Tomo 5 - El Islote Pancreático En El Desarrollo Y Tratamiento De La Diabetes

5/12/2018

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0* Oj{qfkwmmoýj I` qgnwi`moýj kg i` niwmgdo` ufq u`q{g kgi o}if{g kgugjkg uqojmouìdgj{g kg i` bwj$ moýj ojkorokwì kg i`} kobgqgj{g} ufai`mofjg} mgiwi`qg} pwg if oj{gnq`j y kg i` oj{gq`mmoýj gj{qg ï}{`}* I` d`}` kg mïiwi`} gjkfmqoj`} kgi uàjmqg`} ùgj`} mfj}{o$ {wyg wj 0' kgi {f{ì kgi ýqn`jf) y }g `nqwu` gj ufai`mofjg} kg 0555$=555 mïiwi`} bfqd`jkf if} o}if{g} kg i`jngql`j}* Gi {ouf mgiwi`q uqgkfdoj`j{g mfqqg}ufjkg ` i` mïiwi` α$u`jmqgà{om`) qg}ufj}àig kg i` ioagq`moýj kg oj}wioj`) dogj{q`} pwg i` mïiw$ i` ΰ }gmqg{fq` kg niwm`nýj y i` λ }gmqg{fq` kg }fd`{f}{`{oj` g}{àj qguqg}gj{`k`} gj wj` dgjfq uqfufqmoýj* ]o aogj gj q`{ýj i` mïiwi` α mfj}{o{wyg ìqgkgkfq kgi >5$<5 ' kgi o}if{g y i` mïiwi` ΰ gj {fqjf ì 15 ') g}{wkof} qgmogj{g} gj lwd`jf l`j kgdf}{q`kf wj` uqg}gjmo` d`yfq kg mïiwi`} ΰ ,77 ' kg mïiwi`} α bqgj{g ` wj ;5 ' kg ΰ/* G}{f} {qà`cf} l`j uwg}{f kg d`jobog}{f i` g}ugmoì qgigr`jmo` kg i`} mïiwi`} }gmqg{fq`} kg niwm`nýj gj i` bwjmoýj kgi o}if{g lwd`jf* Gj gi m`}f kg i`} mïiwi`} λ }gmqg{fq`} kg }fd`{f}{`{oj`) ï}{`} uwgkgj iign`q ` mfj}{o{woq gi 05 ' kgi {f{ì kgi o}if{g* F{qf} {ouf} mgiwi`qg} dojfqo{`qof} mfdf i`} mïiwi`} UU uqfkwm{fq`} kgi ufio$ uïu{okf u`jmqgà{omf mfj}{o{wygj dgjf} kgi 0 '* Gi mfj{qfi kg i` niwmgdo` ufq u`q{g kgi o}if{g }g kgag d`yfqo{`qo`dgj{g ` i` `mmoýj koqgm{` kg i`} mïiwi`} ΰ y α* Dogj{q`} pwg i` mïiwi` α ioagq` oj}wioj` mfj mfjmgj{q`mofjg} mqgmogj{g} kg niwmf}`) i` }gmqg$ moýj kg niwm`nýj ufq u`q{g kg i` mïiwi` ΰ {ogjg iwn`q gj mfjkomofjg} loufniwmïdo$ m`}* I` ufai`moýj λ gcgqmg wj` bwjmoýj qgnwi`kfq` ojkoqgm{` ` {q`rï} kg dgm`jo}df} u`q`mqojf} y` pwg i` }fd`{f}{`{oj` ojloag i` }gmqgmoýj kg i`} mïiwi`} ΰ y α* @kgdà} kg i` bwjmoýj y i` oj{gq`mmoýj kg g}{f} {ouf} mgiwi`qg}) i` qgnwi`moýj kg i` niwmgdo` g}{à {`daoïj }fdg{ok` ` r`qof} jorgig} kg mfj{qfi jgwqfjì y lfqdfjì `wjpwg jf r`df} ` àfqk`qif} gj g}{g mùä{wif* M`}o {fkf} if} {qà`cf} mogj{äbomf} l`j }okf koqonokf} ì g}{wkof kg i` mïiwi` α y i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj`) kg d`jgq` pwg lfy gj kä` }g {ogjg wj nq`j mfjfmodogj{f kg i` qgnwi`moýj kg g}{g {ouf mgiwi`q* ]oj gda`qnf) }g }àg dwy ufmf kg i` bo}ofifnä` kg i`} ufai`mofjg} jf$α ug}g ` }w odufq{`jmo` gj gi o}if{g y ` }w uùgi gj gi mfj{qfi kg i` niwmf}`* G}{` bì{` kg ojbfqd`moýj gj if} g}{wkof} kgi o}if{g }g kgag ` r`qof} b`m{fqg}8 }ogjkf gi uqojmouì i` g}m`}` qguqg}gj{`moýj kg g}{f} {ouf} mgiwi`qg} gj gi o}if{g bqgj{g ` i` uqg}gjmo` kfdoj`j{g kg i` mïiwi` α* Onwìdgj{g mfj{qoawyg gi lgmlf kg pwg kgaokf ` i` g}m`}` m`q`m{gqos`moýj kg g}{`} mïiwi`} l`y`j bì{`kf u`{qfjg} kg okgj{obom`moýj y pwg i`} dg{fkfifnä`} mfjrgjmofjìg} uqg}gj{à`j iodo{`mofjg} {ïm$ jom`} u`q` ufkgq g}{wko`q kg bfqd` ojgpwärfm` g ojkgugjkogj{g g}{`} ufai`mofjg} gj gi o}if{g gj{gqf* I`} ojjfr`mofjg} qgmogj{g} gj dói{ouig} {ïmjom`} l` uqfuomo`kf gj

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Qgnwi`moýj ufq niwmf}` kg i` bwjmoýj kg i`} mïiwi`} ìb`) ag{` y kgi{` gj gi o}if{g kg I`jngql`j}

if} ói{odf} `ðf} i` ù`qomoýj kg r`qof} g}{wkof} àfqk`jkf i` bo}ofifnä` kg i`} mïiw$ i`} ΰ y λ* Wj` m`q`m{gqä}{om` g}ugmoìdgj{g oj{gqg}`j{g g} pwg r`qof} kg g}{f} {qà`$ cf} }g l`j qgìos`kf gj gi o}if{g oj{`m{f* ]o aogj i` ojbfqd`moýj `mgqm` kg i`} mïiwi`} ΰ y λ a`}àjkf}g gj iäjg`} mgiwi`qg} f gj mïiwi`} ò}i`k`} gj mwi{orf qg}wi{` qgigr`j$ {g) }g l` mfj}{`{`kf pwg g}{f} dfkgif} uqg}gj{`j kobgqgjmo`} bo}ofiýnom`} mfj qg}$ ugm{f ` i`} fa}gqr`mofjg} qgìos`k`} gj gi o}if{g kg I`jngql`j} oj{`m{f* Kg lgmlf) }gnój l`j grokgjmo`kf ìnwjf} {qà`cf} ’oj rorf—) gi o}if{g oj{`m{f mfdf dfkgif kg g}{wkof }g `mgqm` dwmlf dà} ì mfdufq{`dogj{f bo}ofiýnomf* G}{`} kobgqgjmo`} qg}wi$ {`j uqojmouìdgj{g kg i` odufq{`jmo` mqä{om` gj gi bwjmofj`dogj{f kgi o}if{g kgi mfj$ {`m{f mïiwi`$mïiwi` y kg i` qgnwi`moýj `w{fmqoj` y u`q`mqoj`* Gj a`}g ` g}{f} df{orf}) gj if} ói{odf} `ðf} r`qof} nqwuf} kg ojrg}{on`moýj l`j {q`{`kf kg m`q`m{gqos`q i` bo}ofifnä` kg i`} mïiwi`} ΰ) α y λ gj gi o}if{g oj{`m{f) f ojmiw}f qgro}`q mfjmgu{f} mwy`} mfjmiw}ofjg} uqgro`} kgqorà`j kg g}{wkof} uqfmgkgj{g} kg dfkgif} kobgqgj{g}* Gj g}{g mùä{wif jf} mgj{q`qgdf} gj i` kg}mqoumoýj kg if} dgm`jo}df} pwg qgnwi`j i` bwjmoýj kg if} {ouf} mgiwi`qg} ΰ) α y λ) uqojmouìdgj{g gj a`}g ` g}{wkof} qgìos`kf} gj gi o}if{g oj{`m{f* I` bwjmoýj ojkorokwì g oj{gq`mmoýj kg g}{f} {qg} {ouf} mgiwi`qg} mfj}{o{wyg i` uqojmouì iäjg` kg `mmoýj gj i` qgnwi`moýj kg i` niwmgdo`*

1* Qgnwi`moýj kg i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj` kg i` mïiwi` Ö ufq niwmf}`* Gi g}pwgd` kg `mfui`dogj{f g}{ädwif$}gmqgmoýj gj mïiwi` α g}{à `duio`dgj{g `mgu$ {`kf) }o aogj ìnwjf} k`{f} kg g}{g dfkgif }g l`j qgro}`kf {q`} korgq}f} g}{wkof} gj o}if{g gj{gqf w{oios`jkf {ïmjom`} gigm{qfbo}ofiýnom`} y kg domqf}mfuä` mfjbfmì* I` niwmf}` g|{q`mgiwi`q gj{q` gj gi mo{f}fi ` {q`rï} kg {q`j}ufq{`kfqg} g}ugmäbomf} ,{ouf NIW[$1/) kfjkg }g dg{àfios` ` uoqwr`{f dgko`j{g i` niomýio}o}* Gi uoqwr`{f gj i` mïiwi` α g} d`yfqo{`qo`dgj{g dg{àfios`kf ufq rä` `gqýaom`) kg d`jgq` pwg gj{q` gj i` do{fmfjkqo`) `m{or`jkf gi momif kg Hqga} pwg k` iwn`q ` i` uqfkwmmoýj kg MF 1 y if} jwmigý{okf} J@KL y B@KL1* G}{f} ói{odf} `m{ó`j mfdf bwgj{g kg {q`j}bg$ qgjmo` kg gigm{qfjg} gj i` m`kgj` kg qg`mmofjg} pwg u`q{omou`j gj i` bf}bfqoi`moýj f|ok`{or` y gj i` }äj{g}o} kg @[U* Gi ojmqgdgj{f gj i` q`sýj @[U&@KU k` iwn`q ì mogqqg kg if} m`jìg} kg H ( kgugj$ kogj{g} kg @[U ,H @[U/) if mwì iigr` ` wj` kg}ufi`qos`moýj qg}ugm{f ` if} rìfqg} kg uf{gjmoì kg qguf}f pwg }g }o{ó`j kg $25 ` $<5 dR ,rgq bonwq` 0@/* Gj `w}gjmo` kg

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niwmf}`) i` mfjkwm{`jmo` kg if} m`jìg} H @[U g} kg ; j]) y mfj gi ojmqgdgj{f kg i` mfjmgj{q`moýj kg g}{g `sóm`q }g uqfkwmg wj` ko}dojwmoýj mqgmogj{g kg g}{` mfjkwm$ {`jmo` mfj wj` ojloaomoýj dgko` gj {fqjf ` 7 dD niwmf}`* I` kg}ufi`qos`moýj kgqo$ r`k` kgi mogqqg kg m`jìg} H @[U `m{or` m`jìg} kg M`1( kgugjkogj{g} kg rfi{`cg) ugq$ do{ogjkf `}ä i` gj{q`k` kg M`1( kg}kg gi g|{gqofq* Gj mfjkomofjg} kg mfjmgj{q`mof$ jg} g}{odwi`{fqo`} kg niwmf}`) i` `m{orok`k giïm{qom` gj i` mïiwi` α }onwg wj u`{qýj f}moi`{fqof gj gi o}if{g kg d`jgq` pwg }g ngjgq`j f}moi`mofjg} kgi uf{gjmoì kg dgd$ aq`j` gj{qg wj rìfq kg kg}ufi`qos`moýj) }faqg gi pwg }g ngjgq`j uf{gjmoìg} kg `mmoýj ,b`}g `m{or`/) y wj` b`}g }oigj{g kg qgufi`qos`moýj kgi uf{gjmoì kg dgdaq`$ j`* ]o aogj kwq`j{g if} uf{gjmoìg} kg `mmoýj kg i` b`}g `m{or` }ýif oj{gqrogjgj mfqqogj{g} kg M`1( dgko`k`} ufq m`jìg} {ouf I gj q`{ýj) gj lwd`jf `kgdà} u`q{o$ mou`j mfqqogj{g} kg J`( kgugjkogj{g} kg rfi{`cg* Gi ojmqgdgj{f kg M`1( mo{f}ýiomf kgqor`kf kg i` ùgq{wq` kg m`jìg} kg M`1( kgugj$ kogj{g} kgi uf{gjmoì kg dgdaq`j` g} i` }gðì pwg kg}gjm`kgj` i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}w$ ioj`* @j{g wj g}{ädwif kg niwmf}` ufq gjmod` kg < dD) }g uqfkwmg wj` }gðì kg M`1( f}moi`{fqo` pwg k` iwn`q ` wj` ioagq`moýj uwi}à{oi kg oj}wioj` ,rgq bonwq` 1/* @ kobgqgjmo` kg if pwg fmwqqg mw`jkf }g gjmwgj{q`j ò}i`k`} gj mwi{orf) i`} mïiwi`} α gj gi o}if{g oj{`m{f ngjgq`j wj u`{qýj f}moi`{fqof qgnwi`q y }ojmqýjomf {`j{f ` jorgi kg i` `m{orok`k giïm{qom` mfdf kg i` }gðì kg M`1(* Gj q`{ýj) g}{` mffqkoj`moýj }g kgag ` i` g|o}{gjmo` kg wj ì{f nq`kf kg `mfui`dogj{f mgiwi`q dgko`kf ufq wjofjg} {ouf nù ,nù$cwjm{ofj}/ pwg ugqdo{gj gi bwjmofj`dogj{f gj bfqd` kg }ojmo{of kg {fk` i` ufai`moýj α* G}{g `mfui`dogj{f gj o}if{g} kg q`{ýj }g mqgg pwg g} ojko}ugj$ }àig u`q` wj` `kgmw`k` ioagq`moýj kg oj}wioj`) k`jkf iwn`q ` wj` }gmqgmoýj dà} ronfqf}`* ]oj gda`qnf) g}{wkof} qgmogj{g} gj o}if{g} lwd`jf} ojkom`j pwg gi `mfui`$ dogj{f mgiwi`q y i` mffqkoj`moýj kg i`} }gðìg} kg M` 1( {ogjgj iwn`q gj nqwuf} kg mïiwi`}) mfojmokogjkf mfj }w fqn`jos`moýj g}u`moì) ugqf jf gj {fkf gi o}if{g* Gj gi o}if{g kg q`{ýj i` ufai`moýj α g}{à `nqwu`k` gj gi mgj{qf mfj q`dobom`mofjg} l`mo` i` }wugqbomog) dogj{q`} pwg i`} mïiwi`} ΰ y λ }g ko}ufjgj gj i`} mù`} dà} }wugqbomo`$ ig}* ]oj gda`qnf) i` fqn`jos`moýj g}u`moì gj gi o}if{g lwd`jf g} dwmlf dà} `s`qf$ }` mfj nqwuf} mgiwi`qg} waom`kf} }oj wj u`{qýj g}u`moì kgbojokf* Gi }onjobom`kf bwj$ mofjì kg g}{` g}{qwm{wq`moýj gj gi m`}f kgi o}if{g lwd`jf g}{à `ój ufq qg}firgq* @kgdà} kg wj gbgm{f koqgm{f }faqg i` }gmqgmoýj kg i` mïiwi` α) i` niwmf}` {`daoïj gcgqmg wj` `mmoýj ojkoqgm{` ì g}{odwi`q i` g|fmo{f}o} kg i` uqfuo` ufai`moýj α y kg mïiwi`} rgmoj`}) b`rfqgmogjkf `}ä i` mf$}gmqgmoýj cwj{f ` i`} lfqdfj`} kgi o}if{g) kg kobgqgj{g} dfiïmwi`} pwg ugqdo{gj wj` qgnwi`moýj `w{fmqoj` y u`q`mqoj`* Gj mfjko$

