-./# +%(!-./#  (" -" -""-.$ "-.$"$ "$ *.-%(/. *.-%(/.-" -"  $+ .$+#.$"$ .$+#.$"$ &"-." &"-." !# -")'.% $+ .#$++#$+#-." *+# *! +$"$= 6!+ %$,"# +*"'(+-+, "-%,+* $+ ,.+*% 6!+ $+# (!", " "( ,%'(+);.-" +# +*!$.%< E?.*+# )(.(+* "-%,+* 6!+ -%#((+"# % 6!+ -%#*,!+# (%* "*+-%* $+ (" "",.-./# $+( ,%'(+)" 6!+ *+ ("#+" +# +*+ +*!$.% $+ .#+*."-./# " (% 6!+ *+ ,+.+,+ "( "-%, "-%, .#+,+,*%#"( .#+,+,*%#"( % .#$..$!"( .#$..$!"( (" -!"( +*; .#+,"$" .#+,"$" "( "--+*% "--+*% " (" (" +$!-"-./# +$!-"./# " !#%* #.+(+* -%# !#"* +,*+-."* +,*+-."* &"-." &"-." !# !!,%= $%#$+ +( "%% ").(.",== (" &"'.(.$" ").(.", &"'.(.$"$ $ "," ,+*%(+, ,%'(+)"*= ("* &"'.(.$" &"'.(.$"$+* $+* +# (" -%)!#.-"-./#= %$% +*% +?,+*" !#" !#" )"%, ,+!("-./#  "--.%#+* $+ (%,", !#" +$!-"-./# +$!-"-./# -%# -"(.$"$ -"(. $"$== +*% +,)..,; +,)..,; 6!+ +?.*" !# $.). $.).#!#!-./# ./# $+ (" $+*+ $+*+,-./ ,-./# # +*-% +*-%(", (", "# -!"(6!.+," $+ ("* +""* +$!-"."*< " 6!+ )+#-.%#",= "$+);* 6!+ C%(%)'." +# +( "@% 2000 .,)% 7!# 7!#% % -%# %,%* "*+* "*+* ).+)',%* ).+)',%* $+ ("* #"-.%#+* #"-.%#+* !#.$"* !#.$"* ONU !# &+-&% &.*/,.-% &.*/,.-% -""(%"$% -""(%"$% -%)% !# -%),%).*% -%),%).*% $+( $+( ).(+#.%= +# +*" $+-("," $+(","-./# -./# -%#7!#" -%#7!#" +*"'(+-. +*"'(+-.+,%# +,%# +,, +,,"$."$.-", ", (" %', %',+>" +>" +?,+)" +?,+)" +( &") &")',+ ',+  (%,", (" +$!-"-./# ,.)",." !#.+,*"( +#,+ %,"*<

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION



12

ESTADO DE ARTE

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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