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mofjg} kg loufniwmgdo` }g }gmqg{` niwm`nýj) pwg {ogjg wj gbgm{f uf}o{orf }faqg i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj`) uf}oaigdgj{g ufq ojmqgdgj{f kg if} jorgig} kg @DU mämiomf gj mïiwi` α* Gj m`daof) ` mfjmgj{q`mofjg} gigr`k`} kg niwmf}` g|{q`mgiwi`q }g }gmqg$ {`j r`qo`} dfiïmwi`} mfj gbgm{f ojloao{fqof* Wj` kg gii`} g} i` }fd`{f}{`{oj` ioagq`$ k` kg}kg i`} mïiwi`} λ* @wjpwg gi dgm`jo}df kg `mmoýj jf g}{à {fk`rä` mfduig{`$ dgj{g `jìos`kf) u`qgmg pwg oduiom` wj` ko}dojwmoýj kg jorgig} kg @DU mämiomf* Ufq f{qf i`kf) gi àmokf ν $`dojfaw{äqomf ,N@A@/ mf}gmqg{`kf mfj i` oj}wioj` qgnwi` jgn`{or`dgj{g y kg d`jgq` `w{fmqoj` ì wjoq}g ` qgmgu{fqg} N@A@A pwg }g g|uqg$ }`j gj i` mïiwi` α* I` ko}dojwmoýj kg i` g|fmo{f}o} {ogjg iwn`q ufq `m{or`moýj kg uqf$ {gäj`} N ojloao{fqo`}* Ufq ói{odf mfdgj{`q gi uùgi `w{fmqojf y u`q`mqojf kgi @[U g|{q`mgiwi`q pwg }g mf}gmqg{` cwj{f ` i`} lfqdfj`} kgi o}if{g kg}kg if} nqàjwif}* G}{wkof} qgmogj{g} w{oios`jkf {ïmjom`} gigm{qfbo}ofiýnom`} kgdwg}{q`j pwg gi @[U g} mù`s kg qgkwmoq i` }gmqgmoýj ojkwmok` ufq niwmf}` `m{w`jkf ` r`qof} jorgig} ugqf }faqg{fkf ufq wj` oj{gqbgqgjmo` koqgm{` mfj gi uqfmg}f kg g|fmo{f}o}*

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@wjpwg if} dgm`jo}df} kg mfj{qfi kg i`} mïiwi`} ΰ y λ jf g}{àj {fk`rä` dwy kgbo$ jokf}) g|o}{gj odufq{`j{g} u`qìgio}df} mfj qg}ugm{f ` i` mïiwi` α* I`} mïiwi`} ΰ y λ jf }ýif }fj giïm{qom`dgj{g g|mo{àig} }ojf pwg `kgdà} i` niwmf}` qgnwi` }w `m{o$ rok`k giïm{qom`) y }w }gmqgmoýj lfqdfjì g} kgugjkogj{g kg M`1( y kg m`jìg} kgugj$ kogj{g} kg rfi{`cg*

=* Qgnwi`moýj kg i` }gmqgmoýj kg niwm`nýj kg i` mïiwi` ΰ ufq niwmf}` @ ug}`q kg pwg i` qgnwi`moýj kg i` niwmgdo` gj wjf} kg{gqdoj`kf} iädo{g} kgugjkg {`j{f kg i` oj}wioj` mfdf kgi niwm`nýj gj a`}g ` ugqboig} kg bwjmofj`dogj{f `j{`ný$ jomf}) }g }àg dwy ufmf kg i` qgnwi`moýj kg i` mïiwi` ΰ* Gi oj{gqï} ufq }w g}{wkof l` okf mqgmogjkf jf }ýif ufq wj` mfduqgj}oýj kg i` bo}ofifnä` oj{gnqì kgi o}if{g) }ojf {`daoïj ufq q`sfjg} miäjom`}* Gj gi m`}f kg u`mogj{g} koàï{omf} }g uwgkgj fa}gqr`q jorgig} kg niwm`nýj gigr`kf} pwg) cwj{f ` if} jorgig} a`cf} kg oj}wioj`) `nq`r`j i` lougqniwmgdo`* ]g uwgkg fa}gqr`q `kgdà} gj g}{f} m`}f} pwg i` ojloaomoýj m`q`m{gqä}$ {om` kg i` }gmqgmoýj kg niwm`nýj ì `wdgj{`q i` niwmgdo` g}{à ì{gq`k`) g ojmiw}f bìi`* L`}{` l`mg ufmf) if} ójomf} k`{f} `mgqm` kgi mfdufq{`dogj{f kg g}{g {ouf mgiwi`q }g a`}à`j gj g}{wkof} kg }gmqgmoýj kg niwm`nýj* Gj if} ói{odf} `ðf} }g l`j kg}`qqf$

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ii`kf dói{ouig} g}{wkof} pwg àfqk`j }w bo}ofifnä` {`j{f ` jorgi mgiwi`q mfdf dfig$ mwi`q* Jf fa}{`j{g) `ój jf }g l` iign`kf ` wj mfj}gj}f qg}ugm{f ` if} dgm`jo}df} pwg koqongj }w bwjmofj`dogj{f y` pwg }fj dói{ouig} if} jorgig} kg qgnwi`moýj pwg `bgm{`j ` i` ufai`moýj ΰ) ojmiwygjkf wj mfj{qfi jgwqì) wj odufq{`j{g mfj{qfi u`q`$ mqojf ` u`q{oq kg i` }gmqgmoýj kg mïiwi`} α y λ rgmoj`}) y {`daoïj wj mfj{qfi koqgm{f ufq u`q{g kg i` niwmf}`* Kgaokf ` pwg gi gbgm{f u`q`mqojf g} odufq{`j{g kgj{qf kgi o}if{g) {fk`rä` jf }g }àg mfj g|`m{o{wk }o i` ojloaomoýj gj i` }gmqgmoýj kg niwm`nýj ` mfjmgj{q`mofjg} gigr`k`} kg niwmf}` g} kgaok` g}{qom{`dgj{g ì `sóm`q f ` wj gbgm$ {f u`q`mqojf kg i`} mïiwi`} rgmoj`}* Gj mwìpwogq m`}f) gj a`}g ` r`qof} g}{wkof} qg`$ ios`kf} uqojmouìdgj{g gj o}if{g gj{gqf) }g }àg pwg i` qg}uwg}{` `j{g i` niwmf}` kg i`} mïiwi`} ΰ y α g} {f{ìdgj{g fuwg}{` gj mw`j{f ` i` `m{orok`k giïm{qom`) i`} }gð`$ ig} kg M`1( y i` ioagq`moýj lfqdfjì) kg d`jgq` pwg i`} uqodgq`} }fj dà} `m{or`} gj a`c`} mfjmgj{q`mofjg} kg niwmf}` y }g ojloagj ` ì{`} mfjmgj{q`mofjg}) dogj{q`} pwg i` ufai`moýj α qg}ufjkg `j{`nýjom`dgj{g* Gi nqwuf kg U`{qomh Qfq}d`j uqfuw}f wj dfkgif kg bwjmofj`dogj{f u`q` i` mïiwi` ΰ pwg qgmfjmoioà` if} k`{f} ùfq{`kf} ufq r`qof} iàfq`{fqof} y g|uiomà` gi dgm`jo}df kg `m{w`moýj kg i` niwmf}` ,rgq bonw$ q` 0A/* @ mfj{ojw`moýj kg{ìi`df} ìnwj`} kg i`} m`q`m{gqä}{om`} bo}ofiýnom`} kg g}{g {ouf mgiwi`q gj a`}g ` g}{g dfkgif) }o aogj dwmlf} kg if} {qà`cf} kg if} ói{odf} kf} `ðf} gduogs`j ` uqfufjgq r`qof} m`daof} kg dgjfq f d`yfq mfj}okgq`moýj* I` mïiwi` ΰ uqg}gj{` m`jìg} H @[U) ì onwì pwg i` mïiwi` α) y }w `m{orok`k g} i` uqoj$ mouì qg}ufj}àig kgi uf{gjmoì kg dgdaq`j` gj g}{g {ouf mgiwi`q* Gj a`c`} mfjmgj$ {q`mofjg} kg niwmf}`) g}{f} m`jìg} {ogjgj wj` a`c` `m{orok`k k`jkf iwn`q ` wj uf{gjmoì kg dgdaq`j` ufq kga`cf kg $25 dR* @ g}{g uf{gjmoì jgn`{orf }g ngjgq` wj` `m{orok`k giïm{qom` a`}`k` gj uf{gjmoìg} kg `mmoýj dgko`kf} ufq m`jìg} kg M`1( kgugjkogj{g} kg rfi{`cg {ouf [) if} mwìg} iigr`j gi uf{gjmoì kg dgdaq`j` ` jorgig} dà} uf}o{orf} kfjkg }g `m{or`j m`jìg} kg J`( y m`jìg} kg M`1( kgugj$ kogj{g} kg rfi{`cg {ouf I y J* I` qgufi`qos`moýj {gjkqä` iwn`q dgko`j{g i` `m{or`moýj kg m`jìg} kg H ( {ouf @* I` gj{q`k` kg M`1( ` {q`rï} kg if} m`jìg} {ouf I y J }gqä` qg}ufj}àig kgi `wdgj{f mo{f}ýiomf kg g}{g oýj pwg k` iwn`q ` i` g|fmo{f}o}* Gj m`d$ aof) gi ojmqgdgj{f kg i` mfjmgj{q`moýj g|{q`mgiwi`q kg niwmf}`) iigr`qä` ` wj `wdgj$ {f oj{q`mgiwi`q kg i` qgi`moýj @[U&@KU pwg k`qä` iwn`q ì aifpwgf kg if} m`jìg} H@[U) kg}ufi`qos`jkf `}ä i` dgdaq`j` l`}{` rìfqg} kg uf{gjmoì u`q` if} mwìg} }g oj`m{or`j i`} mfqqogj{g} kgugjkogj{g} kg rfi{`cg dgjmofj`k`} `j{gqofqdgj{g y pwg }w}{gj{`j if} uf{gjmoìg} kg `mmoýj* G}{f) ufq {`j{f) iigr`qä` ` i` ko}dojwmoýj kg i` 1(

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l` g|uiom`kf kgaokf ` wj` dgjfq kgj}ok`k kg m`jìg} H @[U gj i`} mïiwi`} }gmqg{f$ q`} kg }fd`{f}{`{oj` ,wj 75 ' dgjf}/* Mfj wj` dgjfq kgj}ok`k) i` kg}ufi`qos`moýj kg dgdaq`j` l`}{` iign`q ì uf{gjmoì ì pwg }g ngjgq`j if} uf{gjmoìg} kg `mmoýj {gjkqä` iwn`q dwmlf `j{g} kg pwg }g ngjgq`q` wj` mfduig{` ojloaomoýj kg if} m`j`$ ig} H @[U gj mfdu`q`moýj mfj i`} mïiwi`} α) y ufq {`j{f) ufkqä`j qg}ufjkgq `j{g} ` i` niwmf}`* G}{wkof} qgmogj{g} w{oios`jkf domqf}mfuä` mfjbfmì qgkf| gj o}if{g gj{gqf dwg}{q`j pwg i` niwmf}` `wdgj{` gi dg{àfio}df `gqýaomf do{fmfjkqoì gj mïiwi` λ) `wjpwg kgi fqkgj kg mw`{qf rgmg} dgjf} pwg gj gi m`}f kg i` ufai`moýj α* G}{f} k`{f} }wnog$ qgj pwg gi dg{àfio}df kg i` niwmf}` gj g}{`} mïiwi`} {ogjg dà} }odoio{wk mfj gi kg i` mïiwi` α) ì mfj{q`qof kg if pwg fmwqqg gj ΰ* G}{f} g|ugqodgj{f}) cwj{f ` if} g|o}$ {gj{g} kg gigm{qfbo}ofifnä` y }gðì kg M`1() {`daoïj }wnogqgj pwg gi m`jì H @[U gj mïiwi` λ cwgn` wj uùgi bwjk`dgj{ì gj `mfui`q m`daof} dg{àýiomf} gj giïm{qomf} gj qg}uwg}{` ` i` niwmf}`* I` qgnwi`moýj u`q`mqoj` ojkwmok` ufq niwmf}` kgag }gq qgigr`j{g gj mïiwi` λ) }oj gda`qnf g|o}{gj dwy ufmf} {qà`cf} àfqk`jkf g}{g `}ugm{f gj kg{ìig* K`kf pwg i` mïiwi` α mfj{ogjg nqàjwif} mfj N@A@ pwg }g mf}gmqg{`j mfj if} kg oj}wioj`) y i`} mïiwi`} λ g|uqg}`j qgmgu{fqg} kg N@A@ `mfui`kf} ` m`jìg} kg Mi$) g} ui`w}oaig pwg gi `wdgj{f kg niwmgdo` `m{org g}{` }gðìos`moýj u`q`mqoj`* I` `m{or`moýj kg g}{`} mfqqogj{g} kg Mi$ uf}oaigdgj{g `bgm{g ` i` `m{orok`k giïm{qom` kg i`} mïiwi`} λ y ` }w }gmqgmoýj* Qgmogj{gdgj{g }g l` ro}{f {`daoïj pwg gi I$niw{`d`{f ojmqgdgj$ {` i` ioagq`moýj kg }fd`{f}{`{oj` ` a`c`} mfjmgj{q`mofjg} kg niwmf}`* Gj g}{`} mfj$ komofjg} gi I$niw{`d`{f g} mf}gmqg{`kf mfj gi niwm`nýj kg}kg i`} mïiwi`} ΰ* ]g l` kgdf}{q`kf pwg i` ufai`moýj λ g|uqg}` qgmgu{fqg} ofjf{qýuomf} kg niw{`d`{f pwg dgko`qä`j g}{g gbgm{f uf}o{orf }faqg i` }gmqgmoýj kg }fd`{f}{`{oj`* Ufq ói{odf mfdgj{`q pwg {`j{f i` ufai`moýj kg mïiwi`} λ mfdf ΰ) bwjmofj`j mfdf wjok`kg} ojkorokwìg} ` kobgqgjmo` kg if pwg fmwqqg gj i` mïiwi` α pwg }g mfdufq{` mfdf wj }ojmo{of gj q`{ýj f gj ugpwgðf} nqwuf} mffqkoj`kf} gj lwd`jf) {ì mfdf lgdf} dgjmofj`kf `j{gqofqdgj{g* ]o aogj {qà`cf} mià}omf} w{oios`jkf {q`j}bgqgjmo` kg }fjk`} biwfqg}mgj{g} ojkom`qfj i` g|o}{gjmo` kg `mfui`dogj{f lfdýifnf y lg{g$ qýifnf gj{qg if} {qg} {ouf} mgiwi`qg} kgi o}if{g) g}{wkof} uf}{gqofqg} mfj {ïmjom`} gigm$ {qfbo}ofiýnom`} y dgkok`} kg i`} }gðìg} kg M`1( {`j{f gj o}if{g} kg q`{ýj mfdf kg lwd`jf}) kgdwg}{q`j pwg i`} mïiwi`} ΰ y λ jf g}{àj `mfui`k`} gj{qg }ä jo mfj f{qf} {ouf} mgiwi`qg}) kg d`jgq` pwg {ogjgj wj mfdufq{`dogj{f ojkorokwì*

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1* @i{gq`mofjg} ojdwjfiýnom`} gj gi o}if{g `}fmo`k`} ` KD03 `j{g}) kwq`j{g y kg}uwï} kgi ojomof miäjomf 1*0 @j{g} Gi ojomof miäjomf kg i` koàg{g} mfojmokg mfj i` b`}g bojì kg kg}{qwmmoýj kg i`} mïiwi`} ag{`) ojomo`kf} kwq`j{g gi ugqäfkf `}oj{fdà{omf f uqgkoàg{g}* G}{` oj{gqg}`j{g g{ù` i`{gj{g ”kg kobämoi g}{wkof kgaokf ` i` bì{` kg d`jobg}{`mofjg} y if oj`mmg}oaig kgi {gco$ kf ko`j`$ uwgkg kwq`q `ðf}* Gi ójomf d`qm`kfq kg k`ðf oj}wi`q }fj if} `w{f`j{omwgq$ uf} }ïqomf}) }ogjkf if} `j{o$oj}wioj` if} uqodgqf} gj ù`qgmgq* Kg g}{` g{ù`) }g }àg pwg jf {fkf} if} ojkorokwf} mfj `j{omwgquf} `j{o$o}if{g kg}`qqfii`qàj i` gjbgqdgk`k) if pwg }onjobom` pwg i` `w{fojdwjok`k mfj{ojó` kg bfqd` }oigj{g f aogj `mà` kg}ù`$ qgmogjkf* I` uf}o{orok`k u`q` wjf f r`qof} `w{f`j{omwgquf} `j{o$o}if{g g} kg{gqdoj`j$ {g u`q` i` `m{orok`k kg i` qg}uwg}{` `w{fojdwjo{`qo` pwg g} dwy `m{or` gj g}{` g{ù`) if pwg }wnogqg pwg ufkqä` }gq i` dgcfq b`}g u`q` w{oios`q i` ojdwjfdfkwi`moýj uqgrgj$ {or`* K`{f} fa{gjokf} kg dfkgif} `jodìg} ojkom`j pwg g}{` b`}g }g m`q`m{gqos` ufq gi ojomof y uqfnqg}oýj kg i` oj}wio{o} f ojboi{q`moýj igwmfmo{`qo` kg if} o}if{g} mfj gi mfj$ }onwogj{g g}{àigmodogj{f kg wj domqf`daogj{g uqfojbi`d`{fqof* Gi `r`jmg kg i` kg}$ {qwmmoýj oj{gquqg{` nq`mo`} ` i` kg kg}mqoumoýj kg if} uqfmg}f} kg donq`moýj igwmfmo$ {`qo`* @}ä)}gi`} mïiwi`} gjkf{gioìg} if} mùoi`qg} oj}wi`qg} qgnwi`qä`j i` iign`k` igw$ =>


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7* ¶Mfj{qoawygj i`} ojbgmmofjg} ì uqfmg}f `w{fojdwjo{`qof pwg m`w}` i` KD06 @kgdà} kg i` uqgko}uf}omoýj ngjï{om`) if} b`m{fqg} `daogj{ìg} mfj{qoawygj ` i` }w}mgu{oaoiok`k bqgj{g i` KD0) y` pwg i` mfjmfqk`jmo` kg i` gjbgqdgk`k gj ngdg$ if} wjoro{giojf} g} {`j }ýif wj ;5$75'* I`} ojbgmmofjg} räqom`} }g l`j qgi`mofj`kf ojkoqgm{`dgj{g mfj i` koàg{g} `w{foj$ dwjo{`qo` kwq`j{g dwmlf} `ðf}) gj lwd`jf} y gj dfkgif} `jodìg}* Cwj{f mfj i` ojmokgjmo` g}{`mofjì kg i` gjbgqdgk`k) i` kg{gmmoýj kg roqw} gj uàjmqg`} y gj mïiw$ i`} dfjfjwmig`qg} kg }`jnqg ugqobïqom` kg u`mogj{g} gj gi ojomof kg i` KD0 y i` uqg$ }gjmo` kg oj{gqbgqfjg} kg {ouf 0 ”mo{fmoj`} `j{oroqìg}$ gj if} o}if{g} ùfy`j i` louý$ {g}o} räqom` gj i` g{ofifnä` kg i` koàg{g}* @kgdà}) }g l`j qgufq{`kf r`qof} m`}f} miä$ jomf} kg kg}`qqfiif kg koàg{g} `w{fojdwjo{`qo` gj u`mogj{g} mfj lgu`{o{o} roqì mqý$ jom` {q`} wj {q`{`dogj{f mfj oj{gqbgqfjg} kg {ouf 0) uqojmouìdgj{g mfj OBJ$ ΰ* @inwjf} k`{f} guokgdofiýnomf} qgmogj{g} u`qgmgj ojkom`q pwg i`} ojbgmmofjg} räqo$ m`} mfdf b`m{fq kg qog}nf {gjkqä`j dà} odu`m{f gj if} ojkorokwf} ngjï{om`dgj{g dgjf} uqgko}uwg}{f}* ]g l`j uqfuwg}{f ko}{oj{f} dgm`jo}df} u`q` g|uiom`q i` `}fmo`moýj gj{qg roqw} y KD03 0/ I` louý{g}o} dà} `mgu{`k` g} gi dodg{o}df dfigmwi`q gj{qg guä{fuf} kg ojbgmmoýj uqf{gäj`} räqom`) uqfuo`}ufkqä` kg `ngj{g} ojbgmmof}f} guä{fuf} kg `w{f`j{ängjf}* [q`}mfj$ wj` k`q}g wj` qg`mmoýj ymqws`k` y ngjgq`q}g wj` qg}uwg}{` ;1


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0/ Dodg{o}df dfigmwi`q gj{qg guä$ {fuf} kg uqf{gäj`} uqfuo`} kg `ngj{g} ojbgmmof}f} y guä{fuf} kg `w{f`j{ängjf}* [q`} wj` ojbgmmoýj räqom`) wj` qg`mmoýj mqws`k` ngjg$

{`kf} y qgmfjfmokf} ufq iojbfmo{f} [ `w{fqg`m{orf}) ï}{f} ufkqä`j `m{o$ r`q}g g ojomo`q wj` qg}uwg}{` `w{fojdwjo{`qo`* =/ Wj` ojbi`d`$ moýj kgi ýqn`jf ko`j` gj gi mfj{g|$

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q`qäùqf{gäj`} wj` qg}uwg}{` guä{fuf} kg uqfuo`}mfj{q` gj ojkorokwf} }w}mgu{oaig}8 1/ I` kg}{qwmmoýj {o}w$ i`q y mgiwi`q uqfkwmok` ufq wj` ojbgmmoýj räqom` uwgkg mfdufq{`q i` ioagq`moýj kg jwgrf} guä{fuf} ,“guo$ {fug }uqg`kojn‟/ pwg kg }gq uqg}gj$

{f kg wj` ojbgmmoýj }gqä``w{fojdw$ gi kg}gj$ m`kgj`j{g kgi uqfmg}f jo{`qof) dgko`k` ufq oj{gqbgqfjg} kg {ouf 0) pwodofmoj`}) mo{fmoj`} uqfojbi`d`{fqo`} y f{qf} b`m{fqg} kg i` ojdwjok`k ojj`{`) pwg mfj{qo$ awoqä`j ` i` `m{or`moýj kg mïiwi`} [

uqgmgkg ` i`g}gjbgqdgk`k* 7/ F{q` uf}oaoiok`k i` uqg}gj{`moýj kg jwgrf} guä{fuf} uqfmg}`kf} kg wj` bfqd` ko}{oj{` kg}uwï} kg wj` ojbgmmoýj) f aogj }gmwg}{q`kf} l`}{` g}{g dfdgj{f gj wj ýqn`jf ojdwjfuqoroigno`kf*

{q` guä{fuf} kg uqf{gäj`} uqfuo`} gj ojkorokwf} }w}mgu{oaig}8 g}{g dgm`jo}df ufkqä` g}{`q oduiom`kf gj i` u`{fnïjg}o} kg Gj ìnwj`} gjbgqdgk`kg} i` dofm`qko{o} uf}{$roqì f i` gjbgqdgk`k kg Ml`n`}* qgbgqgjmo` ` i` KD0 mfdf }g l` fa}gqr`kf) ufq ;=


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gcgduif) qg`m{orok`k mqws`k` gj{qg guä{fuf} kg N@K y mf|}`mhogroqw}) mo{fdgnìf$ roqw} y qf{`roqw}* 1/ I` kg}{qwmmoýj {o}wi`q y mgiwi`q uqfkwmok` ufq wj` ojbgmmoýj räqom` uwgkg mfdufq{`q i` ioagq`moýj kg jwgrf} guä{fuf} ,“guo{fug }uqg`kojn‟/* ]o ìnwjf} kg g}{f} guä{fuf} bwgq`j uqg}gj{`kf} y qgmfjfmokf} ufq iojbfmo{f} [ `w{f$ qg`m{orf}) ï}{f} ufkqä`j `m{or`q}g y uqfiobgq`q) ojomo`jkf wj` qg}uwg}{` `w{fojdw$ jo{`qo`* =/ F{q` louý{g}o} }wnogqg pwg i` ojbi`d`moýj kgi ýqn`jf ko`j` gj gi mfj{g|$ {f kg wj` ojbgmmoýj }gqä` gi kg}gjm`kgj`j{g kgi uqfmg}f `w{fojdwjo{`qof3 g}{` ojbi`$ d`moýj }wgig g}{`q dgko`k` ufq oj{gqbgqfjg} kg {ouf 0) pwodofmoj`}) mo{fmoj`} uqfoj$ bi`d`{fqo`} y f{qf} b`m{fqg} kg i` ojdwjok`k ojj`{`) pwg mfj{qoawoqä`j ` i` `m{or`$ moýj kg mïiwi`} [ `w{fqg`m{or`}) kg bfqd` mfi`{gqì g ojg}ugmäbom`* ;/ I` kg}{qwmmoýj mo{fiä{om` koqgm{` kg i`} mïiwi`} ag{` }g l` uqfuwg}{f gj ìnwj`} ojbgmmofjg} räqom`} gj dfkgif} `jodìg}* @ój y `}ä) gi dgm`jo}df kg wj` ojbgmmoýj `nwk` kg i`} mïiw$ i`} ag{` u`qgmg ojmfdu`{oaig mfj gi i`qnf ugqäfkf `}oj{fdà{omf pwg uqgmgkg ` i` gjbgqdgk`k gj lwd`jf}* 7/ F{q` uf}oaoiok`k g} i` uqg}gj{`moýj kg jwgrf} guä{f$ uf}) `j{g} ’guä{fuf} mqäu{omf}—) uqfmg}`kf} kg wj` bfqd` ko}{oj{` kg}uwï} kg wj` ojbgmmoýj) f aogj }gmwg}{q`kf} l`}{` g}{g dfdgj{f gj wj ýqn`jf ojdwjfuqoroigno`$ kf* ]oj gda`qnf) {fkf} g}{f} dgm`jo}df} }fj l`}{` gi dfdgj{f louf{ï{omf}) y` pwg jf }g l` ufkokf kgdf}{q`q wj` qgi`moýj m`w}`$gbgm{f gj i` gjbgqdgk`k gj lwd`jf}* G}{f} dgm`jo}df} uqfuwg}{f} }g qg}wdgj gj i` bonwq` 0* L`}{` gi dfdgj{f dà} kg wj` kgmgj` kg roqw}) mfj y }oj {qfuo}df ufq gi uàjmqg`}) l`j }okf `}fmo`kf} ` i` KD0 gj lwd`jf} y gj dfkgif} g|ugqodgj{ìg}* Wj gcgd$ uif mià}omf g} gi roqw} kg i` qwaïfi` $Qwagii`) pwg ugq{gjgmg ` i` b`doio` [fn`roqok`g$ ) y` pwg }g l` ro}{f pwg joðf} mfj }äjkqfdg kg i` qwaïfi` mfjnïjo{f uqg}gj{`j wj` d`yfq ojmokgjmo` kg koàg{g}* Uqfaàigdgj{g) if} roqw} pwg dà} }g l`j qgi`mofj`kf mfj i` KD0 }fj if} gj{gqfroqw} ,b`doio` kg if} Uomfqj`roqw}/ y) kgj{qf kg g}{g nqwuf) if} gmlfroqw} y mf|}`mhogroqw} @ y A ,g}ugmoìdgj{g gi }gqf{ouf A;/* @inwjf} g}{wkof} guokgdofiýnomf} }wnogqgj wj` `}fmo`moýj gj{qg ojbgmmofjg} ufq gj{gqfroqw} y gi uf}{gqofq kg}`qqfiif kg KD0* ]g l`j kg{gm{`kf `j{omwgquf} y qg}$ uwg}{` kg iojbfmo{f} [ mfj{q` gj{gqfroqw} gj u`mogj{g} koàï{omf}* @kgdà}) }g qgufq$ {ý wj m`}f gj gi pwg }g uwkf ò}i`q wj roqw} kgi uàjmqg`} kg wj u`mogj{g koàï{omf gj gi ojomof miäjomf kg i` gjbgqdgk`k3 }g {q`{à` kg wj` r`qo`j{g kg mf|}`mhogroqw} A; pwg `kgdà} gq` mù`s kg ojkwmoq i` gjbgqdgk`k gj q`{fjg}* If} mf|}`mhogroqw} }fj {qýuomf} u`q` i`} mïiwi`} ag{` lwd`j`} y gi dgm`jo}df pwg }g uqfufjg u`q` gi kg}`qqfiif kg i` gjbgqdgk`k g} gi dodg{o}df dfigmwi`q* If} qf{`roqw}) ugq{gjgmogj$ {g} i` b`doio`ykg }fj if} uqojmouìg} m`w}`j{g} kg n`}{qfgj{gqo{o} kwq`j$ {g i`` ojb`jmo` }g if} l`jqgfroqw}) qgi`mofj`kf {`daoïj mfj KD0* I`} ojbgmmofjg} ufq qf{`roqw} ;;


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}g l`j `}fmo`kf ` i` ù`qomoýj kg `w{f`j{omwgquf} g}ugmäbomf} kg o}if{g) }gnój k`{f} guokgdofiýnomf}* @kgdà}) }g l` fa}gqr`kf wj` }odoio{wk gj{qg guä{fuf} kg qf{`roqw} RU> y `w{f`j{ängjf} kg o}if{g ,N@K g O@$1/* Ï}{f} }fj if} gcgduif} dà} grokgj{g}) ugqf g|o}{gj f{qf} roqw} pwg {`daoïj }g l`j qgi`mofj`kf mfj i` KD0 gj lwd`jf} y gj dfkgif} `jodìg}) mfdf gi mo{fdgnìfroqw}) gi roqw} kg i` gjmgbìfdofm`qko{o}) gi dgjnfroqw}) if} qg{qfroqw} gjkýngjf}) gi roqw} Gu}{goj$A`qq) gi roqw} Icwjn`j) g{m* Ufq gi mfj{q`qof) ` ìnwj`} ojbgmmofjg} {`daoïj }g ig} `{qoawyg wj uùgi uqf{gm{fq bqgj{g ` i` KD0* I` ojmokgjmo` kg i` gjbgqdgk`k l` `wdgj{`kf jf{àigdgj{g gj i`} ói{od`} kïm`k`} gj if} u`ä}g} kg}`qqfii`kf}) u`qìgi`dgj{g ` wj` d`yfq `{gjmoýj ` i` lonogjg y dgcfq mfj{qfi kg i`} gjbgqdgk`kg} ojbgmmof}`}* [`daoïj }g l` fa}gqr`$ kf) dgko`j{g g}{wkof} guokgdofiýnomf}) pwg gi lgmlf kg pwg if} joðf} gduogmgj `j{g} }w g{ù` uqg$g}mfi`q) `}fmo`k` ` }w} uqodgq`} g|uf}omofjg} ` u`{ýngjf}) {ogjg wj gbgm{f uqf{gm{fq bqgj{g i` gjbgqdgk`k*

2* Qgngjgq`moýj y `w{fojdwjok`k* ¶Wj mäqmwif romof}f6 Gj gi ojomof miäjomf kg i` KD0 i` kg}{qwmmoýj kg i` ufai`moýj mgiwi`q ag{` ìm`j$ s` gi <5'* I`} mïiwi`} ag{` lwd`j`} `kwi{`} {ogjgj wj` a`c` {`}` kg qguiom`moýj) ugqf gj if} ói{odf} `ðf} }g l`j uwaiom`kf g}{wkof} pwg kgdwg}{q`j i` g|o}{gj$ mo` kg qgngjgq`moýj kg mïiwi`} ag{` ojmiw}f gj u`mogj{g} koàï{omf}* Gj gi uàj$ mqg`} kg u`mogj{g} pwg dwqogqfj cw}{f gj gi ojomof miäjomf kg i` gjbgqdgk`k) }g kg{gm{`j }onjf} kg qgngjgq`moýj y jgfbfqd`moýj kg o}if{g} gj sfj`} kwm{ìg}* @kgdà}) gj u`mogj{g} mfj l`}{` 2> `ðf} kg grfiwmoýj kg i` gjbgqdgk`k }onwgj g|o}{ogjkf {`j{f mïiwi`} ag{` mýdf ùfu{f}o} kg ï}{`} do}d`}) if pwg }wnogqg i` mqfjomok`k kg i` `w{fojdwjok`k* If} dgm`jo}df} kg qgngjgq`moýj uqfuwg}{f} }fj {qg}3 i` qguiom`moýj kg mïiwi`} ag{` uqgg|o}{gj{g}8 i` jgfbfqd`moýj kg mïiw$ i`} ag{` ` u`q{oq kg mïiwi`} kwm{ìg} y i` {q`j}kobgqgjmo`moýj ` u`q{oq kg f{qf} {ouf} mgiwi`qg}* QGN g} wj` b`doio` kg ngjg} oduiom`kf} gj i` qgngjgq`moýj kg mïiwi`} ag{`* I`} uqf{gäj`} QGN `m{ó`j kg bfqd` `w{fmqoj` y u`q`mqoj` ` {q`rï} kg i` oj{gq`mmoýj mfj }w qgmgu{fq/) i` uqfiobgq`moýj mïiwi`} ag{`*ΰ)GjQGN0 lwd`$ jf}qgmgu{fq g|o}{gj ,QGN ko}{oj{f} ngjg} ojkwmogjkf ugq{gjgmogj{g} ` i` b`doio`kgQGN3 QGN0 α) ;7