13

+*"'(+-+ +#,+ (" ").(."  (" .#*.!-./# $+ +$!-"-./# *!+,.%,= +# (" 6!+ (%* -%*%* *%-."(+* $+ (" $+*+,-./# !+$+# "*%-.",*+ " (" ,$.$" $+ ,%$!-..$"$ ("'%,"( ("'%,"( $+,."$ $+,."$" " $+ (" )+#%, )+#%, "-!)!(""-!)!("-./# ./# .#$..$ .#$..$!"( !"( $+ -"."( -"."( &!)"#%< &!)"#%< E*" E*" ,$. ,$.$" $" *+ +.$+ +.$+##-." ." +# (" -%)" -%)",","-./ ./# # $+( $+( #.+( #.+( $+ .#,+ .#,+*% *% "(-"# "(-"#>" >"$% $% %,  %,  "6!((%* +*!$."#+* 6!+ +,).#"# *! ,%-+*% $+ %,)"-./# ,%+*.%#"(  "6!+((%* 6!+ #% (% &"-+#< S.# +)'",%= #% +* -(",% 6!+ %$%* (%* .%* $+ "'"#$%#% ,+6!.+,"# (" ).*)" "+#-./# % +?.7"# *.).(",+* %,)"* $+ .#+,+#-./# %, ",+ $+ (" .#*.!-./#< A(( ,"$.-" (" ,"# $..-!("$ 6!+ +#,+#"# ("* .#*.!-.%#+* +$!-"."* -%# (" $+*+,-./#< E( -%#%-.).+#% $+ (%* $.+,+#+* .%* $+ "'"#$%#% -%#*.!+ (" '"*+ '"*+ "," "," +("'% +("'%,", ,", %( %(.-" .-"* * ++- ++-." ."* * -%# -%# +( .# .# $+ "!)+# "!)+#" ",, (" ,++ ,++#-. #-./# /# +*!$."# +*!$."#.(< .(< D+*$+ D+*$+ +*" +*" +,*++,*+-." ."== +?.*+# +?.*+# ",."'(+ ",."'(+* * +?+,#"* +?+,#"* + .#+,#" .#+,#"* * 6!+ $++, $++,).# ).#"# "# (" ,%' ,%'"'. "'.(.$ (.$"$ "$ $+ $+*+, $+*+,-./ -./# # $+ (%* +*!$. +*!$."# "#+* +*== *.+#$ *.+#$% % ("* ("* );* -%)!#+* -%)!#+* ("* "-"$).-"* "-"$).-"*  ("* *%-.%+-%#/ *%-.%+-%#/).-" ).-"* *  ("* )+#%* )+#%* +?(%," +?(%,"$"* $"* ("* .#$..$!"(+* + .#*.!-.%#"(+*< D+*$+ +( !#% $+ .*" $+( *.*+)" $+ +$!-"-./# *!+,.%,= (%* "'"#$%#%* 6!+ .)(.-"# ,"#*+,+#-."* +#,+ .#*.!-.%#+* !+$+# #% *.#..-", $+*+,-.%#+* +# +( *+#.$% ,.!,%*% $+( ,).#%= " 6!+ */(% *+ ,"" $+ -")'.%* ++-!"$%* "( .#+,.%, $+( *.*+)"< E# +*+ *+#.$%= */(% "6!+(("* %,)"* $+ "'"#$%#% 6!+ *.#..-"# " (" +> +( "'"#$%#% $+( *.*+)" %,)"( $+ +$!-"-./# *!+,.% *!+,.%,, *%# -%#*.$ -%#*.$+,"$ +,"$"* "* -%)% $+*+,-.% $+*+,-.%#+*= #+*= = +# -%#,"* -%#,"*+= += %$%* %$%* "6!+((% "6!+((%* * +*!$."#+* +*!$."#+* 6!+ ,+"(.>"# ,"#*+,+#-."* ,"#*+,+#-."* .#+,.#*.!-.%#"( .#+,.#*.!-.%#"(+* +* !+$+# +#+#$+,*+ -%)% ).,"#+* $+#,% $+( *.*+)"< D+*$+ +*+ +#%6!+ *+ $+*"-"# (%* ,"'"7%* ,+"(.>"$%* +# P"#"); 2001= M?.-% 1989= A,+#.#"  C%*" R.-" 1984= +# (%* -!"(+* ("* -,.*.* +-%#/).-"* +-%#/).-"* *+ -%#.+,+# -%#.+,+# +# !# $++,).#"#+ $+ (" $+*+,-./# $+*+,-./# $+ .#*.!-.%#+* ,."$"* &"-." .#*.!-.%#+* '(.-"*  $+( "'"#$%#% "'"#$%#% $+.#..% $+( *.*+)" +$!-".%< D+ "-!+,$% -%# (% "#+,.%,=  "( -%#7!", ("* $+.#.-.%#+* $+ $+*+,-. $+*+,-./# /# $"$"* $"$"* %, T.#% T.#% 1982 1982  G.%"#% G.%"#%(.(. 2002= 2002= *+ !+$+ !+$+ +#+#$+, +#+#$+, (" $+*+,-./# -%)% !#" *.!"-./# " (" 6!+ *+ +#,+#" !# +*!$."#+ -!"#$% "*.,"  #% (%," -%#-(!., *! ,%+-% +$!-".%= -%#*.$+,;#$%*+ -%)% $+*+,%, " "6!+( .#$..$ .#$..$!% !% 6!+ *.+#$% *.+#$% +*!$." +*!$."#+ #+ $+ !#" .#*.! .#*.!-./# -./# $+ +$!-"-. +$!-"-./# /# *!+,.% *!+,.%,, #% ,+*+#" "-..$"$ "-"$).-" $!,"#+ $%* *+)+*,+* "-"$).-%* -%#*+-!.%*= (% -!"( +6!."(+ " !# "@% $+ .#"-..$"$ "-"$).-"< "-"$).-"< E# "(!#"* .#+*."-.%#+* .#+*."-.%#+* +*+ -%)%,").+#% *+ $+#%).#" -%)% K,.)+," $+*+,-./# .,* $,%%! " 6!+ #% *+ !+$+ !+$+ +*"' +*"'(+(+-+, +, *. "*" "*"$% $% +*+ +*+ +,.%$ +,.%$% % +( .#$. .#$..$! .$!% % ,+%)" ,+%)",; ,; % #% *!* *!* +*!$.%* % *. $+-.$.,; .#.-.", %,% ,%,")" "-"$).-%< E*" +* (" $+.#.-./# 6!+ &" "$%"$% +( M.#.*+,.% $+ E$!-"-./# N"-.%#"( "," (" )+$.-./#  *+!.).+#% $+ (" ,%'( ,%'(+); +);..-"< "< A ",. ",.,, $+ "( $+.# $+.#.-. .-./# /# *+ !+$ !+$+# +# $.+,+ $.+,+##-.", .", $%* $%* .%* .%* $+ "'"#$%#% +# +*!$."#+* !#.+,*.",.%*: !#% -%# ,+*+-% "( .+)%  %,% -%# ,+*+-% "( +*"-.%< L" $+*+,-./# -%# ,+*+-% "( .+)% *+ -("*..-" " *! +> +#: . D+*+,-./# ,+-%>: .#$..$!% 6!+ &"'.+#$% *.$% "$)..$% %, (" .#*.!-./# $+ +$!-" +$!-"-. -./# /# *!+, *!+,.% .%,, #% *+ )",.)",.-!( !("< "< .. D+*+ D+*+,,-./# ./# +), +),"#" "#":: .#$. .#$..$! .$!% % 6!+ 6!+ "'"#$%#" *!* +*!$.%* +# (%* ,.)+,%* *+)+*,+* $+( ,%,")"< ... D+*+,-./# ",$" ",$":: .#$.. .#$..$! $!% % 6!+ "'"#$ "'"#$%# %#" " (%* +*!$ +*!$.%* .%* +# (%* (.)% (.)%* * *+)+* *+)+*,+ ,+*< *< E# +(

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA – UNAD

CURSO FUNDAMENTOS Y GENERALIDADES DE INVESTIGACION

14

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REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS

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