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>* Ojdwjf{gqùo` y ugq}ugm{or`} kg bw{wqf Ufq gi dfdgj{f) jf ko}ufjgdf} kg uqgrgjmoýj bqgj{g ` i` KD0 `wjpwg ï}{` g} i` boj`$ iok`k kg if} gj}`yf} miäjomf} kg `kdojo}{q`moýj kg `j{ängjf} oj}wi`qg}* Gj }wcg{f} mfj ì{f qog}nf kg kg}`qqfii`q i` gjbgqdgk`k) uwgkgj ùiom`q}g {q`{`dogj{f} kg {figq`jmo` pwg }oqr`j u`q` odugkoq }w kg}`qqfiif) mfdf g} gi m`}f kg i` `kdojo}{q`moýj kg oj}w$ ioj` ` {q`rï} kg i`} dwmf}`}* G}{` oj}wioj` ufkqä` `m{w`q) pwosà mfdf ojdwjfdfkwi`$ kfq) ojkwmogjkf {figq`jmo` f b`rfqgmogjkf gi “qguf}f‟kg i` mïiwi` ag{`* Ufq gi dfdgj$ {f) if} qg}wi{`kf} kg g}{f} gj}`yf} jf }fj g|mg}or`dgj{g g}ugq`js`kfqg}* Gj i` `m{wìok`k) }g g}{`j kg}`qqfii`jkf ojdwjf{gqùo`} gj lwd`jf} u`q` gro{`q f }wuqodoq gi kg}`qqfiif kg i` `w{fojdwjok`k mfj{q` i` mïiwi` ag{`* I`} g}{q`{gno`} {gqùïw{om`} }g mi`}obom`j gj a`}g ì `}ugm{f ojdwjfiýnomf ` {q`{`q) g} kgmoq) ojdw$ jfdfkwi`moýj kg iojbfmo{f} [ ,mo{fmoj`}) `j{omwgquf} `j{o MK=) kädgqf} uïu{okf(LI@ mi`}g OO y mïiwi`} [ qgnwi`kfq`}/) dfkwi`moýj kg i` ojdwjok`k ojj`$ {` , ìb`$nì`m{f}oimgq`dok` f uïu{okf 1>>/) r`mwj`moýj `j{ängjf g}ugmäbom` ,N@K g oj}wioj`/ g{m* Màg kg}{`m`q i` {gqùo` mfj `j{omwgquf} dfjfmifjìg} `j{o MK= jf$ do{fnïjomf} pwg l` }wuwg}{f wj ï|o{f ì qg}{`wq`q i` {figq`jmo` l`mo` i`} mïiwi`} ag{` if }g {q`kwmg gj wj` qgdo}oýj i` gjbgqdgk`k* @kgdà}) jwdgqf}f} g}{wkof} kg pwg jwgr`} ojdwjf{gqùo`} g}{àj gjkg d`qml` gj dfkgif} g|ugqodgj{ìg}* ;2


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gbgm{f} {ý|omf} ` if} ufmf} kä`}* G}{f mfj{q`}{` mfj if pwg fmwqqg gj lwd`jf} f gj mogq{f} dfkgif} `jodìg}) kfjkg i`} mfjmgj{q`mofjg} mqýjom`} kg jw{qogj{g} y` jf uwgkgj }gq {`j gigr`k`} y if} gbgm{f} {ý|omf} {`qk`j gj ù`qgmgq dg}g} g ojmiw}f `ðf}* U`q` ufkgq mfduqgjkgq {fkf g}{g uqfmg}f kg i` niwmfiouf{f|omok`k l`y pwg {gjgq gj mwgj{` 1 fa}gqr`mofjg} mi`rg pwg mfjmwqqgj gj i` uqfuo` mïiwi` Ö* Ufq wj i`kf) if} jw{qogj{g} niwmf}` y àmokf} nq`}f} }fj mù`mg} kg dfkwi`q uqfnq`d`} g}ugmäbomf} kg g|uqg}oýj kg ngjg}* Ufq f{qf i`kf) if} dg{àfio}df} kg i` niwmf}` y kg if} àmo$ kf} nq`}f} g}{àj oj{gqqgi`mofj`kf}* @}ä ufq gcgduif) i`} mfjmgj{q`mofjg} oj{q`mgiw$ i`qg} kgi uqgmwq}fq kg i` }äj{g}o} kg àmokf} nq`}f}) gi dìfjoi$Mf@) r`qä`j gj bwj$ moýj kg i` mfjmgj{q`moýj oj{q`mgiwi`q kg niwmf}`* @kgdà} i` gjsod` gjm`qn`k` kg i` }äj{g}o} kg dìfjoi$Mf@) i` `mg{oi$Mf@ m`qaf|oi`}`) rogjg mfkobom`k` ufq wj ngj qgnwi`kf ufq i` uqfuo` niwmf}`* F{qf gcgduif pwg oiw}{q` i` mfjg|oýj kg `daf} dg{àfio}df}) }gqä`j i` w{oios`moýj kg oj{gqdgko`qof} dg{àýiomf} kg i` niwmfio}o} u`q` }oj{g{os`q {qoniomïqokf} y ko`moiniomgqfig}* [gjogjkf gj mwgj{` g}{`} uqgdo}`}) }g uwgkg uqfufjgq pwg i` niwmfiouf{f|omok`k }g` wj bgjýdgjf pwg uwkogq` g}{`q dà} mgqm`jf ì kg}`qqfiif kg i` koàg{g} {ouf 1 pwg i`} uqfuo`} niwmf{f|omok`k f iouf{f|omok`k* @wjpwg i`} grokgjmo`} g|ugqodgj{`$ ig} }fj {fk`rä` dwy g}m`}`}) }g r`j ` uqg}gj{`q ìnwjf} k`{f} uqgiodoj`qg} pwg ufkqä`j `rì`q koml` louý{g}o}* Gj mwìpwogq m`}f) gi màìif kg a`{ìi` }onwg }ogj$ kf i` {q`j}bgqgjmo` kg i` g|ugqogjmo` `mwdwi`k` oj ro{qf y gj dfkgif} `jodìg}) ` i` }o{w`moýj qgì kgi u`mogj{g koàï{omf {ouf 1*

1* Niwmfiouf{f|omok`k Mfdf y` }g l` }gðì`kf `j{gqofqdgj{g) i` grokgjmo` g|ugqodgj{ì l` g}{àigmo$ kf pwg i`} mfjmgj{q`mofjg} gigr`k`} y ugq}o}{gj{g} kg niwmf}` f kg àmokf} nq`}f} ufq }gu`q`kf ì{gq`j gi bwjmofj`dogj{f kg i` mïiwi` Ö) iign`jkf ` uqfrfm`q i` dwgq{g kg ï}{` ufq dgm`jo}df} kg }womokf f ùfu{ý{omf}* ]oj gda`qnf) if} dfkgif} g|ugqodgj{ìg} {`daoïj l`j qgrgi`kf pwg mogq{f} dgm`jo}df} oj{q`mg$ iwi`qg} kg {ouf `kù{`{orf y&f kg{f|obom`kfq uwgkgj qg{q`}`q g ojmiw}f mfqqgnoq g}{` }o{w`moýj kg}b`rfqàig ,[ài` 1/* ]oj gda`qnf) mw`jkf `daf} jw{qogj{g} }g gjmwgj{q`j cwj{f} gj gi dgkof g|{q`mgiwi`q y gigr`kf} ì do}df {ogduf) komlf} 77


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Grgj{f} dfigmwi`qg} pwg mfjmwqqgj kwq`j{g i`} b`}g} kg niwmf`kù{`moýj) niwmfkg{f|obom`moýj) iouf`kù{`moýj y ioufkg{f|obom`moýj*

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dgm`jo}df} ùfu{ý{omf} ufq u`q{g kg if} uqfuof} àmokf} nq`}f}) mfdf }äj{g}o} kg mgq`dok`} y `m{or`$ moýj kg i` }oj{g{`}` ojkwmoaig kgi ý|okf jä{qomf ,oJF]/* Gi ngj kg i` oj}wioj` jf }g g|uqg}` gj g}{`} mfjkomof$ jg} ufq wj` ojloaomoýj kg i` g|uqg}oýj kg b`m{fqg} kg {q`}mqoumoýj mi`rg) mfdf Uk|$0* {fkf giif mfjcwj{`$ dgj{g k` mfdf qg}wi{`kf wj` m`qgjmo` gj i` uqfkwm$ moýj kg oj}wioj` y wj` }gmqgmoýj kgbgm{wf}`* Rgq gi {g|{f u`q` dà} kg{ìig}—

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Kg {fkf giif }g kgkwmg pwg mogq{`} g}{q`{gno`} b`qd`mfiýnom`} koqonok`} ` dfkwi`q i` g|uqg}oýj kg g}{f} b`m{fqg} kg {q`j}mqoumoýj) ufkqä`j }gq gbgm{or`} gj gi {q`{`dogj{f kg i` koàg{g} {ouf 1) dwy uqfaàigdgj{g qg{q`}`jkf i` ù`qomoýj kg i`} ì{gq`mofjg} kg}mqo{`}* Gj g}{g }gj{okf) `m{or`kfqg} b`qd`mfiýnomf} kg if} UU@Q} l`j ugqdo{okf qg}{`wq`q dwml`} kg i`} ì{gq`mofjg} bwjmofjìg} kg i` mïiwi` Ö) àqogjkf wj m`duf kg uf}oaoiok`kg} dwy oj{gqg}`j{g} pwg dgqgmgj }gq g|uifq`k`} gj d`yfq kg{ìig*

1*1 Grokgjmo`} kg niwmfiouf{f|omok`k gj dfkgif} `jodìg} @wjpwg jojnwjf kg if} }o}{gd`} `jodìg} g|o}{gj{g} qguqfkwmg mfj bokgiok`k if} grgj{f} pwg mfjmwqqgj gj gi kg}`qqfiif kg i` koàg{g} {ouf 1 gj lwd`jf}) g|o}{gj dfkgif} pwg ugqdo{gj fa{gjgq ojbfqd`moýj u`qmoì kg ìnwj`} b`}g} kg i` gjbgqdg$ k`k* Pwosà}) i`} grokgjmo`} dà} }ýiok`} l`j rgjokf kg if} dfkgif} ngjï{omf} kg ko`$ ag{g}) gj u`q{omwi`q kg i` q`{` SKB* G}{g `jodì kg}`qqfii` }äj{fd`} kg i` gjbgqdg$ k`k kg wj` bfqd` dwy qàuok` kwq`j{g }w g{ù` `kwi{`) uqg}gj{`jkf lougqniwmgdo`) lougqiouokgdo` y `mwdwi`moýj kg {qoniomïqokf} gj if} o}if{g}* I` ù`qomoýj kg {fkf} g}{f} }äj{fd`} g} mfojmokgj{g mfj wj bìif bwjmofjì y uqfnqg}orf ` jorgi kg i` mïiw$ i` Ö* Ufq if {`j{f) `kgdà} kg {gjgq wj kgbgm{f nïjomf gj gi qgmgu{fq kg i` igu{oj`) i` q`{` SKB {ogjg wj` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj` kgbomogj{g) if pwg i` ko}{ojnwg kg i` q`{` SB) pwg }ogjkf fag}` jf iign` ` kg}`qqfii`q gj{gq`dgj{g koàg{g}* Kg{gqdoj`k`} d`jouwi`mofjg}) mfdf wj` qg}{qommoýj gj i` ojng}{`) f {q`{`dogj{f} b`qd`mfiýnomf} ugqdo{gj qg{q`}`q f ojmiw}f odugkoq i` uqfnqg}oýj l`mo` i` koàg{g} gj i` q`{` SKB* G}{f} g}{wkof} l`j qgrgi`kf pwg `ngj{g} loufiougdo`j{g} mfdf gi ags`boaq`{f) `wjpwg bwgqfj gbgm{orf} ` jorgi }o}{ïdomf) jf ifnq`qfj ko}dojwoq if} kguý}o{f} kg {qoniomïqokf} kg if} o}if{g} jo jfqdìos`q if} jorgig} kg g|uqg}oýj kgi ngj kg i` oj}wioj`* Ufq gi mfj{q`qof) }o }g ùiomà` wj `ngj{g loufniwmgdo`j{g) mfdf i` bifqosoj` }g ifnqà` giodoj`q if} {qoniomïqokf} gj gi o}if{g y qg}{o{woq i` g|uqg}oýj kg i` oj}wioj`) `wjpwg if} jorgig} kg {qoniomïqokf} ui`}dà{omf} ugqd`jgmä`j gigr`$ kf}* [fkf} g}{f} qg}wi{`kf} u`qgmgj ùfy`q i` louý{g}o} kg i` niwmfiouf{f|omok`k) ojkom`jkf pwg i` lougqiouokgdo` jf g} }wbomogj{g u`q` m`w}`q iouf{f|omok`k) {ì y mfdf }g mfj}{`{` gj i` q`{` SB* ]oj gda`qnf) gi `wdgj{f uqfnqg}orf gj i` niwmgdo` gj wj gj{fqjf kg lougqiouokgdo` ,q`{` SKB/) mqg` i`} mfjkomofjg} okýjg`} u`q` i` uqfnqg}oýj l`mo` i` oj{figq`jmo` ` i` niwmf}` y i` koàg{g} {ouf 1* Korgq}f} dgm`jo}df} }fj fugq`{orf} u`q` mfdugj}`q i` ko}bwjmoýj ngjgq`k` gj i` i` mïiwi` Ö) `}ä mfdf i`} uf}oaig} uïqkok`} mgiwi`qg} ufq ùfu{f}o}* Gj g}{g }gj{okf) 7<


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I` ojng}{oýj kg ìodgj{f} ojkwmg i` `m{or`moýj kg dói{ouig} qg}uwg}{`} bo}ofiýnom`} pwg uqfufqmofj`j }gðìg} jgwqfjìg} y gjkfmqoj`}) qgnwi`kfq`} kg i` kong}{oýj) à}fqmoýj y `}odoi`moýj kg if} jw{qogj{g} ojngqokf}* Gj mogq{f dfdgj{f }g fa}gqrý pwg) gj }wcg{f} jfqdìg}) if} jorgig} kg oj}wioj` moqmwi`j{g gj qg}uwg}{` ` i` `kdo$ jo}{q`moýj fqì kg niwmf}` gq`j }onjobom`{or`dgj{g d`} ì{f} pwg if} mfqqg}ufjkogj$ {g} {q`} i` `kdojo}{q`moýj oj{q`rgjf}` kgi `sóm`q) y g}{` uf{gjmo`moýj kg i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj` `}fmo`k` ì oj{g}{ojf bwg `{qoawok` ` wjf f r`qof} b`m{fqg} lwdfqìg} f jgwqfjìg} pwg }g kogqfj gj ii`d`q ojmqg{oj`}* Gi {gqdojf ojmqg{oj`) ufq {`j{f) mfqqg}ufjkg ` `pwgiif} b`m{fqg} ioagq`kf} ufq gi oj{g}{ojf {q`} i` à}fqmoýj kg niw$ mf}` y f{qf} jw{qogj{g}) pwg `m{ó`j koqgm{`dgj{g gj gi uàjmqg`} g}{odwi`jkf }w }gmqgmoýj gjkfmqoj`) mfjmqg{`dgj{g i` kg oj}wioj`* Ufq giif) gi mfjmgu{f ojmqg{oj` g}{` dwy qgi`mofj`kf mfj gi gcg gj{gqf$oj}wi`q uqfuwg}{f ufq Wjngq y Go}gj{q`w{ gj 0?2?) gi mwì mfduqgjkg ` {fkf} `pwgiif} g}{ädwif} pwg) u`q{ogjkf kgi oj{g}{ojf kgi$ n`kf) ojmokgj ufq ko}{oj{`} rä`}) ojmiwok` i` jgqrof}`) gj gi o}if{g kg I`jngql`j}) `bgm{`jkf ` i` ioagq`moýj kg }w} ko}{oj{`} lfqdfj`}* Gi ojomof kg i` okgj{obom`moýj kg b`m{fqg} ojmqg{oj` jf {wrf iwn`q l`}{` 0?>5) dfdgj{f gj gi pwg }g uwqobomý y m`q`m$ {gqosý gi uqodgqf kg giif}) gi NOU ,niwmf}g$kgugjkgj{ oj}wiojf{qfuom ufiyugu{okg/* Ugqf `wjpwg gi NOU df}{qý }gq wj uf{gj{g g}{odwi`kfq kg i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj` {q`} i` `kdojo}{q`moýj fqì kg niwmf}`) i` giodoj`moýj kgi NOU ufq ojdwjfà}fqmoýj gj i` q`{` jf `jwià` gi gbgm{f ojmqg{oj`* Giif grokgjmoà` i` g|o}{gjmo` kg f{qf} b`m$ {fqg} mfj koml` `m{orok`k8 kg lgmlf) `ðf} kg}uwï}) gj gi {q`j}mwq}f kgi uqfmg}f kg mifj`cg y m`q`m{gqos`moýj kgi ngj kgi uqfniwm`nýj) }g okgj{obomý wj }gnwjkf b`m{fq) gi NIU$0 ,niwm`nfj iohg ugu{okg$0/* Gi NOU g} wj uïu{okf mfj ;1 `dojfàmokf}) pwg }g uqfkwmg uqgkfdoj`j{gdgj{g gj i`} mïiwi`} H kgi kwfkgjf) gj gi g|{qgdf uqf|odì kgi oj{g}{ojf kgin`kf) `wjpwg {`daoïj }g ifmìos` gj gi }o}{gd` jgqrof}f mgj{qì) kfjkg u`q{omou` gj gi mfj{qfi kg i` }wugqrorgjmo` mgiwi`q* Gi g}{odwif dà} odufq{`j{g u`q` }w }gmqgmoýj }fj if} jw{qogj{g}) kg bfqd` pwg gj gi `ywjf }w} jorgig} ugqd`jgmgj a`cf}) y `wdgj{`j gj ufmf} dojw{f} {q`} i` mfdok`* I` dfiïmwi` kg NOU mfj{ogjg wj` ì`joj` gj i` uf}o$ moýj 1) pwg if mfjrogq{g gj wj }w}{q`{f okýjgf kg gjsod` g}gjmoì gj i` qgnwi`moýj kgi uqfmg}f kg kgnq`k`moýj jf }ýif kgi NOU }ojf {`daoïj kgi NIU$0) i` kougu{okoi ugu{ok`}`$; ,KUU$;/* If} gbgm{f} kgi NOU g}{àj dgko`kf} ufq wj qgmgu{fq g}ugmäbomf kgi pwg g|o}{gj kf} α u`j$ o}fbfqd`}) wj` kg ;22 `dojfàmokf} f{q` kg @wjpwg ;?=) pwg}g }g l` g|uqg}`j gj mïiwi` mqgà{om`) {gcokf `kouf}f) mfq`sýj y ymgqgaqf* fa}gqr`kf pwg `daf} ?;


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I`} ojmqg{oj`} gj i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj`

qgmgu{fqg}) gi kg NOU y gi kg NIU$0) }wbqgj oj ro{qf wj` qàuok` y qgrgq}oaig kg}gj$ }oaoios`moýj lfdýifn` y lg{gqýifn`) oj rorf ï}{` }ýif }g kg{gm{` gj gi kgi NOU8 jf }g l` gjmfj{q`kf qgi`moýj gj{qg if} ngjg} pwg mfkobom`j u`q` `daf} qgmgu{fqg} y i` uf}oaig }w}mgu{oaoiok`k ngjï{om` ` u`kgmgq koàg{g}* @daf}) gi NOU y gi NIU$0) g}{odwi`j i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj` kg bfqd` kgugjkogj$ {g ` i` niwmf}`) ufq `m{or`moýj kg wj` uqf{gäj` N g}ugmobom` `mfui`k` ì qgmgu{fq pwg }g g|uqg}` koqgm{`dgj{g gj i` mïiwi` α* Gi dgm`jo}df ufq gi mwì `da`} ojmqg{oj`} `m{or`j i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj` }ýif ` ì{`} mfjmgj{q`mofjg} kg niwmf}`) }g kg}mf$ jfmg ufq gi dfdgj{f) ugqf }w gbgm{f g}{à `mfui`kf ` i` `kgjoi`{f momi`}`) ` wj ojmqg$ dgj{f kgi XM`1(To y ì biwcf kg àmokf `q`pwokýjomf) y gj }w `mmoýj }g `m{or`j qw{`} kgugjkogj{g} kg b`m{fqg} kg mqgmodogj{f mfdf i` kg i`} D@UH} ,GQH 0 y 1/) i` UO=H f i` UHA ,@H[/* Gi NOU) `kgdà} kg oj}wiojf{qýuomf) dwg}{q` mogq{` `mmoýj uqfiobgq`{or` y `j{oùfu{ý{om` gj i` mïiwi` α kgi o}if{g) y dgcfq` i` }wugqrorgjmo` kg mïiwi`} OJ]$0 kg q`{` g|uwg}{`} ` ~fq{d`joj` f g}{qgu{fsf{fmoj` ,][S/* G}{` `mmoýj `j{oùfu{ý{om` kgi NOU g}{à `}fmo`k` ` wj` qgkwmmoýj kg i` `m{or`moýj kg m`}u`}` = y g} kgugjkogj{g kg i` qw{` u=

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{`daoïj i` kg f{qf} d`däbgqf}) {ogjg 0<5 `dojfàmokf}) rgoj{g kg if} mwìg} bfqd`j gi uïu{okf }gðì) y gi qg}{f) i` uqflfqdfj`* Ugqf i` mwìok`k kg if} uïu{okf} fqono$ j`kf} kgi uqfniwm`nýj kgugjkg kgi {gcokf kg {q`kwmmoýj) uàjmqg`} f oj{g}{ojf Gj i`} mïiwi`} ΰ u`jmqgà{om`}) }g uqfkwmg) uqgkfdoj`j{gdgj{g) gi bq`ndgj{f 0$=5) ii`d`$ kf {`daoïj) NQUU f uïu{okf u`jmqgà{omf qgi`mofj`kf mfj i` niomgj{oj`) gi ==$20 f niwm`nýj) gi 2;$2?) gi 0$20) y i` ufqmoýj m`qaf|o${gqdojì >1$07<) kgjfdoj`k` DUNB ,D`cfq Uqfniwm`nfj Bq`ndgj{/* Gj i`} mïiwi`} I kgi oj{g}{ojf) kgi uqfniwm`$ nýj }g fqonoj`) bwjk`dgj{ìdgj{g) i` bq`mmoýj 0$2?) ii`d`k` niomgj{oj`) i` ==$2? w f|oj{fdfkwioj`) gi NIU$0) uqfniwm`nýj ><$05< f uqfniwm`nýj ><$05>`dok`) y gi NIU$1 f uqfniwm`nýj 012$07<* I` niomgj{oj` y i` f|oj{fdfkwioj` mfqqg}ufjkgj ` i`} bq`mmofjg} O y OO) qg}ugm{or`dgj{g) kgi NIO ,niwm`nfj$iohg oddwjfqg`m{oro{y/ kg g|{q`m{f} kg oj{g}{ojf) pwg }g ioagq`j {q`} i` `kdojo}{q`moýj) g|miw}or`dgj{g fqì) kg niwmf}`* Ufq f{qf i`kf) {`j{f gj i`} mïiwi`} ΰ kgi uàjmqg`} mfdf gj i`} I gj{gqfgj$ kfmqoj`}) }g g|uqg}` gi b`m{fq kg {q`j}mqoumoýj mk| 1&=) pwg }g gjm`qn` kg i` qgnwi`$ moýj kgi ngj kgi uqfniwm`nýj* Gj gi oj{g}{ojf) gi fqongj kgi NIU$0 u`qgmg g}{`q mfj$ komofj`kf ` i` g|uqg}oýj g}ugmäbom` kg {gcokf kg i`} mfjrgq{`}`} kg uqflfqdfj`} ,UM}/ gj i`} mïiwi`} gj{gqfgjkfmqoj`}8 dogj{q`} pwg {`j{f i` UM0 mfdf i` UM1 g}mojkgj gi uqfniwm`nýj u`q` ngjgq`q DUNB) niomgj{oj` y f|oj{fdfkwioj`) }ýif i` UM0 u`qgmg }gq i` gjsod` qg}ufj}àig kg i` uqfkwmmoýj kg NIU$0 y NIU$1* BONWQ@ 0

Uqfmg}f uf}{q`kwmmofjì kg i` dfiïmwi` kg uqfniwm`nýj* Fqongj y ifmìos`moýj kg uïu{okf} niwm`nfj$iohg*

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Kg {fkf} if} uqfkwm{f} uf}oaig} kg niwm`nfj$iohg$ugu{okg$0) gi NIU$0 g} i` bfqd` uqgkfdoj`j{g gj gi oj{g}{ojf kg r`qof} d`däbgqf}) ojmiwokf gi lfdaqg) gj if} pwg }w }gmwgjmo` kg `dojfàmokf} jf }ýif g} okïj{om`) }ojf mfojmokgj{g mfj i` kgi niwm`$ nýj gj i` uf}omoýj kg m`{fqmg kg giif}* @kgdà}) gi NIU$0 g} gi d`yfqo{`qof gj gi ui`}d`) {`j{f gj mfjkomofjg} a`}ìg} mfdf gj gi ojmqgdgj{f fa}gqr`kf {q`} wj` mfdok` do|{` f }faqgm`qn` fqì kg niwmf}`* [`daoïj) gi `wdgj{f kg ojdwjfqqg`m$ {orok`k ì ugqbwjkoq oj{qìwdojìdgj{g niwmf}` gj gi äigfj kgi mgqkf y kgi ugqqf }g kgag ì NIU$0) mwy` }gmqgmoýj `wdgj{` {q`} i` ojng}{oýj f ojbw}oýj oj{q`kwfkgjì kg nq`}`} gj gi lfdaqg y gj gi mgqkf) qg}ugm{or`dgj{g* ]oj gda`qnf) i` ojbfqd`moýj qgi`{or` ` if} jorgig} a`}ìg} kgi NIU$0 gj ui`}d`) {`j{f gj mfjkomofjg} jfqdìg} mfdf gj g}{`kf} pwg mwq}`j mfj ì{gq`mofjg} kgi dg{àfio}df kg i` niwmf}`) l` }okf) ufq if ngjgqì) y kwq`j{g a`}{`j{g {ogduf) mfj{qfrgq{ok`8 kg lgmlf) dogj{q`} pwg ìnwjf} `w{fqg} kg}mqoaä`j jorgig} ui`}dà{omf} }onjobom`{or`dgj{g dà} ì{f} gj u`mogj{g} koàï{omf} jf kgugjkogj{g} kg oj}wioj` pwg gj }wcg{f} }`jf}) f{qf} kgmä`j }gq dà} a`cf}* Ói{od`dgj{g) if} qg}wi{`kf} u`qgmgj dà} }ýiokf}) g ojkom`j pwg gj u`mogj{g} koàï{omf} {ouf 1) y {`daoïj gj {ouf 0) l`y wj` dgjfq ioagq`moýj kg NIU$ 0 pwg ufkqä` g}{`q cw}{obom`k` ufq wj` wi{gqofq kg}gj}o{os`moýj kg i` mïiwi` I* Ufq f{qf i`kf) ìnwjf} `boqd`j pwg i` qg}uwg}{` kgi uïu{okf ` g}{ädwif} g}{à ko}dojwo$ k` gj if} fag}f}* Gj 0?<> }g kfmwdgj{ý ufq uqodgq` rgs i` mù`mok`k kgi NIU$0 u`q` g}{odwi`q i` ioagq`moýj kg oj}wioj`) {q`} }gq ugqbwjkokf gj gi uàjmqg`} kgi mgqkf) y {`daoïj gj ojbw}oýj oj{q`rgjf}` gj gi lfdaqg* [qà`cf} uf}{gqofqg} `duio`qfj i` mfjboqd`moýj kg g}{g gbgm{f ”` mfjmgj{q`mofjg} bo}ofiýnom`}” gj gi uàjmqg`} ò}i`kf y ugqbwjkokf kgi ugqqf y kg i` q`{`) y gj gi o}if{g ò}i`kf kg q`{ýj) `}ä mfdf }w `mmoýj kgugjkogj$ {g kg i` mfjmgj{q`moýj kg niwmf}`) {`j{f oj ro{qf mfdf oj rorf* @kgdà}) }g }wuf pwg gi NIU$0 g}{odwi` i` {q`j}mqoumoýj kgi ngj kg i` oj}wioj`) pwg ojkwmg }w `mwdwi`$ moýj gj if} nqàjwif} }gmqg{fqg} kg mïiwi`} kg iäjg`} {wdfqìg} u`jmqgà{om`}) pwg uqf$ uomo` i` uqfiobgq`moýj kg i`} mïiwi`} α y i` jgfnïjg}o} kgi o}if{g u`jmqgà{omf) mfj if pwg }w `mmoýj jf g|{gjó` i` mù`mok`k kg i` mïiwi`8 `kgdà}) }w gbgm{f oj}wiojf{qý$ uomf g} dà} uf{gj{g pwg gi kgi NOU) }o aogj `daf} u`q{omou`j gj gi gbgm{f ojmqg{oj`* Gj 0??1) }g kfmwdgj{ý ufq uqodgq` rgs wj gbgm{f `j{okoàï{omf kgi NIU$0 ojkg$ ugjkogj{g kg if} jorgig} kg oj}wioj` moqmwi`j{g) {`j{f gj }wcg{f} jfqdìg} mfdf ko`$ aï{omf}* @ if kg `j{gqofq) l`ygjpwg `ð`koq }w{ouf uf}oaig `mmoýj agjgbomof}` gj qgi`moýj i` }gmqg$ moýj oj}wioj` i` koàg{g} 1) kfjkg i` mïiwi` }wbqoq kg`wj` g}ug$ α u`qgmg ?>


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mog kg mgnwgq` g}ugmäbom` l`mo` i` lg|f}` ufq }wag|uqg}oýj kgi ngj kgi NIW[$1) dw{`moýj kgi kg i` niwmfpwoj`}`) lougq`m{orok`k kg i` niwmf}`$2$bf}b`{`}`) `w}gjmo`) lgqgk`k` f `kpwoqok`) kg i` niomgqfibf}b`{f kg}lokqfngj`}` `}fmo`k` ì B@K do{f$ mfjkqoì) f ojmiw}f ufq wj` lougq$`mwdwi`moýj kg niwmýngjf* Kg lgmlf) }g }àg pwg) gj gi o}if{g ò}i`kf kg uàjmqg`} kg q`{`) gi NIU$0 dgcfq` d`qm`k`dgj{g i` qg}uwg}$ {` }gmqg{fq` kg i` mïiwi` α ` kg{gqdoj`kf} ï}{gqg} kg àmokf} {qom`qaf|äiomf} ”jw{qogj$ {g} jf niwmäkomf}” oj{gqdgko`qof} gj gi momif kg Hqga}) `wj gj `w}gjmo` {f{ì kg niw$ mf}`* G}{à kfmwdgj{`kf pwg i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj` ojkwmok` ufq NIU$0 {`daoïj g} d`yfq gj uqg}gjmo` kgi kodg{oi g}{gq kgi àmokf }wmmäjomf y niw{àdomf) y kg dg{oi$ uoqwr`{f) {`j{f gj i` q`{` jfqdì mfdf gj i` koàï{om` {ouf 1 ”ngjgq`k` ufq {q`{`$ dogj{f mfj ][S ì j`mgq”* [`daoïj) }g l` fa}gqr`kf pwg i` ΰ$K$niwmf}` ugj{``mg$ {`{f) pwg jf jgmg}o{` kgi {q`j}ufq{`kfq kg niwmf}` u`q` `mmgkgq ì oj{gqofq kg i` mïiw$ i` α) uf{gjmo` i` qg}uwg}{` }gmqg{fq` kg ï}{` ì NIU$0 gj dfkgif} kg koàg{g} g|ug$ qodgj{ì) y `wdgj{`) `kgdà}) i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj` ojkwmok` ufq wj` }wibfjoiwqg` ”niopwokfj`” y ufq wj `jàifnf kg i` dgnio{ojok` ”qgu`niojok`”* Gj qgi`moýj ` giif) }g kg{gm{ý y m`q`m{gqosý wj` wjoýj g}ugmäbom` kgi uïu{okf) `do$ k`kf y jf `dok`kf) gj mïiwi`} u`jmqgà{om`} kg oj}wiojfd` kg q`{` kg i` iäjg` QOJd7B) pwg jf }ýif jf gq` kg}ui`sàig ufq niwm`nýj) NIU$1 f NOU) }ojf pwg {`d$ aoïj u`qgmä` g}{`q `}fmo`k` ` wj `wdgj{f gj i` uqfkwmmoýj kg @DUm) }oj dfkobom`$ moýj kg if} jorgig} kg mìmof* Gi qgmgu{fq u`q` NIU$0 gj g}` iäjg` kg mïiwi`} α g}{à mfj}{o{wokf ufq wj` uqf{gäj` dfjfdïqom` kg 2= hK` kg ug}f dfigmwi`q pwg) ufq {ïm$ jom`} kg g}{wkof} kg wjoýj) {`daoïj }g okgj{obomý gj mïiwi`} u`jmqgà{om`} jfqdìg} kg q`{`* Dgko`j{g loaqok`moýj y mifj`cg) }g kgkwcf }w g}{qwm{wq`) pwg qg}wi{ý {gjgq ;2= `dojfàmokf}) y kg i` pwg }g }wuf ugq{gjgmg ` i` b`doio` kg qgmgu{fqg} mfj }og{g lïiomg} {q`j}dgdaq`j` `mfui`kf} ` uqf{gäj`} N) pwg ojmiwyg if} kg }gmqg{oj`) ROU ,uïu{okf oj{g}{ojì r`}f`m{orf/) mìmo{fjoj`) NLQL ,lfqdfj` ioagq`kfq` kg i` lfq$ dfj` kg mqgmodogj{f/) U[L ,lfqdfj` u`q`{oqfokg`/ y niwm`nýj) gj{qg f{qf}* Gj if} o}if{g}) gi qgmgu{fq u`q` NIU$0 }g gjmwgj{q` d`yfqo{`qo`dgj{g ifmìos`kf gj i`} mïiwi`} α) `wjpwg {`daoïj }g g|uqg}` gj i`} ΰ y λ8 }w `m{or`moýj oduiom` wj `wdgj{f kgi mfj{gjokf mgiwi`q kg @DUm) wj` `m{or`moýj kg UH@ y i` ì{gq`moýj kg b`m{fqg} kg oj{gqm`daof jwmigf{äkomf kg nw`joj`} qgnwi`kf} ufq @DUm* @kgdà}) `nfjo}{`} kgi qgmgu{fq uqfdwgrgj i` bf}bfqoi`moýj kg MQGA $gigdgj{f uqf{gomf kg qg}uwg}{` ` @DUm$) y qgnwi`j }w `m{or`moýj gj qg}uwg}{` ` niwmf}`) ` {q`rï} kg i` {q`}ifm`moýj ì jómigf kg [FQM1 $mf`m{or`kfq MQGA $* I` `m{or`moýj ( kgi qgmgu{fq kgi g}{àmo{f}fi {`daoïj `mfui`k` ` wj ojmqgdgj{f kgi kg XM`1 To) ojloaomoýj kg if} ?<


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m`jìg} kg H ( kgugjkogj{g kg rfi{`cg y `m{or`moýj kg i` g|uqg}oýj {gduq`j` kg ngjg} ` {q`rï} kg gbgm{f} }faqg Gqh0&1) UHM y UO=H* BONWQ@ 1

Rä`} kg }gðìos`moýj kgi NIU$0 gj i` mïiwi` α u`jmqgà{om`* Dgm`jo}df} kg ioagq`$ moýj kg oj}wioj` y uqf$ iobgq`moýj mgiwi`q*

Gi NIU$0) mfdf gi NOU) `m{or` i` bfqd`moýj kg @DUm y UH@) `wjpwg ojloaokfqg} kg i` UH@ jf `jwi`j ufq mfduig{f gi gbgm{f kg i`} ojmqg{oj`} }faqg i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj`* G}{` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj` ojkgugjkogj{g kg UH@ l` }okf `{qoawok` ` if} NGB} $b`m{fqg} kg oj{gqm`daof kg jwmigý{okf} nw`joj`$) mfjmqg{`dgj{g ` Gu`m 1) {`daoïj ii`d`kf NGBOO$@DUm) y` pwg wj` qgkwmmoýj kg i` g|uqg}oýj kg NGBOO `{g$ jó` }w}{`jmoìdgj{g if} gbgm{f} kgi NIU$0 }faqg i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj`* ]g l` kg}$ mqo{f mogq{f uùgi kgi qgmgu{fq kg }wibfjoiwqg` $]WQ$ gj i` dfkwi`moýj kgi mogqqg kgi m`jì kg H ( kgugjkogj{g kg rfi{`cg `}fmo`kf ì qgmgu{fq kg NIU$0* @wjpwg `da`} ojmqg{oj`} `m{or`j i` bfqd`moýj kg @DUm gj o}if{g} ]WQ$&$) i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wio$ j` g}{à mi`q`dgj{g ko}dojwok` gj g}{f} q`{fjg}) }gnwq`dgj{g kgaokf ` wj kgbgm{f gj gi `mfui`dogj{f gj{qg gi @DUm y i`} qw{`} pwg qgnwi`j i` g|fmo{f}o} kg oj}wioj`* [fkf g}{f mfjmwgqk` mfj i` dfkwi`moýj ufq ]WQ 0 kg i` g|fmo{f}o} qgnwi`k` ufq M`1( kgugjkogj{g kg @DUm* Gi NIU$0) ugqf jf gi NOU) d`j{ogjgj i` `mmoýj oj}wio$ jf{qýuom` gj mïiwi`} Hoq 2*1$&$) if pwg grokgjmo` wj` rgs dà} i` korgqngjmo` g|o}{gj$ {g gj{qg i`} qw{`} kg }gðìos`moýj kg `da`} ojmqg{oj`} y i` mfduigcok`k kg i` `mmoýj kgi m`jì kg H ( kgugjkogj{g kg @[U gj i` mïiwi` α* @ kobgqgjmo` kg f{qf} }gmqg{`nfnf} pwg `m{ó`j uqofqo{`qo`dgj{g ` {q`rï} kgi m`jì kg H ( kgugjkogj{g kg @[U) gi NIU$0 g} mù`s kg qg}{àigmgq if} kguý}o{f} kg oj}wioj` g}{odwi`jkf i` g|uqg}oýj kgi ngj kg i` uqfoj}wioj`* G}{g gbgm{f g}{`qä` dgko`kf ufq i` `m{or`moýj kgiufq uqfmg}f kg {q`j}mqoumoýj kgi ngj kg i` uqfoj}wioj` y i` g}{àoios`$ moýj kgi @QJd dgm`jo}df} kgugjkogj{g} kg @DUm g ojkgugjkogj{g} kg UH@* ??


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Mfjmqg{`dgj{g) gi b`m{fq kg {q`j}mqoumoýj Uk|$0 }g mfdufq{` mfdf wj` ko`j` g}gj$ moì gj i` `mmoýj kgi NIU$0 }faqg i` g|uqg}oýj kgi ngj kg i` oj}wioj`* Gi NIU$0 ojmqgdgj{` Uk|$0) uf{gjmo`jkf i` g|uqg}oýj kg }w ngj) y ` }w rgs g}{odwi` i` wjoýj kgi b`m{fq ì ngj uqfdf{fq kg i` oj}wioj`* G}{wkof} qgìos`kf} oj ro{qf) gj iäjg`} mgiw$ i`qg} g o}if{g} u`jmqgà{omf}) g oj rorf) gj q`{fjg} mfj wj` oj`m{or`moýj kgi ngj Uk|$ 0) kgdwg}{q`j pwg wj` ko}dojwmoýj f wj` }wuqg}oýj kg Uk|$0 g}{à `}fmo`k` ` wj` ko}dojwmoýj kg i` g|uqg}oýj kgi qgmgu{fq kg NIU$0 y wj` uïqkok` kg `mmoýj kgi uïu$ {okf gj i` mïiwi`* Gi NIU$0 {`daoïj ko}dojwyg i` niwmf}` gj }`jnqg) gj u`q{g) ufq ojloaomoýj koqgm{` kg i` }gmqgmoýj kg niwm`nýj gj i`} mïiwi`} ΰ kgi o}if{g) ` {q`rï} kg i` wjoýj ` }w qgmgu{fq y) gj u`q{g kg bfqd` ojkoqgm{`) ufq }w gbgm{f }faqg i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj` y }fd`{f}{`{oj`* Q`{fjg} mfj wj` oj`m{or`moýj g}ugmäbom` gj i` mïiwi` α kgi ngj kg Uk|$0 dwg}{q`j wj kgbgm{f gj i` `mmoýj }wuqg}fq` kg i` g|gjkoj`$; ,G|$;/ ”`nfjo}$ {` kgi qgmgu{fq u`jmqgà{omf kgi NIU$0 gj kobgqgj{g} }o}{gd`} mgiwi`qg}” }faqg i` }gmqgmoýj kg niwm`nýj) if pwg oiw}{q` mogq{f uùgi kg i` mïiwi` α }faqg i` `m{orok`k }gmqg{fq` kg i` mïiwi` ΰ* I` }wuqg}oýj kg i` }gmqgmoýj kg niwm`nýj ufq gi NIU$0) g}{à qgnwi`k` ufq niwmf}`) kg d`jgq` pwg }o i` niwmgdo` g} jfqdì g}{g gbgm{f }wuqg$ }fq kgi uïu{okf }faqg i` mïiwi` ΰ g} aifpwg`kf) if pwg `ywk` ` pwg gi qog}nf kg louf$ niwmgdo` uqàm{om`dgj{g jf g|o}{`* I` `m{or`moýj kgi qgmgu{fq u`jmqgà{omf kgi NIU$0 kg}gjm`kgj` gj iäjg`} mgiwi`qg} g|fmqoj`} kg qfgkfqg} y lwd`jf} wj uqfnq`d` kg kobgqgjmo`moýj l`mo` ko}{oj{f} bgjf{ouf} gjkfmqojf}) `}fmo`kf ` wj ojmqgdgj{f kg i` g|uqg}oýj kg ngjg} {ìg} mfdf Uk|$0) niwmfpwoj`}` y NIW[$1* @nfjo}{`} kgi qgmgu{fq kg NIU$0 uwgkgj ojkwmoq kobgqgjmo`moýj ufq `m{or`moýj kg b`m{fqg} kg {q`j}mqoumoýj {ìg} mfdf Bf|`$1) pwg ugqdo{gj wj `wdgj{f gj i` g|uqg}oýj kgi ngj Uk|$0* Gi NIU$0 g} mù`s `kgdà} kg uqfdfrgq i` kobgqgjmo`moýj kg uqfngjo{fqg} kgqor`kf} kg o}if{g} lwd`jf} ` mïiwi`} α bwjmofjìg}* G}{wkof} iigr`kf} ` màf mfj iäjg`} mgiwi`qg} ò}i`k`}) gj o}if{g} jfqd`$ ig} f gj qfgkfqg} oj rorf) dwg}{q`j mýdf i` `m{or`moýj kgi qgmgu{fq kg NIU$0 {`d$ aoïj uf{gjmo` i` uqfiobgq`moýj kg mïiwi`} α* [q`{`dogj{f} kg mojmf kä`} mfj NIU$0 f G|$; gj q`{`} ô}{`q g|uwg}{`} ` ][S gi kä` kg }w j`modogj{f ”koàï{om`} {ouf 1”) dgcfq`j i` d`}` kg mïiwi` α) y gi gbgm{f }g uqfifjn` ojmiw}f l`}{` kf} dg}g}* Wj {q`$ {`dogj{f }odoi`q mfj G|$;) gj g}{g m`}f ` q`{`} }fdg{ok`} ` wj ugqofkf kg mqgmodogj$ {f w{gqojf qg{`qk`kf) uqfrfm`) {q`} }w j`modogj{f) wj` g|u`j}oýj kg i` d`}` mgiwi`q pwg uqgrogjgkgkgiNIU$0) kg}`qqfiif G}{g kg kg i` G|$;) kgidgjf} qgmgu{fq u`jmqgà{omf }faqgkgi`koàg{g}* g|u`j}oýj kggbgm{f i` d`}` o}if{g)`nfjo}{` u`qgmg) ì gj 055


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q`{fjg} koàï{omf} y gj q`{`} mfj u`jmqg`{gm{fdä` u`qmoì) `}fmo`kf ` i` g|uqg}oýj kg Uk|$0* [`j{f i` `mmoýj uqfiobgq`{or` mfdf i` ùfu{ý{om` kg if} `nfjo}{`} kgi qgmgu{fq u`jmqgà{omf kgi NIU$0 }faqg i` mïiwi` α) g} kgugjkogj{g kg i` g|uqg}oýj kg Uk|$0* Gj g}{g }gj{okf) }g l` fa}gqr`kf pwg }o }g qgkwmg i` g|uqg}oýj kg Uk|$0) {`daoïj ko}$ dojwyg gi jódgqf kg qgmgu{fqg} kg NIU$0 `}ä mfdf i` qg}uwg}{` oj ro{qf ` i` G|$;8 y {`daoïj mýdf gj q`{fjg} mfj Uk|$0$&$ oj`m{or`kf kg bfqd` g}ugmobom` ` jorgi kg mïiwi` α {ogjgj wj d`yfq ùfu{f}o} y wj` dgjfq qg}uwg}{` ` i` G|$;* Gi NIU$0 {`daoïj dgcfq` i` uqf{gmmoýj y g|u`j}oýj kg i` mïiwi` α ojloaogjkf ko}$ {oj{`} qw{`} ùfu{ý{om`}* Gi uïu{okf ko}dojwyg i` g|uqg}oýj kgi ngj kg i` m`}u`}` = y i` bq`ndgj{`moýj jwmig`q gj o}if{g} kg q`{`} Swhgq koàï{om`}) dogj{q`} i` G|$; `{gjó` i` ùfu{f}o} gj q`{fjg} ka&ka y q`{fjg} }ìr`cg} {q`{`kf} mfj ][S* I` `m{o$ r`moýj kgi qgmgu{fq kg NIU$0 qgkwmg i` ùfu{f}o} gj mïiwi`} Doj2 g|uwg}{`} ` g}ug$ mog} qg`m{or`} kgi f|ongjf ”dgko`kfq`} kg i` mo{f{f|omok`k gj i` mïiwi` α ” mfdf gi L1F1) kg d`jgq` kgugjkogj{g ` @DUm y UO=H) y `}fmo`kf ` wj ojmqgdgj{f gj i` g|uqg}oýj kg Ami1 y Ami|I y ` wj` qgkwmmoýj kg i` lokqýio}o} ufq U@QU ”ufio,@KU$qoaf}`/ufiodgq`}`”* @daf}) NIU$0 y G|$;) qgkwmgj i` `m{or`moýj kg m`}u`}` = dgko`k` ufq uìdo{`{f y i` ùfu{f}o} dgko`k` ufq UH@ gj mïiwi`} QOJd7B* Gi `wdgj{f kg @DUm ojkwmokf ufq gi NIU$0 mfjkwmg ` wj `wdgj{f kg i` g|uqg}oýj kg MQGA) ` wj` `m{or`moýj kg OQ]1 y ` i` uf{gjmo`moýj kg @H[* Ufq f{qf i`kf) gi aifpwgf kfdoj`j{g jgn`{orf kg @H[ oj ro{qf }wuqodg i` `mmoýj `j{oùfu{ý$ {om` kg i` G|$; gj o}if{g} dwqojf} u`jmqgà{omf} {q`} g|uf}omoýj ` mo{fpwoj`}* I` `m{o$ r`moýj kgi qgmgu{fq kg NIU$0 oj rorf {`daoïj qgkwmg gi g}{qï} kgi qg{ämwif gjkfuià}$ domf ,QG/ gj o}if{g} kg q`{ýj) qgkwmg i` bf}bfqoi`moýj kg B1 ΰ) uqfdwgrg i` `m{or`$ moýj kg @[B;) MLFU y }\AU$0) y dfkwi` UGQH gj i` qw{` kg g}{qï} kgi QG gj i` mïiwi` α u`jmqgà{om`* @nfjo}{`} kgi qgmgu{fq kg NIU$0 g}{odwi`j i` uqfiobgq`moýj kg mïiwi` α) gj u`q{g ` {q`rï} kg i` {q`j}`m{or`moýj kg GNBQ f qgmgu{fq kgi b`m{fq kg mqgmodogj{f guokïqdomf* Gi NIU$0 {`daoïj ojloag gi b`m{fq {q`j}mqoumofjì Bf|f$0 gj mïiwi`} kgi o}if{g) ` {q`rï} kg i` g|miw}oýj jwmig`q kgugjkogj{g kg bf}bfqoi`moýj kg d`jgq` kgugjkogj{g kg GNBQ) y i` G|$; jf g}{odwi` i` qguiom`moýj kg i` mïiwi` α jo i` g|u`j}oýj kg d`}` kgi o}if{g gj q`{fjg} {q`j}nïjomf} mfj g|uqg}oýj mfj}{o$ {w{or` kg Bf|f$0 gj gi jómigf* Gj o}if{g} dwqojf}) gi OQ]$1 qg}wi{` g}gjmoì u`q` pwg G|$; g}{odwig) ufq bf}bfqoi`$ moýj kg @H[) i` g|uqg}oýj kg Uk|$0 y mfj giif gi mqgmodogj{f kg i` mïiwi` α) ugqf jf gj i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj`* Kg}kg gil`j uwj{f kg ro}{` `da`} kgi `}ä NIU$0) uqfiobgq`{or` y `j{oùfu{ý{om`) gigr`kf i` miäjomf) uf}oaoiok`k kg `mmofjg} pwg ï}{g 050


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uwgk` }gq w{oios`kf u`q` uqg}gqr`q gi mqgmodogj{f kg i` d`}` mgiwi`q {q`} {q`j}ui`j$ {g kg o}if{g}* @wjpwg i` `kdojo}{q`moýj kg G|$; ` q`{fjg} {q`j}ui`j{`kf} jf dgcfq` gi mfj{qfi niwmïdomf) gi uqg{q`{`dogj{f mfj ï}{` kg if} mwi{orf} kg o}if{g} pwg r`j ` }gq {q`j}ui`j{`kf} `ywk` ` qgrgq{oq i` loufniwmgdo` {q`} i` oj{gqrgjmoýj* Màg kg}{`m`q pwg {fkf} g}{f} gbgm{f} kgi NIU$0 }faqg i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj`) uqf$ iobgq`moýj kg mïiwi` α y }wugqrorgjmo` mgiwi`q) l`j }okf {`daoïj mfjboqd`kf} gj g|ugqodgj{f} qgìos`kf} mfj o}if{g} lwd`jf} ò}i`kf}* Gi NIU$0 ojkwmg i` kg}ufi`$ qos`moýj kg i` dgdaq`j`) ojloag gi biwcf kg H ( kgugjkogj{g kg @[U y uf{gjmo` i` g|f$ mo{f}o} kg M`1( gj mïiwi` α kg lwd`jf}8 `kgdà}) `mgigq` gi biwcf kg M`1( ` {q`rï} kg m`jìg} kgugjkogj{g} kg rfi{`cg ,{ouf I/ y uf{gjmo`j i` g|fmo{f}o} gj wj` sfj` ìgc`$ k` kgi uwj{f kg `mwdwi`moýj kg M`1( oj{q`mgiwi`q* @}ä do}df) gi uïu{okf uqfkwmg wj qàuokf ojmqgdgj{f kgi M`1( oj{q`mgiwi`q) pwg g} ojloaokf ufq `j{`nfjo}{`} kg3 @DUm ,XQuT$m@DU}/) kgi m`jì kg M`1( {ouf I ,jodfkouojg}/) kg i` @[U`}` kg M`1( uqg}gj$ {g gj gi QG ,{lù}on`qnoj`/) f ufq qo`jfkojg* [`daoïj uqfdwgrg wj` kg i`} qw{`} kgugjkogj{g} kgi b`m{fq kg mqgmodogj{f guokïqdomf gj o}if{g} lwd`jf} oj ro{qf mfj `m{or`moýj kg Qù y A$Q`b y) gj fm`}ofjg}) mfj wj ojmqgdgj{f kg i` `m{orok`k GQH) @H[ y UO=H8 `kgdà}) dgcfq` i` }gmqgmoýj kg oj}wioj` g}{odwi`k` ufq niwmf}`) ojmqg$ dgj{` i` g|uqg}oýj kg Ami1 y ko}dojwyg i` kg A`|) dgcfq`jkf i` }wugqrorgjmo` mgiw$ i`q gj o}if{g} lwd`jf} gj mwi{orf kwq`j{g >1 lfq`}* [`daoïj qgkwmg i` ùfu{f}o} gj o}if{g} lwd`jf} ojkwmok` ufq i` gigr`moýj kg niwmf}` y&f uìdo{`{f* Kg}kg gi uwj{f kg ro}{` grfiw{orf) g|o}{gj grokgjmo`} kg pwg i`} qw{`} kg }gðìos`moýj kgi NIU$0 g}{àj dwy mfj}gqr`k`}) }ogjkf uqàm{om`dgj{g okïj{om`} gj qfgkfqg} y lwd`jf}* Gi NIU$0 {`daoïj `m{ó` koqgm{`dgj{g gj gi g}{ýd`nf) kfjkg ojloag i` }gmqgmoýj àmok` y gjigj{gmg }w r`mo`dogj{f8 `kgdà}) {ogjg `mmoýj }faqg gi }o}{gd` jgqrof}f mgj{qì) y u`qgmg oj{gqrgjoq gj gi mfj{qfi kg i` ojng}{oýj kg ìodgj{f}) ngjgq`jkf }gj}`moýj kg }`mogk`k* Ugqf i` ojrg}{on`moýj mfj}{`j{g }faqg i`} uqfuogk`kg} kgi NIU$0 g}{à }`m`jkf ` i` iws f{qf} gbgm{f} pwg) mfdf gi pwg }g `mà` kg dgjmofj`q) jf g}{àj koqgm{`dgj{g qgi`mofj`kf} mfj gi dg{àfio}df kg i` niwmf}`* Kg lgmlf) }g l` uqfuwg}{f ì NIU$0) y ` `jàifnf} mfj mù`mok`k kg wjoýj ` }w qgmgu{fq mgqgaqì) y kg `mmoýj dà} uqfifjn`k`) mfdf uf}oaig} `ngj{g} {gqùïw{omf} gj i` gjbgqdgk`k kg @islgodgq y gj f{qf} uqfmg}f} jgwqfkgngjgq`{orf} kgi }o}{gd` jgqrof}f mgj{qì y ugqobïqomf* G}{` ói{od` uqfuogk`k kg uïu{okf g}{à a`}`k` gj }w kgdf}{q`k` `mmoýj jgwqf{qýbom` gj mïiwi`} jgwqfjìg} gj mwi{orf ”` i`} pwg uqf{gng mfj{q` i` ùfu{f$ }o} ojkwmok` ufq niw{`d`{f) y kg mfj{q` gi k`ðfα f|ok`{orf” gj }w gj mù`mok`k dfkobom`q gi uqfmg}f uqgmwq}fq i` uqf{gäj` `doifokg) y yqgkwmoq) jgwqfj`}u`q` kgi 051


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loufm`duf) oj ro{qf) y gj bwjmoýj kg i` kf}o}) if} jorgig} kg i` uqfuo` uqf{gäj`* Gj qgi`moýj ` g}{f) }g l` kfmwdgj{`kf gj q`{fjg}) pwg gi NIU$0 g} wj uf{gj{g jgwqf$ uqf{gm{fq) y }w qgmgu{fq mgqgaqì l` }okf qgi`mofj`kf mfj gi ùqgjkos`cg) uwg}{f pwg `pwgiif} `jodìg} mfj }faqgg|uqg}oýj kgi do}df gj gi loufm`duf dwg}{q`j wj` d`yfq mù`mok`k kg dgdfqos`moýj* @kgdà}) gi NIU$0 ojmqgdgj{` gj qfgkfqg} i` bqgmwgjmo` m`qko`m` y i` uqg}oýj }`j$ nwäjg`) dgcfq` i` bwjmoýj gjkf{gioì gj u`mogj{g} mfj koàg{g} {ouf 1 y i` bwjmoýj kgi dofm`qkof ”`wdgj{`jkf i` mù{`moýj kg niwmf}` y i` mfj{q`m{oaoiok`k rgj{qomw$ i`q”) y {`daoïj qgkwmg gi {`d`ðf kg if} ojb`q{f} gj mfq`sfjg} ugqobwjkokf} kg q`{` y gj dfkgif} `jodìg} kg o}pwgdo` dofmàqkom`* Ufq if pwg }g uqfufjg ì NIU$0 mfdf wj b`m{fq uqf{gm{fq bqgj{g ` i` o}pwgdo`* Ói{od`dgj{g) }g l` uf}{wi`kf) `kgdà}) pwg lfqdfj`} mfj m`qàm{gq ojmqg{oj`) g} kgmoq) gi NIU$0 y gi NOU) oj{gqrgjkqä`j) koqgm{` f ojkoqgm{`dgj{g) gj gi uqfmg}f kg qgdfkgi`kf ý}gf pwg }g uqfkwmg {q`} i` à}fqmoýj kg jw{qogj{g}* BONWQ@ =

@mmofjg} kgi NIU$0 gj {gcokf} ugqobïqomf}* Gbgm{f} koqgm{f} g ojkoqgm{f} }faqg gi uàjmqg`}) dó}mwif) mfq`sýj) mgqgaqf) {gcokf `kouf}f g län`kf*

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[q`}ui`j{g kg o}if{g} kg uàjmqg`} y {gqùo` mgiwi`q gj koàg{g}

[@AI@ 0

Fqongj uf{gjmoì kg i`} mïiwi`} uqfkwm{fq`} kg oj}wioj` u`q` gi {q`}ui`j{g mgiwi`q O}if{g} lwd`jf} $ O}if{g} kg kfj`j{g} m`kàrgq* ,w}`kf} gj gi {q`}ui`j{g kg o}if{g} gj i` `m{wìok`k/ $ G|u`j}oýj g|$rorf kg if} o}if{g}* O}if{g} \gjfnïjomf} Mïiwi`} uqfkwm{fq`} kg oj}wioj` ngjgq`k`} ufq aofojngjogqä` $ Iojg`} mgiwi`qg} ag{` kg qfgkfqg} {q`j}bfqd`k`}* $ Iojg`} mgiwi`qg} ag{` lwd`j`} {q`j}bfqd`k`}* $ Mïiwi`} jgwqfgjkfmqoj`} {q`j}bfqd`k`} $ Mïiwi`} }fdà{om`}3 $ mfj ìnwj`} uqfuogk`kg} kg i`} mïiwi`} ag{` ,mïiwi`} lguà{om`}) oj{g}{ojìg}) mïiwi`} H/ $ jf qgi`mofj`k`} mfj i`} mïiwi`} ag{` ,boaqfai`}{f}) mïiwi`} dw}mwi`qg}/ Mïiwi`} D`kqg $ Gdaqofj`qo`} $ @kwi{`} 3 $ u`jmqgà{om`} $ g|{qù`jmqgà{om`}

nf kgi uqfmgkodogj{f) }w qgìos`moýj gj qïnodgj m`}o `dawi`{fqof y i` b`mo$ iok`k u`q` iigr`q ` màf qgug{okf} {q`}ui`j{g}* Mfdf facg{orf kg dà} i`qnf ìm`jmg) gi {q`}ui`j{g kg o}if{g} uqg{gjkg gro{`q i` jgmg}ok`k kg {q`{`dogj{f ojdwjf}wuqg}fq) y u`q` giif }g ojrg}{on`j g}{q`{gno`} a`}`k`} gj gi w}f kg dg{fkf} u`q` }gu`q`q bo}om`dgj{g if} o}if{g} kgi }o}{gd` ojdwjfiýnomf ,gjmù}wi`moýj/ f gj i` dfkobom`moýj kg i`} m`q`m{gqä}{om`} ojdwjfnïjom`} kg if} o}if{g} {q`}ui`j{`kf}* ]o }g ifnq`}g }wuqodoq gi qog}nf `}fmo`kf ì {q`{`$ dogj{f ojdwjf}wuqg}fq) }gqä` miäjom` y ï{om`dgj{g `mgu{àig iigr`q ` màf gi {q`}ui`j{g gj b`}g} ojomoìg} kg i` gjbgqdgk`k u`q` qg}{`wq`q `}ä i` jfqdfnio$ mgdo` kg}kg gi ko`njý}{omf kg i` koàg{g}) dwmlf `j{g} kg i` ù`qomoýj kg i`} mfduiom`mofjg}*

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Lo}{fqo` kgi [q`}ui`j{g kg O}if{g} @wjpwg g|o}{gj oj{gj{f} kg bojìg} kgi }onif \O\ y uqojmouof} kgi \\ kg {q`}ui`j$ {`q bq`ndgj{f} kg uàjmqg`} pwg ufkqo`j mfj}okgq`q}g mfdf if} `j{gmgjkgj{g} kgi {q`}ui`j{g kg o}if{g}) i` gq` dfkgqj` kgi {q`}ui`j{g kg o}if{g} gduogs` mfj i` kg}mqou$ moýj ufq U`wi I`my gj 0?2> kg wj dï{fkf u`q` fa{gjgq if} o}if{g} dgko`j{g i` kong}$ {oýj kgi uàjmqg`} mfj mfi`ngj`}` pwg ig ugqdo{oý ò}i`q y {q`}ui`j{`q }wbomogj{g} o}if$ {g} u`q` mfj}gnwoq gj 0?>1 mwq`q i` koàg{g} kg `jodìg} koàï{omf}* Gi uqfnqg}f gj gi m`duf kgi {q`}ui`j{g kg o}if{g} l` g}{`kf mfjkomofj`kf gj awgj` dgkok` ufq i` kobomwi{`k kgi ò}i`dogj{f kg if} o}if{g}) y if} }wmg}orf} `r`jmg} {ïmjomf} kgi uqfmgkodogj{f* If} {q`}ui`j{g} qgìos`kf} gj if} `ðf} >5 y <5 bq`m`}`qfj kg bfqd` }o}{gdà{om`) l`}{` pwg gj 0?<< M`doiif Qomfqko oj{qfkw$ cf wj dï{fkf }gdo`w{fd`{os`kf u`q` gi ò}i`dogj{f pwg ugqdo{oý fa{gjgq wj jódgqf gigr`kf kg o}if{g} y gi `ðf }onwogj{g I`hgy kg}mqoaoý wj dï{fkf `w{f$ d`{os`kf u`q` i` uwqobom`moýj kg if} o}if{g} pwg ugqdo{oý `mgigq`q kg bfqd` odufq{`j{g gi uqfmg}f* G}{f} dï{fkf} }g l`j mfjrgq{okf) mfj dfkobom`mofjg}) gj i` {ïmjom` w}`k` wjorgq}ìdgj{g u`q` gi ò}i`dogj{f kg o}if{g} u`q` gi {q`}$ ui`j{g gj lwd`jf} y pwg ugqdo{oý pwg gj 0??5 korgq}f} nqwuf} ifnq`q`j ufq uqodgq` rgs pwg u`mogj{g} mfj koàg{g} {ouf 0 uwkogq`j }w}ugjkgq gi {q`{`dogj$ {f mfj oj}wioj` y d`j{gjgq i` jfqdfniomgdo` {q`} wj {q`}ui`j{g kg o}if{g}* Gi gj{w}o`}df ojomoì pwg g}{f} qg}wi{`kf} ngjgq`qfj }g rof uqfj{f bqgj`kf ì mfd$ uqfa`q i` uqfj{` qgù`qomoýj kg i` lougqniomgdo` gj if} g}m`}f} {q`}ui`j{g} mfj ï|o{f* @ ug}`q kg pwg i` }w}{o{wmoýj kg i` mfi`ngj`}` ufq i` Ioagq`}` ,mfi`ng$ j`}` dwy uwqobom`k`/ mfdf gjsod` u`q` i` kong}{oýj kgi uàjmqg`} g|fmqojf }wuw}f wj` `r`jmg dwy odufq{`j{g pwg ugqdo{oý wj d`yfq qgjkodogj{f y qguqf$ kwmoaoiok`k kgi ò}i`dogj{f mfj wj dgjfq k`ðf ` if} o}if{g}) kg if} u`mogj{g} {q`}ui`j{`kf} gj i` kïm`k` kg if} ?5) {`j }fif gi 01' ìm`js`qfj gj ìnój dfdgj{f i` oj}wioj$ojkgugjkgjmo`) y ójom`dgj{g gi <' i` d`j{wrogqfj kwq`j$ {g dà} kg wj `ðf* G}{` }o{w`moýj }g roý dfkobom`k` q`komìdgj{g gj gi `ðf 1555 mfj i` fa{gjmoýj y d`j{gjodogj{f kg i` oj}wioj$ojkgugjkgjmo` gj }og{g u`mogj{g} mfj}gmw{orf} pwg bwgqfj {q`}ui`j{`kf} gj Gkdfj{fj ,M`j`k`/ w}`jkf wj uqf{fmfif pwg mfdaojà` gi {q`}ui`j{g kg wj jódgqf dwy gigr`kf kg o}if{g} cwj{f mfj wj` ojdwjf}wuqg}oýj ioaqg kg g}{gqfokg}) gj if pwg }g mfjfmg kg}kg gj{fjmg} mfdf gi uqf{fmfif kg Gkdfj{fj* G}{g uqf{fmfif l` }okf `kù{`kf ufq gi qg}{f kg mgj{qf} pwg {q`}ui`j{`j o}if{g} y l` mfj}gnwokf `wdgj{`q kg bfqd` dwy odufq{`j{g gi ï|o{f kgi

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uqfmgkodogj{f* If} k`{f} kg }gnwodogj{f dà} qgmogj{g} ojkom`j }oj gda`qnf) pwg i` bwjmoýj kgi ojcgq{f }g kg{gqofq` uqfnqg}or`dgj{g kg bfqd` pwg gj i` nq`j d`yfqä` kg if} m`}f} if} u`mogj{g} rwgirgj ` qgmoaoq oj}wioj` ` if} 7 `ðf} kgi {q`}ui`j{g) `wj$ pwg gj ngjgqì mfj kf}o} dwy qgkwmok`} y pwg ugqdo{gj d`j{gjgq wj awgj mfj{qfi dg{àýiomf* ]o aogj i` lo}{fqo` kgi {q`}ui`j{g kg o}if{g} g} i` mfdaoj`moýj kg `r`j$ mg} pwg ngjgq`j nq`jkg} g|ugm{`{or`} y kg kgmgumofjg} pwg fm`}ofj`j gi kg}àjodf y g}mgu{omo}df qg}ugm{f ` i`} uf}oaoiok`kg} qgìg} mfdf {q`{`dogj{f kg i` koàg{g}) wj` ro}oýj kg mfjcwj{f ugqdo{g ùqgmo`q gi gjfqdg uqfnqg}f mfj}gnwokf*

Kobomwi{`kg} y Iodo{`mofjg} @m{wìg} kgi [q`}ui`j{g kg O}if{g} @ ug}`q kgi uqfnqg}f ifnq`kf gj if} ói{odf} `ðf}) ugq}o}{gj `wj kobomwi{`kg} y iodo$ {`mofjg} pwg oduokgj i` ùiom`moýj ngjgqìos`k` kgi {q`}ui`j{g kg o}if{g} gj gi {q`{`$ dogj{f kg i` koàg{g}) y pwg kg bfqd` mi`qobom`kfq` uwgkgj `nqwu`q}g gj i` kobomwi$ {`k {ïmjom` kgi uqfmg}f kg ò}i`dogj{f kg o}if{g}) i` oj}wbomogj{g m`j{ok`k kg o}if{g} ko}ufjoaig} u`q` {q`}ui`j{`q y i` uïqkok` kg bwjmoýj y kg}{qwmmoýj kg if} o}if{g} wj` rgs {q`}ui`j{`kf}*

@o}i`dogj{f kg O}if{g} I` fa{gjmoýj kg if} o}if{g} }g iigr` ` màf ` u`q{oq kg uàjmqg`} kg kfj`j{g} dwi$ {ofqnàjomf} dgko`j{g gi dï{fkf kg Qomfqko* If} gigdgj{f} bwjk`dgj{ìg} kgi uqfmg}f }fj i` kong}{oýj dgko`j{g mfi`ngj`}` y i` uwqobom`moýj uf}{gqofq dgko`j{g mgj{qobwn`moýj* Gi uàjmqg`} g} {q`j}ufq{`kf gj bqof ì iàfq`{fqof kg}kg gi pwoqýb`jf kfjkg }g ko}{ogjkg ufq i` ojygmmoýj oj{q`kwm{ì kg i` }fiwmoýj pwg mfj{ogjg i` mfi`ngj`}` y }g mfifm` gj wj` màd`q` kg Qomfqko mfjgm{`k` ` wj moqmwo{f mgqq`kf mfj qgmoqmwi`moýj mfj}{`j{g kg i` }fiwmoýj ` {gdugq`{wq` mfj{qf$ i`k`) u`q` }gq kongqokf ufq i` mfdaoj`moýj kg i` `mmoýj gjsodà{om` kg i` mfi`ng$ j`}` y i` `no{`moýj }w`rg kg i` màd`q` ,bonwq` 0`/* Gi uqfmg}f }g d`j{ogjg l`}{` i` }gu`q`moýj kg if} o}if{g} kgi uàjmqg`} g|fmqojf) if pwg qgpwogqg wj` {fd` }gmwgjmoì kg dwg}{q`} pwg }g dfjo{fqos`j a`cf gi domqf}mfuof u`q` okgj{obom`q if} o}if{g} y kg{gjgq i` kong}{oýj gj gi dfdgj{f `kgmw`kf) y` pwg wj` kong}{oýj

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BONWQ@ 0

@o}i`dogj{f kg o}if{g} u`jmqgà{omf}

Bonwq` 0a Bonwq` 0`3 Kong}{oýj kgi uàjmqg`} gj i` màd`q` kg Qomfqko dgko`j{g uqfmg}f gjsodà{omf y `no{`moýj gj moqmwo{f mgqq`kf rgifmok`kmfj kg mfj{qfi biwcf* kg {gdugq`{wq` y Bonwq` 0a3 Uwqobom`moýj kg if} o}if{g} {q`} i` kong}{oýj kgi uàjmqg`} gj gi uqf$ mg}`kfq kg mïiwi`} }`jnwojg`} MFAG 1??0*

Bonwq` 0`

kgd`}o`kf mfq{` jf ugqdo{g i` }gu`q`moýj kg if} o}if{g} y wj` kong}{oýj uqfifjn`$ k` mfjiigr` }w kg}{qwmmoýj* I` uqgu`q`moýj fa{gjok` g} ` mfj{ojw`moýj uwqob om`k` dgko`j{g wj nq`kogj{g kg kgj}ok`k mfj{ojwf gj wj uqfmg}`kfq kg mïiwi`} }`jnwä$ jg`} ,MFAG 1??0/ ,bonwq` 0a/* Wj` rgs uwqobom`k`) i` uqgu`q`moýj kg o}if{g} fa{gjok` uwgkg }gq y` {q`}ui`j{`k` f d`j{gjok` gj mwi{orf gj{qg 0$= ko`} l`}{` }w {q`}ui`j{g* Gi uqfmgkodogj{f if qgìos` wj gpwouf kg wj`} ; ugq}fj`} pwg ojrogq$ {gj gj gi uqfmg}f wj` cfqj`k` iàfqì* [fkf gi uqfmg}f }g iigr` ` màf gj wj iàf$ q`{fqof mfj mfjkomofjg} NDU ,nffk d`jwb`m{wqojn uq`m{omg/ y mfj{qfi kg u`q{ä$ mwi`} `daogj{ìg}) uqg}oýj uf}o{or` y mfj{qfi kg {gdugq`{wq`*

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Gi uqfmgkodogj{f {ogjg jwdgqf}f} `}ugm{f} mqä{omf} kg if} pwg kgugjkg pwg }g uwgk` mfj}gnwoq wj jódgqf }wbomogj{g kg o}if{g}) mfj wj` roàoiok`k y bwjmof$ jìok`k `kgmw`k`) y mfj i` uwqgs` uqgmo}`* Wj `}ugm{f bwjk`dgj{ì g} i` fa{gjmoýj kgi uàjmqg`} gj ýu{od`} mfjkomofjg} ufq u`q{g kg wj gpwouf pwo$ qóqnomf gj{qgj`kf* F{qf} `}ugm{f} odufq{`j{g} g}{àj qgi`mofj`kf} mfj i` mìo$ k`k kg i` mfi`ngj`}`) mfj gi kfj`j{g ,gk`k) fag}ok`k) g}{àoiok`k lgdfkojà$ dom` uqgro`/ y ufq }wuwg}{f mfj i` làoiok`k {ïmjom` kgi gpwouf pwg qgìos` gi ò}i`dogj{f* Gi mfjcwj{f kgi uqfmg}f k` iwn`q ` wj` uïqkok` odufq{`j{g kg o}if{g} y ugqdo{g qgmwugq`q) gj if} m`}f} g|o{f}f} {`j }fif ìqgkgkfq kgi =5$ 75' kg if} o}if{g} kgi uàjmqg`}* @}ä do}df) gi ò}i`dogj{f y uwqobom`moýj k`j iwn`q ` wj }{qg}} dgmàjomf y pwädomf pwg ig}ofj` if} o}if{g}* I` kobomwi{`k nifaì kgi uqfmg}f pwgk` kgdf}{q`k` }o mfj}okgq`df} pwg ojmiw}f gj if} mgj$ {qf} dà} gj{qgj`kf} dgjf} kgi 75' kg if} uàjmqg`} uqfmg}`kf} ugqdo{gj fa{gjgq wj` uqgu`q`moýj kg o}if{g} `kgmw`k` u`q` }gq {q`}ui`j{`k`* Gi gigr`kf mf}{g kg i` mfj}{qwmmoýj kgi iàfq`{fqof NDU y }w gpwou`dogj{f g} wj` kobo$ mwi{`k `ð`kok` ì uqfmg}f) onwì pwg gi mf}{g kg if} bwjnoaig} w{oios`kf}) gj u`q{omwi`q i` Ioagq`}`) y if} n`}{f} kg ugq}fjì pwg }wufjg gi gpwouf kg ò}i`$ dogj{f*

G}m`}gs kg O}if{g} u`q` {q`}ui`j{g I` ójom` bwgj{g `m{wì kg mïiwi`} ag{` u`q` {q`}ui`j{g }fj if} kfj`j{g} kg ýqn`$ jf}* Gj G}u`ð`) pwg {ogjg i` {`}` dà} ì{` kg kfj`moýj kg ýqn`jf} kgi dwjkf) }g uqfkwmgj wj`} 0755 kfj`mofjg} ufq `ðf* ]oj gj{q`q ` mfj}okgq`q pwg wj` u`q{g kg g}{f} ýqn`jf} g}{`qàj kg}{oj`kf} ì {q`}ui`j{g kg uàjmqg`}) f pwg gj dwmlf} m`}f} gi ò}i`dogj{f jf mfj}gnwoqà fa{gjgq wj` uqgu`q`moýj o}if{g} ràiok` u`q` gi {q`}ui`j{g) jo i` uf}oaig ojkom`moýj kgi {q`}ui`j{g gj i` koàg{g} {ouf 1) g} ` {fk`} iwmg} oduf}oaig l`mgq bqgj{g ` if} ìqgkgkfq kg 055*555 u`mogj{g} mfj koàg{g} {ouf 0 y jo {`j }fif ` if} mgqm` kg 1555 jwgrf} u`mogj$ {g} pwg m`k` `ðf }g ko`njf}{om`j gj{qg i` ufai`moýj dgjfq kg =5 `ðf} gj G}u`ð`* I` kg}uqfufqmoýj g} `ój dà} nq`rg }o }g mfj}okgq` pwg) gj i`} mfjko$ mofjg} `m{wìg}) }g jgmg}o{` dà} kg wj uàjmqg`} u`q` fa{gjgq }wbomogj{g} o}if$ {g} u`q` {q`}ui`j{`q wj ójomf u`mogj{g* Ufq if {`j{f) }g l`mg oduqg}mojkoaig ko}$ ufjgq kg bwgj{g} ì{gqj`{or`} kg mïiwi`} uqfkwm{fq`} kg oj}wioj`) pwg ufkqoàj }gq o}if{g}) mïiwi`} ag{` w f{q`} mïiwi`} dfkobom`k`} u`q` }gmqg{`q oj}wioj`) u`q` pwg gi {q`}ui`j{g uwgk` }gq wj {q`{`dogj{f ngjgqìos`kf kg i` koàg{g}*

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0* Oj{qfkwmmoýj Kg}kg gi `ðf 0?11) bgml` gj i` pwg gdugs`qfj if} uqodgqf} {q`{`dogj{f} mfj ï|o{f kg i` koàg{g}) l`}{` i` `m{wìok`k) i` uqojmouì ùqf|od`moýj {gqùïw{om` u`q` i` ko`$ ag{g} {ouf 0 l` }okf gi {q`{`dogj{f kg if} }äj{fd`} dgko`j{g i` ojygmmoýj kg oj}wio$ j`* Qgmogj{gdgj{g) gi ii`d`kf uqf{fmfif kg Gkdfj{fj l` dfkobom`kf g}{g u`jfq`$ d`) nq`mo`} ì `r`jmg }onjobom`{orf iigr`kf ` màf gj i`} {ïmjom`} kg {q`j}ui`j{g kg o}if{g} lwd`jf) if} mwìg} l`j ugqdo{okf {gjgq u`mogj{g} koàï{omf} {ouf 0 ioaqg} kg i`} ojygmmofjg} kg oj}wioj`* ]oj gda`qnf) i` ùiom`moýj kg g}{g {q`{`dogj{f g} kg dfdgj{f a`}{`j{g qg}{qom{or` kgaokf ` i` bì{` kg kfj`j{g} lwd`jf}* Jf fa}{`j{g) if} ï|o{f} uqfdg{gkfqg} kg g}{` {gqùo` kg }w}{o{wmoýj kg i`} mïiwi`} ag{` k`ð`k`} ufq mïiwi`} }`j`} uqfmgkgj{g} kg kfj`j{g} m`k`rïqomf}) wjokf ` i` m`qgjmo` kg kfj`j{g}) l` qg`m{or`kf mfj nq`j bwgqs` i` aó}pwgk` kg }wa}{o{w{f} kg mïiwi`} ag{` mù`mg} kg qg}{`wq`q i` bwjmoýj u`jmqgà{om`* G}{f g} if pwg }g mfjfmg mfj gi jfd$ aqg kg {gqùo` mgiwi`q kg i` koàg{g}* Gj g}{` qgro}oýj }g {q`{`qà kg kg}mqoaoq i` }o{w`moýj `m{wì kg g}{g m`duf* ]g àfq$ k`qà gi mfjmgu{f kg mïiwi` {qfjmì ,{`daoïj ii`d`k` mïiwi` d`kqg/) }g dgjmofj`qàj if} ko}{oj{f} {ouf} kg mïiwi`} {qfjmìg} pwg }g ufkqä`j w}`q u`q` i` {gqùo` mgiwi`q kg i` koàg{g} y }g mfdgj{`qàj if} ï|o{f} y uqfaigd`} pwg l`j okf }wqnogjkf gj g}{f} ói{odf} `ðf} gj i` aó}pwgk` kg mïiwi`} pwg }g uwgk`j {q`}ui`j{`q* L`y pwg }gðì`q pwg gi boj ói{odf kg i` {gqùo` mgiwi`q g} mfj}gnwoq i` mwq`moýj kg i` gjbgqdgk`k* G} kgmoq) pwg if} u`mogj{g} {gjn`j rìfqg} kg niwmgdo` jfqdìg} }oj jgmg}ok`k kg i` `kdojo}{q`moýj kg oj}wioj`*

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mù`mok`k kg uqfiobgq`moýj* Gi }gnwjkf qgpwo}o{f g} pwg i`} mïiwi`} pwg }g {q`}ui`j$ {gj {ogjgj pwg {gjgq i` mù`mok`k kg }oj{g{os`q) ìd`mgj`q y ioagq`q oj}wioj` mw`jkf }g` jgmg}`qof) g} kgmoq gj qg}uwg}{` ` if} m`daof} kg i` niwmgdo`* U`q` giif i`} mïiw$ i`} ag{` l`j kg}`qqfii`kf dgm`jo}df} mfduigcf} pwg ig} ugqdo{gj dfjo{fqos`q y qg}ufjkgq) kg wj dfkf mfj}{`j{g y qàuokf) ` i`} dfkobom`mofjg} gj if} rìfqg} moq$ mwi`j{g} kg if} jw{qogj{g}* I` mfduigcok`k kg g}{f} dgm`jo}df} l`mg pwg i`} mïiw$ i`} {qfjmìg} `kwi{`} kg fqongj u`jmqgà{omf uwgk` }gq i` bwgj{g dà} okýjg`) y` pwg i` ko}{`jmo` pwg i`} }gu`q` ` gii`} kg i`} mïiwi`} ag{` g} dà} mfq{`) ufq if pwg gi kg}$ `qqfiif kg uqf{fmfif} kg kobgqgjmo`moýj kgag }gq {gýqom`dgj{g dà} }gjmoiif* Gj {gq$ mgq iwn`q) i` mù`mok`k kg uqfiobgq`moýj kg i`} mïiwi`} pwg }g r`y`j ` {q`}ui`j{`q {ogjg pwg g}{`q g}{qom{`dgj{g mfj{qfi`k`) mfj gi boj kg gro{`q i` bfqd`moýj kg {wdf$ qg}* Ufq g}{` q`sýj) i`} mïiwi`} {qfjmìg} `kwi{`} }gqä`j dgcfqg}) uwg} {ogjgj wj` dgjfq mù`mok`k kg bfqd`q {wdfqg} pwg i`} gdaqofj`qo`}* [`daoïj) i`} mïiwi`} {q`}$ ui`j{`k`} kgagj gro{`q i` kg}{qwmmoýj ojdwjfiýnom` ufq u`q{g kgi qgmgu{fq* ]gnój }g uwaiomý l`mg wjf} `ðf}) i` mù`mok`k ojdwjfnïjom` kg i`} mïiwi`} {qfjmìg} gdaqof$ j`qo`} g} a`}{`j{g iodo{`k`) ufq if pwg }gqä`j dgcfqg} m`jkok`{f}* Ufq ói{odf) l`y wj uqfaigd` `ð`kokf gj gi {q`}ui`j{g ` u`mogj{g} mfj koàg{g} {ouf 0) k`kf pwg }w }o}$ {gd` ojdwjg g}{à uqfnq`d`kf u`q` kg}{qwoq ` {fk` i`} mïiwi`} ag{` uqod`qo`}* Ufq g}f) uwkogq` fmwqqoq pwg i`} mïiwi`} }gmqg{fq`} kg oj}wioj` pwg }g kobgqgjmo`j ` u`q$ {oq kg mïiwi`} {qfjmìg} gdaqofj`qo`} fa{gjok`} ufq uqfmg}f} kg mifj`moýj {gqùïw$ {om`) kg wj u`mogj{g mfj koàg{g} {ouf 0) bwgq`j qgml`s`k`}* Wj` ì{gqj`{or` }gqä` ngjgq`q mïiwi`} }gmqg{fq`} kg oj}wioj` pwg {wrogq`j if} gigdgj{f} g}gjmoìg} u`q` ufkgq ioagq`q oj}wioj` gj qg}uwg}{` ` jw{qogj{g}) ugqf pwg bwgq`j) gj gi }gj{okf ojdw$ jfiýnomf y kg i` aofifnä` kgi kg}`qqfiif) ko}{oj{`} kg i`} mïiwi`} ag{` uqod`qo`}* Ufq ói{odf) g} odufq{`j{g pwg i`} mïiwi`} uqfkwm{fq`} kg oj}wioj` pwg }g ngjgqgj g}{ïj ko}gð`k`} u`q` ufkgq bwjmofj`q gj wj `daogj{g bwgq` kgi uàjmqg`}) y` pwg if} iwn`$ qg} kg {q`}ui`j{g w{oios`kf} l`}{` `lfq` g}{àj bwgq` kgi do}df*

7* Mfjmiw}ofjg} Nq`mo`} ì `r`jmg uqfkwmokf ufq gi uqf{fmfif kg Gkdfj{fj y if} u`}f} kg non`j{g pwg }g l`j k`kf gj i` ojrg}{on`moýj kg i` aofifnä` aà}om` kg i`} mïiwi`} {qfjmìg}) i` {gqùo` mgiwi`q }g ufkqà mfjrgq{oq gj wj bw{wqf uqý|odf gj wj {q`{`dogj{f dà} kg i` koàg{g} dïiio{w}* Gj g}{g }gj{okf) i`} mïiwi`} {qfjmìg} fbqgmgj wj gjfqdg uf{gj$ moì* If} m`dojf} pwg }g g}{àj }onwogjkf `m{wìdgj{g) mfj gi boj kg ngjgq`q }wbo$

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Tomo 5 - El Islote Pancreático En El Desarrollo Y Tratamiento De La Diabetes

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